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Shinto - Wikipedia

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id="toc-Categorisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Categorisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Categorisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Categorisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Beliefs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Beliefs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon 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id="toc-Cosmology_and_afterlife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purity_and_impurity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purity_and_impurity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Purity and impurity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purity_and_impurity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kannagara,_morality,_and_ethics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kannagara,_morality,_and_ethics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span><i>Kannagara</i>, morality, and ethics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kannagara,_morality,_and_ethics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Practices</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Practices-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Practices subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jinja_shrines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jinja_shrines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span><i>Jinja</i> shrines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jinja_shrines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Priesthood_and_miko" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Priesthood_and_miko"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Priesthood and <span><i>miko</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Priesthood_and_miko-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visits_to_shrines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visits_to_shrines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Visits to shrines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visits_to_shrines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harae_and_hōbei" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harae_and_hōbei"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span><span><i>Harae</i></span> and <span><i>hōbei</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harae_and_hōbei-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Home_shrines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Home_shrines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Home shrines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Home_shrines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ema,_divination,_and_amulets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ema,_divination,_and_amulets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span><span><i>Ema</i></span>, divination, and amulets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ema,_divination,_and_amulets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kagura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kagura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span><i>Kagura</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kagura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rites_of_passage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rites_of_passage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Rites of passage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rites_of_passage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spirit_mediumship_and_healing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spirit_mediumship_and_healing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Spirit mediumship and healing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spirit_mediumship_and_healing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Early development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nara_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nara_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Nara period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nara_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meiji_era_and_the_Empire_of_Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meiji_era_and_the_Empire_of_Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Meiji era and the Empire of Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meiji_era_and_the_Empire_of_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Post-war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shinto_outside_Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shinto_outside_Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Shinto outside Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shinto_outside_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Shinto</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 141 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-141" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">141 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjinto%C3%AFsme" title="Sjintoïsme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sjintoïsme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="शिन्तो धर्म – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="शिन्तो धर्म" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88" title="شنتو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شنتو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinto%C3%ADsmo" title="Xintoísmo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Xintoísmo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%27" title="শ্বিণ্ট&#039; – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="শ্বিণ্ট&#039;" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinto%C3%ADsmu" title="Sintoísmu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sintoísmu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinto" title="Sinto – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Sinto" data-language-autonym="Avañe&#039;ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe&#039;ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eintoizm" title="Şintoizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şintoizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="شینتوئیسم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="شینتوئیسم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8C_%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE" title="শিন্তৌ ধর্ম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শিন্তৌ ধর্ম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AEn-t%C5%8D" title="Sîn-tō – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sîn-tō" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Shinto" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Синтоизм – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Синтоизм" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Сінтаізм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сінтаізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Сінтаізм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сінтаізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Shinto" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Шинтоизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Шинтоизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A7%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="ཧྲིན་ཐོ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཧྲིན་ཐོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0intoizam" title="Šintoizam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Šintoizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shintoegezh" title="Shintoegezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Shintoegezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Синто – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Синто" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xintoisme" title="Xintoisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Xintoisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0intoismus" title="Šintoismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Šintoismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushintho" title="Ushintho – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Ushintho" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shint%C5%8D" title="Shintō – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Shintō" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Shinto" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%88" title="شينطو – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="شينطو" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shint%C5%8D" title="Shintō – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Shintō" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintoism" title="Sintoism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sintoism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%8A%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Σιντοϊσμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σιντοϊσμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinto%C3%ADsmo" title="Sintoísmo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sintoísmo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Cintoo" title="Ŝintoo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝintoo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinto%C3%ADsmu" title="Sintoísmu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Sintoísmu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintoismo" title="Sintoismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sintoismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88" title="شینتو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شینتو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Shinto" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinto%C3%AFsme" title="Shintoïsme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Shintoïsme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjinto%C3%AFsme" title="Sjintoïsme – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sjintoïsme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintoisim" title="Sintoisim – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Sintoisim" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Shinto" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinto%C3%ADsmo" title="Xintoísmo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xintoísmo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8B" title="શિન્તો – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="શિન્તો" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8D%89" title="𐍃𐌹𐌽𐍄𐍉 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍃𐌹𐌽𐍄𐍉" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%ED%86%A0" title="신토 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="신토" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Shinto" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Սինտոիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սինտոիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="शिन्तो धर्म – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शिन्तो धर्म" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0intoizam" title="Šintoizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Šintoizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Shinto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Shinto" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Shinto" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjint%C3%B3ismi" title="Sjintóismi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sjintóismi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shintoismo" title="Shintoismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Shintoismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%95" title="שינטו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שינטו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Shinto" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinto" title="Sinto – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Sinto" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8B_%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE" title="ಶಿಂಟೋ ಧರ್ಮ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಶಿಂಟೋ ಧರ್ಮ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="შინტოიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შინტოიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Синтоизм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Синтоизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Shinto" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisinto" title="Kisinto – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Kisinto" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shintoyism" title="Shintoyism – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Shintoyism" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Шинто – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Шинто" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shintoizmo" title="Shintoizmo – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Shintoizmo" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintoismus" title="Sintoismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sintoismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintoisms" title="Sintoisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sintoisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shint%C5%8D" title="Shintō – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Shintō" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0intoizmas" title="Šintoizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šintoizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scintoiximo" title="Scintoiximo – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Scintoiximo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinto" title="Xinto – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Xinto" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0intolai%C5%BEus" title="Šintolaižus – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Šintolaižus" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint%C3%B3" title="Sintó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sintó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Шинтоизам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Шинтоизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint%C3%B4isma" title="Sintôisma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sintôisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8A" title="ഷിന്റൊ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഷിന്റൊ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xint%C3%B9" title="Xintù – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Xintù" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="शिंतो धर्म – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="शिंतो धर्म" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="სინტოიზმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სინტოიზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88" title="شنتو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شنتو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Shinto" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A3_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A2%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%A1" title="ꯁꯤꯟꯇꯣ ꯂꯥꯢꯅꯤꯡ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯁꯤꯟꯇꯣ ꯂꯥꯢꯅꯤꯡ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Shinto" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinto%C3%ADsmo" title="Xintoísmo – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Xintoísmo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Шинто – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Шинто" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC" title="ရှင်တိုဘာသာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရှင်တိုဘာသာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinto%C3%AFsme" title="Shintoïsme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Shintoïsme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="शिन्तो धर्म – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="शिन्तो धर्म" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E9%81%93" title="神道 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="神道" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shint%C5%8Disme" title="Shintōisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Shintōisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Shinto" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinto%C3%AFsme" title="Sintoïsme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sintoïsme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8B_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9A%E0%AC%BF" title="କାମିନୋ ମିଚି – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କାମିନୋ ମିଚି" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintoizm" title="Sintoizm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sintoizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6" title="ਸ਼ਿੰਤੋਵਾਦ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸ਼ਿੰਤੋਵਾਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88" title="شنتو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شنتو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F" title="ဆိဉ်တိုဘာႏသာႏ – Pa&#039;O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဆိဉ်တိုဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa&#039;O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88" title="شينتو – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="شينتو" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Shinto" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%BC" title="ស៊ិនតូ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ស៊ិនតូ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shintoism" title="Shintoism – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Shintoism" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shint%C5%8D" title="Shintō – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Shintō" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shint%C5%8D" title="Shintō – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Shintō" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinto%C3%ADsmo" title="Xintoísmo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Xintoísmo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98intoism" title="Șintoism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Șintoism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%97%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Сінтоїзм – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Сінтоїзм" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Синтоизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Синтоизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shintoismu" title="Shintoismu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Shintoismu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Shinto" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shinto" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shintuismu" title="Shintuismu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Shintuismu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Shinto" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0intoizmus" title="Šintoizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Šintoizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0intoizem" title="Šintoizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Šintoizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiintismi" title="Shiintismi – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Shiintismi" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%86" title="شینتۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شینتۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Шинтоизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Шинтоизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0intoizam" title="Šintoizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Šintoizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0intolaisuus" title="Šintolaisuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Šintolaisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Shinto" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Shinto" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8B" title="சிந்தோ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிந்தோ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A9%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Щинто – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Щинто" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8B_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%82" title="షింటో మతం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="షింటో మతం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95" title="ชินโต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชินโต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Шинто – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Шинто" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Einto" title="Şinto – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Şinto" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Синтоизм – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Синтоизм" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Синто – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Синто" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88" title="شنتو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شنتو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saenzdaugyau" title="Saenzdaugyau – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Saenzdaugyau" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%A7n_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1o" title="Thần đạo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thần đạo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinto" title="Sinto – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Sinto" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Shinto" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E9%81%93" title="神道 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="神道" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Shinto" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E9%81%93" title="神道 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="神道" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Einto" title="Şinto – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Şinto" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0into%C4%97zmos" title="Šintoėzmos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Šintoėzmos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Japanese religion</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Shinto_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Shinto (disambiguation)">Shinto (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Itsukushima_Gate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Itsukushima_Gate.jpg/260px-Itsukushima_Gate.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Itsukushima_Gate.jpg/390px-Itsukushima_Gate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Itsukushima_Gate.jpg/520px-Itsukushima_Gate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="2803" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Torii" title="Torii">torii</a> gateway to the <a href="/wiki/Itsukushima_Shrine" title="Itsukushima Shrine">Itsukushima Shrine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_Prefecture" title="Hiroshima Prefecture">Hiroshima Prefecture</a>, Japan, one of the most famous examples in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittleton200270,_72_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittleton200270,_72-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Torii mark the entrance to Shinto shrines and are recognizable symbols of the religion.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Shinto</b> (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: <span lang="ja">神道</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">romanized</a>:&#160;</small><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Shintō</i></span>; also called <b>Shintoism</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a> originating in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. Classified as an <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">East Asian religion</a> by <a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">scholars of religion</a>, its practitioners often regard it as Japan's <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religion" title="Indigenous religion">indigenous religion</a> and as a <a href="/wiki/Nature_religion" title="Nature religion">nature religion</a>. Scholars sometimes call its practitioners <i>Shintoists</i>, although adherents rarely use that term themselves. There is no central authority in control of Shinto, with much diversity of belief and practice evident among practitioners. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheistic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animistic</a> religion, Shinto revolves around supernatural entities called the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kami" title="Kami">kami</a></i></span> (神). The <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> are believed to inhabit all things, including forces of nature and prominent landscape locations. The <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> are worshipped at <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kamidana" title="Kamidana">kamidana</a></i></span> household shrines, family shrines, and <a href="/wiki/Shinto_shrine" title="Shinto shrine"><i>jinja</i> public shrines</a>. The latter are staffed by priests, known as <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kannushi" title="Kannushi">kannushi</a></i></span>, who oversee offerings of food and drink to the specific <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> enshrined at that location. This is done to cultivate harmony between humans and <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> and to solicit the latter's blessing. Other common rituals include the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kagura" title="Kagura">kagura</a></i></span> dances, <a href="/wiki/Rites_of_passage" class="mw-redirect" title="Rites of passage">rites of passage</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_festivals" title="Japanese festivals">kami festivals</a>. Public shrines facilitate forms of <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divination</a> and supply religious objects, such as <a href="/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet">amulets</a>, to the religion's adherents. Shinto places a major conceptual focus on ensuring purity, largely by cleaning practices such as ritual washing and bathing, especially before worship. Little emphasis is placed on specific moral codes or particular afterlife beliefs, although the dead are deemed capable of becoming <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span>. The religion has no single creator or specific doctrine, and instead exists in a diverse range of local and regional forms. </p><p>Although historians debate at what point it is suitable to refer to Shinto as a distinct religion, <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> veneration has been traced back to Japan's <a href="/wiki/Yayoi_period" title="Yayoi period">Yayoi period</a> (300 BC to 300 AD). <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Buddhism</a> entered Japan at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Kofun_period" title="Kofun period">Kofun period</a> (300 to 538 AD) and spread rapidly. <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">Religious syncretization</a> made <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> worship and Buddhism functionally inseparable, a process called <i><a href="/wiki/Shinbutsu-sh%C5%ABg%C5%8D" title="Shinbutsu-shūgō">shinbutsu-shūgō</a></i>. The <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> came to be viewed as part of <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Buddhist cosmology</a> and were increasingly depicted <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">anthropomorphically</a>. The earliest written tradition regarding <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> worship was recorded in the 8th-century <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kojiki" title="Kojiki">Kojiki</a></i></span> and <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Nihon_Shoki" title="Nihon Shoki">Nihon Shoki</a></i></span>. In ensuing centuries, <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">shinbutsu-shūgō</i></span> was adopted by Japan's Imperial household. During the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a> (1868 to 1912), Japan's <a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationalism" title="Japanese nationalism">nationalist</a> leadership expelled Buddhist influence from <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> worship and formed <a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a>, which some historians regard as the origin of Shinto as a distinct religion. Shrines came under growing government influence, and citizens were encouraged to worship the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">emperor</a> as a <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span>. With the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Empire">Japanese Empire</a> in the early 20th century, Shinto was exported to other areas of East Asia. Following Japan's defeat in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Shinto was formally <a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">separated from the state</a>. </p><p>Shinto is primarily found in Japan, where there are around 100,000 public shrines, although practitioners are also found abroad. Numerically, it is Japan's largest religion, the second being Buddhism. Most of the country's population takes part in both Shinto and Buddhist activities, especially festivals, reflecting a common view in <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Japan" title="Culture of Japan">Japanese culture</a> that the beliefs and practices of different religions need not be exclusive. Aspects of Shinto have been incorporated into various <a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese new religious movements</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinto&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YobitoTorii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/YobitoTorii.jpg/250px-YobitoTorii.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/YobitoTorii.jpg/330px-YobitoTorii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/YobitoTorii.jpg/500px-YobitoTorii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A torii gateway to the Yobito Shrine (<span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Yobito-jinja</i></span>) in Abashiri City, <a href="/wiki/Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaido</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There is no universally agreed definition of Shinto.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997viiiRots2015211_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997viiiRots2015211-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> According to Joseph Cali and John Dougill, if there was "one single, broad definition of Shinto" that could be put forward, it would be that "Shinto is a belief in <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kami" title="Kami">kami</a></i></span>", the supernatural entities at the centre of the religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201313_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201313-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The Japanologist <a href="/wiki/Helen_Hardacre" title="Helen Hardacre">Helen Hardacre</a> wrote that "Shinto encompasses doctrines, institutions, ritual, and communal life based on <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> worship",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre20171_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre20171-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> while the scholar of religion <a href="/wiki/Inoue_Nobutaka" title="Inoue Nobutaka">Inoue Nobutaka</a> observed that the term "Shinto" was "often used" in "reference to <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> worship and related theologies, rituals and practices".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInoue20031_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInoue20031-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Various scholars have referred to practitioners of Shinto as <i>Shintoists</i>, although this term has no direct translation in the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xviii_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xviii-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholars have debated at what point in history it is legitimate to start talking about Shinto as a specific phenomenon. The scholar of religion <a href="/wiki/Ninian_Smart" title="Ninian Smart">Ninian Smart</a> suggested that one could "speak of the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> religion of Japan, which lived symbiotically with organized Buddhism, and only later was institutionalized as Shinto."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmart1998135_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart1998135-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> While several institutions and practices now associated with Shinto existed in Japan by the 8th century,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201718_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre201718-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> various scholars have argued that Shinto as a distinct religion was essentially "invented" during the 19th century, in Japan's <a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen20107_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen20107-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The scholar of religion Brian Bocking stressed that, especially when dealing with periods before the Meiji era, the term <i>Shinto</i> should "be approached with caution".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997174_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997174-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Inoue Nobutaka stated that "Shinto cannot be considered as a single religious system that existed from the ancient to the modern period",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInoue20035_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInoue20035-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> while the historian <a href="/wiki/Kuroda_Toshio" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuroda Toshio">Kuroda Toshio</a> noted that "before modern times Shinto did not exist as an independent religion".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuroda19813_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuroda19813-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Categorisation">Categorisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinto&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Categorisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many scholars describe Shinto as a <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xviiNelson199626_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xviiNelson199626-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> a term first translated into Japanese as <i>shūkyō</i> around the time of the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAzegami201268_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAzegami201268-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Some practitioners instead view Shinto as a "way",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xxivCaliDougill201313_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xxivCaliDougill201313-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> thus characterising it more as custom or <a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">tradition</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreen201069_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreen201069-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> partly as an attempt to circumvent the modern <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_religion_and_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Separation of religion and state">separation of religion and state</a> and restore Shinto's historical links with the Japanese state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xxiv–xxv_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xxiv–xxv-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Moreover, many of the categories of religion and religiosity defined in <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western culture</a> "do not readily apply" to Shinto.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xix_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xix-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Unlike religions familiar in Western countries, such as <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, Shinto has no single founder,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979191Littleton20026Picken20111CaliDougill201313_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979191Littleton20026Picken20111CaliDougill201313-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> nor any single canonical text.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979191_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979191-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Western religions tend to stress exclusivity, but in Japan, it has long been considered acceptable to practice different religious traditions simultaneously.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xxx_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xxx-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Japanese religion is therefore highly <a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">pluralistic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken201148_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken201148-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Shinto is often cited alongside <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> as one of Japan's two main religions,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill20137_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaliDougill20137-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and the two often differ in focus, with Buddhism emphasising the idea of the cessation of suffering, while Shinto focuses on adapting to life's pragmatic requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199630Littleton200210_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199630Littleton200210-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Shinto has integrated elements from religions imported from mainland Asia, such as Buddhism, <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_fortune_telling" title="Chinese fortune telling">Chinese divination</a> practices,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitagawa1987139CaliDougill201313_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitagawa1987139CaliDougill201313-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and shares features like its polytheism with other <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">East Asian religions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInoue20037_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInoue20037-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Some scholars suggest we talk about types of Shintō such as popular Shintō, folk Shintō, domestic Shintō, sectarian Shintō, imperial house Shintō, shrine Shintō, state Shintō, new Shintō religions, etc. rather than regard Shintō as a single entity. This approach can be helpful but begs the question of what is meant by 'Shintō' in each case, particularly since each category incorporates or has incorporated Buddhist, Confucian, Taoist, folk religious and other elements. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— Scholar of religion Brian Bocking<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997173–174_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997173–174-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>Scholars of religion have debated how to classify Shinto. Inoue considered it part of "the family of East-Asian religions".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInoue200310_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInoue200310-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The philosopher <a href="/wiki/Stuart_D._B._Picken" title="Stuart D. B. Picken">Stuart D. B. Picken</a> suggested that Shinto be classed as a <a href="/wiki/World_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="World religion">world religion</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xxv_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xxv-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> while the historian <a href="/wiki/H._Byron_Earhart" title="H. Byron Earhart">H. Byron Earhart</a> called it a "major religion".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarhart200431_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarhart200431-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Shinto is also often described as an <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religion" title="Indigenous religion">indigenous religion</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuroda19811Nelson19967Rots2015211_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuroda19811Nelson19967Rots2015211-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> although this generates debates over the different definitions of "indigenous" in the Japanese context.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson19967_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson19967-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The notion of Shinto as Japan's "indigenous religion" stemmed from the growth of modern nationalism between the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo</a> and Meiji periods;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuroda198119_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuroda198119-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> this view promoted the idea that Shinto's origins were prehistoric and that it represented something like the "underlying will of Japanese culture".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuroda19811–2_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuroda19811–2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The prominent Shinto theologian Sokyo Ono, for instance, said <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> worship was "an expression" of the Japanese "native racial faith which arose in the mystic days of remote antiquity" and that it was "as indigenous as the people that brought the Japanese nation into existence".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitagawa1987xviii_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitagawa1987xviii-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Many scholars regard this classification as inaccurate. Earhart noted that Shinto, in having absorbed much Chinese and Buddhist influence, was "too complex to be labelled simply [as an] indigenous religion".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarhart200431_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarhart200431-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the early 21st century it became increasingly common for practitioners to call Shinto a <a href="/wiki/Nature_religion" title="Nature religion">nature religion</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERots2015210_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERots2015210-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> which critics saw as a strategy to disassociate the tradition from controversial issues surrounding militarism and imperialism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERots2015210_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERots2015210-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shinto displays substantial local variation;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979215_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979215-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> the anthropologist John K. Nelson noted it was "not a unified, monolithic entity that has a single center and system all its own".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson19967_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson19967-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Shinto_sects_and_schools" title="Shinto sects and schools">Different types of Shinto</a> have been identified. "Shrine Shinto" refers to the practices centred around shrines,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979192Nelson19967_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979192Nelson19967-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and "Domestic Shinto" to the ways in which <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> are venerated in the home.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979192_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979192-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Some scholars have used the term "Folk Shinto" to designate localised Shinto practices,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken201189CaliDougill201314_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken201189CaliDougill201314-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> or practices outside of an institutionalised setting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson19967_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson19967-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In various eras of the past, there was also a "<a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a>", in which Shinto beliefs and practices were closely interlinked with the Japanese state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979192Nelson19967_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979192Nelson19967-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In representing "a portmanteau term" for many varied traditions across Japan, the term "Shinto" is similar to the term "<a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>", used to describe varied traditions across South Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997viii_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997viii-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinto&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Takachiho-gawara_Kirishima_City_Kagoshima_Pref02n4050.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Takachiho-gawara_Kirishima_City_Kagoshima_Pref02n4050.jpg/220px-Takachiho-gawara_Kirishima_City_Kagoshima_Pref02n4050.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Takachiho-gawara_Kirishima_City_Kagoshima_Pref02n4050.jpg/330px-Takachiho-gawara_Kirishima_City_Kagoshima_Pref02n4050.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Takachiho-gawara_Kirishima_City_Kagoshima_Pref02n4050.jpg/440px-Takachiho-gawara_Kirishima_City_Kagoshima_Pref02n4050.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4050" data-file-height="2700" /></a><figcaption>A torii gate at the <a href="/wiki/Takachiho-gawara" title="Takachiho-gawara">Takachiho-gawara</a> shrine near <a href="/wiki/Kirishima,_Kagoshima" title="Kirishima, Kagoshima">Kirishima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kagoshima_Prefecture" title="Kagoshima Prefecture">Kagoshima Prefecture</a>, which is associated with the mythological tale of <a href="/wiki/Ninigi-no-Mikoto" title="Ninigi-no-Mikoto">Ninigi-no-Mikoto</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Tenson_k%C5%8Drin" title="Tenson kōrin">descent to earth</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The term <i>Shinto</i> is often translated into English as "the way of the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span>",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979193Kitagawa1987139Bocking1997173Nelson200014Earhart20042Picken20119_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979193Kitagawa1987139Bocking1997173Nelson200014Earhart20042Picken20119-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> although its meaning has varied throughout Japanese history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuroda19814Bocking1997viii,_173_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuroda19814Bocking1997viii,_173-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Other terms are sometimes used synonymously with "Shinto"; these include <i><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami no michi</i></span></i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">神の道</span></span>, "the way of the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span>"), <i><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kannagara no michi</i></span></i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">神ながらの道</span></span>, also written <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">随神の道</span></span> or <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">惟神の道</span></span>, "the way of the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> from time immemorial"), <i><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kodō</i></span></i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">古道</span></span>, "the ancient way"), <i><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Daidō</i></span></i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">大道</span></span>, "the great way"), and <i><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Teidō</i></span></i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">帝道</span></span>, "the imperial way").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xxivPicken201164_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xxivPicken201164-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>Shinto</i> derives from the combination of two Chinese characters: <i><a href="/wiki/Shen_(Chinese_religion)" title="Shen (Chinese religion)">shin</a></i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1094882035">.mw-parser-output .script-Cprt{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Cypriot",Code2001}.mw-parser-output .script-Hano{font-size:125%;font-family:"Noto Sans Hanunoo",FreeSerif,Quivira}.mw-parser-output .script-Latf,.mw-parser-output .script-de-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Breitkopf Fraktur",UnifrakturCook,UniFrakturMaguntia,MarsFraktur,"MarsFraktur OT",KochFraktur,"KochFraktur OT",OffenbacherSchwabOT,"LOB.AlteSchwabacher","LOV.AlteSchwabacher","LOB.AtlantisFraktur","LOV.AtlantisFraktur","LOB.BreitkopfFraktur","LOV.BreitkopfFraktur","LOB.FetteFraktur","LOV.FetteFraktur","LOB.Fraktur3","LOV.Fraktur3","LOB.RochFraktur","LOV.RochFraktur","LOB.PostFraktur","LOV.PostFraktur","LOB.RuelhscheFraktur","LOV.RuelhscheFraktur","LOB.RungholtFraktur","LOV.RungholtFraktur","LOB.TheuerbankFraktur","LOV.TheuerbankFraktur","LOB.VinetaFraktur","LOV.VinetaFraktur","LOB.WalbaumFraktur","LOV.WalbaumFraktur","LOB.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOV.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOB.WieynckFraktur","LOV.WieynckFraktur","LOB.ZentenarFraktur","LOV.ZentenarFraktur"}.mw-parser-output .script-en-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:Cankama,"Old English Text MT","Textura Libera","Textura Libera Tenuis",London}.mw-parser-output .script-it-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Rotunda Pommerania",Rotunda,"Typographer Rotunda"}.mw-parser-output .script-Lina{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear A"}.mw-parser-output .script-Linb{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear B"}.mw-parser-output .script-Ugar{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Ugaritic",Aegean}.mw-parser-output .script-Xpeo{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Old Persian",Artaxerxes,Xerxes,Aegean}</style><span class="Unicode">神</span>), which means "spirit" or "god", and <i><a href="/wiki/Dao" class="mw-redirect" title="Dao">tō</a></i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="Unicode">道</span>), which means "way", "road" or "path".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitagawa1987139Littleton20026Picken20119_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitagawa1987139Littleton20026Picken20119-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> "Shintō" (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="Unicode">神道</span>, "the Way of the Gods") was a term already used in the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Changes" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Changes">Book of Changes</a></i> referring to the divine order of nature.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Around the time of the spread of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> (206 BCE – 220 CE), it was used to distinguish <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">indigenous Chinese religions</a> from the imported religion. <a href="/wiki/Ge_Hong" title="Ge Hong">Ge Hong</a> used it in his <i><a href="/wiki/Baopuzi" title="Baopuzi">Baopuzi</a></i> as a synonym for <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> term <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035" /><span class="Unicode">神道</span> (<a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">MC</a> <i>zyin daw<sup>X</sup></i>) was originally adopted into Japanese as <i>Jindō</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeeuwen2002243_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeeuwen2002243-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> this was possibly first used as a Buddhist term to refer to non-Buddhist deities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeeuwen2002256_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeeuwen2002256-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Among the earliest known appearances of the term <i>Shinto</i> in Japan is in the 8th-century text, <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Nihon_Shoki" title="Nihon Shoki">Nihon Shoki</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeeuwen2002236Hardacre201741_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeeuwen2002236Hardacre201741-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Here, it may be a generic term for popular belief,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuroda19814–5Teeuwen2002237_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuroda19814–5Teeuwen2002237-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> or alternatively reference Taoism, as many Taoist practices had recently been imported from mainland Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuroda19816Teeuwen2002237Hardacre201742_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuroda19816Teeuwen2002237Hardacre201742-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In these early Japanese uses, the word <i>Shinto</i> did not apply to a distinct religious tradition nor to anything uniquely Japanese;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuroda19817_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuroda19817-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> the 11th century <i><a href="/wiki/Konjaku_Monogatarish%C5%AB" title="Konjaku Monogatarishū">Konjaku monogatarishui</a></i> for instance refers to a woman in China practicing <i>Shinto</i>, and also to people in India worshipping <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span>, indicating these terms were being used to describe religions outside Japan itself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuroda19819–10_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuroda19819–10-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In medieval Japan, <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span>-worship was generally seen as being part of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Buddhism">Japanese Buddhism</a>, with the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> themselves often interpreted as <a href="/wiki/Buddhas" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhas">Buddhas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuroda198111,_12_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuroda198111,_12-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> At this point, the term <i>Shinto</i> increasingly referred to "the authority, power, or activity of a <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span>, being a <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span>, or, in short, the state or attributes of a <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuroda198110_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuroda198110-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It appears in this form in texts such as <i><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Nakatomi no harai kunge</i></span></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Shint%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB" title="Shintōshū">Shintōshū</a></i> tales.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuroda198110_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuroda198110-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the <i><a href="/wiki/Nippo_Jisho" title="Nippo Jisho">Japanese Portuguese Dictionary</a></i> of 1603, <i>Shinto</i> is defined as referring to "<span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> or matters pertaining to <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuroda198110–11_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuroda198110–11-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The term <i>Shinto</i> became common in the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201742_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre201742-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> During the late Edo period, the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kokugaku" title="Kokugaku">kokugaku</a></i></span> scholars began using the term <i>Shinto</i> to describe what they believed was an ancient, enduring and indigenous Japanese tradition that predated Buddhism; they argued that <i>Shinto</i> should be used to distinguish <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> worship from traditions like Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuroda198119Bocking1997174_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuroda198119Bocking1997174-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This use of the term <i>Shinto</i> became increasingly popular from the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997174_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997174-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The term <i>Shinto</i> has been commonly used only since the early 20th century, when it superseded the term <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiky%C5%8D&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Taikyō (page does not exist)">taikyō</a></i></span> ('great religion') as the name for the Japanese state religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997viii_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997viii-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In English, the religion is also called "Shintoism,"<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> although some scholars have argued against the inclusion of the suffix <i><a href="/wiki/-ism" title="-ism">-ism</a></i> due to Shinto's lack of codified doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJensenBlok2013110_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJensenBlok2013110-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoveday2019104_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoveday2019104-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beliefs">Beliefs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinto&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Beliefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kami"><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kami</i></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinto&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Kami"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kami" title="Kami">Kami</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_man_confronted_with_an_apparition_of_the_Fox_goddess.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/A_man_confronted_with_an_apparition_of_the_Fox_goddess.jpg/250px-A_man_confronted_with_an_apparition_of_the_Fox_goddess.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/A_man_confronted_with_an_apparition_of_the_Fox_goddess.jpg/330px-A_man_confronted_with_an_apparition_of_the_Fox_goddess.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/A_man_confronted_with_an_apparition_of_the_Fox_goddess.jpg/500px-A_man_confronted_with_an_apparition_of_the_Fox_goddess.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1841" data-file-height="2621" /></a><figcaption>An artistic depiction by <a href="/wiki/Utagawa_Kuniyoshi" title="Utagawa Kuniyoshi">Utagawa Kuniyoshi</a> of the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> Inari appearing to a man</figcaption></figure> <p>Shinto is <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheistic</a>, involving the veneration of many deities known as <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittleton200223CaliDougill201313_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittleton200223CaliDougill201313-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> or sometimes as <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">jingi</i></span> (神祇).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199770Hardacre201731_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199770Hardacre201731-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In Japanese, no distinction is made here between singular and plural, and hence the term <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> refers both to individual <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> and the collective group of <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoydWilliams200535CaliDougill201313_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoydWilliams200535CaliDougill201313-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Although lacking a direct English translation,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarhart20048_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarhart20048-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> the term <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> has sometimes been rendered as "god" or "spirit".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarhart20042CaliDougill201313_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarhart20042CaliDougill201313-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The historian of religion <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kitagawa" title="Joseph Kitagawa">Joseph Kitagawa</a> deemed these English translations "quite unsatisfactory and misleading",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitagawa198736_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitagawa198736-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and various scholars urge against translating <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> into English.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979194Bocking199784_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979194Bocking199784-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In Japanese, it is often said that there are <a href="/wiki/Indefinite_and_fictitious_numbers#Specific_values_used_as_indefinite" title="Indefinite and fictitious numbers">eight million</a> <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span>, a term which connotes an infinite number,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199629Littleton200224_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199629Littleton200224-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and Shinto practitioners believe that they are present everywhere.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre20171_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre20171-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> They are not regarded as <a href="/wiki/Omnipotence" title="Omnipotence">omnipotent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">omniscient</a>, or necessarily <a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">immortal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoydWilliams200535Hardacre201752_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoydWilliams200535Hardacre201752-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> is "conceptually fluid",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoydWilliams200535_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoydWilliams200535-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> being "vague and imprecise".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979194_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979194-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In Japanese it is often applied to the power of phenomena that inspire a sense of wonder and awe in the beholder.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xxiBoydWilliams200535_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xxiBoydWilliams200535-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kitagawa referred to this as "the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> nature", stating that he thought it "somewhat analogous" to the Western ideas of the <a href="/wiki/Numinous" title="Numinous">numinous</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sacred" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred">sacred</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitagawa198736_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitagawa198736-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kami</i></span> are seen to inhabit both the living and the dead, organic and inorganic matter, and natural disasters like earthquakes, droughts, and plagues;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201313_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201313-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> their presence is seen in natural forces such as the wind, rain, fire, and sunshine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201314_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201314-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Accordingly, Nelson commented that Shinto regards "the <i>actual phenomena</i> of the world itself" as being "divine".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199626_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199626-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This perspective has been characterised as being <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animistic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson19967Picken201140CaliDougill201313_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson19967Picken201140CaliDougill201313-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Japan, <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> have been venerated since prehistory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre20171_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre20171-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Yayoi_period" title="Yayoi period">Yayoi period</a> they were regarded as being formless and invisible,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201719_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre201719-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> later coming to be depicted anthropomorphically under Buddhist influence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997180Hardacre20171_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997180Hardacre20171-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Now, statues of the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> are known as <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">shinzo</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997180_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997180-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kami</i></span> are usually associated with a specific place, often a prominent landscape feature such as a waterfall, mountain, large rock, or distinctive tree.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittleton200275CaliDougill201314_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittleton200275CaliDougill201314-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Physical objects or places in which the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> are believed to have a presence are termed <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shintai" title="Shintai">shintai</a></i></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997172_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997172-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> objects inhabited by the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> that are placed in the shrine are known as <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">go-shintai</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979202Nelson1996144_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979202Nelson1996144-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Objects commonly chosen for this purpose include mirrors, swords, stones, beads, and inscribed tablets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979202Earhart200436–37_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979202Earhart200436–37-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> These <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">go-shintai</i></span> are concealed from the view of visitors,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979202Picken201144_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979202Picken201144-87"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and may be hidden inside boxes so that even the priests do not know what they look like.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997172_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997172-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kami</i></span> are deemed capable of both benevolent and destructive deeds;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199627CaliDougill201313_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199627CaliDougill201313-88"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> if warnings about good conduct are ignored, the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> can mete out punishment, often illness or sudden death, called <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">shinbatsu</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997164_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997164-89"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Some <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span>, referred to as the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">magatsuhi-no-kami</i></span> or <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">araburu kami</i></span>, are regarded as malevolent and destructive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997114Picken201142_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997114Picken201142-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Offerings and prayers are given to the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> to gain their blessings and to dissuade them from destructive actions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201313_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201313-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Shinto seeks to cultivate and ensure a harmonious relationship between humans and the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> and thus with the natural world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarhart20047–8_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarhart20047–8-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> More localised <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> may be subject to feelings of intimacy and familiarity from members of the local community that are not directed towards more widespread <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> like Amaterasu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199633_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199633-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> of a particular community is referred to it as their <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">ujigami</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997214–215Littleton200224_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997214–215Littleton200224-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> while that of a particular house is the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">yashikigami</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997222_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997222-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Takeo_Shrine_Sacred_tree.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Takeo_Shrine_Sacred_tree.jpg/220px-Takeo_Shrine_Sacred_tree.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Takeo_Shrine_Sacred_tree.jpg/330px-Takeo_Shrine_Sacred_tree.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Takeo_Shrine_Sacred_tree.jpg/440px-Takeo_Shrine_Sacred_tree.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2834" data-file-height="3706" /></a><figcaption>A 3000 year old sacred tree (<a href="/wiki/Shintai" title="Shintai">shintai</a>) of Takeo Shrine</figcaption></figure> <p><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kami</i></span> are not considered <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysically</a> different from humanity,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoydWilliams200535_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoydWilliams200535-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> with it being possible for humans to become <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarhart20048_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarhart20048-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ancestors and other dead humans are sometimes venerated as <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span>, being regarded as protectors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittleton200227CaliDougill201313Hardacre20171_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittleton200227CaliDougill201313Hardacre20171-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_%C5%8Cjin" title="Emperor Ōjin">Emperor Ōjin</a> was posthumously enshrined as the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> <a href="/wiki/Hachiman" title="Hachiman">Hachiman</a>, believed to be a protector of Japan and a <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> of war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittleton200231–32CaliDougill201314_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittleton200231–32CaliDougill201314-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In Western Japan, the term <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Jigami" class="mw-redirect" title="Jigami">jigami</a></i></span> is used to describe the enshrined <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> of a village founder.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199769_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199769-97"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In some cases, living human beings were also viewed as <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201313_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201313-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> these were called <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">akitsumi kami</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken201135–36_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken201135–36-98"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> or <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">arahito-gami</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken201142_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken201142-99"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the State Shinto system of the Meiji era, the emperor of Japan was declared to be a <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarhart20048_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarhart20048-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> while several Shinto sects have also viewed their leaders as living <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarhart20048_68-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarhart20048-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although some <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> are venerated only in a single location, others have shrines across many areas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201315_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201315-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hachiman for instance has around 25,000 shrines dedicated to him,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201314_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201314-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> while Inari has 40,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken201192_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken201192-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The act of establishing a new shrine to a <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> who already has one is called <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Bunrei" title="Bunrei">bunrei</a></i></span> ("dividing the spirit").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199713Picken201157CaliDougill201315_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199713Picken201157CaliDougill201315-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> As part of this, the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> is invited to enter a new place, with the instalment ceremony known as a <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kanjo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanjo">kanjo</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201315_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201315-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The new, subsidiary shrine is known as a <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">bunsha</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199713Picken201158_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199713Picken201158-103"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Individual <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> are not believed to have their power diminished by their residence in multiple locations, and there is no limit on the number of places a <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> can be enshrined.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201315_100-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201315-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In some periods, fees were charged for the right to enshrine a particular <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> in a new place.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201315_100-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201315-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Shrines are not necessarily always designed as permanent structures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre20171_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre20171-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> have messengers, known as <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami no tsukai</i></span> or <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">tsuka washime</i></span>, that generally take animal forms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201315_100-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201315-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Inari's messenger, for example, is a fox (<i><a href="/wiki/Kitsune" title="Kitsune">kitsune</a></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken201140CaliDougill201315_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken201140CaliDougill201315-104"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> while Hachiman's is a dove.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201315_100-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201315-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Shinto cosmology also includes spirits who cause malevolent acts, <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Bakemono" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakemono">bakemono</a></i></span>, a category including <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Oni" title="Oni">oni</a></i></span>, <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tengu" title="Tengu">tengu</a></i></span>, <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kappa_(folklore)" title="Kappa (folklore)">kappa</a></i></span>, <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Mononoke" title="Mononoke">mononoke</a></i></span>, and <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Yama-uba" title="Yama-uba">yamanba</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking19978_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking19978-105"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Japanese folklore also incorporates belief in the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gory%C5%8D" title="Goryō">goryō</a></i></span> or <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Onry%C5%8D" title="Onryō">onryō</a></i></span>, unquiet or vengeful spirits, particularly of those who died violently and without appropriate funerary rites.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199737_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199737-106"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> These are believed to inflict suffering on the living, meaning that they must be pacified, usually through Buddhist rites but sometimes through enshrining them as a <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199737_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199737-106"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Other Japanese supernatural figures include the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Bake-danuki" title="Bake-danuki">tanuki</a></i></span>, animal-like creatures who can take human form.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997200_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997200-107"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cosmogony">Cosmogony</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinto&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Cosmogony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Amenominakanushi" class="mw-redirect" title="Amenominakanushi">Amenominakanushi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_creation_myth" title="Japanese creation myth">Japanese creation myth</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kobayashi_Izanami_and_Izanagi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Kobayashi_Izanami_and_Izanagi.jpg/170px-Kobayashi_Izanami_and_Izanagi.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Kobayashi_Izanami_and_Izanagi.jpg/255px-Kobayashi_Izanami_and_Izanagi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Kobayashi_Izanami_and_Izanagi.jpg/340px-Kobayashi_Izanami_and_Izanagi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="1307" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Izanami" title="Izanami">Izanami</a>-no-Mikoto and <a href="/wiki/Izanagi" title="Izanagi">Izanagi</a>-no-Mikoto, by Kobayashi Eitaku, late 19th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the narratives differ in detail,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201748–49_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre201748–49-108"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> the origin of the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> and of Japan itself are recounted in two 8th-century texts, <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kojiki" title="Kojiki">Kojiki</a></i></span> and <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Nihon_Shoki" title="Nihon Shoki">Nihon Shoki</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979195Kitagawa1987142Littleton200223Earhart200432CaliDougill201318_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979195Kitagawa1987142Littleton200223Earhart200432CaliDougill201318-109"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Drawing heavily on Chinese influence,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979195Kitagawa1987142Littleton200237Earhart200433_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979195Kitagawa1987142Littleton200237Earhart200433-110"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> these texts were commissioned by ruling elites to legitimize and consolidate their rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarhart200433–34CaliDougill201318–19_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarhart200433–34CaliDougill201318–19-111"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Although never of great importance to Japanese religious life,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarhart200433_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarhart200433-112"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> in the early 20th century the government proclaimed that their accounts were factual.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201319_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201319-113"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kojiki</i></span> recounts that the universe started with <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">ame-tsuchi</i></span>, the separation of light and pure elements (<span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">ame</i></span>, "heaven") from heavy elements (<span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">tsuchi</i></span>, "earth").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking19975Picken201138CaliDougill201319_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking19975Picken201138CaliDougill201319-114"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Three <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> then appeared: <a href="/wiki/Amenominakanushi" class="mw-redirect" title="Amenominakanushi">Amenominakanushi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Takamimusubi" title="Takamimusubi">Takamimusuhi no Mikoto</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kamimusubi" title="Kamimusubi">Kamimusuhi no Mikoto</a>. Other <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> followed, including a brother and sister, <a href="/wiki/Izanagi" title="Izanagi">Izanagi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Izanami" title="Izanami">Izanami</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201319Hardacre201748_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201319Hardacre201748-115"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> instructed Izanagi and Izanami to create land on earth. To this end, the siblings stirred the briny sea with a jewelled spear, from which <a href="/wiki/Onogoro_Island" title="Onogoro Island">Onogoro Island</a> was formed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitagawa1987143CaliDougill201319–20Hardacre201749_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitagawa1987143CaliDougill201319–20Hardacre201749-116"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Izanagi and Izanami then descended to Earth, where the latter gave birth to further <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span>. One of these was a fire <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span>, whose birth killed Izanami.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitagawa1987143CaliDougill201320Hardacre201750_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitagawa1987143CaliDougill201320Hardacre201750-117"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Izanagi descended to <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Yomi" title="Yomi">yomi</a></i></span> to retrieve his sister, but there he saw her body putrefying. Embarrassed to be seen in this state, she chased him out of <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">yomi</i></span>, and he closed its entrance with a boulder.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitagawa1987143Bocking199767CaliDougill201320Hardacre201750_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitagawa1987143Bocking199767CaliDougill201320Hardacre201750-118"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Izanagi bathed in the sea to rid himself from the pollution brought about by witnessing Izanami's putrefaction. Through this act, further <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> emerged from his body: <a href="/wiki/Amaterasu" title="Amaterasu">Amaterasu</a> (the sun <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span>) was born from his left eye, <a href="/wiki/Tsukuyomi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsukuyomi">Tsukuyomi</a> (the moon <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span>) from his right eye, and <a href="/wiki/Susanoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Susanoo">Susanoo</a> (the storm <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span>) from his nose.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979196Kitagawa1987143Bocking199767CaliDougill201320Hardacre201753_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979196Kitagawa1987143Bocking199767CaliDougill201320Hardacre201753-119"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Susanoo behaved in a destructive manner, to escape him Amaterasu hid herself within a cave, plunging the earth into darkness. The other <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> eventually succeeded in coaxing her out.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979196–197Kitagawa1987144Bocking19973CaliDougill201321Hardacre201753–54_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979196–197Kitagawa1987144Bocking19973CaliDougill201321Hardacre201753–54-120"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Susanoo was then banished to earth, where he married and had children.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201322Hardacre201754_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201322Hardacre201754-121"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> According to the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kojiki</i></span>, Amaterasu then sent her grandson, <a href="/wiki/Ninigi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninigi">Ninigi</a>, to rule Japan, giving him curved beads, a mirror, and a sword: the symbols of Japanese imperial authority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitagawa1987144Hardacre201757_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitagawa1987144Hardacre201757-122"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Amaterasu remains probably Japan's most venerated <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittleton200298_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittleton200298-123"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cosmology_and_afterlife">Cosmology and afterlife</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinto&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Cosmology and afterlife"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Shinto, the creative principle permeating all life is known as <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">musubi</i></span>, and is associated with its own <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997129BoydWilliams200534_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997129BoydWilliams200534-124"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Within traditional Japanese thought, there is no concept of an overarching duality between good and evil.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittleton200226Picken201136_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittleton200226Picken201136-125"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The concept of <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">aki</i></span> encompasses misfortune, unhappiness, and disaster, although it does not correspond precisely with the Western concept of evil.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken201136_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken201136-126"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> There is no <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">eschatology</a> in Shinto.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken201171_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken201171-127"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Texts such as the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kojiki</i></span> and <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Nihon Shoki</i></span> portray multiple realms in Shinto cosmology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoerner1977153–154_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoerner1977153–154-128"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> These present a universe divided into three parts: the Plane of High Heaven (<span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Takamagahara" title="Takamagahara">Takama-no-hara</a></i></span>), where the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> live; the Phenomenal or Manifested World (<span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ashihara_no_Nakatsukuni" title="Ashihara no Nakatsukuni">Utsushi-yo</a></i></span>), where humans dwell; and the Nether World (<span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Yomotsu-kuni</i></span>), where unclean spirits reside.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitagawa1987143Bocking1997216_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitagawa1987143Bocking1997216-129"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The mythological texts nevertheless do not draw firm demarcations between these realms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitagawa1987143_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitagawa1987143-130"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern Shinto places greater emphasis on this life than on any afterlife,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoerner1977153Littleton200290_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoerner1977153Littleton200290-131"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> although it does espouse belief in a human spirit or soul, the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">mitama</i></span> or <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">tamashii</i></span>, which contains four aspects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201775_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre201775-132"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> While indigenous ideas about an afterlife were probably well-developed prior to Buddhism's arrival,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittleton200290_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittleton200290-133"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> contemporary Japanese people often adopt Buddhist afterlife beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittleton200289_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittleton200289-134"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Mythological stories like the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kojiki</i></span> describe <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">yomi</i></span> or <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">yomi-no-kuni</i></span> as a realm of the dead,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittleton200290Picken201171_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittleton200290Picken201171-135"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> although this plays no role in modern Shinto.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittleton200290_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittleton200290-133"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Modern Shinto ideas about the afterlife largely revolve around the idea that the spirit survives bodily death and continues to assist the living. After 33 years, it then becomes part of the family <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittleton200289–91_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittleton200289–91-136"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> These ancestral spirits are sometimes thought to reside in the mountains,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittleton200291Picken201139_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittleton200291Picken201139-137"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> from where they descend to take part in agricultural events.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken201139_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken201139-138"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Shinto's afterlife beliefs also include the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">obake</i></span>, restless spirits who died in bad circumstances and often seek revenge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittleton200292_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittleton200292-139"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Purity_and_impurity">Purity and impurity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinto&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Purity and impurity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A key theme in Shinto is the avoidance of <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kegare" title="Kegare">kegare</a></i></span> ("pollution" or "impurity"),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199793CaliDougill201320_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199793CaliDougill201320-140"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> while ensuring <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Harae" title="Harae">harae</a></i></span> ("purity").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996101Bocking199745CaliDougill201321_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996101Bocking199745CaliDougill201321-141"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In Japanese thought, humans are seen as fundamentally pure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken201145,_82_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken201145,_82-142"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kegare</i></span> is therefore seen as being a temporary condition that can be corrected through achieving <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">harae</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199793_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199793-143"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Rites of purification are conducted so as to restore an individual to "spiritual" health and render them useful to society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996102_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996102-144"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karasuzumo_purification_ritual.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Karasuzumo_purification_ritual.jpg/220px-Karasuzumo_purification_ritual.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Karasuzumo_purification_ritual.jpg/330px-Karasuzumo_purification_ritual.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Karasuzumo_purification_ritual.jpg/440px-Karasuzumo_purification_ritual.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="2916" /></a><figcaption>Shinto purification rite after a ceremonial children's <a href="/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo">sumo</a> tournament at the <a href="/wiki/Kamigamo_Jinja" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamigamo Jinja">Kamigamo Jinja</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a></figcaption></figure> <p>This notion of purity is present in many facets of Japanese culture, such as the focus it places on bathing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199638_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199638-145"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Purification is for instance regarded as important in preparation for the planting season,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199663_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199663-146"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> while performers of <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Noh" title="Noh">noh</a></i></span> theatre undergo a purification rite before they carry out their performances.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken20117_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken20117-147"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Among the things regarded as particular pollutants in Shinto are death, disease, witchcraft, the flaying alive of an animal, incest, bestiality, excrement, and blood associated with either menstruation or childbirth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979206Nelson1996104_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979206Nelson1996104-148"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> To avoid <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kegare</i></span>, priests and other practitioners may engage in abstinence and avoid various activities prior to a festival or ritual.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199793Picken201186_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199793Picken201186-149"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Various words, termed <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">imi-kotoba</i></span>, are also regarded as taboo, and people avoid speaking them when at a shrine; these include <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">shi</i></span> (death), <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">byō</i></span> (illness), and <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">shishi</i></span> (meat).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199758_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199758-150"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>A purification ceremony known as <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">misogi</i></span> involves the use of fresh water, salt water, or salt to remove <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kegare</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997124_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997124-151"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Full immersion in the sea is often regarded as the most ancient and efficacious form of purification.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996140_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996140-152"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This act links with the mythological tale in which Izanagi immersed himself in the sea to purify himself after discovering his deceased wife; it was from this act that other <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> sprang from his body.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996141Bocking1997124_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996141Bocking1997124-153"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> An alternative is immersion beneath a waterfall.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997124Picken201145_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997124Picken201145-154"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Salt is often regarded as a purifying substance;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996141Earhart200411_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996141Earhart200411-155"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> some Shinto practitioners will for instance sprinkle salt on themselves after a funeral,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996141–142Picken201170_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996141–142Picken201170-156"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> while those running restaurants may put a small pile of salt outside before business commences each day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken20116_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken20116-157"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Fire, also, is perceived as a source of purification.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarhart200411_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarhart200411-158"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">yaku-barai</i></span> is a form of harae designed to prevent misfortune,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997219_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997219-159"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> while the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">oharae</i></span>, or "ceremony of great purification", is often used for end-of-year purification rites, and is conducted twice a year at many shrines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997136_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997136-160"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Before the Meiji period, rites of purification were generally performed by <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Onmy%C5%8Dji" title="Onmyōji">onmyōji</a></i></span>, a type of diviner whose practices derived from the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Yin_and_yang" title="Yin and yang">yin and yang</a> philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen201012_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen201012-161"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kannagara,_morality,_and_ethics"><span id="Kannagara.2C_morality.2C_and_ethics"></span><i>Kannagara</i>, morality, and ethics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinto&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Kannagara, morality, and ethics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yasukuni_Shrine_2012.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Yasukuni_Shrine_2012.JPG/220px-Yasukuni_Shrine_2012.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Yasukuni_Shrine_2012.JPG/330px-Yasukuni_Shrine_2012.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Yasukuni_Shrine_2012.JPG/440px-Yasukuni_Shrine_2012.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4206" data-file-height="2900" /></a><figcaption>The actions of priests at the Yasukuni Shrine in Tokyo have generated controversy across East Asia</figcaption></figure> <p>Shinto incorporates morality tales and myths but no codified ethical doctrine,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201313_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201313-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and thus no "unified, systematized code of behaviour".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979191_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979191-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> An ethical system nevertheless arises from its practice,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken201180–81_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken201180–81-162"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> with emphasis placed on sincerity (<span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">makoto</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xxiiiBocking1997115Picken201182_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xxiiiBocking1997115Picken201182-163"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> honesty (<span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">tadashii</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xxiii_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xxiii-164"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> hard work (<span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">tsui-shin</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken201183_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken201183-165"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and thanksgiving (<span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kansha</i></span>) directed towards the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken201183_165-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken201183-165"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Shojiki</i></span> is regarded as a virtue, encompassing honesty, uprightness, veracity, and frankness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997182_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997182-166"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Shinto sometimes includes reference to four virtues known as the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">akaki kiyoki kokoro</i></span> or <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">sei-mei-shin</i></span>, meaning "purity and cheerfulness of heart", which are linked to the state of <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">harae</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997157Picken201134,_82_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997157Picken201134,_82-167"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Attitudes to sex and fertility tend to be forthright in Shinto.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken201184–85_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken201184–85-168"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Shinto's flexibility regarding morality and ethics has been a source of frequent criticism, especially from those arguing that the religion can readily become a pawn for those wishing to use it to legitimise their authority and power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996198_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996198-169"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Shinto, <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kannagara</i></span> ("way of the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span>") is the law of the <a href="/wiki/Cosmos" title="Cosmos">natural order</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xxiii_164-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xxiii-164"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> with <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">wa</i></span> ("benign harmony") being inherent in all things.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittleton200258_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittleton200258-170"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Disrupting <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">wa</i></span> is deemed bad, while contributing to it is thought good;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittleton200258,_61_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittleton200258,_61-171"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> as such, subordination of the individual to the larger social unit has long been a characteristic of the religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittleton200211,_57_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittleton200211,_57-172"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Throughout Japanese history, the notion of <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">saisei-itchi</i></span>, or the union of religious authority and political authority, has long been prominent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitagawa1987xvii_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitagawa1987xvii-173"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the modern world, Shinto has tended toward conservatism,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201310_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201310-174"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> as well as nationalism,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997ixCaliDougill201310_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997ixCaliDougill201310-175"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> an association that results in various Japanese <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a> groups and neighboring countries regarding Shinto suspiciously.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997ix_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997ix-176"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Particularly controversial has been the <a href="/wiki/Yasukuni_Shrine" title="Yasukuni Shrine">Yasukuni Shrine</a> in Tokyo, devoted to Japan's war dead. In 1979 it enshrined 14 men who had been declared Class-A defendants at the 1946 <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_War_Crimes_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokyo War Crimes Trials">Tokyo War Crimes Trials</a>, generating domestic and international condemnation, particularly from China and Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson200012Littleton200299Picken201118–19_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson200012Littleton200299Picken201118–19-177"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hushimi-inari-taisha_otsuka3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Hushimi-inari-taisha_otsuka3.jpg/220px-Hushimi-inari-taisha_otsuka3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Hushimi-inari-taisha_otsuka3.jpg/330px-Hushimi-inari-taisha_otsuka3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Hushimi-inari-taisha_otsuka3.jpg/440px-Hushimi-inari-taisha_otsuka3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Assemblage of small <i>torii</i> at the Fushimi Inari-taisha shrine in Kyoto</figcaption></figure> <p>Shinto priests face ethical conundrums. In the 1980s, for instance, priests at the <a href="/wiki/Suwa_Shrine_(Nagasaki)" title="Suwa Shrine (Nagasaki)">Suwa Shrine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a> debated whether to invite the crew of a U.S. Navy vessel docked at the port city to their festival celebrations given the sensitivities surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki#Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">1945 U.S. use of the atomic bomb on the city</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199666–67_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199666–67-178"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In other cases, priests have opposed construction projects on shrine-owned land;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUeda1979317Rots2015221_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUeda1979317Rots2015221-179"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> at <a href="/wiki/Kaminoseki" title="Kaminoseki">Kaminoseki</a> in the early 2000s, a priest was pressured to resign after opposing the sale of shrine lands to build a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_plant" title="Nuclear power plant">nuclear power plant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERots2015221_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERots2015221-180"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the 21st century, Shinto has increasingly been portrayed as a nature-centred spirituality with <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmentalist</a> credentials;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERots2015205,_207_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERots2015205,_207-181"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> several shrines have collaborated with local environmentalist campaigns,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERots2015223_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERots2015223-182"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> while an international interfaith conference on environmental sustainability was held at the Ise shrine in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERots2015205–206_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERots2015205–206-183"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Critical commentators have characterised the presentation of Shinto as an environmentalist movement as a rhetorical ploy rather than a concerted effort by Shinto institutions to become environmentally sustainable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERots2015208_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERots2015208-184"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Practices">Practices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinto&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shinto <a href="/wiki/Orthopraxy" title="Orthopraxy">focuses on ritual behavior rather than doctrine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979214CaliDougill201310_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979214CaliDougill201310-185"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The philosophers James W. Boyd and Ron G. Williams stated that Shinto is "first and foremost a ritual tradition",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoydWilliams200533_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoydWilliams200533-186"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> while Picken observed that "Shinto is interested not in <i>credenda</i> but in <i>agenda</i>, not in things that should be believed but in things that should be done."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xxxii_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xxxii-187"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The scholar of religion Clark B. Offner stated that Shinto's focus was on "maintaining communal, ceremonial traditions for the purpose of human (communal) well-being".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979198_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979198-188"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It is often difficult to distinguish Shinto practices from Japanese customs more broadly,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill20138_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaliDougill20138-189"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> with Picken observing that the "worldview of Shinto" provided the "principal source of self-understanding within the Japanese way of life".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xxxii_187-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xxxii-187"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Nelson stated that "Shinto-based orientations and values&#160;[...] lie at the core of Japanese culture, society, and character".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson19963_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson19963-190"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jinja_shrines"><i>Jinja</i> shrines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinto&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: Jinja shrines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shinto_shrine" title="Shinto shrine">Shinto shrine</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Shinto_architecture" title="Shinto architecture">Shinto architecture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fushimi_Inari_-_Main_gate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Fushimi_Inari_-_Main_gate.jpg/220px-Fushimi_Inari_-_Main_gate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Fushimi_Inari_-_Main_gate.jpg/330px-Fushimi_Inari_-_Main_gate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Fushimi_Inari_-_Main_gate.jpg/440px-Fushimi_Inari_-_Main_gate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The main gate to <a href="/wiki/Fushimi_Inari-taisha" title="Fushimi Inari-taisha">Fushimi Inari-taisha</a> in Kyoto, one of the oldest shrines in Japan</figcaption></figure> <p>Public spaces in which the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> are worshipped are often known under the generic term <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shinto_shrine" title="Shinto shrine">jinja</a></i></span> ("<span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span>-place");<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xviiiBocking199772Earhart200436CaliDougill20137_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xviiiBocking199772Earhart200436CaliDougill20137-191"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> this term applies to the location rather than to a specific building.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken201121_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken201121-192"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Jinja</i></span> is usually translated as "shrine" in English,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarhart200436_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarhart200436-193"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> although in earlier literature was sometimes translated as "temple",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xviii_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xviii-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> a term now more commonly reserved for Japan's Buddhist structures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarhart200436BreenTeeuwen20101_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarhart200436BreenTeeuwen20101-194"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> There are around 100,000 public shrines in Japan;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen20101_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen20101-195"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> about 80,000 are affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Shinto_Shrines" title="Association of Shinto Shrines">Association of Shinto Shrines</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xxxiPicken201129BreenTeeuwen20105CaliDougill20138_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xxxiPicken201129BreenTeeuwen20105CaliDougill20138-196"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> with another 20,000 being unaffiliated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken201129_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken201129-197"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> They are found all over the country, from isolated rural areas to dense metropolitan ones.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarhart200436CaliDougill20137_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarhart200436CaliDougill20137-198"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> More specific terms are sometimes used for certain shrines depending on their function; some of the grand shrines with imperial associations are termed <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">jingū</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199771,_72_199-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199771,_72-199"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> those devoted to the war dead are termed <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">shokonsha</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997182_166-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997182-166"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and those linked to mountains deemed to be inhabited by <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> are <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">yama-miya</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997220_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997220-200"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jinja typically consist of complexes of multiple buildings,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittleton200268_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittleton200268-201"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> with the architectural styles of shrines having largely developed by the <a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199693_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199693-202"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The inner sanctuary in which the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> lives is the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Honden" title="Honden">honden</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199692Littleton200272Picken201143CaliDougill20137_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199692Littleton200272Picken201143CaliDougill20137-203"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Inside the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">honden</i></span> may be stored material belonging to the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span>; known as <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">shinpo</i></span>, this can include artworks, clothing, weapons, musical instruments, bells, and mirrors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997170_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997170-204"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Typically, worshippers carry out their acts outside of the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">honden</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill20137_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaliDougill20137-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Near the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">honden</i></span> can sometimes be found a subsidiary shrine, the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">bekkū</i></span>, to another <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span>; the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> inhabiting this shrine is not necessarily perceived as being inferior to that in the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">honden</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking19979_205-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking19979-205"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> At some places, halls of worship have been erected, termed <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Haiden_(Shinto)" title="Haiden (Shinto)">haiden</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199692Bocking199742Picken201143CaliDougill20137_206-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199692Bocking199742Picken201143CaliDougill20137-206"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> On a lower level can be found the hall of offerings, known as a <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Heiden_(Shinto)" title="Heiden (Shinto)">heiden</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199692Bocking199749Picken201143_207-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199692Bocking199749Picken201143-207"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Together, the building housing the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">honden</i></span>, <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">haiden</i></span>, and <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">heiden</i></span> is called a <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">hongū</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199754_208-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199754-208"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In some shrines, there is a separate building in which to conduct additional ceremonies, such as weddings, known as a <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">gishikiden</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199734_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199734-209"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> or a specific building in which the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kagura</i></span> dance is performed, known as the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kagura-den</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199782_210-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199782-210"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Collectively, the central buildings of a shrine are known as the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">shaden</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997160_211-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997160-211"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> while its precincts are known as the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">keidaichi</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199794_212-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199794-212"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> or <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">shin'en</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997166_213-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997166-213"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This precinct is surrounded by the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">tamagaki</i></span> fence,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997197_214-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997197-214"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> with entry via a <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">shinmon</i></span> gate, which can be closed at night.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997169_215-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997169-215"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plan_of_Shinto_Shrine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Plan_of_Shinto_Shrine.jpg/300px-Plan_of_Shinto_Shrine.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="415" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Plan_of_Shinto_Shrine.jpg/450px-Plan_of_Shinto_Shrine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Plan_of_Shinto_Shrine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="542" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of a <i>jinja</i>: 1. <i><a href="/wiki/Torii" title="Torii">torii</a></i>, 2. stone stairs, 3. <i><a href="/wiki/Sand%C5%8D" title="Sandō">sandō</a></i>, 4. <i><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dzuya" title="Chōzuya">chōzuya</a></i>, 5. <i><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dr%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Tōrō">tōrō</a></i>, 6. <i><a href="/wiki/Kagura-den" title="Kagura-den">kagura-den</a></i>, 7. <i>shamusho</i>, 8. <i><a href="/wiki/Ema_(Shint%C5%8D)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ema (Shintō)">ema</a></i>, 9. <a href="/wiki/Setsumatsusha" title="Setsumatsusha"><i>Sessha</i>/<i>massha</i></a>, 10. <i><a href="/wiki/Komainu" title="Komainu">komainu</a></i>, 11. <i><a href="/wiki/Haiden_(Shinto)" title="Haiden (Shinto)">Haiden</a></i>, 12. <i><a href="/wiki/Tamagaki" title="Tamagaki">tamagaki</a></i>, 13. <i><a href="/wiki/Honden" title="Honden">honden</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Shrine entrances are marked by a two-post gateway with either one or two crossbeams atop it, known as <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Torii" title="Torii">torii</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979201Bocking1997207Earhart200436CaliDougill20137_216-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979201Bocking1997207Earhart200436CaliDougill20137-216"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The exact details of these <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">torii</i></span> varies and there are at least twenty different styles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997207Picken201143_217-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997207Picken201143-217"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> These are regarded as demarcating the area where the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> resides;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill20137_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaliDougill20137-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> passing under them is often viewed as a form of purification.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979201_218-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979201-218"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> More broadly, <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">torii</i></span> are internationally recognised symbols of Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill20137_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaliDougill20137-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Their architectural form is distinctly Japanese, although the decision to paint most of them in <a href="/wiki/Vermillion" class="mw-redirect" title="Vermillion">vermillion</a> reflects a Chinese influence dating from the <a href="/wiki/Nara_period" title="Nara period">Nara period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken201120_219-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken201120-219"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Also set at the entrances to many shrines are <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Komainu" title="Komainu">komainu</a></i></span>, statues of lion or dog like animals perceived to scare off malevolent spirits;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979201Bocking1997104_220-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979201Bocking1997104-220"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> typically these will come as a pair, one with its mouth open, the other with its mouth closed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997104_221-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997104-221"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shrines are often set within gardens<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201312_222-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201312-222"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> or wooded groves called <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">chinju no mori</i></span> ("forest of the tutelary" <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERots2015211_223-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERots2015211-223"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> which vary in size from just a few trees to sizeable areas of woodland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERots2015219_224-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERots2015219-224"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Large lanterns, known as <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dr%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Tōrō">tōrō</a></i></span>, are often found within these precincts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997208_225-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997208-225"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Shrines often have an office, known as a <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">shamusho</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199671Bocking199772_226-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199671Bocking199772-226"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> a <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">saikan</i></span> where priests undergo forms of abstinence and purification prior to conducting rituals,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997148_227-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997148-227"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and other buildings such as a priests' quarters and a storehouse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979201_218-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979201-218"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Various kiosks often sell amulets to visitors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199772–73_228-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199772–73-228"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Since the late 1940s, shrines have had to be financially self-sufficient, relying on the donations of worshippers and visitors. These funds are used to pay the wages of the priests, to finance the upkeep of the buildings, to cover the shrine's membership fees of various regional and national Shinto groups, and to contribute to disaster relief funds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199677_229-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199677-229"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Shinto, it is seen as important that the places in which <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> are venerated be kept clean and not neglected.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken201123_230-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken201123-230"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Through to the Edo period, it was common for <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> shrines to be demolished and rebuilt at a nearby location in order to remove any pollutants and ensure purity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199692_231-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199692-231"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This has continued into recent times at certain sites, such as the Ise Grand Shrine, which is moved to an adjacent site every two decades.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199693Bocking1997163Nelson20004Hardacre201779–80_232-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199693Bocking1997163Nelson20004Hardacre201779–80-232"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Separate shrines can also be merged in a process known as <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">jinja gappei</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199773_233-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199773-233"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> while the act of transferring the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> from one building to another is called <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">sengu</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997158_234-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997158-234"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Shrines may have legends about their foundation, which are known as <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">en-gi</i></span>. These sometimes also record miracles associated with the shrine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199726_235-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199726-235"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> From the Heian period on, the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">en-gi</i></span> were often retold on picture scrolls known as <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Emakimono" title="Emakimono">emakimono</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199726Picken201144_236-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199726Picken201144-236"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Priesthood_and_miko">Priesthood and <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">miko</i></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinto&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: Priesthood and miko"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miwa-shrine_Yutateshinji_A.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Miwa-shrine_Yutateshinji_A.JPG/220px-Miwa-shrine_Yutateshinji_A.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Miwa-shrine_Yutateshinji_A.JPG/330px-Miwa-shrine_Yutateshinji_A.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Miwa-shrine_Yutateshinji_A.JPG/440px-Miwa-shrine_Yutateshinji_A.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Yutateshinji</i></span> ceremony performed by Shinto priests at the <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cmiwa_jinja" class="mw-redirect" title="Ōmiwa jinja">Miwa Shrine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sakurai,_Nara" title="Sakurai, Nara">Sakurai, Nara</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Shrines may be cared for by priests, by local communities, or by families on whose property the shrine is found.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill20137_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaliDougill20137-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Shinto priests are known in Japanese as <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kannushi" title="Kannushi">kannushi</a></i></span>, meaning "proprietor of <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span>",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199788_237-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199788-237"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> or alternatively as <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">shinshoku</i></span> or <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shinkan_(official)" title="Shinkan (official)">shinkan</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997168,_171_238-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997168,_171-238"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Many <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kannushi</i></span> take on the role in a line of hereditary succession traced down specific families.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUeda1979325Nelson199629_239-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUeda1979325Nelson199629-239"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In contemporary Japan, there are two main training universities for those wishing to become <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kannushi</i></span>, at <a href="/wiki/Kokugakuin_University" title="Kokugakuin University">Kokugakuin University</a> in Tokyo and at <a href="/wiki/Kogakkan_University" title="Kogakkan University">Kogakkan University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mie_Prefecture" title="Mie Prefecture">Mie Prefecture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199629Bocking199799,_102_240-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199629Bocking199799,_102-240"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Priests can rise through the ranks over the course of their careers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199642_241-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199642-241"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The number of priests at a particular shrine can vary; some shrines can have dozens, and others have none, instead being administered by local lay volunteers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittleton200273Picken201131–32_242-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittleton200273Picken201131–32-242"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Some priests administer to multiple small shrines, sometimes over ten.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken201132_243-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken201132-243"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Priestly regalia is largely based on the clothes worn at the imperial court during the Heian period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson200015_244-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson200015-244"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It includes a tall, rounded hat known as an <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">eboshi</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199725_245-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199725-245"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and black lacquered wooden clogs known as <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">asagutsu</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking19977Picken201144_246-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking19977Picken201144-246"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The outer garment worn by a priest, usually colored black, red, or light blue, is the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">hō</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199753_247-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199753-247"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> or the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">ikan</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199758_150-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199758-150"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A white silk version of the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">ikan</i></span>, used for formal occasions, is known as the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">saifuku</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199758,_146_248-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199758,_146-248"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Another priestly robe is the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kariginu</i></span>, which is modelled on Heian-style hunting garments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199789–90_249-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199789–90-249"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Also part of standard priestly attire is a <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">hiōgi</i></span> fan,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199751_250-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199751-250"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> while during rituals, priests carry a flat piece of wood known as a <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shaku_(ritual_baton)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaku (ritual baton)">shaku</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997162_251-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997162-251"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This regalia is generally more ornate than the sombre garments worn by Japanese Buddhist monks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson200015_244-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson200015-244"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kamogawa_ceremony_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Kamogawa_ceremony_02.jpg/220px-Kamogawa_ceremony_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Kamogawa_ceremony_02.jpg/330px-Kamogawa_ceremony_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Kamogawa_ceremony_02.jpg/440px-Kamogawa_ceremony_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Miko performing a Shinto ceremony near the <a href="/wiki/Kamo_River" title="Kamo River">Kamo River</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The chief priest at a shrine is the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">gūji</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979212Nelson1996186Bocking199739BoydWilliams200533_252-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979212Nelson1996186Bocking199739BoydWilliams200533-252"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Larger shrines may also have an assistant head priest, the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">gon-gūji</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979212_253-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979212-253"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> As with teachers, instructors, and Buddhist clergy, Shinto priests are often referred to as <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sensei" title="Sensei">sensei</a></i></span> by lay practitioners.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996179_254-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996179-254"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Historically, there were female priests although they were largely pushed out of their positions in 1868.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996123_255-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996123-255"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> During the Second World War, women were again allowed to become priests to fill the void caused by large numbers of men being enlisted in the military.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996124_256-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996124-256"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> By the late 1990s, around 90% of priests were male, 10% female,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittleton200298_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittleton200298-123"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> contributing to accusations that Shinto discriminates against women.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken201184_257-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken201184-257"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Priests are free to marry and have children.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996124_256-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996124-256"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> At smaller shrines, priests often have other full-time jobs, and serve only as priests during special occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979212_253-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979212-253"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Before certain major festivals, priests may undergo a period of abstinence from sexual relations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199643_258-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199643-258"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Some of those involved in festivals also abstain from a range of other things, such as consuming tea, coffee, or alcohol, immediately prior to the events.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996141_259-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996141-259"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The priests are assisted by <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">jinja miko</i></span>, sometimes referred to as "shrine-maidens" in English.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997121_260-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997121-260"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> These <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Miko" title="Miko">miko</a></i></span> are typically unmarried,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199647Bocking1997121_261-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199647Bocking1997121-261"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> although not necessarily virgins.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199647_262-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199647-262"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>262<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In many cases they are the daughters of a priest or a practitioner.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997121_260-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997121-260"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> They are subordinate to the priests in the shrine hierarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996124–125_263-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996124–125-263"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>263<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Their most important role is in the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kagura" title="Kagura">kagura</a></i></span> dance, known as <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">otome-mai</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996125_264-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996125-264"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Miko</i></span> receive only a small salary but gain respect from members of the local community and learn skills such as cooking, calligraphy, painting, and etiquette which can benefit them when later searching for employment or a marriage partner.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996125_264-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996125-264"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> They generally do not live at the shrines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996125_264-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996125-264"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sometimes they fill other roles, such as being secretaries in the shrine offices or clerks at the information desks, or as waitresses at the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">naorai</i></span> feasts. They also assist <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kannushi</i></span> in ceremonial rites.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996125_264-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996125-264"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Visits_to_shrines">Visits to shrines</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinto&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: Visits to shrines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Visits to the shrine are termed <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">sankei</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997152_265-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997152-265"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>265<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> or <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">jinja mairi</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201311_266-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201311-266"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Some individuals visit the shrines daily, often on their morning route to work;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201311_266-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201311-266"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> they typically take only a few minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201311_266-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201311-266"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Usually, a worshipper will approach the honden, placing a monetary offering in a box and then ringing a bell to call the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span>'s attention.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979201–202Littleton200272CaliDougill201311_267-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979201–202Littleton200272CaliDougill201311-267"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Then, they bow, clap, and stand while silently offering a prayer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979204BreenTeeuwen20103CaliDougill201311_268-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979204BreenTeeuwen20103CaliDougill201311-268"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>268<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The clapping is known as <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kashiwade</i></span> or <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Hakushu_(Shinto)" title="Hakushu (Shinto)">hakushu</a></i></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199743,_90_269-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199743,_90-269"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>269<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> the prayers or supplications as <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kigan</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199796_270-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199796-270"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>270<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This individual worship is known as <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">hairei</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199742_271-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199742-271"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>271<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> More broadly, ritual prayers to the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> are called <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Norito" title="Norito">norito</a></i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997135_272-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997135-272"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>272<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> while the coins offered are <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">saisen</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997149_273-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997149-273"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>273<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> At the shrine, individuals offering prayers are not necessarily praying to a specific <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201311_266-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201311-266"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A worshipper may not know the name of a <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> residing at the shrine nor how many <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> are believed to dwell there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979202CaliDougill201311_274-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979202CaliDougill201311-274"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>274<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Unlike in certain other religions, Shinto shrines do not have weekly services that practitioners are expected to attend.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarhart200412_275-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarhart200412-275"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>275<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shinto_Priest_Blessing_a_Car_at_the_Hokkaido_Shrine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Shinto_Priest_Blessing_a_Car_at_the_Hokkaido_Shrine.jpg/220px-Shinto_Priest_Blessing_a_Car_at_the_Hokkaido_Shrine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Shinto_Priest_Blessing_a_Car_at_the_Hokkaido_Shrine.jpg/330px-Shinto_Priest_Blessing_a_Car_at_the_Hokkaido_Shrine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Shinto_Priest_Blessing_a_Car_at_the_Hokkaido_Shrine.jpg/440px-Shinto_Priest_Blessing_a_Car_at_the_Hokkaido_Shrine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Previa" title="Toyota Previa">Toyota Estima</a> being blessed at the <a href="/wiki/Hokkaid%C5%8D_Shrine" title="Hokkaidō Shrine">Hokkaidō Shrine</a> in a <i>kotsu anzen harai</i> rite</figcaption></figure> <p>Some Shinto practitioners do not offer their prayers to the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> directly, but rather request that a priest offer them on their behalf; these prayers are known as <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kitō</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199798_276-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199798-276"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>276<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Many individuals approach the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> asking for pragmatic requests.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996116_277-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996116-277"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>277<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Requests for rain, known as <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">amagoi</i></span> ("rain-soliciting") have been found across Japan, with Inari a popular choice for such requests.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking19973Picken201136_278-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking19973Picken201136-278"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>278<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Other prayers reflect more contemporary concerns. For instance, people may ask that the priest approaches the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> so as to purify their car in the hope that this will prevent it from being involved in an accident; the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kotsu anzen harai</i></span> ("purification for road safety").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996116Bocking1997114Picken201188_279-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996116Bocking1997114Picken201188-279"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>279<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Similarly, transport companies often request purification rites for new buses or airplanes which are about to go into service.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997108Picken201188_280-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997108Picken201188-280"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>280<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Before a building is constructed, it is common for either private individuals or the construction company to employ a Shinto priest to come to the land being developed and perform the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">jichinsai</i></span>, or earth sanctification ritual. This purifies the site and asks the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> to bless it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996190–196Bocking199768Picken201188_281-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996190–196Bocking199768Picken201188-281"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>281<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>People often ask the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> to help offset inauspicious events that may affect them. For instance, in Japanese culture, the age 33 is seen as being unlucky for women and the age 42 for men, and thus people can ask the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> to offset any ill-fortune associated with being this age.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996183_282-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996183-282"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>282<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Certain directions can also be seen as being inauspicious for certain people at certain times and thus people can approach the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> asking them to offset this problem if they have to travel in one of these unlucky directions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996183_282-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996183-282"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>282<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E7%86%B1%E7%94%B0%E7%A5%9E%E7%A4%BE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%E7%86%B1%E7%94%B0%E7%A5%9E%E7%A4%BE.jpg/250px-%E7%86%B1%E7%94%B0%E7%A5%9E%E7%A4%BE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%E7%86%B1%E7%94%B0%E7%A5%9E%E7%A4%BE.jpg/330px-%E7%86%B1%E7%94%B0%E7%A5%9E%E7%A4%BE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%E7%86%B1%E7%94%B0%E7%A5%9E%E7%A4%BE.jpg/500px-%E7%86%B1%E7%94%B0%E7%A5%9E%E7%A4%BE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2323" data-file-height="2322" /></a><figcaption>Torii of Atsuta Jingū</figcaption></figure><p><a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a> has long been important in Japanese religion,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitagawa1987xvii–xviii_283-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitagawa1987xvii–xviii-283"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>283<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> with pilgrimages to Shinto shrines called <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Junrei" title="Junrei">junrei</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199780_284-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199780-284"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>284<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A round of pilgrimages, whereby individuals visit a series of shrines and other sacred sites that are part of an established circuit, is known as a <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">junpai</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199780_284-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199780-284"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>284<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> An individual leading these pilgrims, is sometimes termed a <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">sendatsu</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997158_234-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997158-234"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> For many centuries, people have also visited the shrines for primarily cultural and recreational reasons, as opposed to spiritual ones.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201311_266-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201311-266"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Many of the shrines are recognised as sites of historical importance and some are classified as <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Sites">World Heritage Sites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201311_266-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201311-266"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Shrines such as <a href="/wiki/Shimogamo_Jinja" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimogamo Jinja">Shimogamo Jinja</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fushimi_Inari_Taisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Fushimi Inari Taisha">Fushimi Inari Taisha</a> in Kyoto, <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Jing%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji Jingū">Meiji Jingū</a> in Tokyo, and <a href="/wiki/Atsuta_Jing%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Atsuta Jingū">Atsuta Jingū</a> in Nagoya are among Japan's most popular tourist sites.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERots2015221_180-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERots2015221-180"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Many shrines have a unique rubber-stamp seal which visitors can get printed into their stamp book, demonstrating the different shrines they have visited.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997192_285-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997192-285"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>285<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harae_and_hōbei"><span id="Harae_and_h.C5.8Dbei"></span><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Harae</i></span> and <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">hōbei</i></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinto&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: Harae and hōbei"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Harae" title="Harae">Harae</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ItsukushimaBasin7406.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/ItsukushimaBasin7406.jpg/250px-ItsukushimaBasin7406.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/ItsukushimaBasin7406.jpg/330px-ItsukushimaBasin7406.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/ItsukushimaBasin7406.jpg/500px-ItsukushimaBasin7406.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Shinto rituals begin with a process of purification, often involving the washing of the hands and mouth at the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">temizu</i></span> basin; this example is at Itsukushima Jinja.</figcaption></figure> <p>Shinto rituals begin with a process of purification, or <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">harae</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199639Bocking199745_286-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199639Bocking199745-286"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>286<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Using fresh water or salt water, this is known as <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">misogi</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997124_151-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997124-151"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> At shrines, this entails sprinkling this water onto the face and hands, a procedure known as <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">temizu</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199745_287-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199745-287"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>287<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> using a font known as a <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Temizuya" class="mw-redirect" title="Temizuya">temizuya</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199691_288-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199691-288"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>288<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Another form of purification at the start of a Shinto rite entails waving a white paper streamer or wand known as the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">haraigushi</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199639,_46Bocking199745_289-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199639,_46Bocking199745-289"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>289<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> When not in use, the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">haraigushi</i></span> is usually kept in a stand.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199745_287-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199745-287"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>287<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The priest waves the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">haraigushi</i></span> horizontally over a person or object being purified in a movement known as <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">sa-yu-sa</i></span> ("left-right-left").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199745_287-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199745-287"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>287<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sometimes, instead of a <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">haraigushi</i></span>, the purification is carried out with an <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">o-nusa</i></span>, a branch of evergreen to which strips of paper have been attached.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199745_287-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199745-287"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>287<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The waving of the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">haraigushi</i></span> is often followed by an additional act of purification, the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">shubatsu</i></span>, in which the priest sprinkles water, salt, or brine over those assembled from a wooden box called the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">'en-to-oke</i></span> or <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">magemono</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997184_290-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997184-290"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>290<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The acts of purification accomplished, petitions known as <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">norito</i></span> are spoken to the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199640_291-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199640-291"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>291<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This is followed by an appearance by the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">miko</i></span>, who commence in a slow circular motion before the main altar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199640_291-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199640-291"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>291<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Offerings are then presented to the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> by being placed on a table.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199640_291-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199640-291"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>291<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This act is known as <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">hōbei</i></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199753_247-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199753-247"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> the offerings themselves as <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">saimotsu</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997148_227-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997148-227"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> or <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">sonae-mono</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997187_292-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997187-292"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>292<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Historically, the offerings given the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> included food, cloth, swords, and horses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201313–14_293-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201313–14-293"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>293<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the contemporary period, lay worshippers usually give gifts of money to the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> while priests generally offer them food, drink, and sprigs of the sacred <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sakaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakaki">sakaki</a></i></span> tree.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201314_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201314-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice" title="Animal sacrifice">Animal sacrifices</a> are not considered appropriate offerings, as the shedding of blood is seen as a polluting act that necessitates purification.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199664_294-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199664-294"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>294<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The offerings presented are sometimes simple and sometimes more elaborate; at the Grand Shrine of Ise, for instance, 100 styles of food are laid out as offerings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199640_291-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199640-291"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>291<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The choice of offerings will often be tailored to the specific <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> and occasion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997170_204-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997170-204"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Offerings of food and drink are specifically termed <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">shinsen</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997170_204-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997170-204"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sake" title="Sake">Sake</a>, or rice wine, is a very common offering to the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997150_295-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997150-295"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>295<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> After the offerings have been given, people often sip rice wine known as <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">o-miki</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199640_291-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199640-291"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>291<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Drinking the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">o-miki</i></span> wine is seen as a form of communion with the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199653_296-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199653-296"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>296<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> On important occasions, a feast is then held, known as <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">naorai</i></span>, inside a banquet hall attached to the shrine complex.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199640,_53_297-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199640,_53-297"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>297<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> are believed to enjoy music.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199649_298-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199649-298"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>298<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> One style of music performed at shrines is <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gagaku" title="Gagaku">gagaku</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199649Bocking199733_299-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199649Bocking199733-299"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>299<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Instruments used include three reeds (<span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">fue</i></span>, <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">sho</i></span>, and <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">hichiriki</i></span>), the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">yamato-koto</i></span>, and the "three drums" (<span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">taiko</i></span>, <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kakko</i></span>, and <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">shōko</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199733_300-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199733-300"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>300<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Other musical styles performed at shrines can have a more limited focus. At shrines such as <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Charano_Shrine" title="Ōharano Shrine">Ōharano Shrine</a> in Kyoto, <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">azuma-asobi</i></span> ("eastern entertainment") music is performed on 8 April.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking19978_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking19978-105"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Also in Kyoto, various festivals make use of the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Dengaku" title="Dengaku">dengaku</a></i></span> style of music and dance, which originated from rice-planting songs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199722_301-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199722-301"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>301<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> During rituals, people visiting the shrine are expected to sit in the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Seiza" title="Seiza">seiza</a></i></span> style, with their legs tucked beneath their bottom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996214_302-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996214-302"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>302<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> To avoid cramps, individuals who hold this position for a lengthy period of time may periodically move their legs and flex their heels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996214–215_303-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996214–215-303"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>303<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Home_shrines">Home shrines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinto&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section: Home shrines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kamidana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Kamidana.jpg/250px-Kamidana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Kamidana.jpg/330px-Kamidana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Kamidana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="249" /></a><figcaption>A <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kamidana</i></span> displaying a <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shimenawa" title="Shimenawa">shimenawa</a></i></span> and <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shide_(Shinto)" title="Shide (Shinto)">shide</a></i></span></figcaption></figure> <p>Having seen their popularity increase in the Meiji era,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199785_304-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199785-304"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>304<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> many Shinto practitioners also have a family shrine, or <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kamidana" title="Kamidana">kamidana</a></i></span> ("<span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> shelf"), in their home.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979200Nelson1996184Littleton200273Earhart200411_305-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979200Nelson1996184Littleton200273Earhart200411-305"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>305<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> These usually consist of shelves placed at an elevated position in the living room.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979200–201_306-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979200–201-306"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>306<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kamidana</i></span> can also be found in workplaces, restaurants, shops, and ocean-going ships.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199785Earhart200411_307-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199785Earhart200411-307"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>307<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Some public shrines sell entire <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kamidana</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken201131_308-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken201131-308"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>308<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Along with the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kamidana</i></span>, many Japanese households also have <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Butsudan" title="Butsudan">butsudan</a></i></span>, Buddhist altars enshrining the ancestors of the family;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199713Earhart200411_309-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199713Earhart200411-309"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>309<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> ancestral reverence remains an important aspect of Japanese religious tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken201139_138-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken201139-138"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the rare instances where Japanese individuals are given a Shinto funeral rather than a Buddhist one, a <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">tama-ya</i></span>, <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">mitama-ya</i></span>, or <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">sorei-sha</i></span> shrine may be erected in the home in place of a <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">butsudan</i></span>. This will be typically placed below the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kamidana</i></span> and include symbols of the resident ancestral spirit, for instance a mirror or a scroll.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997198_310-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997198-310"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>310<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kamidana</i></span> often enshrine the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> of a nearby public shrine as well as a tutelary <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> associated with the house's occupants or their profession.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199785_304-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199785-304"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>304<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> They can be decorated with miniature <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">torii</i></span> and <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">shimenawa</i></span> and include amulets obtained from public shrines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199785_304-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199785-304"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>304<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> They often contain a stand on which to place offerings;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979201_218-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979201-218"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> daily offerings of rice, salt, and water are placed there, with sake and other items also offered on special days.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199785Littleton200274_311-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199785Littleton200274-311"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>311<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> These domestic rituals often take place early in the morning,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittleton200281_312-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittleton200281-312"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>312<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and prior to conducting them, practitioners often bathe, rinse their mouth, or wash their hands as a form of purification.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979203_313-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979203-313"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>313<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Household Shinto can focus attention on the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">dōzoku-shin</i></span>, <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> who are perceived to be ancestral to the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">dōzoku</i></span> or extended kinship group.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199724Picken201175–76_314-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199724Picken201175–76-314"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>314<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A small shrine for the ancestors of a household are known as <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">soreisha</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997187_292-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997187-292"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>292<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Small village shrines containing the tutelary <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> of an extended family are known as <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">iwai-den</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199766_315-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199766-315"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>315<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In addition to the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">jinja</i></span> shrines and the household shrines, Shinto also features small wayside shrines known as <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Hokora" title="Hokora">hokora</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199754_208-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199754-208"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Other open spaces used for the worship of <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> are <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Iwasaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Iwasaka">iwasaka</a></i></span>, an area surrounded by sacred rocks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199765_316-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199765-316"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>316<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ema,_divination,_and_amulets"><span id="Ema.2C_divination.2C_and_amulets"></span><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Ema</i></span>, divination, and amulets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinto&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section: Ema, divination, and amulets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ema_of_Izumo_taisha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Ema_of_Izumo_taisha.jpg/220px-Ema_of_Izumo_taisha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Ema_of_Izumo_taisha.jpg/330px-Ema_of_Izumo_taisha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Ema_of_Izumo_taisha.jpg/440px-Ema_of_Izumo_taisha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A selection of wooden <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">ema</i></span> hanging up at a Shinto shrine</figcaption></figure> <p>A common feature of Shinto shrines is the provision of <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ema_(Shinto)" title="Ema (Shinto)">ema</a></i></span>, small wooden plaques onto which practitioners will write a wish or desire that they would like to see fulfilled. The practitioner's message is written on one side of the plaque, while on the other is usually a printed picture or pattern related to the shrine itself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199725–26_317-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199725–26-317"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>317<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Ema</i></span> are provided both at Shinto shrines and Buddhist temples in Japan;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199725_245-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199725-245"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> unlike most amulets, which are taken away from the shrine, the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">ema</i></span> are typically left there as a message for the resident <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199726_235-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199726-235"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Those administering the shrine will then often burn all of the collected <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">ema</i></span> at new year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199726_235-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199726-235"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Divination is the focus of many Shinto rituals,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201318_318-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201318-318"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>318<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> with various forms of divination used by its practitioners, some introduced from China.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken201173_319-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken201173-319"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>319<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Among the ancient forms of divination found in Japan are <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">rokuboku</i></span> and <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kiboku</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201317_320-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201317-320"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>320<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Several forms of divination entailing <a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">archery</a> are also practiced in Shintō, known as <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Yabusame" title="Yabusame">yabusame</a></i></span>, <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">omato-shinji</i></span>, and <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">mato-i</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken201143,_73_321-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken201143,_73-321"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>321<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kitagawa stated that there could be "no doubt" that various types of "shamanic diviners" played a role in early Japanese religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitagawa198739_322-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitagawa198739-322"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>322<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A form of divination previously common in Japan was <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bokusen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bokusen (page does not exist)">bokusen</a></i></span> or <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">uranai</i></span>, which often used tortoise shells; it is still used in some places.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken201150_323-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken201150-323"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>323<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>A form of divination that is popular at Shinto shrines are the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Omikuji" class="mw-redirect" title="Omikuji">omikuji</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997138Picken201174_324-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997138Picken201174-324"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>324<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> These are small slips of paper which are obtained from the shrine (for a donation) and which are then read to reveal a prediction for the future.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997137–138_325-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997137–138-325"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>325<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Those who receive a bad prediction often then tie the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">omikuji</i></span> to a nearby tree or frame set up for the purpose. This act is seen as rejecting the prediction, a process called <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">sute-mikuji</i></span>, and thus avoiding the misfortune it predicted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997139Picken201174_326-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997139Picken201174-326"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>326<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hiromine-jinja_Omikuji.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Hiromine-jinja_Omikuji.jpg/220px-Hiromine-jinja_Omikuji.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Hiromine-jinja_Omikuji.jpg/330px-Hiromine-jinja_Omikuji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Hiromine-jinja_Omikuji.jpg/440px-Hiromine-jinja_Omikuji.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2496" data-file-height="1664" /></a><figcaption>A frame at a shrine where omikuji are tied</figcaption></figure> <p>The use of <a href="/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet">amulets</a> are widely sanctioned and popular in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarhart200412_275-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarhart200412-275"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>275<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> These may be made of paper, wood, cloth, metal, or plastic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarhart200412_275-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarhart200412-275"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>275<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ofuda" title="Ofuda">Ofuda</a></i></span> act as amulets to keep off misfortune and also serve as talismans to bring benefits and good luck.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997135_272-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997135-272"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>272<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> They typically comprise a tapering piece of wood onto which the name of the shrine and its enshrined <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> are written or printed. The <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">ofuda</i></span> is then wrapped inside white paper and tied up with a colored thread.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997135–136_327-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997135–136-327"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>327<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Ofuda</i></span> are provided both at Shinto shrines and Buddhist temples.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997135_272-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997135-272"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>272<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Another type of amulet provided at shrines and temples are the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Omamori" title="Omamori">omamori</a></i></span>, which are traditionally small, brightly colored drawstring bags with the name of the shrine written on it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997138_328-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997138-328"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>328<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Omamori</i></span> and <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">ofuda</i></span> are sometimes placed within a charm bag known as a <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kinchaku" title="Kinchaku">kinchaku</a></i></span>, typically worn by small children.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199796_270-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199796-270"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>270<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>At new year, many shrines sell <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Hama_Yumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hama Yumi">hamaya</a></i></span> (an "evil-destroying arrows"), which people can purchase and keep in their home over the coming year to bring good luck.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199743–44_329-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199743–44-329"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>329<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Daruma_doll" title="Daruma doll">daruma</a></i></span> is a round, paper doll of the Indian monk, <a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a>. The recipient makes a wish and paints one eye; when the goal is accomplished, the recipient paints the other eye. While this is a Buddhist practice, darumas can be found at shrines, as well. These dolls are very common.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_330-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-330"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>330<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Other protective items include <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">dorei</i></span>, which are earthenware bells that are used to pray for good fortune. These bells are usually in the shapes of the zodiacal animals.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_330-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-330"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>330<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Inuhariko</i></span> are paper dogs that are used to induce and to bless good births.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_330-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-330"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>330<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Collectively, these talismans through which home to manipulate events and influence spirits, as well as related mantras and rites for the same purpose, are known as <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">majinai</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997114–15_331-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997114–15-331"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>331<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kagura"><i>Kagura</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinto&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section: Kagura"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ymananashi-oka_shrine_Daidai_Kagura_A.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Ymananashi-oka_shrine_Daidai_Kagura_A.JPG/220px-Ymananashi-oka_shrine_Daidai_Kagura_A.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Ymananashi-oka_shrine_Daidai_Kagura_A.JPG/330px-Ymananashi-oka_shrine_Daidai_Kagura_A.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Ymananashi-oka_shrine_Daidai_Kagura_A.JPG/440px-Ymananashi-oka_shrine_Daidai_Kagura_A.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>A <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kagura</i></span> traditional dance performed at the Yamanashi-oka shrine</figcaption></figure> <p><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kagura" title="Kagura">Kagura</a></i></span> describes the music and dance performed for the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979205Bocking199781_332-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979205Bocking199781-332"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>332<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> the term may have originally derived from <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami no kura</i></span> ("seat of the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span>").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKobayashi19813_333-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKobayashi19813-333"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>333<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Throughout Japanese history, dance has played an important culture role and in Shinto it is regarded as having the capacity to pacify <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitagawa198723_334-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitagawa198723-334"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>334<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> There is a <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythological</a> tale of how <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kagura</i></span> dance came into existence. According to the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kojiki</i></span> and the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Nihon Shoki</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Ame-no-Uzume" title="Ame-no-Uzume">Ame-no-Uzume</a> performed a dance to entice Amaterasu out of the cave in which she had hidden herself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitagawa198723Bocking199781Picken201168_335-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitagawa198723Bocking199781Picken201168-335"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>335<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are two broad types of kagura.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199781_336-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199781-336"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>336<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> One is Imperial kagura, also known as <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">mikagura</i></span>. This style was developed in the imperial court and is still performed on <a href="/wiki/Three_Palace_Sanctuaries" title="Three Palace Sanctuaries">imperial grounds</a> every December.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199781–82_337-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199781–82-337"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>337<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It is also performed at the Imperial harvest festival and at major shrines such as Ise, <a href="/wiki/Kamo_Shrines" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamo Shrines">Kamo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iwashimizu_Shrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Iwashimizu Shrine">Iwashimizu Hachiman-gū</a>. It is performed by singers and musicians using <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shakubyoshi" title="Shakubyoshi">shakubyoshi</a></i></span> wooden clappers, a <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Hichiriki" title="Hichiriki">hichiriki</a></i></span>, a <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kagura-bue</i></span> flute, and a six-stringed zither.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199782_210-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199782-210"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The other main type is <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">sato-kagura</i></span>, descended from <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">mikagura</i></span> and performed at shrines across Japan. Depending on the style, it is performed by <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">miko</i></span> or by actors wearing masks to portray various mythological figures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199782,_155_338-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199782,_155-338"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>338<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> These actors are accompanied by a <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">hayashi</i></span> band using flutes and drums.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199782_210-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199782-210"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> There are also other, regional types of kagura.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199782_210-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199782-210"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals">Festivals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinto&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section: Festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aoi_Matsuri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Aoi_Matsuri.jpg/220px-Aoi_Matsuri.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Aoi_Matsuri.jpg/330px-Aoi_Matsuri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Aoi_Matsuri.jpg/440px-Aoi_Matsuri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5078" data-file-height="2856" /></a><figcaption>Participants in a procession for Aoi Matsuri in Kyoto</figcaption></figure> <p>Public festivals are commonly termed <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Matsuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsuri">matsuri</a></i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittleton200281BoydWilliams200536Picken20119,_86_339-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittleton200281BoydWilliams200536Picken20119,_86-339"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>339<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> although this term has varied meanings—"festival", "worship", "celebration", "rite", or "prayer"—and no direct translation into English.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997117_340-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997117-340"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>340<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Picken suggested that the festival was "the central act of Shinto worship" because Shinto was a "community- and family-based" religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xxvi_341-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xxvi-341"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>341<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Most mark the seasons of the agricultural year and involve offerings being directed to the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> in thanks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997117–118Picken201186_342-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997117–118Picken201186-342"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>342<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> According to a traditional <a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">lunar calendar</a>, Shinto shrines should hold their festival celebrations on <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">hare-no-hi</i></span> or "clear days", the days of the new, full, and half moons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199746_343-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199746-343"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>343<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Other days, known as <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">ke-no-hi</i></span>, were generally avoided for festivities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199746_343-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199746-343"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>343<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> However, since the late 20th century, many shrines have held their festival celebrations on the Saturday or Sunday closest to the date so that fewer individuals will be working and will be able to attend.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996224Earhart2004222_344-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996224Earhart2004222-344"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>344<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Each town or village often has its own festival, centred on a local shrine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittleton200281_312-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittleton200281-312"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>312<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Aoi_Matsuri" title="Aoi Matsuri">Aoi Matsuri</a> festival, held on 15 May to pray for an abundant grain harvest, takes place at shrines in <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking19976Picken201142_345-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking19976Picken201142-345"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>345<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> while the <a href="/wiki/Chichibu_Night_Festival" title="Chichibu Night Festival">Chichibu Night Festival</a> takes place on 2–3 December in <a href="/wiki/Chichibu,_Saitama" title="Chichibu, Saitama">Chichibu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken201159_346-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken201159-346"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>346<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spring festivals are called <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">haru-matsuri</i></span> and often incorporate prayers for a good harvest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199746_343-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199746-343"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>343<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> They sometimes involve <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">ta-asobi</i></span> ceremonies, in which rice is ritually planted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199746_343-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199746-343"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>343<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Summer festivals are termed <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">natsu-matsuri</i></span> and are usually focused on protecting the crops against pests and other threats.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997132_347-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997132-347"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>347<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Autumn festivals are known as <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">aki-matsuri</i></span> and primarily focus on thanking the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> for the rice or other harvest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking19972Picken201135_348-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking19972Picken201135-348"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>348<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Niiname-sai" class="mw-redirect" title="Niiname-sai">Niiname-sai</a></i></span>, or festival of new rice, is held across many Shinto shrines on 23 November.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996170_349-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996170-349"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>349<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The emperor also conducts a ceremony to mark this festival, at which he presents the first fruits of the harvest to the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> at midnight.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979205_350-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979205-350"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>350<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Winter festivals, called <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">fuyu no matsuri</i></span> often feature on welcoming in the spring, expelling evil, and calling in good influences for the future.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199732_351-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199732-351"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>351<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> There is little difference between winter festivals and specific new year festivals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199732_351-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199732-351"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>351<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomioka_hachimangu10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Tomioka_hachimangu10.jpg/250px-Tomioka_hachimangu10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Tomioka_hachimangu10.jpg/330px-Tomioka_hachimangu10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Tomioka_hachimangu10.jpg/500px-Tomioka_hachimangu10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Procession of the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Fukagawa_Matsuri" title="Fukagawa Matsuri">Fukagawa Matsuri</a> festival in Tokyo</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Year" title="Japanese New Year">season of the new year</a> is called <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">shogatsu</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997182Littleton200280_352-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997182Littleton200280-352"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>352<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> On the last day of the year (31 December), <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">omisoka</i></span>, practitioners usually clean their household shrines in preparation for New Year's Day (1 January), <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">ganjitsu</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997139_353-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997139-353"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>353<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Many people visit public shrines to celebrate new year;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979205Nelson1996199Littleton200280BreenTeeuwen20103_354-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979205Nelson1996199Littleton200280BreenTeeuwen20103-354"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>354<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> this "first visit" of the year is known as <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">hatsumōde</i></span> or <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">hatsumairi</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199747BreenTeeuwen20103_355-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199747BreenTeeuwen20103-355"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>355<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> There, they buy amulets and talismans to bring them good fortune over the coming year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996208_356-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996208-356"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>356<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> To celebrate this festival, many Japanese put up rope known as <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shimenawa" title="Shimenawa">shimenawa</a></i></span> on their homes and places of business.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996206Bocking1997163_357-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996206Bocking1997163-357"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>357<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Some also put up <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kadomatsu" title="Kadomatsu">kadomatsu</a></i></span> ("gateway pine"), an arrangement of pine branches, plum tree, and bamboo sticks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996206Bocking199781_358-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996206Bocking199781-358"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>358<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Also displayed are <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kazari</i></span>, which are smaller and more colourful; their purpose is to keep away misfortune and attract good fortune.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199793_143-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199793-143"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In many places, new year celebrations incorporate <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Hadaka_matsuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadaka matsuri">hadaka matsuri</a></i></span> ("naked festivals") in which men dressed only in a <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Fundoshi" title="Fundoshi">fundoshi</a></i></span> loincloth engage in a particular activity, such as fighting over a specific object or immersing themselves in a river.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199741_359-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199741-359"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>359<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>A common feature of festivals are processions or parades known as <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">gyōretsu</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199739–40_360-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199739–40-360"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>360<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> These can be raucous, with many participants being drunk;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979205Nelson1996133_361-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979205Nelson1996133-361"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>361<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Breen and Teeuwen characterised them as having a "carnivalesque atmosphere".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen20104_362-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen20104-362"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>362<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> They are often understood as having a regenerative effect on both the participants and the community.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996134_363-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996134-363"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>363<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> During these processions, the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> travel in portable shrines known as <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Mikoshi" title="Mikoshi">mikoshi</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996140Bocking1997122Littleton200282BreenTeeuwen20104_364-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996140Bocking1997122Littleton200282BreenTeeuwen20104-364"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>364<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In various cases the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">mikoshi</i></span> undergo <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">hamaori</i></span> ("going down to the beach"), a process by which they are carried to the sea shore and sometimes into the sea, either by bearers or a boat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199743_365-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199743-365"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>365<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> For instance, in the Okunchi festival held in the southwestern city of <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a>, the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> of the <a href="/wiki/Suwa_Shrine_(Nagasaki)" title="Suwa Shrine (Nagasaki)">Suwa Shrine</a> are paraded down to Ohato, where they are placed in a shrine there for several days before being paraded back to Suwa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996152–154_366-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996152–154-366"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>366<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> These sort of celebrations are often organized largely by members of the local community rather than by the priests themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen20104_362-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen20104-362"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>362<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rites_of_passage">Rites of passage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinto&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Edit section: Rites of passage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The formal recognition of events is given great importance in Japanese culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199634_367-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199634-367"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>367<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A common ritual, the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">hatsumiyamairi</i></span>, entails a child's first visit to a Shinto shrine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996161Bocking199747BreenTeeuwen20103Picken201187–88_368-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996161Bocking199747BreenTeeuwen20103Picken201187–88-368"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>368<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A tradition holds that, if a boy he should be brought to the shrine on the thirty-second day after birth, and if a girl she should be brought on the thirty-third day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199747_369-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199747-369"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>369<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Historically, the child was commonly brought to the shrine not by the mother, who was considered impure after birth, but by another female relative; since the late 20th century it has been more common for the mother to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199747_369-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199747-369"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>369<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Another rite of passage, the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">saiten-sai</i></span> or <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">seijin shiki</i></span>, is a coming of age ritual marking the transition to adulthood and occurs when an individual is around twenty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996212–213Bocking1997156_370-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996212–213Bocking1997156-370"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>370<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Wedding ceremonies are often carried out at Shinto shrines;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarhart200415_371-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarhart200415-371"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>371<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> these are called <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">shinzen kekkon</i></span> ("a wedding before the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span>").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997178Picken201187_372-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997178Picken201187-372"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>372<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Prior to the Meiji period, weddings were commonly performed in the home,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997178–179_373-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997178–179-373"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>373<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> although shrines now regard them as an important source of income.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken201187_374-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken201187-374"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>374<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Japan, funerals tend to take place at Buddhist temples and involve cremation,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittleton200292Earhart200415_375-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittleton200292Earhart200415-375"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>375<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> with Shinto funerals being rare.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken201139_138-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken201139-138"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bocking noted that most Japanese people are "still 'born Shinto' yet 'die Buddhist'."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997ix_176-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997ix-176"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In Shinto thought, contact with death is seen as imparting impurity (<span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kegare</i></span>); the period following this contact is known as <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kibuku</i></span> and is associated with various taboos.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199795_376-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199795-376"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>376<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In cases when dead humans are enshrined as <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span>, the physical remains of the dead are not stored at the shrine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken201119_377-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken201119-377"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>377<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Although not common, there have been examples of funerals conducted through Shinto rites. The earliest examples are known from the mid-17th century; these occurred in certain areas of Japan and had the support of the local authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKenney2000241_378-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenney2000241-378"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>378<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Following the Meiji Restoration, in 1868 the government recognised specifically Shinto funerals for Shinto priests.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997187Kenney2000240_379-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997187Kenney2000240-379"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>379<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Five years later, this was extended to cover the entire Japanese population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKenney2000240–241_380-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenney2000240–241-380"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>380<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Despite this Meiji promotion of Shinto funerals, the majority of the population continued to have Buddhist funeral rites.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKenney2000241_378-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenney2000241-378"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>378<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In recent decades, Shinto funerals have usually been reserved for Shinto priests and for members of certain Shinto sects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997188_381-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997188-381"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>381<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">cremation</a>, the normal funerary process in Japan, the ashes of a priest may be interred near to the shrine, but not inside its precincts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken201171_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken201171-127"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ancestral reverence remains an important part of Japanese religious custom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken201139_138-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken201139-138"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The invocation of the dead, and especially the war dead, is known as <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">shōkon</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997182_166-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997182-166"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Various rites reference this. For instance, at the largely Buddhist festival of <a href="/wiki/Bon_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Bon Festival">Bon</a>, the souls of the ancestors are believed to visit the living, and are then sent away in a ritual called <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">shōrō nagashi</i></span>, by which lanterns are inserted into small boats, often made of paper, and placed in a river to float downstream.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997183_382-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997183-382"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>382<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spirit_mediumship_and_healing">Spirit mediumship and healing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinto&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Edit section: Spirit mediumship and healing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inako_2006-10-09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Inako_2006-10-09.jpg/250px-Inako_2006-10-09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Inako_2006-10-09.jpg/330px-Inako_2006-10-09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Inako_2006-10-09.jpg/500px-Inako_2006-10-09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>An <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">itako</i></span> at the autumn Inako Taisai festival at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Osore" title="Mount Osore">Mount Osore</a>, Aomori Prefecture, Japan</figcaption></figure> <p>Shinto practitioners believe that the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> can possess a human being and then speak through them, a process known as <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami-gakari</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199785–86_383-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199785–86-383"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>383<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Several new religious movements drawing upon Shinto, such as <a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oomoto" title="Oomoto">Oomoto</a>, were founded by individuals claiming to be guided by a possessing <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199786_384-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199786-384"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>384<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">takusen</i></span> is an <a href="/wiki/Oracle" title="Oracle">oracle</a> that is passed from the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> via the medium.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997197_214-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997197-214"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Itako" title="Itako">itako</a></i></span> and <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">ichiko</i></span> are blind women who train to become <a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">spiritual mediums</a>, traditionally in Japan's northern <a href="/wiki/Tohoku" class="mw-redirect" title="Tohoku">Tohoku</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199763_385-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199763-385"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>385<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Itako</i></span> train under other <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">itako</i></span> from childhood, memorialising sacred texts and prayers, fasting, and undertaking acts of severe asceticism, through which they are believed to cultivate supernatural powers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199763_385-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199763-385"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>385<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In an initiation ceremony, a <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> is believed to possess the young woman, and the two are then ritually "married". After this, the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> becomes her tutelary spirit and she will henceforth be able to call upon it, and a range of other spirits, in the future. Through contacting these spirits, she is able to convey their messages to the living.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199763_385-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199763-385"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>385<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Itako</i></span> usually carry out their rituals independent of the shrine system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199763–64_386-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199763–64-386"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>386<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Japanese culture also includes spiritual healers known as <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">ogamiya-san</i></span> whose work involves invoking both <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> and Buddhas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997136_160-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997136-160"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinto&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Shinto" title="History of Shinto">History of Shinto</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_development">Early development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinto&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Edit section: Early development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DotakuBronzeBellLateYayoi3rdCenturyCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/DotakuBronzeBellLateYayoi3rdCenturyCE.jpg/220px-DotakuBronzeBellLateYayoi3rdCenturyCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/DotakuBronzeBellLateYayoi3rdCenturyCE.jpg/330px-DotakuBronzeBellLateYayoi3rdCenturyCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/DotakuBronzeBellLateYayoi3rdCenturyCE.jpg/440px-DotakuBronzeBellLateYayoi3rdCenturyCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2147" data-file-height="2863" /></a><figcaption>A Yayoi period <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">dotaku</i></span> bell; these probably played a key role in <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> rites at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201719_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre201719-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Earhart commented that Shinto ultimately "emerged from the beliefs and practices of prehistoric Japan",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarhart20042_387-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarhart20042-387"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>387<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> although Kitagawa noted that it was questionable whether prehistoric Japanese religions could be accurately termed "early Shinto".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitagawa198739_322-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitagawa198739-322"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>322<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It was the <a href="/wiki/Yayoi_period" title="Yayoi period">Yayoi period</a> of Japanese prehistory which first left traces of material and iconography prefiguring that later included in Shinto.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittleton200214Hardacre201718_388-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittleton200214Hardacre201718-388"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>388<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kami</i></span> were worshipped at various landscape features during this period; at this point, their worship consisted largely of beseeching and placating them, with little evidence that they were viewed as compassionate entities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201719_80-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre201719-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeological</a> evidence suggests that <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Dotaku" class="mw-redirect" title="Dotaku">dotaku</a></i></span> bronze bells, bronze weapons, and metal mirrors played an important role in <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span>-based ritual during the <a href="/wiki/Yayoi_period" title="Yayoi period">Yayoi period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittleton200215Hardacre201719_389-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittleton200215Hardacre201719-389"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>389<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In this early period, Japan was not a unified state; by the <a href="/wiki/Kofun_period" title="Kofun period">Kofun period</a> it was divided among <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Uji_(clan)" title="Uji (clan)">Uji</a></i></span> (clans), each with their own tutelary <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span>, the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">ujigami</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittleton200215Hardacre201724_390-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittleton200215Hardacre201724-390"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>390<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Korean migration during the Kofun period brought Confucianism and Buddhism to Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201723_391-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre201723-391"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>391<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Buddhism had a particular impact on the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> cults.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201724_392-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre201724-392"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>392<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Migrant groups and Japanese who increasingly aligned with these foreign influences built Buddhist temples in various parts of the Japanese islands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201724_392-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre201724-392"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>392<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Several rival clans who were more hostile to these foreign influences began adapting the shrines of their <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> to more closely resemble the new Buddhist structures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201724_392-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre201724-392"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>392<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the late 5th century, the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_House_of_Japan" title="Imperial House of Japan">imperial dynasty</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Y%C5%ABryaku" title="Emperor Yūryaku">Yūryaku</a> declared himself <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%A0%E3%81%84%E3%81%8A%E3%81%86" class="extiw" title="wikt:だいおう">daiō</a></i> ("great king") and established hegemony over much of Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201725_393-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre201725-393"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>393<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> From the early 6th century CE, the style of ritual favored by the <a href="/wiki/Yamato_people" title="Yamato people">Yamato</a> began spreading to other <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> shrines around Japan as the Yamato extended their territorial influence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201727_394-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre201727-394"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>394<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Buddhism was also growing. According to the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Nihon Shoki</i></span>, in 587 <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Y%C5%8Dmei" title="Emperor Yōmei">Emperor Yōmei</a> converted to Buddhism and under his sponsorship Buddhism spread.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201728_395-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre201728-395"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>395<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the mid-7th century, a legal code called <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ritsury%C5%8D" title="Ritsuryō">Ritsuryō</a></i></span> was adopted to establish a Chinese-style centralised government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201717_396-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre201717-396"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>396<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> As part of this, the <a href="/wiki/Jingikan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jingikan">Jingikan</a> ("Council of <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kami</i></span>") was created to conduct rites of state and coordinate provincial ritual with that in the capital.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201717–18_397-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre201717–18-397"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>397<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This was done according to a code of <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> law called the <i>Jingiryō</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201717–18_397-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre201717–18-397"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>397<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> itself modelled on the Chinese <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Rites" title="Book of Rites">Book of Rites</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201731_398-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre201731-398"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>398<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The Jingikan was located in the palace precincts and maintained a register of shrines and priests.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201733_399-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre201733-399"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>399<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> An annual calendar of state rites were introduced to help unify Japan through <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> worship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201718_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre201718-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> These legally mandated rites were outlined in the <a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dr%C5%8D_Code" title="Yōrō Code">Yōrō Code</a> of 718,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201731_398-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre201731-398"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>398<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and expanded in the <i>Jogan Gishiki</i> of circa 872 and the <i><a href="/wiki/Engi_Shiki" class="mw-redirect" title="Engi Shiki">Engi Shiki</a></i> of 927.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201731_398-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre201731-398"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>398<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Under the Jingikan, some shrines were designated as <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kansha</i></span> ("official shrines") and given specific privileges and responsibilities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201733–34_400-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre201733–34-400"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>400<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hardacre saw the Jingikan as "the institutional origin of Shinto".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201718_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre201718-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shinpukuji-bon_Kojiki_(%E7%9C%9F%E7%A6%8F%E5%AF%BA%E6%9C%AC%E5%8F%A4%E4%BA%8B%E8%A8%98).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Shinpukuji-bon_Kojiki_%28%E7%9C%9F%E7%A6%8F%E5%AF%BA%E6%9C%AC%E5%8F%A4%E4%BA%8B%E8%A8%98%29.png/250px-Shinpukuji-bon_Kojiki_%28%E7%9C%9F%E7%A6%8F%E5%AF%BA%E6%9C%AC%E5%8F%A4%E4%BA%8B%E8%A8%98%29.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Shinpukuji-bon_Kojiki_%28%E7%9C%9F%E7%A6%8F%E5%AF%BA%E6%9C%AC%E5%8F%A4%E4%BA%8B%E8%A8%98%29.png/330px-Shinpukuji-bon_Kojiki_%28%E7%9C%9F%E7%A6%8F%E5%AF%BA%E6%9C%AC%E5%8F%A4%E4%BA%8B%E8%A8%98%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Shinpukuji-bon_Kojiki_%28%E7%9C%9F%E7%A6%8F%E5%AF%BA%E6%9C%AC%E5%8F%A4%E4%BA%8B%E8%A8%98%29.png/500px-Shinpukuji-bon_Kojiki_%28%E7%9C%9F%E7%A6%8F%E5%AF%BA%E6%9C%AC%E5%8F%A4%E4%BA%8B%E8%A8%98%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1115" data-file-height="1877" /></a><figcaption>A page from the 14th-century Shinpukuji manuscript of the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kojiki</i></span>, itself written in the 8th century</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early 8th century, the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Tenmu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenmu">Tenmu</a> commissioned a compilation of the legends and genealogies of Japan's clans, resulting in the completion of the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kojiki</i></span> in 712. Designed to legitimate the ruling dynasty, this text created a fixed version of various stories previously circulating in oral tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201747–48_401-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre201747–48-401"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>401<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kojiki</i></span> omits any reference to Buddhism,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201764_402-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre201764-402"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>402<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> in part because it sought to ignore foreign influences and emphasise a narrative stressing indigenous elements of Japanese culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201768_403-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre201768-403"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>403<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Several years later, the <i>Nihon shoki</i> was written. Unlike the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kojiki</i></span>, this made various references to Buddhism,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201764_402-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre201764-402"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>402<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and was aimed at a foreign audience.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201769_404-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre201769-404"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>404<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Both of these texts sought to establish the imperial clan's descent from the sun <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> Amaterasu,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201764_402-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre201764-402"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>402<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> although there were many differences in the cosmogonic narrative they provided.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201757–59_405-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre201757–59-405"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>405<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Quickly, the <i>Nihon shoki</i> eclipsed the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kojiki</i></span> in terms of its influence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201769_404-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre201769-404"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>404<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Other texts written at this time also drew on oral traditions regarding the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span>. The <i><a href="/wiki/Kujiki" title="Kujiki">Sendari kuji hongi</a></i> for example was probably composed by the <a href="/wiki/Mononobe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mononobe">Mononobe</a> clan while the <i><a href="/wiki/Kogoshui" class="mw-redirect" title="Kogoshui">Kogoshui</a></i> was probably put together for the <a href="/wiki/Imbe_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Imbe clan">Imbe clan</a>, and in both cases they were designed to highlight the divine origins of these respective lineages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201764–45_406-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre201764–45-406"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>406<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A government order in 713 called on each region to produce <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Fudoki" title="Fudoki">fudoki</a></i></span>, records of local geography, products, and stories, with the latter revealing more traditions about the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> which were present at this time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittleton200243Hardacre201766_407-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittleton200243Hardacre201766-407"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>407<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the 8th century, <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> worship and Buddhism were thoroughly intertwined in Japanese society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill20138_189-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaliDougill20138-189"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> While the emperor and court performed Buddhist rites, they also performed others to honor the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201772_408-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre201772-408"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>408<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tenmu for example appointed a virginal imperial princess to serve as the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sai%C5%8D" title="Saiō">Saiō</a></i></span>, a form of priestess, at the Ise Shrine on his behalf, a tradition continued by subsequent emperors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201782–83_409-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre201782–83-409"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>409<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> From the 8th century onward up until the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_(era)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji (era)">Meiji era</a>, the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> were incorporated into a Buddhist cosmology in various ways.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuroda19819_410-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuroda19819-410"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>410<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> One view is that the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> realised that like all other life-forms, they too were trapped in the cycle of <a href="/wiki/Samsara" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsara">samsara</a> (rebirth) and that to escape this they had to follow Buddhist teachings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuroda19819_410-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuroda19819-410"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>410<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Alternative approaches viewed the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> as benevolent entities who protected Buddhism, or that the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> were themselves <a href="/wiki/Buddhas" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhas">Buddhas</a>, or beings who had achieved enlightenment. In this, they could be either <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Hongaku" class="mw-redirect" title="Hongaku">hongaku</a></i></span>, the pure spirits of the Buddhas, or <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Honji_suijaku" title="Honji suijaku">honji suijaku</a></i></span>, transformations of the Buddhas in their attempt to help all sentient beings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuroda19819_410-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuroda19819-410"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>410<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nara_period">Nara period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinto&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Edit section: Nara period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This period hosted many changes to the country, government, and religion. The capital is moved again to <a href="/wiki/Heij%C5%8D-ky%C5%8D" title="Heijō-kyō">Heijō-kyō</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Nara,_Nara" class="mw-redirect" title="Nara, Nara">Nara</a>), in AD 710 by <a href="/wiki/Empress_Genmei" title="Empress Genmei">Empress Genmei</a> due to the death of the emperor. This practice was necessary due to the Shinto belief in the impurity of death and the need to avoid this pollution. However, this practice of moving the capital due to "death impurity" is then abolished by the <a href="/wiki/Taih%C5%8D_Code" title="Taihō Code">Taihō Code</a> and rise in Buddhist influence.<sup id="cite_ref-JapaneseReligion1985_411-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JapaneseReligion1985-411"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>411<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The establishment of the imperial city in partnership with Taihō Code is important to Shinto as the office of the Shinto rites becomes more powerful in assimilating local clan shrines into the imperial fold. New shrines are built and assimilated each time the city is moved. All of the grand shrines are regulated under <a href="/wiki/Taih%C5%8D_Code" title="Taihō Code">Taihō</a> and are required to account for incomes, priests, and practices due to their national contributions.<sup id="cite_ref-JapaneseReligion1985_411-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JapaneseReligion1985-411"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>411<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meiji_era_and_the_Empire_of_Japan">Meiji era and the Empire of Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinto&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="Edit section: Meiji era and the Empire of Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chosen_Jingu.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Chosen_Jingu.JPG/220px-Chosen_Jingu.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Chosen_Jingu.JPG/330px-Chosen_Jingu.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Chosen_Jingu.JPG/440px-Chosen_Jingu.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dsen_Jing%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Chōsen Jingū">Chōsen Jingū</a> in <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, Korea, established during the Japanese occupation of the peninsula</figcaption></figure> <p>Breen and Teeuwen characterise the period between 1868 and 1915, during the Meiji era, as being the "formative years" of modern Shinto.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen20107_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen20107-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It is in this period that various scholars have argued that Shinto was essentially "invented".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen20107_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen20107-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Fridell argues that scholars call the period from 1868 to 1945 the "State Shinto period" because, "during these decades, Shinto elements came under a great deal of overt state influence and control as the Japanese government systematically utilized shrine worship as a major force for mobilizing imperial loyalties on behalf of modern nation-building."<sup id="cite_ref-412" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-412"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>412<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> However, the government had already been treating shrines as an extension of government before Meiji; see for example the <a href="/wiki/Tenp%C5%8D_Reforms" title="Tenpō Reforms">Tenpō Reforms</a>. Moreover, according to the scholar <a href="/wiki/Jason_Josephson_Storm" title="Jason Josephson Storm">Jason Ānanda Josephson</a>, It is inaccurate to describe shrines as constituting a "state religion" or a "theocracy" during this period since they had neither organization, nor doctrine, and were uninterested in conversion.<sup id="cite_ref-413" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-413"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>413<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a> of 1868 was fuelled by a renewal of Confucian ethics and imperial patriotism among Japan's ruling class.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen20108_414-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen20108-414"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>414<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Among these reformers, Buddhism was seen as a corrupting influence that had undermined what they envisioned as Japan's original purity and greatness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen20108_414-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen20108-414"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>414<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> They wanted to place a renewed emphasis on <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> worship as an indigenous form of ritual, an attitude that was also fuelled by anxieties about Western expansionism and fear that Christianity would take hold in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen20108_414-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen20108-414"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>414<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1868, all shrine priests were placed under the authority of the new <a href="/wiki/Jingikan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jingikan">Jingikan</a>, or Council of Kami Affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen20107–8_415-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen20107–8-415"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>415<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A project of forcibly separating <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> worship from Buddhism was implemented, with Buddhist monks, deities, buildings, and rituals banned from <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> shrines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen20108_414-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen20108-414"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>414<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Much Buddhist material was destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen20108_414-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen20108-414"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>414<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In 1871, a new hierarchy of shrines was introduced, with imperial and national shrines at the top.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen20109Azegami201271_416-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen20109Azegami201271-416"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>416<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hereditary priesthoods were abolished and a new state-sanctioned system for appointing priests was introduced.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen20109_417-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen20109-417"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>417<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In 1872, the Jingikan was replaced with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyobusho&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kyobusho (page does not exist)">Kyobusho</a>, or Ministry of Edification.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen201010_418-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen201010-418"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>418<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This coordinated <a href="/wiki/Great_Promulgation_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Promulgation Campaign">a campaign</a> whereby <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kyodoshoku</i></span> ("national evangelists") were sent through the country to promote Japan's "Great Teaching", which included respect for the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> and obedience to the emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen201010_418-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen201010-418"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>418<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This campaign was discontinued in 1884.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen201010_418-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen201010-418"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>418<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In 1906, thousands of village shrines were merged so that most small communities had only a single shrine, where rites in honor of the emperor could be held.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen201011_419-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen201011-419"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>419<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Shinto effectively became the state cult, one promoted with growing zeal in the build-up to the Second World War.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen201011_419-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen201011-419"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>419<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1882, the Meiji government designated 13 religious movements that were neither Buddhist nor Christian to be forms of "<a href="/wiki/Sect_Shinto" title="Sect Shinto">Sect Shinto</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979215_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979215-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The number and name of the sects given this formal designation varied;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997112_420-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997112-420"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>420<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> often they merged ideas with Shinto from Buddhism, Christian, Confucian, Daoist, and <a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Western esoteric</a> traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittleton2002100–101_421-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittleton2002100–101-421"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>421<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the Meiji period, many local traditions died out and were replaced by nationally standardised practices encouraged from Tokyo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen201012_161-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen201012-161"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war">Post-war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinto&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="Edit section: Post-war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Association_of_Shinto_Shrines_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Association_of_Shinto_Shrines_2010.jpg/220px-Association_of_Shinto_Shrines_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Association_of_Shinto_Shrines_2010.jpg/330px-Association_of_Shinto_Shrines_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Association_of_Shinto_Shrines_2010.jpg/440px-Association_of_Shinto_Shrines_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="2726" /></a><figcaption>The headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Shinto_Shrines" title="Association of Shinto Shrines">Association of Shinto Shrines</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shibuya" title="Shibuya">Shibuya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the U.S. occupation, a <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">new Japanese constitution</a> was drawn up. This enshrined <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a> and separated religion from the state, a measure designed to eradicate State Shinto.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUeda1979304Kitagawa1987171Bocking199718Earhart2004207_422-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUeda1979304Kitagawa1987171Bocking199718Earhart2004207-422"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>422<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The emperor declared that he was not a <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarhart2004207_423-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarhart2004207-423"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>423<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Shinto rituals performed by the imperial family became their own private affair.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUeda1979304_424-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUeda1979304-424"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>424<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This disestablishment ended government subsidies to shrines and gave them renewed freedom to organise their own affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarhart2004207_423-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarhart2004207-423"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>423<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In 1946 many shrines formed a voluntary organisation, the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Shinto_Shrines" title="Association of Shinto Shrines">Association of Shinto Shrines</a> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Jinja Honchō</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199775Earhart2004207–208_425-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199775Earhart2004207–208-425"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>425<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In 1956 the association issued a creedal statement, the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">keishin seikatsu no kōryō</i></span> ("general characteristics of a life lived in reverence of the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span>"), to summarise what they regarded as Shinto's principles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199794_212-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199794-212"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> By the late 1990s around 80% of Japan's Shinto shrines were part of this association.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199776_426-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199776-426"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>426<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the post-war decades, many Japanese blamed Shinto for encouraging the militarism which had led to defeat and occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarhart2004207_423-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarhart2004207-423"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>423<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Others remained nostalgic for State Shinto,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitagawa1987172_427-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitagawa1987172-427"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>427<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and concerns were repeatedly expressed that sectors of Japanese society were conspiring to restore it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken201118_428-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken201118-428"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>428<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Various legal debates revolved around the involvement of public officials in Shinto.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199718_429-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199718-429"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>429<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In 1965, for instance, the city of <a href="/wiki/Tsu,_Mie" title="Tsu, Mie">Tsu</a>, Mie Prefecture, paid four Shinto priests to purify the site where the municipal athletic hall was to be built. Critics brought the case to court, claiming it contravened the constitutional separation of religion and state; in 1971 the high court ruled that the city administration's act had been unconstitutional, although this was overturned by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Japan" title="Supreme Court of Japan">Supreme Court</a> in 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUeda1979307Breen201071–72_430-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUeda1979307Breen201071–72-430"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>430<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the post-war period, Shinto themes often blended into Japanese <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">new religious movements</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996180_431-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996180-431"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>431<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Of the Sect Shinto groups, <a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a> was probably the most successful,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitagawa1987172_427-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitagawa1987172-427"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>427<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> although in 1970 it repudiated its Shinto identity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997113_432-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997113-432"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>432<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Shinto perspectives also influenced popular culture. The film director <a href="/wiki/Hayao_Miyazaki" title="Hayao Miyazaki">Hayao Miyazaki</a> of <a href="/wiki/Studio_Ghibli" title="Studio Ghibli">Studio Ghibli</a> for instance acknowledged Shinto influences on his films such as <i><a href="/wiki/Spirited_Away" title="Spirited Away">Spirited Away</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoydNishimura20163_433-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoydNishimura20163-433"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>433<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Shinto also spread abroad through both emigration and conversion by non-Japanese.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken2011xivSuga201048_434-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken2011xivSuga201048-434"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>434<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Tsubaki_Grand_Shrine" title="Tsubaki Grand Shrine">Tsubaki Grand Shrine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Suzuka,_Mie" title="Suzuka, Mie">Suzuka</a>, Mie Prefecture, was the first to establish a branch abroad: the <a href="/wiki/Tsubaki_Grand_Shrine_of_America" title="Tsubaki Grand Shrine of America">Tsubaki Grand Shrine of America</a>, initially located in California and then moved to <a href="/wiki/Granite_Falls,_Washington" title="Granite Falls, Washington">Granite Falls, Washington</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken201132_243-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken201132-243"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 20th century, most academic research on Shinto was conducted by Shinto theologians, often priests,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997176_435-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997176-435"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>435<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> bringing accusations that it often blurred theology with historical analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre20174_436-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre20174-436"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>436<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> From the 1980s onward, there was a renewed academic interest in Shinto both in Japan and abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997177_437-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997177-437"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>437<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinto&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guji_Francesco_Brigante.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Guji_Francesco_Brigante.jpg/220px-Guji_Francesco_Brigante.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Guji_Francesco_Brigante.jpg/330px-Guji_Francesco_Brigante.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Guji_Francesco_Brigante.jpg/440px-Guji_Francesco_Brigante.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2008" /></a><figcaption>A Shinto rite carried out at a jinja in <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a>, Europe</figcaption></figure> <p>Most Japanese participate in several religious traditions,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarhart20044,_214_438-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarhart20044,_214-438"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>438<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> with Breen and Teeuwen noting that, "with few exceptions", it is not possible to differentiate between Shintoists and Buddhists in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen20102_439-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen20102-439"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>439<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The main exceptions are members of minority religious groups, including Christianity, which promote exclusivist worldviews.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarhart2004215_440-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarhart2004215-440"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>440<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Determining the proportions of the country's population who engage in Shinto activity is hindered by the fact that, if asked, Japanese people will often say "I have no religion".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarhart2004215_440-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarhart2004215-440"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>440<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Many Japanese avoid the term "religion", in part because they dislike the connotations of the word which most closely matches it in the Japanese language, <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">shūkyō</i></span>. The latter term derives from <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">shū</i></span> ("sect") and <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kyō</i></span> ("doctrine").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson19968_441-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson19968-441"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>441<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Official statistics show Shinto to be Japan's largest religion, with over 80 per cent of its population engaging in Shinto activities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen20101_195-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen20101-195"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_442-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-442"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>442<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Conversely, in questionnaires only a small minority of Japanese describe themselves as "Shintoists."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen20101_195-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen20101-195"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This indicates that a far larger number of people engage in Shinto activities than cite Shinto as their religious identity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen20101_195-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen20101-195"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> There are no formal rituals to become a practitioner of "folk Shinto". Thus, "Shinto membership" is often estimated counting only those who do join organized Shinto sects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamsBharMarty20044–5_443-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsBharMarty20044–5-443"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>443<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Shinto has about 81,000 shrines and about 85,000 priests in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_442-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-442"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>442<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> According to surveys carried out in 2006<sup id="cite_ref-Dentsu2006_444-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dentsu2006-444"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>444<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and 2008,<sup id="cite_ref-NHK2008_445-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHK2008-445"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>445<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> less than 40% of the population of Japan identifies with an organised religion: around 35% are <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhists</a>, 30% to 40% are members of <a href="/wiki/Shinto_sects_and_schools#Shintō_inspired_religions" title="Shinto sects and schools">Shinto sects and derived religions</a>. In 2008, 26% of the participants reported often visiting Shinto shrines, while only 16.2% expressed belief in the existence of <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> in general.<sup id="cite_ref-NHK2008_445-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHK2008-445"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>445<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shinto_outside_Japan">Shinto outside Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinto&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27" title="Edit section: Shinto outside Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Shinto" title="Overseas Shinto">Overseas Shinto</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karafuto_Shrine.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Karafuto_Shrine.JPG/220px-Karafuto_Shrine.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Karafuto_Shrine.JPG/330px-Karafuto_Shrine.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Karafuto_Shrine.JPG/440px-Karafuto_Shrine.JPG 2x" data-file-width="733" data-file-height="538" /></a><figcaption>The Karafuto Shrine in the Sakhalin Region</figcaption></figure> <p>The end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries were marked by the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>, which also led to the spread of Shinto in the colonized territories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre2017431–432_446-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre2017431–432-446"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>446<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In total, from 1868 to 1945, 1,640 shrines were built in territories under Japanese control.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre2017431–432_446-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre2017431–432-446"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>446<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakajima201022_447-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakajima201022-447"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>447<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In addition, starting in 1885, Japanese began to move to <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, most of whom left Japan for economic reasons; Since 1908, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Brazilians" title="Japanese Brazilians">emigration to Brazil</a> also began, where the Japanese worked on coffee plantations. The emigrants built shrines to preserve their culture and worship traditional deities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken2011273–274_448-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken2011273–274-448"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>448<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre2017404–406_449-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre2017404–406-449"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>449<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Jinja</i></span> outside Japan are termed <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kaigai jinja</i></span> ("overseas shrines"), a term coined by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogasawara_Shozo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogasawara Shozo (page does not exist)">Ogasawara Shozo</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;">&#160;&#91;<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E7%AC%A0%E5%8E%9F%E7%9C%81%E4%B8%89" class="extiw" title="ja:小笠原省三">ja</a>&#93;</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuga201048_450-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuga201048-450"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>450<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> When the Japanese Empire collapsed in the 1940s, there were over 600 <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">jinja</i></span> within its conquered territories, many of which were later disbanded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuga201048_450-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuga201048-450"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>450<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Japanese migrants have also established <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">jinja</i></span> in countries like Brazil,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuga201059–60_451-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuga201059–60-451"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>451<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> while Shinto's lack of doctrinal focus has attracted interest from non-Japanese;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken2011xiv_452-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken2011xiv-452"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>452<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> in the United States, for example, <a href="/wiki/European_Americans" title="European Americans">European Americans</a> have played a significant role in introducing Shinto.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken2011xiv_452-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken2011xiv-452"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>452<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinto&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28" title="Edit section: See 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class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 17em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_yumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Azusa yumi">Azusa yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dsojin" title="Dōsojin">Dōsojin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hari-Kuyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Hari-Kuyo">Hari-Kuyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwakura_(Shinto)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iwakura (Shinto)">Iwakura (Shinto)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodama_(spirit)" title="Kodama (spirit)">Kodama (spirit)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_deities" title="List of Japanese deities">List of Japanese deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyonin_Kinsei" title="Nyonin Kinsei">Nyonin Kinsei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raijin" title="Raijin">Raijin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_religion" title="Ryukyuan religion">Ryukyuan religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shide_(Shinto)" title="Shide (Shinto)">Shide (Shinto)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto_architecture" title="Shinto architecture">Shinto architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto_in_popular_culture" title="Shinto in popular culture">Shinto in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto_in_Taiwan" title="Shinto in Taiwan">Shinto in Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto_music" title="Shinto music">Shinto music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-Two_Shrines" title="Twenty-Two Shrines">Twenty-Two Shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dsei" title="Yōsei">Yōsei</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinto&amp;action=edit&amp;section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinto&amp;action=edit&amp;section=30" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittleton200270,_72-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittleton200270,_72_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittleton2002">Littleton 2002</a>, pp.&#160;70, 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997viiiRots2015211-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997viiiRots2015211_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;viii; <a href="#CITEREFRots2015">Rots 2015</a>, p.&#160;211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201313-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201313_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201313_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201313_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201313_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201313_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaliDougill2013">Cali &amp; Dougill 2013</a>, p.&#160;13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre20171-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre20171_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre20171_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre20171_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre20171_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHardacre2017">Hardacre 2017</a>, p.&#160;1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInoue20031-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInoue20031_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFInoue2003">Inoue 2003</a>, p.&#160;1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xviii-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xviii_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xviii_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPicken1994">Picken 1994</a>, p.&#160;xviii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart1998135-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmart1998135_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmart1998">Smart 1998</a>, p.&#160;135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre201718-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201718_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201718_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201718_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHardacre2017">Hardacre 2017</a>, p.&#160;18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen20107-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen20107_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen20107_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen20107_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBreenTeeuwen2010">Breen &amp; Teeuwen 2010</a>, p.&#160;7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997174-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997174_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997174_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInoue20035-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInoue20035_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFInoue2003">Inoue 2003</a>, p.&#160;5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuroda19813-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuroda19813_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuroda1981">Kuroda 1981</a>, p.&#160;3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xviiNelson199626-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xviiNelson199626_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPicken1994">Picken 1994</a>, p.&#160;xvii; <a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, p.&#160;26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAzegami201268-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAzegami201268_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAzegami2012">Azegami 2012</a>, p.&#160;68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xxivCaliDougill201313-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xxivCaliDougill201313_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPicken1994">Picken 1994</a>, p.&#160;xxiv; <a href="#CITEREFCaliDougill2013">Cali &amp; Dougill 2013</a>, p.&#160;13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreen201069-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreen201069_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBreen2010">Breen 2010</a>, p.&#160;69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xxiv–xxv-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xxiv–xxv_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPicken1994">Picken 1994</a>, pp.&#160;xxiv–xxv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xix-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xix_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPicken1994">Picken 1994</a>, p.&#160;xix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979191Littleton20026Picken20111CaliDougill201313-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979191Littleton20026Picken20111CaliDougill201313_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOffner1979">Offner 1979</a>, p.&#160;191; <a href="#CITEREFLittleton2002">Littleton 2002</a>, p.&#160;6; <a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, p.&#160;1; <a href="#CITEREFCaliDougill2013">Cali &amp; Dougill 2013</a>, p.&#160;13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979191-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979191_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979191_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOffner1979">Offner 1979</a>, p.&#160;191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xxx-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xxx_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPicken1994">Picken 1994</a>, p.&#160;xxx.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken201148-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken201148_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, p.&#160;48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaliDougill20137-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill20137_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill20137_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill20137_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill20137_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill20137_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaliDougill2013">Cali &amp; Dougill 2013</a>, p.&#160;7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199630Littleton200210-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199630Littleton200210_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, p.&#160;30; <a href="#CITEREFLittleton2002">Littleton 2002</a>, p.&#160;10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitagawa1987139CaliDougill201313-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitagawa1987139CaliDougill201313_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKitagawa1987">Kitagawa 1987</a>, p.&#160;139; <a href="#CITEREFCaliDougill2013">Cali &amp; Dougill 2013</a>, p.&#160;13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInoue20037-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInoue20037_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFInoue2003">Inoue 2003</a>, p.&#160;7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997173–174-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997173–174_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, pp.&#160;173–174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInoue200310-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInoue200310_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFInoue2003">Inoue 2003</a>, p.&#160;10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xxv-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xxv_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPicken1994">Picken 1994</a>, p.&#160;xxv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarhart200431-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarhart200431_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarhart200431_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEarhart2004">Earhart 2004</a>, p.&#160;31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuroda19811Nelson19967Rots2015211-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuroda19811Nelson19967Rots2015211_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuroda1981">Kuroda 1981</a>, p.&#160;1; <a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, p.&#160;7; <a href="#CITEREFRots2015">Rots 2015</a>, p.&#160;211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson19967-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson19967_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson19967_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson19967_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, p.&#160;7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuroda198119-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuroda198119_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuroda1981">Kuroda 1981</a>, p.&#160;19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuroda19811–2-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuroda19811–2_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuroda1981">Kuroda 1981</a>, pp.&#160;1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitagawa1987xviii-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitagawa1987xviii_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKitagawa1987">Kitagawa 1987</a>, p.&#160;xviii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERots2015210-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERots2015210_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERots2015210_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRots2015">Rots 2015</a>, p.&#160;210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979215-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979215_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979215_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOffner1979">Offner 1979</a>, p.&#160;215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979192Nelson19967-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979192Nelson19967_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979192Nelson19967_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOffner1979">Offner 1979</a>, p.&#160;192; <a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, p.&#160;7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979192-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979192_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOffner1979">Offner 1979</a>, p.&#160;192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken201189CaliDougill201314-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken201189CaliDougill201314_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, p.&#160;89; <a href="#CITEREFCaliDougill2013">Cali &amp; Dougill 2013</a>, p.&#160;14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997viii-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997viii_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997viii_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;viii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979193Kitagawa1987139Bocking1997173Nelson200014Earhart20042Picken20119-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979193Kitagawa1987139Bocking1997173Nelson200014Earhart20042Picken20119_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOffner1979">Offner 1979</a>, p.&#160;193; <a href="#CITEREFKitagawa1987">Kitagawa 1987</a>, p.&#160;139; <a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;173; <a href="#CITEREFNelson2000">Nelson 2000</a>, p.&#160;14; <a href="#CITEREFEarhart2004">Earhart 2004</a>, p.&#160;2; <a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, p.&#160;9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuroda19814Bocking1997viii,_173-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuroda19814Bocking1997viii,_173_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuroda1981">Kuroda 1981</a>, p.&#160;4; <a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, pp.&#160;viii, 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xxivPicken201164-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xxivPicken201164_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPicken1994">Picken 1994</a>, p.&#160;xxiv; <a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, p.&#160;64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitagawa1987139Littleton20026Picken20119-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitagawa1987139Littleton20026Picken20119_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKitagawa1987">Kitagawa 1987</a>, p.&#160;139; <a href="#CITEREFLittleton2002">Littleton 2002</a>, p.&#160;6; <a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, p.&#160;9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Commentary on Judgment</i> about <i>Book of Changes</i> 20, <i>Viewing</i>: "Viewing the Way of the Gods (<i>Shintō</i>), one finds that the four seasons never deviate, and so the sage establishes his teachings on the basis of this Way, and all under Heaven submit to him".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herman Ooms. <i>Imperial Politics and Symbolics in Ancient Japan: The Tenmu Dynasty, 650–800</i>. University of Hawaii Press, 2009. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0824832353" title="Special:BookSources/0824832353">0824832353</a>. p. 166</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETeeuwen2002243-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeeuwen2002243_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTeeuwen2002">Teeuwen 2002</a>, p.&#160;243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETeeuwen2002256-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeeuwen2002256_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTeeuwen2002">Teeuwen 2002</a>, p.&#160;256.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETeeuwen2002236Hardacre201741-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeeuwen2002236Hardacre201741_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTeeuwen2002">Teeuwen 2002</a>, p.&#160;236; 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<a href="#CITEREFBoydWilliams2005">Boyd &amp; Williams 2005</a>, p.&#160;35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201314-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201314_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201314_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201314_77-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaliDougill2013">Cali &amp; Dougill 2013</a>, p.&#160;14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199626-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199626_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, p.&#160;26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson19967Picken201140CaliDougill201313-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson19967Picken201140CaliDougill201313_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, p.&#160;7; <a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, p.&#160;40; <a href="#CITEREFCaliDougill2013">Cali &amp; Dougill 2013</a>, p.&#160;13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre201719-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201719_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201719_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201719_80-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHardacre2017">Hardacre 2017</a>, p.&#160;19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997180Hardacre20171-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997180Hardacre20171_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;180; <a href="#CITEREFHardacre2017">Hardacre 2017</a>, p.&#160;1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997180-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997180_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittleton200275CaliDougill201314-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittleton200275CaliDougill201314_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittleton2002">Littleton 2002</a>, p.&#160;75; <a href="#CITEREFCaliDougill2013">Cali &amp; Dougill 2013</a>, p.&#160;14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997172-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997172_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997172_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979202Nelson1996144-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979202Nelson1996144_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOffner1979">Offner 1979</a>, p.&#160;202; <a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, p.&#160;144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979202Earhart200436–37-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979202Earhart200436–37_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOffner1979">Offner 1979</a>, p.&#160;202; <a href="#CITEREFEarhart2004">Earhart 2004</a>, pp.&#160;36–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979202Picken201144-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979202Picken201144_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOffner1979">Offner 1979</a>, p.&#160;202; <a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, p.&#160;44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199627CaliDougill201313-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199627CaliDougill201313_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, p.&#160;27; <a href="#CITEREFCaliDougill2013">Cali &amp; Dougill 2013</a>, p.&#160;13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997164-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997164_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997114Picken201142-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997114Picken201142_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;114; <a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, p.&#160;42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarhart20047–8-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarhart20047–8_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEarhart2004">Earhart 2004</a>, pp.&#160;7–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199633-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199633_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, p.&#160;33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997214–215Littleton200224-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997214–215Littleton200224_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, pp.&#160;214–215; <a href="#CITEREFLittleton2002">Littleton 2002</a>, p.&#160;24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997222-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997222_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittleton200227CaliDougill201313Hardacre20171-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittleton200227CaliDougill201313Hardacre20171_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittleton2002">Littleton 2002</a>, p.&#160;27; <a href="#CITEREFCaliDougill2013">Cali &amp; Dougill 2013</a>, p.&#160;13; <a href="#CITEREFHardacre2017">Hardacre 2017</a>, p.&#160;1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittleton200231–32CaliDougill201314-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittleton200231–32CaliDougill201314_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittleton2002">Littleton 2002</a>, pp.&#160;31–32; <a href="#CITEREFCaliDougill2013">Cali &amp; Dougill 2013</a>, p.&#160;14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199769-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199769_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken201135–36-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken201135–36_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, pp.&#160;35–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken201142-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken201142_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, p.&#160;42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201315-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201315_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201315_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201315_100-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201315_100-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201315_100-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201315_100-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaliDougill2013">Cali &amp; Dougill 2013</a>, p.&#160;15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken201192-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken201192_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, p.&#160;92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199713Picken201157CaliDougill201315-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199713Picken201157CaliDougill201315_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;13; <a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, p.&#160;57; <a href="#CITEREFCaliDougill2013">Cali &amp; Dougill 2013</a>, p.&#160;15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199713Picken201158-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199713Picken201158_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;13; <a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, p.&#160;58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken201140CaliDougill201315-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken201140CaliDougill201315_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, p.&#160;40; <a href="#CITEREFCaliDougill2013">Cali &amp; Dougill 2013</a>, p.&#160;15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking19978-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking19978_105-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking19978_105-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199737-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199737_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199737_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997200-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997200_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre201748–49-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201748–49_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHardacre2017">Hardacre 2017</a>, pp.&#160;48–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979195Kitagawa1987142Littleton200223Earhart200432CaliDougill201318-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979195Kitagawa1987142Littleton200223Earhart200432CaliDougill201318_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOffner1979">Offner 1979</a>, p.&#160;195; <a href="#CITEREFKitagawa1987">Kitagawa 1987</a>, p.&#160;142; <a href="#CITEREFLittleton2002">Littleton 2002</a>, p.&#160;23; <a href="#CITEREFEarhart2004">Earhart 2004</a>, p.&#160;32; <a href="#CITEREFCaliDougill2013">Cali &amp; Dougill 2013</a>, p.&#160;18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979195Kitagawa1987142Littleton200237Earhart200433-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979195Kitagawa1987142Littleton200237Earhart200433_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOffner1979">Offner 1979</a>, p.&#160;195; <a href="#CITEREFKitagawa1987">Kitagawa 1987</a>, p.&#160;142; <a href="#CITEREFLittleton2002">Littleton 2002</a>, p.&#160;37; <a href="#CITEREFEarhart2004">Earhart 2004</a>, p.&#160;33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarhart200433–34CaliDougill201318–19-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarhart200433–34CaliDougill201318–19_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEarhart2004">Earhart 2004</a>, pp.&#160;33–34; <a href="#CITEREFCaliDougill2013">Cali &amp; Dougill 2013</a>, pp.&#160;18–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarhart200433-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarhart200433_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEarhart2004">Earhart 2004</a>, p.&#160;33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201319-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201319_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaliDougill2013">Cali &amp; Dougill 2013</a>, p.&#160;19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking19975Picken201138CaliDougill201319-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking19975Picken201138CaliDougill201319_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;5; <a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, p.&#160;38; <a href="#CITEREFCaliDougill2013">Cali &amp; Dougill 2013</a>, p.&#160;19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201319Hardacre201748-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201319Hardacre201748_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaliDougill2013">Cali &amp; Dougill 2013</a>, p.&#160;19; <a href="#CITEREFHardacre2017">Hardacre 2017</a>, p.&#160;48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitagawa1987143CaliDougill201319–20Hardacre201749-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitagawa1987143CaliDougill201319–20Hardacre201749_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKitagawa1987">Kitagawa 1987</a>, p.&#160;143; <a href="#CITEREFCaliDougill2013">Cali &amp; Dougill 2013</a>, pp.&#160;19–20; <a href="#CITEREFHardacre2017">Hardacre 2017</a>, p.&#160;49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitagawa1987143CaliDougill201320Hardacre201750-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitagawa1987143CaliDougill201320Hardacre201750_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKitagawa1987">Kitagawa 1987</a>, p.&#160;143; <a href="#CITEREFCaliDougill2013">Cali &amp; Dougill 2013</a>, p.&#160;20; <a href="#CITEREFHardacre2017">Hardacre 2017</a>, p.&#160;50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitagawa1987143Bocking199767CaliDougill201320Hardacre201750-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitagawa1987143Bocking199767CaliDougill201320Hardacre201750_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKitagawa1987">Kitagawa 1987</a>, p.&#160;143; <a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;67; <a href="#CITEREFCaliDougill2013">Cali &amp; Dougill 2013</a>, p.&#160;20; <a href="#CITEREFHardacre2017">Hardacre 2017</a>, p.&#160;50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979196Kitagawa1987143Bocking199767CaliDougill201320Hardacre201753-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979196Kitagawa1987143Bocking199767CaliDougill201320Hardacre201753_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOffner1979">Offner 1979</a>, p.&#160;196; <a href="#CITEREFKitagawa1987">Kitagawa 1987</a>, p.&#160;143; <a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;67; <a href="#CITEREFCaliDougill2013">Cali &amp; Dougill 2013</a>, p.&#160;20; <a href="#CITEREFHardacre2017">Hardacre 2017</a>, p.&#160;53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979196–197Kitagawa1987144Bocking19973CaliDougill201321Hardacre201753–54-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979196–197Kitagawa1987144Bocking19973CaliDougill201321Hardacre201753–54_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOffner1979">Offner 1979</a>, pp.&#160;196–197; <a href="#CITEREFKitagawa1987">Kitagawa 1987</a>, p.&#160;144; <a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;3; <a href="#CITEREFCaliDougill2013">Cali &amp; Dougill 2013</a>, p.&#160;21; <a href="#CITEREFHardacre2017">Hardacre 2017</a>, pp.&#160;53–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201322Hardacre201754-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201322Hardacre201754_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaliDougill2013">Cali &amp; Dougill 2013</a>, p.&#160;22; <a href="#CITEREFHardacre2017">Hardacre 2017</a>, p.&#160;54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitagawa1987144Hardacre201757-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitagawa1987144Hardacre201757_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKitagawa1987">Kitagawa 1987</a>, p.&#160;144; <a href="#CITEREFHardacre2017">Hardacre 2017</a>, p.&#160;57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittleton200298-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittleton200298_123-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittleton200298_123-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittleton2002">Littleton 2002</a>, p.&#160;98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997129BoydWilliams200534-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997129BoydWilliams200534_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;129; <a href="#CITEREFBoydWilliams2005">Boyd &amp; Williams 2005</a>, p.&#160;34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittleton200226Picken201136-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittleton200226Picken201136_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittleton2002">Littleton 2002</a>, p.&#160;26; <a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, p.&#160;36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken201136-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken201136_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, p.&#160;36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken201171-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken201171_127-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken201171_127-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, p.&#160;71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoerner1977153–154-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoerner1977153–154_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoerner1977">Doerner 1977</a>, pp.&#160;153–154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitagawa1987143Bocking1997216-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitagawa1987143Bocking1997216_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKitagawa1987">Kitagawa 1987</a>, p.&#160;143; <a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitagawa1987143-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitagawa1987143_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKitagawa1987">Kitagawa 1987</a>, p.&#160;143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoerner1977153Littleton200290-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoerner1977153Littleton200290_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoerner1977">Doerner 1977</a>, p.&#160;153; <a href="#CITEREFLittleton2002">Littleton 2002</a>, p.&#160;90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre201775-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201775_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHardacre2017">Hardacre 2017</a>, p.&#160;75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittleton200290-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittleton200290_133-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittleton200290_133-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittleton2002">Littleton 2002</a>, p.&#160;90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittleton200289-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittleton200289_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittleton2002">Littleton 2002</a>, p.&#160;89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittleton200290Picken201171-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittleton200290Picken201171_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittleton2002">Littleton 2002</a>, p.&#160;90; <a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, p.&#160;71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittleton200289–91-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittleton200289–91_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittleton2002">Littleton 2002</a>, pp.&#160;89–91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittleton200291Picken201139-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittleton200291Picken201139_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittleton2002">Littleton 2002</a>, p.&#160;91; <a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, p.&#160;39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken201139-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken201139_138-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken201139_138-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken201139_138-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken201139_138-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, p.&#160;39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittleton200292-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittleton200292_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittleton2002">Littleton 2002</a>, p.&#160;92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199793CaliDougill201320-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199793CaliDougill201320_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;93; <a href="#CITEREFCaliDougill2013">Cali &amp; Dougill 2013</a>, p.&#160;20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996101Bocking199745CaliDougill201321-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996101Bocking199745CaliDougill201321_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, p.&#160;101; <a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;45; <a href="#CITEREFCaliDougill2013">Cali &amp; Dougill 2013</a>, p.&#160;21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken201145,_82-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken201145,_82_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, pp.&#160;45, 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199793-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199793_143-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199793_143-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996102-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996102_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, p.&#160;102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199638-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199638_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, p.&#160;38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199663-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199663_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, p.&#160;63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken20117-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken20117_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, p.&#160;7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979206Nelson1996104-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979206Nelson1996104_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOffner1979">Offner 1979</a>, p.&#160;206; <a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, p.&#160;104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199793Picken201186-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199793Picken201186_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;93; <a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, p.&#160;86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199758-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199758_150-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199758_150-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997124-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997124_151-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997124_151-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996140-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996140_152-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, p.&#160;140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996141Bocking1997124-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996141Bocking1997124_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, p.&#160;141; <a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997124Picken201145-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997124Picken201145_154-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;124; <a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, p.&#160;45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996141Earhart200411-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996141Earhart200411_155-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, p.&#160;141; <a href="#CITEREFEarhart2004">Earhart 2004</a>, p.&#160;11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996141–142Picken201170-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996141–142Picken201170_156-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, pp.&#160;141–142; <a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, p.&#160;70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken20116-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken20116_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, p.&#160;6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarhart200411-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarhart200411_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEarhart2004">Earhart 2004</a>, p.&#160;11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997219-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997219_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997136-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997136_160-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997136_160-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen201012-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen201012_161-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen201012_161-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBreenTeeuwen2010">Breen &amp; Teeuwen 2010</a>, p.&#160;12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken201180–81-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken201180–81_162-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, pp.&#160;80–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xxiiiBocking1997115Picken201182-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xxiiiBocking1997115Picken201182_163-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPicken1994">Picken 1994</a>, p.&#160;xxiii; <a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;115; <a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, p.&#160;82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xxiii-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xxiii_164-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xxiii_164-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPicken1994">Picken 1994</a>, p.&#160;xxiii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken201183-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken201183_165-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken201183_165-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, p.&#160;83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997182-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997182_166-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997182_166-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997182_166-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997157Picken201134,_82-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997157Picken201134,_82_167-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;157; <a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, pp.&#160;34, 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken201184–85-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken201184–85_168-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, pp.&#160;84–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996198-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996198_169-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, p.&#160;198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittleton200258-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittleton200258_170-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittleton2002">Littleton 2002</a>, p.&#160;58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittleton200258,_61-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittleton200258,_61_171-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittleton2002">Littleton 2002</a>, pp.&#160;58, 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittleton200211,_57-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittleton200211,_57_172-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittleton2002">Littleton 2002</a>, pp.&#160;11, 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitagawa1987xvii-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitagawa1987xvii_173-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKitagawa1987">Kitagawa 1987</a>, p.&#160;xvii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201310-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201310_174-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaliDougill2013">Cali &amp; Dougill 2013</a>, p.&#160;10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997ixCaliDougill201310-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997ixCaliDougill201310_175-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;ix; <a href="#CITEREFCaliDougill2013">Cali &amp; Dougill 2013</a>, p.&#160;10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997ix-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997ix_176-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997ix_176-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;ix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson200012Littleton200299Picken201118–19-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson200012Littleton200299Picken201118–19_177-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson2000">Nelson 2000</a>, p.&#160;12; <a href="#CITEREFLittleton2002">Littleton 2002</a>, p.&#160;99; <a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, pp.&#160;18–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199666–67-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199666–67_178-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, pp.&#160;66–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUeda1979317Rots2015221-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUeda1979317Rots2015221_179-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUeda1979">Ueda 1979</a>, p.&#160;317; <a href="#CITEREFRots2015">Rots 2015</a>, p.&#160;221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERots2015221-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERots2015221_180-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERots2015221_180-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRots2015">Rots 2015</a>, p.&#160;221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERots2015205,_207-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERots2015205,_207_181-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRots2015">Rots 2015</a>, pp.&#160;205, 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERots2015223-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERots2015223_182-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRots2015">Rots 2015</a>, p.&#160;223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERots2015205–206-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERots2015205–206_183-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRots2015">Rots 2015</a>, pp.&#160;205–206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERots2015208-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERots2015208_184-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRots2015">Rots 2015</a>, p.&#160;208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979214CaliDougill201310-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979214CaliDougill201310_185-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOffner1979">Offner 1979</a>, p.&#160;214; <a href="#CITEREFCaliDougill2013">Cali &amp; Dougill 2013</a>, p.&#160;10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoydWilliams200533-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoydWilliams200533_186-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoydWilliams2005">Boyd &amp; Williams 2005</a>, p.&#160;33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xxxii-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xxxii_187-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xxxii_187-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPicken1994">Picken 1994</a>, p.&#160;xxxii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979198-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979198_188-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOffner1979">Offner 1979</a>, p.&#160;198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaliDougill20138-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill20138_189-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill20138_189-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaliDougill2013">Cali &amp; Dougill 2013</a>, p.&#160;8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson19963-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson19963_190-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, p.&#160;3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xviiiBocking199772Earhart200436CaliDougill20137-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xviiiBocking199772Earhart200436CaliDougill20137_191-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPicken1994">Picken 1994</a>, p.&#160;xviii; <a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;72; <a href="#CITEREFEarhart2004">Earhart 2004</a>, p.&#160;36; <a href="#CITEREFCaliDougill2013">Cali &amp; Dougill 2013</a>, p.&#160;7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken201121-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken201121_192-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, p.&#160;21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarhart200436-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarhart200436_193-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEarhart2004">Earhart 2004</a>, p.&#160;36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarhart200436BreenTeeuwen20101-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarhart200436BreenTeeuwen20101_194-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEarhart2004">Earhart 2004</a>, p.&#160;36; <a href="#CITEREFBreenTeeuwen2010">Breen &amp; Teeuwen 2010</a>, p.&#160;1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen20101-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen20101_195-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen20101_195-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen20101_195-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen20101_195-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBreenTeeuwen2010">Breen &amp; Teeuwen 2010</a>, p.&#160;1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xxxiPicken201129BreenTeeuwen20105CaliDougill20138-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xxxiPicken201129BreenTeeuwen20105CaliDougill20138_196-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPicken1994">Picken 1994</a>, p.&#160;xxxi; <a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, p.&#160;29; <a href="#CITEREFBreenTeeuwen2010">Breen &amp; Teeuwen 2010</a>, p.&#160;5; <a href="#CITEREFCaliDougill2013">Cali &amp; Dougill 2013</a>, p.&#160;8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken201129-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken201129_197-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, p.&#160;29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarhart200436CaliDougill20137-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarhart200436CaliDougill20137_198-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEarhart2004">Earhart 2004</a>, p.&#160;36; <a href="#CITEREFCaliDougill2013">Cali &amp; Dougill 2013</a>, p.&#160;7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199771,_72-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199771,_72_199-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, pp.&#160;71, 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997220-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997220_200-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittleton200268-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittleton200268_201-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittleton2002">Littleton 2002</a>, p.&#160;68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199693-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199693_202-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, p.&#160;93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199692Littleton200272Picken201143CaliDougill20137-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199692Littleton200272Picken201143CaliDougill20137_203-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, p.&#160;92; <a href="#CITEREFLittleton2002">Littleton 2002</a>, p.&#160;72; <a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, p.&#160;43; <a href="#CITEREFCaliDougill2013">Cali &amp; Dougill 2013</a>, p.&#160;7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997170-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997170_204-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997170_204-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997170_204-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking19979-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking19979_205-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199692Bocking199742Picken201143CaliDougill20137-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199692Bocking199742Picken201143CaliDougill20137_206-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, p.&#160;92; <a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;42; <a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, p.&#160;43; <a href="#CITEREFCaliDougill2013">Cali &amp; Dougill 2013</a>, p.&#160;7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199692Bocking199749Picken201143-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199692Bocking199749Picken201143_207-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, p.&#160;92; <a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;49; <a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, p.&#160;43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199754-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199754_208-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199754_208-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199734-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199734_209-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199782-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199782_210-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199782_210-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199782_210-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199782_210-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997160-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997160_211-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199794-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199794_212-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199794_212-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997166-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997166_213-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997197-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997197_214-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997197_214-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997169-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997169_215-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979201Bocking1997207Earhart200436CaliDougill20137-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979201Bocking1997207Earhart200436CaliDougill20137_216-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOffner1979">Offner 1979</a>, p.&#160;201; <a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;207; <a href="#CITEREFEarhart2004">Earhart 2004</a>, p.&#160;36; <a href="#CITEREFCaliDougill2013">Cali &amp; Dougill 2013</a>, p.&#160;7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997207Picken201143-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997207Picken201143_217-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;207; <a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, p.&#160;43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979201-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979201_218-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979201_218-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979201_218-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOffner1979">Offner 1979</a>, p.&#160;201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken201120-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken201120_219-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, p.&#160;20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979201Bocking1997104-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979201Bocking1997104_220-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOffner1979">Offner 1979</a>, p.&#160;201; <a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997104-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997104_221-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201312-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201312_222-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaliDougill2013">Cali &amp; Dougill 2013</a>, p.&#160;12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERots2015211-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERots2015211_223-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRots2015">Rots 2015</a>, p.&#160;211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERots2015219-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERots2015219_224-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRots2015">Rots 2015</a>, p.&#160;219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997208-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997208_225-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199671Bocking199772-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199671Bocking199772_226-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, p.&#160;71; <a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997148-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997148_227-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997148_227-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199772–73-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199772–73_228-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, pp.&#160;72–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199677-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199677_229-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, p.&#160;77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken201123-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken201123_230-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, p.&#160;23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199692-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199692_231-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, p.&#160;92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199693Bocking1997163Nelson20004Hardacre201779–80-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199693Bocking1997163Nelson20004Hardacre201779–80_232-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, p.&#160;93; <a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;163; <a href="#CITEREFNelson2000">Nelson 2000</a>, p.&#160;4; <a href="#CITEREFHardacre2017">Hardacre 2017</a>, pp.&#160;79–80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199773-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199773_233-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997158-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997158_234-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997158_234-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199726-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199726_235-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199726_235-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199726_235-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199726Picken201144-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199726Picken201144_236-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;26; <a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, p.&#160;44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199788-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199788_237-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997168,_171-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997168,_171_238-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, pp.&#160;168, 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUeda1979325Nelson199629-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUeda1979325Nelson199629_239-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUeda1979">Ueda 1979</a>, p.&#160;325; <a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, p.&#160;29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199629Bocking199799,_102-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199629Bocking199799,_102_240-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, p.&#160;29; <a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, pp.&#160;99, 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199642-241"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199642_241-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, p.&#160;42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittleton200273Picken201131–32-242"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittleton200273Picken201131–32_242-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittleton2002">Littleton 2002</a>, p.&#160;73; <a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, pp.&#160;31–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken201132-243"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken201132_243-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken201132_243-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, p.&#160;32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson200015-244"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson200015_244-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson200015_244-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson2000">Nelson 2000</a>, p.&#160;15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199725-245"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199725_245-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199725_245-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking19977Picken201144-246"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking19977Picken201144_246-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;7; <a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, p.&#160;44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199753-247"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199753_247-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199753_247-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199758,_146-248"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199758,_146_248-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, pp.&#160;58, 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199789–90-249"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199789–90_249-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, pp.&#160;89–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199751-250"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199751_250-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997162-251"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997162_251-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979212Nelson1996186Bocking199739BoydWilliams200533-252"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979212Nelson1996186Bocking199739BoydWilliams200533_252-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOffner1979">Offner 1979</a>, p.&#160;212; <a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, p.&#160;186; <a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;39; <a href="#CITEREFBoydWilliams2005">Boyd &amp; Williams 2005</a>, p.&#160;33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979212-253"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979212_253-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979212_253-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOffner1979">Offner 1979</a>, p.&#160;212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996179-254"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996179_254-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, p.&#160;179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996123-255"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996123_255-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, p.&#160;123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996124-256"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996124_256-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996124_256-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, p.&#160;124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken201184-257"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken201184_257-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, p.&#160;84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199643-258"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199643_258-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, p.&#160;43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996141-259"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996141_259-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, p.&#160;141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997121-260"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997121_260-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997121_260-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199647Bocking1997121-261"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199647Bocking1997121_261-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, p.&#160;47; <a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199647-262"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199647_262-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, p.&#160;47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996124–125-263"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996124–125_263-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, pp.&#160;124–125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996125-264"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996125_264-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996125_264-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996125_264-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996125_264-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, p.&#160;125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997152-265"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997152_265-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201311-266"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201311_266-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201311_266-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201311_266-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201311_266-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201311_266-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201311_266-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaliDougill2013">Cali &amp; Dougill 2013</a>, p.&#160;11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979201–202Littleton200272CaliDougill201311-267"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979201–202Littleton200272CaliDougill201311_267-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOffner1979">Offner 1979</a>, pp.&#160;201–202; <a href="#CITEREFLittleton2002">Littleton 2002</a>, p.&#160;72; <a href="#CITEREFCaliDougill2013">Cali &amp; Dougill 2013</a>, p.&#160;11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979204BreenTeeuwen20103CaliDougill201311-268"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979204BreenTeeuwen20103CaliDougill201311_268-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOffner1979">Offner 1979</a>, p.&#160;204; <a href="#CITEREFBreenTeeuwen2010">Breen &amp; Teeuwen 2010</a>, p.&#160;3; <a href="#CITEREFCaliDougill2013">Cali &amp; Dougill 2013</a>, p.&#160;11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199743,_90-269"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199743,_90_269-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, pp.&#160;43, 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199796-270"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199796_270-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199796_270-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199742-271"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199742_271-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997135-272"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997135_272-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997135_272-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997135_272-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997149-273"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997149_273-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979202CaliDougill201311-274"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979202CaliDougill201311_274-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOffner1979">Offner 1979</a>, p.&#160;202; <a href="#CITEREFCaliDougill2013">Cali &amp; Dougill 2013</a>, p.&#160;11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarhart200412-275"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarhart200412_275-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarhart200412_275-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarhart200412_275-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEarhart2004">Earhart 2004</a>, p.&#160;12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199798-276"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199798_276-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996116-277"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996116_277-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, p.&#160;116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking19973Picken201136-278"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking19973Picken201136_278-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;3; <a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, p.&#160;36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996116Bocking1997114Picken201188-279"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996116Bocking1997114Picken201188_279-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, p.&#160;116; <a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;114; <a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, p.&#160;88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997108Picken201188-280"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997108Picken201188_280-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;108; <a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, p.&#160;88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996190–196Bocking199768Picken201188-281"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996190–196Bocking199768Picken201188_281-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, pp.&#160;190–196; <a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;68; <a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, p.&#160;88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996183-282"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996183_282-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996183_282-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, p.&#160;183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitagawa1987xvii–xviii-283"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitagawa1987xvii–xviii_283-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKitagawa1987">Kitagawa 1987</a>, pp.&#160;xvii–xviii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199780-284"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199780_284-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199780_284-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997192-285"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997192_285-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199639Bocking199745-286"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199639Bocking199745_286-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, p.&#160;39; <a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199745-287"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199745_287-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199745_287-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199745_287-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199745_287-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199691-288"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199691_288-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, p.&#160;91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199639,_46Bocking199745-289"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199639,_46Bocking199745_289-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, pp.&#160;39, 46; <a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997184-290"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997184_290-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199640-291"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199640_291-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199640_291-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199640_291-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199640_291-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199640_291-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, p.&#160;40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997187-292"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997187_292-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997187_292-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201313–14-293"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201313–14_293-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaliDougill2013">Cali &amp; Dougill 2013</a>, pp.&#160;13–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199664-294"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199664_294-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, p.&#160;64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997150-295"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997150_295-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199653-296"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199653_296-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, p.&#160;53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199640,_53-297"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199640,_53_297-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, pp.&#160;40, 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199649-298"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199649_298-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, p.&#160;49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199649Bocking199733-299"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199649Bocking199733_299-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, p.&#160;49; <a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199733-300"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199733_300-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199722-301"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199722_301-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996214-302"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996214_302-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, p.&#160;214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996214–215-303"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996214–215_303-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, pp.&#160;214–215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199785-304"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199785_304-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199785_304-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199785_304-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979200Nelson1996184Littleton200273Earhart200411-305"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979200Nelson1996184Littleton200273Earhart200411_305-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOffner1979">Offner 1979</a>, pp.&#160;200; <a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, p.&#160;184; <a href="#CITEREFLittleton2002">Littleton 2002</a>, p.&#160;73; <a href="#CITEREFEarhart2004">Earhart 2004</a>, p.&#160;11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979200–201-306"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979200–201_306-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOffner1979">Offner 1979</a>, pp.&#160;200–201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199785Earhart200411-307"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199785Earhart200411_307-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;85; <a href="#CITEREFEarhart2004">Earhart 2004</a>, p.&#160;11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken201131-308"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken201131_308-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, p.&#160;31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199713Earhart200411-309"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199713Earhart200411_309-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;13; <a href="#CITEREFEarhart2004">Earhart 2004</a>, p.&#160;11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997198-310"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997198_310-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199785Littleton200274-311"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199785Littleton200274_311-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;85; <a href="#CITEREFLittleton2002">Littleton 2002</a>, p.&#160;74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittleton200281-312"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittleton200281_312-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittleton200281_312-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittleton2002">Littleton 2002</a>, p.&#160;81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979203-313"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979203_313-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOffner1979">Offner 1979</a>, p.&#160;203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199724Picken201175–76-314"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199724Picken201175–76_314-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;24; <a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, pp.&#160;75–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199766-315"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199766_315-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199765-316"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199765_316-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199725–26-317"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199725–26_317-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, pp.&#160;25–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201318-318"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201318_318-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaliDougill2013">Cali &amp; Dougill 2013</a>, p.&#160;18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken201173-319"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken201173_319-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, p.&#160;73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201317-320"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliDougill201317_320-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaliDougill2013">Cali &amp; Dougill 2013</a>, p.&#160;17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken201143,_73-321"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken201143,_73_321-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, pp.&#160;43, 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitagawa198739-322"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitagawa198739_322-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitagawa198739_322-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKitagawa1987">Kitagawa 1987</a>, p.&#160;39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken201150-323"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken201150_323-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, p.&#160;50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997138Picken201174-324"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997138Picken201174_324-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;138; <a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, p.&#160;74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997137–138-325"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997137–138_325-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, pp.&#160;137–138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997139Picken201174-326"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997139Picken201174_326-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;139; <a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, p.&#160;74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997135–136-327"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997135–136_327-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, pp.&#160;135–136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997138-328"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997138_328-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199743–44-329"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199743–44_329-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, pp.&#160;43–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-330"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_330-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_330-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_330-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStudy_Group_of_Shinto_Culture2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Study Group of Shinto Culture (2006). <i>Handy Bilingual Reference For Kami and Jinja</i> <bdi lang="ja">日英対照神社関係用語集</bdi>. Tokyo: International Cultural Workshop Inc. pp.&#160;<span class="nowrap">39–</span>41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4907676285" title="Special:BookSources/978-4907676285"><bdi>978-4907676285</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Handy+Bilingual+Reference+For+Kami+and+Jinja+%E6%97%A5%E8%8B%B1%E5%AF%BE%E7%85%A7%E7%A5%9E%E7%A4%BE%E9%96%A2%E4%BF%82%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E%E9%9B%86&amp;rft.place=Tokyo&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E41&amp;rft.pub=International+Cultural+Workshop+Inc.&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.isbn=978-4907676285&amp;rft.au=Study+Group+of+Shinto+Culture&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997114–15-331"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997114–15_331-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, pp.&#160;114–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979205Bocking199781-332"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979205Bocking199781_332-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOffner1979">Offner 1979</a>, p.&#160;205; <a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKobayashi19813-333"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKobayashi19813_333-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKobayashi1981">Kobayashi 1981</a>, p.&#160;3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitagawa198723-334"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitagawa198723_334-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKitagawa1987">Kitagawa 1987</a>, p.&#160;23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitagawa198723Bocking199781Picken201168-335"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitagawa198723Bocking199781Picken201168_335-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKitagawa1987">Kitagawa 1987</a>, p.&#160;23; <a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;81; <a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, p.&#160;68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199781-336"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199781_336-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199781–82-337"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199781–82_337-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, pp.&#160;81–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199782,_155-338"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199782,_155_338-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, pp.&#160;82, 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittleton200281BoydWilliams200536Picken20119,_86-339"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittleton200281BoydWilliams200536Picken20119,_86_339-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittleton2002">Littleton 2002</a>, p.&#160;81; <a href="#CITEREFBoydWilliams2005">Boyd &amp; Williams 2005</a>, p.&#160;36; <a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, pp.&#160;9, 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997117-340"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997117_340-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xxvi-341"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken1994xxvi_341-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPicken1994">Picken 1994</a>, p.&#160;xxvi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997117–118Picken201186-342"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997117–118Picken201186_342-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, pp.&#160;117–118; <a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, p.&#160;86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199746-343"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199746_343-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199746_343-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199746_343-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199746_343-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996224Earhart2004222-344"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996224Earhart2004222_344-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, p.&#160;224; <a href="#CITEREFEarhart2004">Earhart 2004</a>, p.&#160;222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking19976Picken201142-345"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking19976Picken201142_345-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;6; <a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, p.&#160;42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken201159-346"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken201159_346-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, p.&#160;59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997132-347"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997132_347-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking19972Picken201135-348"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking19972Picken201135_348-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;2; <a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, p.&#160;35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996170-349"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996170_349-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, p.&#160;170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979205-350"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979205_350-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOffner1979">Offner 1979</a>, p.&#160;205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199732-351"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199732_351-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199732_351-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997182Littleton200280-352"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997182Littleton200280_352-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;182; <a href="#CITEREFLittleton2002">Littleton 2002</a>, p.&#160;80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997139-353"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997139_353-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979205Nelson1996199Littleton200280BreenTeeuwen20103-354"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979205Nelson1996199Littleton200280BreenTeeuwen20103_354-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOffner1979">Offner 1979</a>, p.&#160;205; <a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, p.&#160;199; <a href="#CITEREFLittleton2002">Littleton 2002</a>, p.&#160;80; <a href="#CITEREFBreenTeeuwen2010">Breen &amp; Teeuwen 2010</a>, p.&#160;3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199747BreenTeeuwen20103-355"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199747BreenTeeuwen20103_355-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;47; <a href="#CITEREFBreenTeeuwen2010">Breen &amp; Teeuwen 2010</a>, p.&#160;3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996208-356"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996208_356-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, p.&#160;208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996206Bocking1997163-357"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996206Bocking1997163_357-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, p.&#160;206; <a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996206Bocking199781-358"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996206Bocking199781_358-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, p.&#160;206; <a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199741-359"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199741_359-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199739–40-360"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199739–40_360-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, pp.&#160;39–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffner1979205Nelson1996133-361"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffner1979205Nelson1996133_361-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOffner1979">Offner 1979</a>, p.&#160;205; <a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, p.&#160;133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen20104-362"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen20104_362-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen20104_362-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBreenTeeuwen2010">Breen &amp; Teeuwen 2010</a>, p.&#160;4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996134-363"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996134_363-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, p.&#160;134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996140Bocking1997122Littleton200282BreenTeeuwen20104-364"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996140Bocking1997122Littleton200282BreenTeeuwen20104_364-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, p.&#160;140; <a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;122; <a href="#CITEREFLittleton2002">Littleton 2002</a>, p.&#160;82; <a href="#CITEREFBreenTeeuwen2010">Breen &amp; Teeuwen 2010</a>, p.&#160;4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199743-365"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199743_365-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996152–154-366"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996152–154_366-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, pp.&#160;152–154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199634-367"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199634_367-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, p.&#160;34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996161Bocking199747BreenTeeuwen20103Picken201187–88-368"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996161Bocking199747BreenTeeuwen20103Picken201187–88_368-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, p.&#160;161; <a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;47; <a href="#CITEREFBreenTeeuwen2010">Breen &amp; Teeuwen 2010</a>, p.&#160;3; <a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, pp.&#160;87–88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199747-369"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199747_369-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199747_369-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996212–213Bocking1997156-370"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996212–213Bocking1997156_370-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, pp.&#160;212–213; <a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarhart200415-371"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarhart200415_371-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEarhart2004">Earhart 2004</a>, p.&#160;15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997178Picken201187-372"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997178Picken201187_372-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;178; <a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, p.&#160;87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997178–179-373"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997178–179_373-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, pp.&#160;178–179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken201187-374"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken201187_374-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, p.&#160;87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittleton200292Earhart200415-375"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittleton200292Earhart200415_375-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittleton2002">Littleton 2002</a>, p.&#160;92; <a href="#CITEREFEarhart2004">Earhart 2004</a>, p.&#160;15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199795-376"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199795_376-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken201119-377"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken201119_377-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, p.&#160;19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenney2000241-378"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKenney2000241_378-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKenney2000241_378-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKenney2000">Kenney 2000</a>, p.&#160;241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997187Kenney2000240-379"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997187Kenney2000240_379-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;187; <a href="#CITEREFKenney2000">Kenney 2000</a>, p.&#160;240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenney2000240–241-380"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKenney2000240–241_380-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKenney2000">Kenney 2000</a>, pp.&#160;240–241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997188-381"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997188_381-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997183-382"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997183_382-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199785–86-383"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199785–86_383-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, pp.&#160;85–86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199786-384"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199786_384-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199763-385"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199763_385-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199763_385-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199763_385-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199763–64-386"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199763–64_386-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, pp.&#160;63–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarhart20042-387"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarhart20042_387-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEarhart2004">Earhart 2004</a>, p.&#160;2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittleton200214Hardacre201718-388"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittleton200214Hardacre201718_388-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittleton2002">Littleton 2002</a>, p.&#160;14; <a href="#CITEREFHardacre2017">Hardacre 2017</a>, p.&#160;18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittleton200215Hardacre201719-389"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittleton200215Hardacre201719_389-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittleton2002">Littleton 2002</a>, p.&#160;15; <a href="#CITEREFHardacre2017">Hardacre 2017</a>, p.&#160;19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittleton200215Hardacre201724-390"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittleton200215Hardacre201724_390-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittleton2002">Littleton 2002</a>, p.&#160;15; <a href="#CITEREFHardacre2017">Hardacre 2017</a>, p.&#160;24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre201723-391"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201723_391-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHardacre2017">Hardacre 2017</a>, p.&#160;23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre201724-392"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201724_392-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201724_392-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201724_392-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHardacre2017">Hardacre 2017</a>, p.&#160;24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre201725-393"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201725_393-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHardacre2017">Hardacre 2017</a>, p.&#160;25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre201727-394"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201727_394-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHardacre2017">Hardacre 2017</a>, p.&#160;27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre201728-395"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201728_395-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHardacre2017">Hardacre 2017</a>, p.&#160;28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre201717-396"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201717_396-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHardacre2017">Hardacre 2017</a>, p.&#160;17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre201717–18-397"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201717–18_397-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201717–18_397-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHardacre2017">Hardacre 2017</a>, pp.&#160;17–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre201731-398"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201731_398-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201731_398-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201731_398-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHardacre2017">Hardacre 2017</a>, p.&#160;31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre201733-399"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201733_399-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHardacre2017">Hardacre 2017</a>, p.&#160;33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre201733–34-400"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201733–34_400-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHardacre2017">Hardacre 2017</a>, pp.&#160;33–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre201747–48-401"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201747–48_401-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHardacre2017">Hardacre 2017</a>, pp.&#160;47–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre201764-402"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201764_402-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201764_402-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201764_402-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHardacre2017">Hardacre 2017</a>, p.&#160;64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre201768-403"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201768_403-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHardacre2017">Hardacre 2017</a>, p.&#160;68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre201769-404"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201769_404-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201769_404-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHardacre2017">Hardacre 2017</a>, p.&#160;69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre201757–59-405"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201757–59_405-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHardacre2017">Hardacre 2017</a>, pp.&#160;57–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre201764–45-406"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201764–45_406-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHardacre2017">Hardacre 2017</a>, pp.&#160;64–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittleton200243Hardacre201766-407"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittleton200243Hardacre201766_407-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittleton2002">Littleton 2002</a>, p.&#160;43; <a href="#CITEREFHardacre2017">Hardacre 2017</a>, p.&#160;66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre201772-408"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201772_408-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHardacre2017">Hardacre 2017</a>, p.&#160;72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre201782–83-409"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre201782–83_409-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHardacre2017">Hardacre 2017</a>, pp.&#160;82–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuroda19819-410"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuroda19819_410-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuroda19819_410-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuroda19819_410-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuroda1981">Kuroda 1981</a>, p.&#160;9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JapaneseReligion1985-411"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JapaneseReligion1985_411-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JapaneseReligion1985_411-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Pilgrim1985" class="citation book cs1">Richard Pilgrim, Robert Ellwood (1985). <i>Japanese Religion</i> (1st&#160;ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall Inc. pp.&#160;<span class="nowrap">18–</span>19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-509282-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-509282-8"><bdi>978-0-13-509282-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Japanese+Religion&amp;rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+NJ&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E18-%3C%2Fspan%3E19&amp;rft.edition=1st&amp;rft.pub=Prentice+Hall+Inc&amp;rft.date=1985&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-13-509282-8&amp;rft.aulast=Richard+Pilgrim&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert+Ellwood&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-412"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-412">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilbur M. Fridell, "A Fresh Look at State Shintō", <i>Journal of the American Academy of Religion</i> 44.3 (1976), 547–561 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1462824">in JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181107011800/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1462824">Archived</a> 7 November 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; quote p. 548</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-413"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-413">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephson, Jason Ānanda (2012). <i>The Invention of Religion in Japan</i>. University of Chicago Press. p. 133. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226412342" title="Special:BookSources/0226412342">0226412342</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen20108-414"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen20108_414-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen20108_414-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen20108_414-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen20108_414-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen20108_414-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBreenTeeuwen2010">Breen &amp; Teeuwen 2010</a>, p.&#160;8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen20107–8-415"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen20107–8_415-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBreenTeeuwen2010">Breen &amp; Teeuwen 2010</a>, pp.&#160;7–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen20109Azegami201271-416"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen20109Azegami201271_416-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBreenTeeuwen2010">Breen &amp; Teeuwen 2010</a>, p.&#160;9; <a href="#CITEREFAzegami2012">Azegami 2012</a>, p.&#160;71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen20109-417"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen20109_417-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBreenTeeuwen2010">Breen &amp; Teeuwen 2010</a>, p.&#160;9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen201010-418"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen201010_418-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen201010_418-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreenTeeuwen201010_418-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBreenTeeuwen2010">Breen &amp; 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<a href="#CITEREFKitagawa1987">Kitagawa 1987</a>, p.&#160;171; <a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;18; <a href="#CITEREFEarhart2004">Earhart 2004</a>, p.&#160;207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarhart2004207-423"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarhart2004207_423-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarhart2004207_423-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarhart2004207_423-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEarhart2004">Earhart 2004</a>, p.&#160;207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUeda1979304-424"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUeda1979304_424-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUeda1979">Ueda 1979</a>, p.&#160;304.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199775Earhart2004207–208-425"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199775Earhart2004207–208_425-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;75; 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<a href="#CITEREFBreen2010">Breen 2010</a>, pp.&#160;71–72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996180-431"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996180_431-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, p.&#160;180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking1997113-432"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking1997113_432-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p.&#160;113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoydNishimura20163-433"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoydNishimura20163_433-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoydNishimura2016">Boyd &amp; Nishimura 2016</a>, p.&#160;3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken2011xivSuga201048-434"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken2011xivSuga201048_434-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, p.&#160;xiv; 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Statistics Japan, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_and_Communications" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications">Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications</a>. 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151210220151/http://www.stat.go.jp/data/nenkan/back64/zuhyou/y2322a00.xls">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Statistical+Yearbook+of+Japan&amp;rft.atitle=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%9B%A3%E4%BD%93%E6%95%B0%EF%BC%8C%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB%E6%95%B0%E5%8F%8A%E3%81%B3%E4%BF%A1%E8%80%85%E6%95%B0&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.go.jp%2Fdata%2Fnenkan%2Fback64%2Fzuhyou%2Fy2322a00.xls&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsBharMarty20044–5-443"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamsBharMarty20044–5_443-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliamsBharMarty2004">Williams, Bhar &amp; Marty 2004</a>, pp.&#160;4–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dentsu2006-444"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dentsu2006_444-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dentsu Communication Institute, Japan Research Center: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.ttcn.ne.jp/honkawa/9460.html">Sixty Countries' Values Databook</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180227112501/http://www2.ttcn.ne.jp/honkawa/9460.html">Archived</a> 27 February 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> (世界60カ国価値観データブック).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NHK2008-445"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NHK2008_445-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHK2008_445-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/summary/research/report/2009_05/090505.pdf">"2008 NHK survey of religion in Japan — 宗教的なもの にひかれる日本人〜ISSP国際比較調査(宗教)から〜"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. NHK Culture Research Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412074304/http://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/summary/research/report/2009_05/090505.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 12 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=2008+NHK+survey+of+religion+in+Japan+%E2%80%94+%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E3%81%AA%E3%82%82%E3%81%AE+%E3%81%AB%E3%81%B2%E3%81%8B%E3%82%8C%E3%82%8B%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%BA%BA%E3%80%9CISSP%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E6%AF%94%E8%BC%83%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%BB%EF%BC%88%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%EF%BC%89%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89%E3%80%9C&amp;rft.pub=NHK+Culture+Research+Institute&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhk.or.jp%2Fbunken%2Fsummary%2Fresearch%2Freport%2F2009_05%2F090505.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre2017431–432-446"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre2017431–432_446-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre2017431–432_446-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHardacre2017">Hardacre 2017</a>, pp.&#160;431–432.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENakajima201022-447"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakajima201022_447-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNakajima2010">Nakajima 2010</a>, p.&#160;22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken2011273–274-448"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken2011273–274_448-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, pp.&#160;273–274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre2017404–406-449"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre2017404–406_449-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHardacre2017">Hardacre 2017</a>, pp.&#160;404–406.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuga201048-450"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuga201048_450-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuga201048_450-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuga2010">Suga 2010</a>, p.&#160;48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuga201059–60-451"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuga201059–60_451-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuga2010">Suga 2010</a>, pp.&#160;59–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken2011xiv-452"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken2011xiv_452-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken2011xiv_452-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPicken2011">Picken 2011</a>, p.&#160;xiv.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinto&amp;action=edit&amp;section=31" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAzegami2012" class="citation journal cs1">Azegami, Naoki (2012). "Local Shrines and the Creation of 'State Shinto'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Religion</i>. <b>42</b> (1). Translated by Mark Teeuwen: <span class="nowrap">63–</span>85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0048721X.2012.641806">10.1080/0048721X.2012.641806</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219597745">219597745</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Religion&amp;rft.atitle=Local+Shrines+and+the+Creation+of+%27State+Shinto%27&amp;rft.volume=42&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E85&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0048721X.2012.641806&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219597745%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.aulast=Azegami&amp;rft.aufirst=Naoki&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJensenBlok2013" class="citation journal cs1">Jensen, Casper Bruun; Blok, Anders (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0263276412456564">"Techno-animism in Japan: Shinto Cosmograms, Actor-network Theory, and the Enabling Powers of Non-human Agencies"</a>. <i>Theory, Culture &amp; Society</i>. <b>30</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">84–</span>115. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0263276412456564">10.1177/0263276412456564</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0263-2764">0263-2764</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Theory%2C+Culture+%26+Society&amp;rft.atitle=Techno-animism+in+Japan%3A+Shinto+Cosmograms%2C+Actor-network+Theory%2C+and+the+Enabling+Powers+of+Non-human+Agencies&amp;rft.volume=30&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E84-%3C%2Fspan%3E115&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0263276412456564&amp;rft.issn=0263-2764&amp;rft.aulast=Jensen&amp;rft.aufirst=Casper+Bruun&amp;rft.au=Blok%2C+Anders&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F0263276412456564&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBocking1997" class="citation book cs1">Bocking, Brian (1997). <i>A Popular Dictionary of Shinto</i> (revised&#160;ed.). Richmond: Curzon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1051-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1051-5"><bdi>978-0-7007-1051-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Popular+Dictionary+of+Shinto&amp;rft.place=Richmond&amp;rft.edition=revised&amp;rft.pub=Curzon&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1051-5&amp;rft.aulast=Bocking&amp;rft.aufirst=Brian&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoydWilliams2005" class="citation journal cs1">Boyd, James W.; Williams, Ron G. (2005). "Japanese Shinto: An Interpretation of a Priestly Perspective". <i>Philosophy East and West</i>. <b>55</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">33–</span>63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fpew.2004.0039">10.1353/pew.2004.0039</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144550475">144550475</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Philosophy+East+and+West&amp;rft.atitle=Japanese+Shinto%3A+An+Interpretation+of+a+Priestly+Perspective&amp;rft.volume=55&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E33-%3C%2Fspan%3E63&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fpew.2004.0039&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144550475%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.aulast=Boyd&amp;rft.aufirst=James+W.&amp;rft.au=Williams%2C+Ron+G.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoydNishimura2016" class="citation journal cs1">Boyd, James W.; Nishimura, Tetsuya (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/jrf/vol8/iss3/4">"Shinto Perspectives in Miyazaki's Anime Film <i>Spirited Away</i>"</a>. <i>Journal of Religion and Film</i>. <b>8</b> (33): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200101165317/https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/jrf/vol8/iss3/4/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Religion+and+Film&amp;rft.atitle=Shinto+Perspectives+in+Miyazaki%27s+Anime+Film+Spirited+Away&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.issue=33&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.aulast=Boyd&amp;rft.aufirst=James+W.&amp;rft.au=Nishimura%2C+Tetsuya&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.unomaha.edu%2Fjrf%2Fvol8%2Fiss3%2F4&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBreen2010" class="citation journal cs1">Breen, John (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.54561%2Fprj0401068b">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Conventional Wisdom' and the Politics of Shinto in Postwar Japan"</a>. <i>Politics and Religion Journal</i>. <b>4</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">68–</span>82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.54561%2Fprj0401068b">10.54561/prj0401068b</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Politics+and+Religion+Journal&amp;rft.atitle=%27Conventional+Wisdom%27+and+the+Politics+of+Shinto+in+Postwar+Japan&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E68-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.54561%2Fprj0401068b&amp;rft.aulast=Breen&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.54561%252Fprj0401068b&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBreenTeeuwen2010" class="citation book cs1">Breen, John; Teeuwen, Mark (2010). <i>A New History of Shinto</i>. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5515-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5515-1"><bdi>978-1-4051-5515-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+New+History+of+Shinto&amp;rft.place=Chichester&amp;rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4051-5515-1&amp;rft.aulast=Breen&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft.au=Teeuwen%2C+Mark&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCaliDougill2013" class="citation book cs1">Cali, Joseph; Dougill, John (2013). <i>Shinto Shrines: A Guide to the Sacred Sites of Japan's Ancient Religion</i>. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3713-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3713-6"><bdi>978-0-8248-3713-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Shinto+Shrines%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Sacred+Sites+of+Japan%27s+Ancient+Religion&amp;rft.place=Honolulu&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%27i+Press&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8248-3713-6&amp;rft.aulast=Cali&amp;rft.aufirst=Joseph&amp;rft.au=Dougill%2C+John&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDoerner1977" class="citation journal cs1">Doerner, David L. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18874%2Fjjrs.4.2-3.1977.151-182">"Comparative Analysis of Life after Death in Folk Shinto and Christianity"</a>. <i>Japanese Journal of Religious Studies</i>. <b>4</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">151–</span>182. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18874%2Fjjrs.4.2-3.1977.151-182">10.18874/jjrs.4.2-3.1977.151-182</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Japanese+Journal+of+Religious+Studies&amp;rft.atitle=Comparative+Analysis+of+Life+after+Death+in+Folk+Shinto+and+Christianity&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E151-%3C%2Fspan%3E182&amp;rft.date=1977&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18874%2Fjjrs.4.2-3.1977.151-182&amp;rft.aulast=Doerner&amp;rft.aufirst=David+L.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.18874%252Fjjrs.4.2-3.1977.151-182&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEarhart2004" class="citation book cs1">Earhart, H. Byron (2004). <i>Japanese Religion: Unity and Diversity</i> (fourth&#160;ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-534-17694-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-534-17694-5"><bdi>978-0-534-17694-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Japanese+Religion%3A+Unity+and+Diversity&amp;rft.place=Belmont%2C+CA&amp;rft.edition=fourth&amp;rft.pub=Wadsworth&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-534-17694-5&amp;rft.aulast=Earhart&amp;rft.aufirst=H.+Byron&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLoveday2019" class="citation book cs1">Loveday, Leo (28 June 2019). "Onomastic Configurations within Japanese Shintoism". In Felecan, Oliviu (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.be/books?id=YtWZDwAAQBAJ"><i>Onomastics between Sacred and Profane</i></a>. Vernon Press. pp.&#160;<span class="nowrap">91–</span>105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62273-557-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62273-557-0"><bdi>978-1-62273-557-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Onomastic+Configurations+within+Japanese+Shintoism&amp;rft.btitle=Onomastics+between+Sacred+and+Profane&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E91-%3C%2Fspan%3E105&amp;rft.pub=Vernon+Press&amp;rft.date=2019-06-28&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-62273-557-0&amp;rft.aulast=Loveday&amp;rft.aufirst=Leo&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.be%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYtWZDwAAQBAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHardacre2017" class="citation book cs1">Hardacre, Helen (2017). <i>Shinto: A History</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-062171-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-062171-1"><bdi>978-0-19-062171-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Shinto%3A+A+History&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-062171-1&amp;rft.aulast=Hardacre&amp;rft.aufirst=Helen&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKenney2000" class="citation journal cs1">Kenney, Elizabeth (2000). "Shinto Funerals in the Edo Period". <i>Japanese Journal of Religious Studies</i>. <b>27</b> (3/4): <span class="nowrap">239–</span>271. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30233666">30233666</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Japanese+Journal+of+Religious+Studies&amp;rft.atitle=Shinto+Funerals+in+the+Edo+Period&amp;rft.volume=27&amp;rft.issue=3%2F4&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E239-%3C%2Fspan%3E271&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30233666%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft.aulast=Kenney&amp;rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKitagawa1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kitagawa" title="Joseph Kitagawa">Kitagawa, Joseph M.</a> (1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onunderstandingj0000kita"><i>On Understanding Japanese Religion</i></a></span>. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-10229-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-10229-0"><bdi>978-0-691-10229-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=On+Understanding+Japanese+Religion&amp;rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&amp;rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1987&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-691-10229-0&amp;rft.aulast=Kitagawa&amp;rft.aufirst=Joseph+M.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fonunderstandingj0000kita&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKobayashi1981" class="citation journal cs1">Kobayashi, Kazushige (1981). "On the Meaning of Masked Dances in Kagura". <i>Asian Folklore Studies</i>. <b>40</b> (1). Translated by Peter Knecht: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1178138">10.2307/1178138</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1178138">1178138</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Asian+Folklore+Studies&amp;rft.atitle=On+the+Meaning+of+Masked+Dances+in+Kagura&amp;rft.volume=40&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&amp;rft.date=1981&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1178138&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1178138%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft.aulast=Kobayashi&amp;rft.aufirst=Kazushige&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKuroda1981" class="citation journal cs1">Kuroda, Toshio (1981). "Shinto in the History of Japanese Religion". <i>Journal of Japanese Studies</i>. <b>7</b> (1). Translated by James C. Dobbins and Suzanne Gay: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F132163">10.2307/132163</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/132163">132163</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Japanese+Studies&amp;rft.atitle=Shinto+in+the+History+of+Japanese+Religion&amp;rft.volume=7&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&amp;rft.date=1981&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F132163&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F132163%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft.aulast=Kuroda&amp;rft.aufirst=Toshio&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFInoue2003" class="citation book cs1">Inoue, Nobutaka (2003). "Introduction: What is Shinto?". In Nobutaka Inoue (ed.). <i>Shinto: A Short History</i>. Translated by Mark Teeuwan and John Breen. London and New York: Routledge. pp.&#160;<span class="nowrap">1–</span>10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-31913-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-31913-3"><bdi>978-0-415-31913-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+What+is+Shinto%3F&amp;rft.btitle=Shinto%3A+A+Short+History&amp;rft.place=London+and+New+York&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E10&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-415-31913-3&amp;rft.aulast=Inoue&amp;rft.aufirst=Nobutaka&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLittleton2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._Scott_Littleton" title="C. Scott Littleton">Littleton, C. Scott</a> (2002). <i>Shinto: Origins, Rituals, Festivals, Spirits, Sacred Places</i>. Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-521886-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-521886-2"><bdi>978-0-19-521886-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/49664424">49664424</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Shinto%3A+Origins%2C+Rituals%2C+Festivals%2C+Spirits%2C+Sacred+Places&amp;rft.place=Oxford%2C+NY&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F49664424&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-521886-2&amp;rft.aulast=Littleton&amp;rft.aufirst=C.+Scott&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNakajima2010" class="citation journal cs1">Nakajima, Michio (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18874%2Fjjrs.37.1.2010.21-46">"Shinto Deities that Crossed the Sea: Japan's "Overseas Shrines," 1868 to 1945"</a>. <i>Japanese Journal of Religious Studies</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18874%2Fjjrs.37.1.2010.21-46">10.18874/jjrs.37.1.2010.21-46</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Japanese+Journal+of+Religious+Studies&amp;rft.atitle=Shinto+Deities+that+Crossed+the+Sea%3A+Japan%27s+%22Overseas+Shrines%2C%22+1868+to+1945&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18874%2Fjjrs.37.1.2010.21-46&amp;rft.aulast=Nakajima&amp;rft.aufirst=Michio&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.18874%252Fjjrs.37.1.2010.21-46&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNelson1996" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, John K. (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yearinlifeofs00nels"><i>A Year in the Life of a Shinto Shrine</i></a></span>. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-97500-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-97500-9"><bdi>978-0-295-97500-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Year+in+the+Life+of+a+Shinto+Shrine&amp;rft.place=Seattle+and+London&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-295-97500-9&amp;rft.aulast=Nelson&amp;rft.aufirst=John+K.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fyearinlifeofs00nels&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNelson2000" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, John K. (2000). <i>Enduring Identities: The Guise of Shinto in Contemporary Japan</i>. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2259-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2259-0"><bdi>978-0-8248-2259-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Enduring+Identities%3A+The+Guise+of+Shinto+in+Contemporary+Japan&amp;rft.place=Honolulu&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%27i+Press&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2259-0&amp;rft.aulast=Nelson&amp;rft.aufirst=John+K.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOffner1979" class="citation book cs1">Offner, Clark B. (1979). "Shinto". In Norman Anderson (ed.). <i>The World's Religions</i> (fourth&#160;ed.). Leicester: Inter-Varsity Press. pp.&#160;<span class="nowrap">191–</span>218.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Shinto&amp;rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Religions&amp;rft.place=Leicester&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E191-%3C%2Fspan%3E218&amp;rft.edition=fourth&amp;rft.pub=Inter-Varsity+Press&amp;rft.date=1979&amp;rft.aulast=Offner&amp;rft.aufirst=Clark+B.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPicken1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stuart_D._B._Picken" title="Stuart D. B. Picken">Picken, Stuart D. B.</a> (1994). <i>Essentials of Shinto: An Analytical Guide to Principal Teachings</i>. Westport and London: Greenwood. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26431-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26431-3"><bdi>978-0-313-26431-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Essentials+of+Shinto%3A+An+Analytical+Guide+to+Principal+Teachings&amp;rft.place=Westport+and+London&amp;rft.pub=Greenwood&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-313-26431-3&amp;rft.aulast=Picken&amp;rft.aufirst=Stuart+D.+B.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPicken2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stuart_D._B._Picken" title="Stuart D. B. Picken">Picken, Stuart D. B.</a> (2011). <i>Historical Dictionary of Shinto</i> (second&#160;ed.). Lanham: Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7172-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7172-4"><bdi>978-0-8108-7172-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Shinto&amp;rft.place=Lanham&amp;rft.edition=second&amp;rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7172-4&amp;rft.aulast=Picken&amp;rft.aufirst=Stuart+D.+B.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRots2015" class="citation journal cs1">Rots, Aike P. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18874%2Fjjrs.42.2.2015.205-233">"Sacred Forests, Sacred Nation: The Shinto Environmentalist Paradigm and the Rediscovery of Chinju no Mori"</a>. <i>Japanese Journal of Religious Studies</i>. <b>42</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">205–</span>233. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18874%2Fjjrs.42.2.2015.205-233">10.18874/jjrs.42.2.2015.205-233</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Japanese+Journal+of+Religious+Studies&amp;rft.atitle=Sacred+Forests%2C+Sacred+Nation%3A+The+Shinto+Environmentalist+Paradigm+and+the+Rediscovery+of+Chinju+no+Mori&amp;rft.volume=42&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E205-%3C%2Fspan%3E233&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18874%2Fjjrs.42.2.2015.205-233&amp;rft.aulast=Rots&amp;rft.aufirst=Aike+P.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.18874%252Fjjrs.42.2.2015.205-233&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmart1998" class="citation book cs1">Smart, Ninian (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldsreligions00smar_0"><i>The World's Religions</i></a></span> (second&#160;ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63748-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63748-0"><bdi>978-0-521-63748-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Religions&amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;rft.edition=second&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-63748-0&amp;rft.aulast=Smart&amp;rft.aufirst=Ninian&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldsreligions00smar_0&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSuga2010" class="citation journal cs1">Suga, Kōji (2010). "A Concept of "Overseas Shinto Shrines": A Pantheistic Attempt by Ogasawara Shōzō and Its Limitations". <i>Japanese Journal of Religious Studies</i>. <b>37</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">47–</span>74.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Japanese+Journal+of+Religious+Studies&amp;rft.atitle=A+Concept+of+%22Overseas+Shinto+Shrines%22%3A+A+Pantheistic+Attempt+by+Ogasawara+Sh%C5%8Dz%C5%8D+and+Its+Limitations&amp;rft.volume=37&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E74&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.aulast=Suga&amp;rft.aufirst=K%C5%8Dji&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTeeuwen2002" class="citation journal cs1">Teeuwen, Mark (2002). "From Jindō to Shintō. A Concept Takes Shape". <i>Japanese Journal of Religious Studies</i>. <b>29</b> (<span class="nowrap">3–</span>4): <span class="nowrap">233–</span>263.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Japanese+Journal+of+Religious+Studies&amp;rft.atitle=From+Jind%C5%8D+to+Shint%C5%8D.+A+Concept+Takes+Shape&amp;rft.volume=29&amp;rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E233-%3C%2Fspan%3E263&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.aulast=Teeuwen&amp;rft.aufirst=Mark&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUeda1979" class="citation journal cs1">Ueda, Kenji (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18874%2Fjjrs.6.1-2.1979.303-327">"Contemporary Social Change and Shinto Tradition"</a>. <i>Japanese Journal of Religious Studies</i>. <b>6</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">303–</span>327. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18874%2Fjjrs.6.1-2.1979.303-327">10.18874/jjrs.6.1-2.1979.303-327</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Japanese+Journal+of+Religious+Studies&amp;rft.atitle=Contemporary+Social+Change+and+Shinto+Tradition&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E303-%3C%2Fspan%3E327&amp;rft.date=1979&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18874%2Fjjrs.6.1-2.1979.303-327&amp;rft.aulast=Ueda&amp;rft.aufirst=Kenji&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.18874%252Fjjrs.6.1-2.1979.303-327&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsBharMarty2004" class="citation book cs1">Williams, George; Bhar, Ann Marie B.; <a href="/wiki/Martin_E._Marty" title="Martin E. Marty">Marty, Martin E.</a> (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shinto0000will"><i>Shinto (Religions of the World)</i></a></span>. Chelsea House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7910-8097-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7910-8097-9"><bdi>978-0-7910-8097-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Shinto+%28Religions+of+the+World%29&amp;rft.pub=Chelsea+House&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7910-8097-9&amp;rft.aulast=Williams&amp;rft.aufirst=George&amp;rft.au=Bhar%2C+Ann+Marie+B.&amp;rft.au=Marty%2C+Martin+E.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshinto0000will&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinto" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinto&amp;action=edit&amp;section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAverbuch1995" class="citation book cs1">Averbuch, Irit (1995). <i>The Gods Come Dancing: A Study of the Japanese Ritual Dance of Yamabushi Kagura</i>. Ithaca, NY: East Asia Program, Cornell University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-885445-67-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-885445-67-4"><bdi>978-1-885445-67-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/34612865">34612865</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Gods+Come+Dancing%3A+A+Study+of+the+Japanese+Ritual+Dance+of+Yamabushi+Kagura&amp;rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&amp;rft.pub=East+Asia+Program%2C+Cornell+University&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F34612865&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-885445-67-4&amp;rft.aulast=Averbuch&amp;rft.aufirst=Irit&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAverbuch1998" class="citation journal cs1">Averbuch, Irit (1998). "Shamanic Dance in Japan: The Choreography of Possession in Kagura Performance". <i>Asian Folklore Studies</i>. <b>57</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">293–</span>329. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1178756">10.2307/1178756</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1178756">1178756</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Asian+Folklore+Studies&amp;rft.atitle=Shamanic+Dance+in+Japan%3A+The+Choreography+of+Possession+in+Kagura+Performance&amp;rft.volume=57&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E293-%3C%2Fspan%3E329&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1178756&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1178756%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft.aulast=Averbuch&amp;rft.aufirst=Irit&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bestor, Victoria, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_C._Bestor" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore C. Bestor">Theodore C. Bestor</a>, &amp; Akiko Yamagata. <i>Routledge Handbook of Japanese Culture and Society</i>. Routledge, 2011. <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B004XYN3E4">B004XYN3E4</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415436494" title="Special:BookSources/0415436494">0415436494</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlacker2003" class="citation web cs1">Blacker, Carmen (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071222193053/http://www.shinto.org/isri/eng/dr.carmen-e.html">"Shinto and the Sacred Dimension of Nature"</a>. <i>Shinto.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shinto.org/isri/eng/dr.carmen-e.html">the original</a> on 22 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Shinto.org&amp;rft.atitle=Shinto+and+the+Sacred+Dimension+of+Nature&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.aulast=Blacker&amp;rft.aufirst=Carmen&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shinto.org%2Fisri%2Feng%2Fdr.carmen-e.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBowker2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Bowker_(theologian)" title="John Bowker (theologian)">Bowker, John W</a> (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgeillustr00john"><i>The Cambridge Illustrated History of Religions</i></a></span>. New York City: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81037-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81037-1"><bdi>978-0-521-81037-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/47297614">47297614</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Illustrated+History+of+Religions&amp;rft.place=New+York+City&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F47297614&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-81037-1&amp;rft.aulast=Bowker&amp;rft.aufirst=John+W&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgeillustr00john&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBreen,_JohnMark_Teeuwen2000" class="citation book cs1">Breen, John; Mark Teeuwen, eds. (2000). <i>Shintō in History: Ways of the Kami</i>. Honolulu: Hawaii University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2362-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2362-7"><bdi>978-0-8248-2362-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Shint%C5%8D+in+History%3A+Ways+of+the+Kami&amp;rft.place=Honolulu&amp;rft.pub=Hawaii+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2362-7&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEllwood2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Ellwood" title="Robert S. Ellwood">Ellwood, Robert S.</a> (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introducingjapan0000ellw/page/n2/mode/1up"><i>Introducing Japanese Religion</i></a></span>. World Religions. London; New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-4157-7425-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-4157-7425-X"><bdi>0-4157-7425-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Introducing+Japanese+Religion&amp;rft.place=London%3B+New+York&amp;rft.series=World+Religions&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=0-4157-7425-X&amp;rft.aulast=Ellwood&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroducingjapan0000ellw%2Fpage%2Fn2%2Fmode%2F1up&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEndress1979" class="citation journal cs1">Endress, Gerhild (1979). "On the Dramatic Tradition in Kagura: A Study of the Medieval Kehi Songs as Recorded in the Jotokubon". <i>Asian Folklore Studies</i>. <b>38</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1177463">10.2307/1177463</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1177463">1177463</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Asian+Folklore+Studies&amp;rft.atitle=On+the+Dramatic+Tradition+in+Kagura%3A+A+Study+of+the+Medieval+Kehi+Songs+as+Recorded+in+the+Jotokubon&amp;rft.volume=38&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&amp;rft.date=1979&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1177463&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1177463%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft.aulast=Endress&amp;rft.aufirst=Gerhild&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEnglerGrieve2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Engler" title="Steven Engler">Engler, Steven</a>; Grieve, Gregory P. (2005). <i>Historicizing "Tradition" in the Study of Religion</i>. Walter de Gruyter, Inc. pp.&#160;<span class="nowrap">92–</span>108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-018875-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-018875-2"><bdi>978-3-11-018875-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Historicizing+%22Tradition%22+in+the+Study+of+Religion&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E92-%3C%2Fspan%3E108&amp;rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter%2C+Inc.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-11-018875-2&amp;rft.aulast=Engler&amp;rft.aufirst=Steven&amp;rft.au=Grieve%2C+Gregory+P.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHavens2006" class="citation book cs1">Havens, Norman (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nanzanguidetojap0000unse/page/14">"Shinto"</a>. In Paul L. Swanson; Clark Chilson (eds.). <i>Nanzan Guide to Japanese Religions</i>. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nanzanguidetojap0000unse/page/14">14–37</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3002-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3002-1"><bdi>978-0-8248-3002-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60743247">60743247</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Shinto&amp;rft.btitle=Nanzan+Guide+to+Japanese+Religions&amp;rft.place=Honolulu&amp;rft.pages=14-37&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F60743247&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8248-3002-1&amp;rft.aulast=Havens&amp;rft.aufirst=Norman&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnanzanguidetojap0000unse%2Fpage%2F14&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerbert1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Herbert" title="Jean Herbert">Herbert, Jean</a> (1967). <i>Shinto The Fountainhead of Japan</i>. New York: Stein and Day.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Shinto+The+Fountainhead+of+Japan&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Stein+and+Day&amp;rft.date=1967&amp;rft.aulast=Herbert&amp;rft.aufirst=Jean&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJosephson2012" class="citation book cs1">Josephson, Jason Ānanda (2012). <i>The Invention of Religion in Japan</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-41234-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-41234-4"><bdi>978-0-226-41234-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/774867768">774867768</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Invention+of+Religion+in+Japan&amp;rft.place=Chicago&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F774867768&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-226-41234-4&amp;rft.aulast=Josephson&amp;rft.aufirst=Jason+%C4%80nanda&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKamata2017" class="citation book cs1">Kamata, Tōji (2017). <i>Myth and Deity in Japan: The Interplay of Kami and Buddhas</i>. Tokyo: Japan Publishing Industry Foundation for Culture. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-916055-84-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-916055-84-2"><bdi>978-4-916055-84-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Myth+and+Deity+in+Japan%3A+The+Interplay+of+Kami+and+Buddhas&amp;rft.place=Tokyo&amp;rft.pub=Japan+Publishing+Industry+Foundation+for+Culture&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft.isbn=978-4-916055-84-2&amp;rft.aulast=Kamata&amp;rft.aufirst=T%C5%8Dji&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKobayashiKnecht,_Peter1981" class="citation journal cs1">Kobayashi, Kazushige; Knecht, Peter (1981). "On the Meaning of Masked Dances in Kagura". <i>Asian Folklore Studies</i>. <b>40</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1178138">10.2307/1178138</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1178138">1178138</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Asian+Folklore+Studies&amp;rft.atitle=On+the+Meaning+of+Masked+Dances+in+Kagura&amp;rft.volume=40&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&amp;rft.date=1981&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1178138&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1178138%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft.aulast=Kobayashi&amp;rft.aufirst=Kazushige&amp;rft.au=Knecht%2C+Peter&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Skya, Walter. <i>Japan's holy war: the ideology of radical Shintō ultranationalism</i>. Durham: Duke University Press, 2009.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUeda1999" class="citation book cs1">Ueda, Kenji (1999). "The Concept of Kami". In John Ross Carter (ed.). <i>The Religious Heritage of Japan: Foundations for Cross-Cultural Understanding in a Religiously Plural World</i>. Portland, OR: Book East. pp.&#160;<span class="nowrap">65–</span>72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9647040-4-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9647040-4-6"><bdi>978-0-9647040-4-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44454607">44454607</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=The+Concept+of+Kami&amp;rft.btitle=The+Religious+Heritage+of+Japan%3A+Foundations+for+Cross-Cultural+Understanding+in+a+Religiously+Plural+World&amp;rft.place=Portland%2C+OR&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E65-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&amp;rft.pub=Book+East&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44454607&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-9647040-4-6&amp;rft.aulast=Ueda&amp;rft.aufirst=Kenji&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYamakage2007" class="citation book cs1">Yamakage, Motohisa (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essenceofshintoj0000yama"><i>The Essence of Shinto, Japan's Spiritual Heart</i></a></span>. Tokyo; New York; London: Kodansha International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-7700-3044-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-7700-3044-3"><bdi>978-4-7700-3044-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Essence+of+Shinto%2C+Japan%27s+Spiritual+Heart&amp;rft.place=Tokyo%3B+New+York%3B+London&amp;rft.pub=Kodansha+International&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.isbn=978-4-7700-3044-3&amp;rft.aulast=Yamakage&amp;rft.aufirst=Motohisa&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fessenceofshintoj0000yama&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShinto" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinto&amp;action=edit&amp;section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Shinto</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Shinto" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Shinto">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/category:Shint%C5%8D" class="extiw" title="c:category:Shintō">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Shinto" class="extiw" title="q:Shinto">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Religion#Shinto" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Religion">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812767" class="extiw" title="d:Q812767">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shinto">Shinto</a> at <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jinjahoncho.or.jp/en/">Jinja Honcho – English</a> – The Official Japanese Organization of 80,000 Shinto Shrines</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/">Kokugakuin University Encyclopedia of Shinto</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090403001809/http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/">Archived</a> 3 April 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and its Japanese <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://21coe.kokugakuin.ac.jp/db/jinja/">Shinto Jinja Database</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930155615/http://21coe.kokugakuin.ac.jp/db/jinja/">Archived</a> 30 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shinto2" title="Template:Shinto2"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shinto2" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Shinto2"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shinto2" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shinto2"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shinto180" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color:White;">Shinto</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#b0000f;width:1%;background:#FFCCCB;">Practices and beliefs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kami" title="Kami">Kami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagura" title="Kagura">Ritual dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogi" title="Misogi">Ritual purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_festivals" title="Japanese festivals">Japanese festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_mythology" title="Japanese mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shinto_torii_vermillion.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Shinto_torii_vermillion.svg/85px-Shinto_torii_vermillion.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Shinto_torii_vermillion.svg/128px-Shinto_torii_vermillion.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Shinto_torii_vermillion.svg/170px-Shinto_torii_vermillion.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#b0000f;width:1%;background:#FFCCCB;"><a href="/wiki/Shinto_shrine" title="Shinto shrine">Shinto shrines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shinto_shrines" title="List of Shinto shrines">List of Shinto shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichinomiya" title="Ichinomiya">Ichinomiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-Two_Shrines" title="Twenty-Two Shrines">Twenty-Two Shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_system_of_ranked_Shinto_shrines" title="Modern system of ranked Shinto shrines">Modern system of ranked Shinto shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Shinto_Shrines" title="Association of Shinto Shrines">Association of Shinto Shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto_architecture" title="Shinto architecture">Shinto architecture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#b0000f;width:1%;background:#FFCCCB;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_deities" title="List of Japanese deities">Notable Kami</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amaterasu" title="Amaterasu">Amaterasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ame-no-Uzume" title="Ame-no-Uzume">Ame-no-Uzume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inari_%C5%8Ckami" title="Inari Ōkami">Inari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izanagi" title="Izanagi">Izanagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izanami" title="Izanami">Izanami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanoo-no-Mikoto" title="Susanoo-no-Mikoto">Susanoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsukuyomi-no-Mikoto" title="Tsukuyomi-no-Mikoto">Tsukuyomi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#b0000f;width:1%;background:#FFCCCB;">Important literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kojiki" title="Kojiki">Kojiki</a></i> (<i>ca</i>. 711 CE)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nihon_Shoki" title="Nihon Shoki">Nihon Shoki</a></i> (720 CE)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fudoki" title="Fudoki">Fudoki</a></i> (713–723 CE)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shoku_Nihongi" title="Shoku Nihongi">Shoku Nihongi</a></i> (797 CE)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kogo_Sh%C5%ABi" title="Kogo Shūi">Kogo Shūi</a></i> (807 CE)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kujiki" title="Kujiki">Kujiki</a></i> (807 to 936 CE)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Engishiki" title="Engishiki">Engishiki</a></i> (927 CE)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#b0000f;width:1%;background:#FFCCCB;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Shinto" title="Category:Shinto">See also</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Religion in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Shinto" title="Glossary of Shinto">Glossary of Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_deities" title="List of Japanese deities">List of Japanese deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sacred_objects_in_Japanese_mythology" title="List of sacred objects in Japanese mythology">Sacred objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japanese Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edo_neo-Confucianism" title="Edo neo-Confucianism">Edo neo-Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko-Shint%C5%8D" title="Ko-Shintō">Ko-Shintō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Shinto" title="Overseas Shinto">Overseas Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Kaigi" title="Nippon Kaigi">Nippon Kaigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legendary_creatures_from_Japan" title="List of legendary creatures from Japan">Mythical creatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shinto" title="History of Shinto">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism_in_Japan" title="Taoism in Japan">Taoism in Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Onmy%C5%8Dd%C5%8D" title="Onmyōdō">Onmyōdō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onmy%C5%8Dji" title="Onmyōji">Onmyōji</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion220" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_topics" title="Template:Religion topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_topics" title="Template talk:Religion topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religious_groups_and_denominations220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religious groups and denominations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a>/<a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwenkfelder_Church" title="Schwenkfelder Church">Schwenkfelder Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_Protestantism" title="Continental Reformed Protestantism">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">Neo-charismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakerism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">Esoteric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Students</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement#Associated_Bible_Students" title="Bible Student movement">Associated Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Bible_Students" title="Free Bible Students">Free Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Man" title="Friends of Man">Friends of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah&#39;s Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo#Kitawala" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Kitawala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laymen%27s_Home_Missionary_Movement" title="Laymen&#39;s Home Missionary Movement">Laymen's Home Missionary Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">Swedenborgianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash&#39;arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Modernist Salafism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali-Illahism" title="Ali-Illahism">Ali-Illahism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Isma&#39;ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi&#39;ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishikism" title="Ishikism">Ishikism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Alevism" title="Kurdish Alevism">Kurdish Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdawi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdawi movement">Mahdavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milah_Abraham" title="Milah Abraham">Milah Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azalism" title="Azalism">Azalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilm-e-Khshnoom" title="Ilm-e-Khshnoom">Ilm-e-Khshnoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdaznan" title="Mazdaznan">Mazdaznan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Kurdish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabakism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabakism">Shabakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Assianism/Uatsdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roshani_movement" title="Roshani movement">Roshani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Chinese Manichaeism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_religions" title="Eastern religions">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_teaching" title="Luo teaching">Luoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuo_folk_religion" title="Nuo folk religion">Nuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions" title="Chinese salvationist religions">Salvationist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiantiandao" title="Xiantiandao">Xiantiandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiguandao" title="Yiguandao">Yiguandao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ritual_mastery_traditions" title="Chinese ritual mastery traditions">Folk Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_folk_religion" title="Yao folk religion">Yao Taoism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shinto</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shinto_sects_and_schools" title="Shinto sects and schools">list</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shugend%C5%8D" title="Shugendō">Shugendō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_religion" title="Ryukyuan religion">Ryukyuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Korean shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheondoism" title="Cheondoism">Cheondoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeung_San_Do" title="Jeung San Do">Jeungsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnamese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese folk religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_M%E1%BA%ABu" title="Đạo Mẫu">Đạo Mẫu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caodaism" title="Caodaism">Caodaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o" title="Hòa Hảo">Hoahaoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_B%E1%BB%ADu_S%C6%A1n_K%E1%BB%B3_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương">Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Sri Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sampradaya" title="Brahma Sampradaya">Brahma Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanandi_Sampradaya" title="Ramanandi Sampradaya">Ramanandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Sampradaya" title="Swaminarayan Sampradaya">Swaminarayan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganapatya" title="Ganapatya">Ganapatya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaumaram" title="Kaumaram">Kaumaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingayatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingayatism">Lingayatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saura_(Hinduism)" title="Saura (Hinduism)">Sauraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mat" title="Sant Mat">Sant Mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Neo-Hinduism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Thiền</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Amidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Neo-Buddhism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalash_people#Religion" title="Kalash people">Kalash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kirat Mundhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedda#Religion" title="Vedda">Vedda religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turko</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Mongolic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_creation_myth" title="Tungusic creation myth">Tungusic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenks#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_shamanism" title="Manchu shamanism">Manchu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarna_(place)" title="Sarna (place)">Sarnaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parmalim" title="Parmalim">Batak Parmalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people#Religion_and_festivals" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaharingan" title="Kaharingan">Kaharingan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Sabahan_religions" title="Traditional Sabahan religions">Traditional Sabahan religions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliran_Kepercayaan" title="Aliran Kepercayaan">Aliran Kepercayaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Kejawèn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapitayan" title="Kapitayan">Kapitayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemena" title="Pemena">Karo Pemena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_folk_religion" title="Malaysian folk religion">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Philippine Dayawism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religious_beliefs_of_the_Tagalog_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_religion" title="Hawaiian religion">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people" title="Religion of Māori people">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marapu" title="Marapu">Sumbese Marapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Wiwitan" title="Sunda Wiwitan">Sundanese Wiwitan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">Native<br />American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_mythology" title="Abenaki mythology">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_religion" title="Alaska Native religion">Alaskan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_traditional_beliefs" title="Anishinaabe traditional beliefs">Anishinaabe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe#Spiritual_beliefs" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midewiwin" title="Midewiwin">Midewiwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabunowin" title="Wabunowin">Wabunowin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache#Religion" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_mythology" title="Blackfoot mythology">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_narratives_of_Indigenous_Californians" title="Traditional narratives of Indigenous Californians">Californian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuksu_(religion)" title="Kuksu (religion)">Kuksu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok_mythology" title="Miwok mythology">Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_mythology" title="Ohlone mythology">Ohlone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomo_religion" title="Pomo religion">Pomo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_mythology" title="Chilote mythology">Chilote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_mythology" title="Choctaw mythology">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_religion" title="Crow religion">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sun_Dance" title="Sun Dance">Sun Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarani_mythology" title="Guarani mythology">Guarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_mythology" title="Haida mythology">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk_mythology" title="Ho-Chunk mythology">Ho-Chunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_mythology" title="Iroquois mythology">Iroquois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_spiritual_beliefs" title="Cherokee spiritual beliefs">Cherokee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mothers_Society" title="Four Mothers Society">Four Mothers Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keetoowah_Nighthawk_Society" title="Keetoowah Nighthawk Society">Keetoowah Society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse_Religion" title="Longhouse Religion">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people#Religion" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_mythology" title="Creek mythology">Muscogee Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_mythology" title="Seneca mythology">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Wyandot religion">Wyandot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivaroan_peoples#Religion" title="Jivaroan peoples">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwakwaka%CA%BCwakw_mythology" title="Kwakwakaʼwakw mythology">Kwakwakaʼwakw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape_mythology" title="Lenape mythology">Lenape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_religion" title="Mapuche religion">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_religion" title="Mesoamerican religion">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_religion" title="Aztec religion">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_religion" title="Purépecha religion">Purépecha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo#Spiritual_and_religious_beliefs" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_mythology" title="Nuu-chah-nulth mythology">Nuu-chah-nulth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_mythology" title="Pawnee mythology">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_religion" title="Pueblo religion">Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoma_Pueblo#Religion" title="Acoma Pueblo">Acoma Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi_mythology" title="Hopi mythology">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_mythology" title="Zuni mythology">Zuni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux#Religion" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_religion" title="Lakota religion">Lakota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wocekiye" title="Wocekiye">Wocekiye</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshian_mythology" title="Tsimshian mythology">Tsimshian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_mythology" title="Ute mythology">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions#Washat_Dreamers_Religion" title="Native American religions">Washat Dreamers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui#Yaqui_cosmology_and_religion" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_religion" title="Ahom religion">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_folk_religion" title="Miao folk religion">Hmongism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_(religion)" title="Mo (religion)">Mo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_folk_religion" title="Tai folk religion">Satsana Phi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burmese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_folk_religion" title="Burmese folk religion">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzhuism" title="Benzhuism">Benzhuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimoism" title="Bimoism">Bimoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathouism" title="Bathouism">Bathouism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mun_(religion)" title="Mun (religion)">Bongthingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba" title="Dongba">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donyi-Polo" title="Donyi-Polo">Donyi-Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurung_shamanism" title="Gurung shamanism">Gurung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraka">Heraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kiratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_folk_religion" title="Qiang folk religion">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional <br /> African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">North African</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Berber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Guanche church</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Sub-Saharan<br />African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_people" title="Kamba people">Akamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluba_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Baluba mythology">Baluba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu mythology">Bantu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_traditional_religion" title="Zulu traditional religion">Zulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushongo_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushongo mythology">Bushongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinka_religion" title="Dinka religion">Dinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogon_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogon religion">Dogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomean_religion" title="Dahomean religion">Fon and Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ik_people" title="Ik people">Ik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotuko_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotuko mythology">Lotuko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_mythology" title="Lozi mythology">Lozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_mythology" title="Lugbara mythology">Lugbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Maasai mythology">Maasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuti_mythology" title="Mbuti mythology">Mbuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odinala" title="Odinala">Odinala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_religion" title="San religion">San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbuka_mythology" title="Tumbuka mythology">Tumbuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo_people" title="Urhobo people">Urhobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waaqeffanna" title="Waaqeffanna">Waaqeffanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifá</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">Diasporic</a>:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Bantu" title="Candomblé Bantu">Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Jej%C3%A9" title="Candomblé Jejé">Jejé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Ketu" title="Candomblé Ketu">Ketu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfa" title="Comfa">Comfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convince" title="Convince">Convince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espiritismo" title="Espiritismo">Espiritismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumina" title="Kumina">Kumina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obeah" title="Obeah">Obeah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_(religion)" title="Palo (religion)">Palo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimbanda" title="Quimbanda">Quimbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambor_de_Mina" title="Tambor de Mina">Tambor de Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Orisha" title="Trinidad Orisha">Trinidad Orisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Vodou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winti" title="Winti">Winti</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Aboriginal Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_religion" title="Inuit religion">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_mythology" title="Papuan mythology">Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia" title="Shamanism in Siberia">Siberian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New<br /> religious<br /> movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syncretic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions" title="Chinese salvationist religions">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_Religion" title="Coconut Religion">Coconut Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meivazhi" title="Meivazhi">Meivazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modekngei" title="Modekngei">Modekngei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Acropolis" title="New Acropolis">New Acropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajneesh_movement" title="Rajneesh movement">Rajneesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Sant Mat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Soami" title="Radha Soami">Radha Soami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subud" title="Subud">Subud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensegrity_(Castaneda)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensegrity (Castaneda)">Tensegrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Theosophy" title="Neo-Theosophy">Neo-Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Yoga" title="Agni Yoga">Agni Yoga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roerichism" title="Roerichism">Roerichism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation" title="Transcendental Meditation">Transcendental Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_White_Brotherhood" title="Universal White Brotherhood">White Brotherhood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Modern<br />paganism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetanism" title="Hetanism">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba" title="Dievturība">Dievturība</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_neopaganism" title="Caucasian neopaganism">Caucasian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz neopaganism">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_Xabze" title="Adyghe Xabze">Circassian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Hellenism (modern religion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Polytheistic reconstructionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Roman_religion" title="Reconstructionist Roman religion">Italo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemetism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Authentism" title="Russian Authentism">Authentism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism" title="Uralic neopaganism">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_neopaganism" title="Estonian neopaganism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Finnish_paganism" title="Modern Finnish paganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Native_Faith" title="Hungarian Native Faith">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_religion" title="Mari religion">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzyan_native_religion" title="Erzyan native religion">Erzya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_shamanism" title="Sámi shamanism">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_Vos" title="Udmurt Vos">Udmurt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Zalmoxianism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_movements" title="List of modern pagan movements">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">De novo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Discordianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eckankar" title="Eckankar">Eckankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Way" title="Fourth Way">Fourth Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jediism" title="Jediism">Jediism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">UFO religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism" title="Raëlism">Raëlism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Historical_religions220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">Historical religions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_people#Religion" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_mythology" title="Prussian mythology">Old Prussian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_mythology" title="Basque mythology">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_mythology" title="Cook Islands mythology">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology" title="Finnish mythology">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuegians#Spiritual_culture" title="Fuegians">Fuegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selk%27nam_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Selk&#39;nam mythology">Selk'nam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_paganism" title="Frankish paganism">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism" title="Orphism">Orphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanches#System_of_beliefs" title="Guanches">Guanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Religion" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Harappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_mythology" title="Hungarian mythology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_religion" title="Hurrian religion">Hurrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Confederacy#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois Confederacy">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_mythology" title="Inca mythology">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroon_religion" title="Jamaican Maroon religion">Jamaican Maroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdakism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_religion" title="Babylonian religion">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_Indigenous_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nauruan Indigenous religion">Nauruan Indigenous religion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_religion" title="Olmec religion">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian mythology">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_religion" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian religion">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketmaker_III_Era#Culture_and_religion" title="Basketmaker III Era">Ancestral Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_II_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo II Period">Pueblo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_III_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo III Period">Pueblo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_IV_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo IV Period">Pueblo IV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_mythology" title="Rapa Nui mythology">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cult of Magna Mater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Mysteries of Isis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yahwism" title="Yahwism">Yahwism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_religion" title="Punic religion">Punic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_mythology" title="Somali mythology">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_religion" title="Tongan religion">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turkic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu#Religion" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_religion" title="Vainakh religion">Vainakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilization#Religion_and_Myth" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a>&#160;/&#32;<a href="/wiki/Religious_disaffiliation" title="Religious disaffiliation">Disaffiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_behaviour" title="Religious behaviour">Behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belief#Religion" title="Belief">Beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_to_prayer" title="Call to prayer">Call to prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laicism" title="Laicism">Laicism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">Laity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_(religion)" title="Covenant (religion)">Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">Denomination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novice" title="Novice">Novice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" title="Religion and mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopraxy" title="Orthopraxy">Orthopraxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_experience" title="Religious experience">Religious experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">Purification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_space" title="Sacred space">Sacred space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_waters" title="Sacred waters">Bodies of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_grove" title="Sacred grove">Groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains" title="Sacred mountains">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tree" title="Sacred tree">Trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_symbol" title="Religious symbol">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_truth" title="Religious views on truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_and_religion" title="Water and religion">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Worship_of_heavenly_bodies" title="Worship of heavenly bodies">Astral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship" title="Fire worship">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_of_worship" title="Place of worship">Place</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious<br />studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science_of_religion" title="Cognitive science of religion">Cognitive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative</a></li> <li>Demographics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religion" title="Indigenous religion">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_religious_groups" title="Major religious groups">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_religions" title="World religions">World</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_religion" title="Evolutionary psychology of religion">Evolutionary psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_religion" title="Neuroscience of religion">Neurotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">Soteriology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">Salvation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religion" title="Theories about religion">Theories about religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_religion" title="Women and religion">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_society" title="Category:Religion and society">Religion <br />and society</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_agriculture" title="Religion and agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_business" title="Religion and business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_assimilation" title="Religious assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">Missionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">Proselytism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_religion" title="Disability and religion">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_education" title="Religious education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_fanaticism" title="Religious fanaticism">Fanaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_of_religion" title="Growth of religion">Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_gender" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_happiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_LGBTQ_people" title="Religion and LGBTQ people">LGBTQ people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_people_and_religion" title="Intersex people and religion">Intersex people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_and_religion" title="Transgender people and religion">Transgender people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_religion" title="Minority religion">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">National church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Importance_of_religion_by_country" title="Importance of religion by country">National religiosity levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_politics" title="Religion in politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_populations" title="List of religious populations">Populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religiocentrism" title="Religiocentrism">Religiocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_school" title="Religious school">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_sexuality" title="Religion and sexuality">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_suicide" title="Religious views on suicide">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_religion" title="Vegetarianism and religion">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_video_games" title="Religion and video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_and_religion" title="Wealth and religion">Wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a> <br />and <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligion</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_deconstruction" title="Positive deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_religion" title="Secular religion">Secular religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_theology" title="Secular theology">Secular theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Unaffiliated</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Overviews<br />and <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion-related_lists" title="Category:Religion-related lists">lists</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_prophets_of_Abrahamic_religions" title="Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_been_considered_deities" title="List of people who have been considered deities">Deification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deities" title="Lists of deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_founders_of_religious_traditions" title="List of founders of religious traditions">Founders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_religion-related_articles" title="Index of religion-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_peaceful_gatherings" title="List of largest peaceful gatherings">Mass gatherings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_religious_movements" title="List of new religious movements">New religious movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_organizations" title="List of religious organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_religion" title="Outline of religion">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religions and spiritual traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_religion" title="Timeline of religion">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religion_by_country220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion by country</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Algeria" title="Religion in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Angola" title="Religion in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Benin" title="Religion in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Botswana" title="Religion in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Religion in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burundi" title="Religion in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cameroon" title="Religion in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cape_Verde" title="Religion in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Religion in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chad" title="Religion in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Comoros" title="Religion in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Religion in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eritrea" title="Religion in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eswatini" title="Religion in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ethiopia" title="Religion in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Gabon" title="Religion in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Gambia" title="Religion in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ghana" title="Religion in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea" title="Religion in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Religion in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Religion in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kenya" title="Religion in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lesotho" title="Religion in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liberia" title="Religion in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Libya" title="Religion in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Madagascar" title="Religion in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malawi" title="Religion in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mali" title="Religion in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritania" title="Religion in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritius" title="Religion in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Morocco" title="Religion in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mozambique" title="Religion in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Namibia" title="Religion in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Niger" title="Religion in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nigeria" title="Religion in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Rwanda" title="Religion in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Religion in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Senegal" title="Religion in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Seychelles" title="Religion in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Religion in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Somalia" title="Religion in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Africa" title="Religion in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Sudan" title="Religion in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sudan" title="Religion in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tanzania" title="Religion in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Togo" title="Religion in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tunisia" title="Religion in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uganda" title="Religion in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zambia" title="Religion in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Religion in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Asia" title="Religion in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Afghanistan" title="Religion in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia" title="Religion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Religion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bahrain" title="Religion in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Religion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bhutan" title="Religion in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brunei" title="Religion in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cambodia" title="Religion in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cyprus" title="Religion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hong_Kong" title="Religion in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq" title="Religion in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Israel" title="Religion in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jordan" title="Religion in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Religion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Korea" title="Religion in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Korea" title="Religion in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kuwait" title="Religion in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Religion in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Laos" title="Religion in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lebanon" title="Religion in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Macau" title="Religion in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malaysia" title="Religion in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Maldives" title="Religion in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mongolia" title="Religion in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Myanmar" title="Religion in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nepal" title="Religion in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oman" title="Religion in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Qatar" title="Religion in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Religion in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Singapore" title="Religion in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Religion in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Syria" title="Religion in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Taiwan" title="Religion in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tajikistan" title="Religion in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Thailand" title="Religion in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkmenistan" title="Religion in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Religion in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uzbekistan" title="Religion in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Yemen" title="Religion in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Albania" title="Religion in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Andorra" title="Religion in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Austria" title="Religion in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belarus" title="Religion in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belgium" title="Religion in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Religion in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bulgaria" title="Religion in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Croatia" title="Religion in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Religion in the Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Denmark" title="Religion in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Estonia" title="Religion in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Finland" title="Religion in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_France" title="Religion in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Greece" title="Religion in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hungary" title="Religion in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iceland" title="Religion in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Religion in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kosovo" title="Religion in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Latvia" title="Religion in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liechtenstein" title="Religion in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lithuania" title="Religion in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Luxembourg" title="Religion in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malta" title="Religion in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Moldova" title="Religion in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Montenegro" title="Religion in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Religion in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Religion in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norway" title="Religion in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Poland" title="Religion in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Portugal" title="Religion in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Romania" title="Religion in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_San_Marino" title="Religion in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Serbia" title="Religion in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovakia" title="Religion in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovenia" title="Religion in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain" title="Religion in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sweden" title="Religion in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Switzerland" title="Religion in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ukraine" title="Religion in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_America" title="Religion in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Religion in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Bahamas" title="Religion in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Barbados" title="Religion in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belize" title="Religion in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Costa_Rica" title="Religion in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cuba" title="Religion in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Dominica" title="Religion in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Religion in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_El_Salvador" title="Religion in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guatemala" title="Religion in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Haiti" title="Religion in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Honduras" title="Religion in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jamaica" title="Religion in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mexico" title="Religion in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nicaragua" title="Religion in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Panama" title="Religion in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Religion in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oceania" title="Religion in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Australia" title="Religion in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Fiji" title="Religion in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kiribati" title="Religion in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Religion in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Religion in the Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nauru" title="Religion in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Zealand" title="Religion in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Palau" title="Religion in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Religion in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Samoa" title="Religion in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Solomon_Islands" title="Religion in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tonga" title="Religion in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tuvalu" title="Religion in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vanuatu" title="Religion in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_America" title="Religion in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Argentina" title="Religion in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bolivia" title="Religion in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brazil" title="Religion in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chile" title="Religion in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Colombia" title="Religion in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ecuador" title="Religion in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guyana" title="Religion in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Paraguay" title="Religion in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Peru" title="Religion in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Suriname" title="Religion in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uruguay" title="Religion in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Venezuela" title="Religion in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion" title="Category:Religion">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Japan_articles530" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japan_topics" title="Template:Japan topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japan_topics" title="Template talk:Japan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japan_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japan topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Japan_articles530" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Index_of_Japan-related_articles" title="Index of Japan-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Japan-related_articles" title="Index of Japan-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Japan" title="Outline of Japan">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Lists <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">Eras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_clans" title="Japanese clans">Clans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shoguns" title="List of shoguns">Shoguns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Japan" title="List of wars involving Japan">Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Japan" title="Economic history of Japan">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Japan" title="History of education in Japan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_foreign_relations" title="History of Japanese foreign relations">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Japan" title="Military history of Japan">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_Japan" title="Naval history of Japan">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Navy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Paleolithic" title="Japanese Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Jōmon period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yayoi_period" title="Yayoi period">Yayoi period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofun_period" title="Kofun period">Kofun period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asuka_period" title="Asuka period">Asuka period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taih%C5%8D_Code" title="Taihō Code">Taihō Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asuka_Kiyomihara_Code" title="Asuka Kiyomihara Code">Asuka Kiyomihara Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuh%C5%8D_period" title="Hakuhō period">Hakuhō period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taika_Reform" title="Taika Reform">Taika Reform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monmu_period" title="Monmu period">Monmu period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nara_period" title="Nara period">Nara period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Post-Classical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genpei_War" title="Genpei War">Genpei War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_period" title="Kamakura period">Kamakura period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura shogunate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">Mongol invasions of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genk%C5%8D_War" title="Genkō War">Genkō War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenmu_Restoration" title="Kenmu Restoration">Kenmu Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muromachi_period" title="Muromachi period">Muromachi period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Ashikaga shogunate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanboku-ch%C5%8D_period" title="Nanboku-chō period">Nanboku-chō period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cnin_War" title="Ōnin War">Ōnin War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sengoku_period" title="Sengoku period">Sengoku period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azuchi%E2%80%93Momoyama_period" title="Azuchi–Momoyama period">Azuchi–Momoyama period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Five_Elders" title="Council of Five Elders">Council of Five Elders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imjin_War" title="Imjin War">Imjin War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakumatsu" title="Bakumatsu">Bakumatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Constitution" title="Meiji Constitution">Imperial Constitution (1890–1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Meiji_Japan" title="Government of Meiji Japan">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_oligarchy" title="Meiji oligarchy">Meiji oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_han_system" title="Abolition of the han system">Abolition of the han system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boshin_War" title="Boshin War">Boshin War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Rebellion" title="Satsuma Rebellion">Satsuma Rebellion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazoku" title="Kazoku">Kazoku</a> (noble)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Late Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_era" title="Taishō era">Taishō era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">Japan during World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_Great_Kant%C5%8D_earthquake" title="1923 Great Kantō earthquake">1923 Great Kantō earthquake</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era" title="Shōwa era">Shōwa era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Japan during World War II">Japan during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukden_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden Incident">Mukden Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postwar_Japan" title="Postwar Japan">Postwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_economic_miracle" title="Japanese economic miracle">Economic miracle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heisei_era" title="Heisei era">Heisei era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hanshin_earthquake" title="Great Hanshin earthquake">Great Hanshin earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami">2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reiwa_era" title="Reiwa era">Reiwa era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Japanese_imperial_transition" title="2019 Japanese imperial transition">2019 imperial transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Japan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Japan">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Japan" title="Geography of Japan">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_addressing_system" title="Japanese addressing system">Addresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_archipelago" title="Japanese archipelago">Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_of_Japan" title="Cities of Japan">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Japan" title="Districts of Japan">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Japan" title="List of earthquakes in Japan">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Japan" title="Environmental issues in Japan">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Japan" title="List of extreme points of Japan">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Japan" title="List of islands of Japan">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Japan" title="List of lakes of Japan">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_Japan" title="Prefectures of Japan">Prefectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Japan" title="List of regions of Japan">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Japan" title="List of rivers of Japan">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Japan" title="List of towns in Japan">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Japan" title="List of villages in Japan">Villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Japan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Japan">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Japan" title="Politics of Japan">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Japan" title="Elections in Japan">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_Japan" title="List of emperors of Japan">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_House_of_Japan" title="Imperial House of Japan">Imperial House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Japan" title="Foreign relations of Japan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Japan" title="Human rights in Japan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Japan" title="LGBTQ rights in Japan">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Japan" title="Judicial system of Japan">Judiciary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Japan" title="Supreme Court of Japan">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Japan" title="Law of Japan">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Japan" title="Law enforcement in Japan">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Diet" title="National Diet">National Diet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Japan)" title="House of Representatives (Japan)">House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Councillors" title="House of Councillors">House of Councillors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Diet_of_Japan" title="List of members of the Diet of Japan">List of members</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Japan" title="List of political parties in Japan">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Self-Defense_Forces" title="Japan Self-Defense Forces">Self-Defense Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Ground_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Ground Self-Defense Force">Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Maritime_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Air_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Air Self-Defense Force">Air</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Japan" title="Government of Japan">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Japan" title="Cabinet of Japan">Cabinet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_cabinets" title="List of Japanese cabinets">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_and_fiscal_policy_of_Japan" title="Monetary and fiscal policy of Japan">Fiscal policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_Japan" title="Foreign policy of Japan">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_Japan" title="Ministries of Japan">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Japan" title="List of prime ministers of Japan">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Japan">Deputy Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Japan" title="Economy of Japan">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture,_forestry,_and_fishing_in_Japan" title="Agriculture, forestry, and fishing in Japan">Agriculture, forestry, fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Japan" title="Bank of Japan">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_market_of_Japan" title="Labor market of Japan">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Japan" title="Manufacturing in Japan">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Japan" title="Energy in Japan">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Japan" title="Science and technology in Japan">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Japan" title="Communications in Japan">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Japan" title="Transport in Japan">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_yen" title="Japanese yen">Yen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Japan" title="Category:Society of Japan">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-monarchism_in_Japan" title="Anti-monarchism in Japan">Anti-monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Japan" title="Censorship in Japan">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Japan" title="Crime in Japan">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Japan" title="Demographics of Japan">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Japan" title="Education in Japan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Japan" title="Etiquette in Japan">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Japan" title="Gambling in Japan">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Japan" title="Health in Japan">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Japan" title="Housing in Japan">Housing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Japan" title="Homelessness in Japan">Homelessness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Japan" title="Languages of Japan">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_prefectures_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Japanese prefectures by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_in_Japan" title="Pornography in Japan">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Japan" title="Prostitution in Japan">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Japan" title="Sex trafficking in Japan">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_minorities_in_Japan" title="Sexual minorities in Japan">Sexual minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Japan" title="Sexuality in Japan">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Japan" title="Smoking in Japan">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Japan" title="Women in Japan">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Japan" title="Culture of Japan">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aesthetics" title="Japanese aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a>&#160;/&#32;<a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">Manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_architecture" title="Japanese architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonsai" title="Bonsai">Bonsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Japan" title="Cinema of Japan">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_S_(genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Class S (genre)">Class S (genre)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_wine" title="Japanese wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_festivals" title="Japanese festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Japan" title="Flag of Japan">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_folklore" title="Japanese folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_traditional_Japanese_games" title="List of traditional Japanese games">Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_garden" title="Japanese garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geisha" title="Geisha">Geisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genderless_fashion_in_Japan" title="Genderless fashion in Japan">Genderless fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikikomori" title="Hikikomori">Hikikomori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanami" title="Hanami">Hanami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henohenomoheji" title="Henohenomoheji">Henohenomoheji</a></li> <li>Icons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikebana" title="Ikebana">Ikebana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irezumi" title="Irezumi">Irezumi</a></li> <li><a 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Japan" title="Category:Japan">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812767#identifiers&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1994" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812767#identifiers&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1994" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812767#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4179634-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Shinto"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85121492">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Shintō"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11950925q">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Shintō"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11950925q">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00571169">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="šintoismus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=ph127802&amp;CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a 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data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>141 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> 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