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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mahasiddhas_and_the_tantric_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mahasiddhas_and_the_tantric_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Mahasiddhas and the tantric movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mahasiddhas_and_the_tantric_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tantras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tantras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Tantras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tantras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_to_Shaivism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_to_Shaivism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Relationship to Shaivism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_to_Shaivism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_legends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_legends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Traditional legends</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_legends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophical_background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophical_background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Philosophical background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophical_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Place_within_Buddhist_tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Place_within_Buddhist_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Place within Buddhist tradition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Place_within_Buddhist_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Characteristics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Goal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Goal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Esoteric_transmission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Esoteric_transmission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Esoteric transmission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Esoteric_transmission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Affirmation_of_the_feminine,_antinomian_and_taboo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Affirmation_of_the_feminine,_antinomian_and_taboo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Affirmation of the feminine, antinomian and taboo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Affirmation_of_the_feminine,_antinomian_and_taboo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vows_and_behaviour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vows_and_behaviour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Vows and behaviour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vows_and_behaviour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tantra_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tantra_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Tantra techniques</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tantra_techniques-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tantra techniques subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tantra_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Deity_yoga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deity_yoga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Deity yoga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deity_yoga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Other practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbols_and_imagery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbols_and_imagery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Symbols and imagery</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Symbols_and_imagery-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Symbols and imagery subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Symbols_and_imagery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_vajra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_vajra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>The vajra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_vajra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imagery_and_ritual_in_deity_yoga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imagery_and_ritual_in_deity_yoga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Imagery and ritual in deity yoga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imagery_and_ritual_in_deity_yoga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Texts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Texts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Texts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dunhuang_manuscripts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dunhuang_manuscripts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Dunhuang manuscripts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dunhuang_manuscripts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Traditions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Traditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Traditions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_esotericism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_esotericism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Japanese esotericism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_esotericism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shingon_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shingon_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.1</span> <span>Shingon Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shingon_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tendai_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tendai_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.2</span> <span>Tendai Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tendai_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korean_milgyo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korean_milgyo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Korean <i>milgyo</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korean_milgyo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnamese_Buddhist_esotericism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnamese_Buddhist_esotericism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Vietnamese Buddhist esotericism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnamese_Buddhist_esotericism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indo-Tibetan_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indo-Tibetan_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Indo-Tibetan Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indo-Tibetan_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bengali_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bengali_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.6</span> <span>Bengali Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bengali_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nepalese_Newar_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nepalese_Newar_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.7</span> <span>Nepalese Newar Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nepalese_Newar_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesian_Esoteric_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesian_Esoteric_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.8</span> <span>Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesian_Esoteric_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Related traditions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Related_traditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Related traditions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Related_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shugendō" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shugendō"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Shugendō</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shugendō-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_Esoteric_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Esoteric_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Southern Esoteric Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Esoteric_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_study_difficulties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_study_difficulties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Academic study difficulties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Academic_study_difficulties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Academic study difficulties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Academic_study_difficulties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Terminology_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vajrayana</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 77 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-77" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">77 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vajrayana" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="فاجرايانا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فاجرايانا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="বজ্রযান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বজ্রযান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ваджраяна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ваджраяна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="वज्रयान – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="वज्रयान" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Vajrayana" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ваджраяна – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ваджраяна" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Vajrayana" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vajrayana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vad%C5%BEraj%C3%A1na" title="Vadžrajána – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vadžrajána" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vajrayana" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vajrayana" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vad%C5%BErajaana" title="Vadžrajaana – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vadžrajaana" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajray%C4%81na" title="Vajrayāna – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vajrayāna" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Va%C4%9Drajano" title="Vaĝrajano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vaĝrajano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajray%C4%81na" title="Vajrayāna – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Vajrayāna" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87" title="وجره‌یانه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وجره‌یانه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouddhisme_vajray%C4%81na" title="Bouddhisme vajrayāna – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bouddhisme vajrayāna" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Vajrayana" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%80%EA%B5%90_(%EB%B6%88%EA%B5%90)" title="밀교 (불교) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="밀교 (불교)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Vajrayana" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="वज्रयान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वज्रयान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Va%C4%91rajana" title="Vađrajana – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vađrajana" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Vajrayana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajray%C4%81na" title="Vajrayāna – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vajrayāna" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddismo_Vajray%C4%81na" title="Buddismo Vajrayāna – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Buddismo Vajrayāna" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%92%27%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%94" title="וג'ריאנה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וג'ריאנה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wajrayana" title="Wajrayana – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wajrayana" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%AF%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ვაჯრაიანა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვაჯრაიანა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ваджраяна – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ваджраяна" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudism_vajray%C4%81na" title="Boudism vajrayāna – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Boudism vajrayāna" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vajrayana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vad%C5%BEraj%C4%81na" title="Vadžrajāna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vadžrajāna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vad%C5%BErajana" title="Vadžrajana – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vadžrajana" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajray%C4%81na" title="Vajrayāna – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Vajrayāna" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadzsraj%C3%A1na" title="Vadzsrajána – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vadzsrajána" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodisma_vajraiana" title="Bodisma vajraiana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Bodisma vajraiana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="വജ്രയാനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വജ്രയാനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="वज्रयान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वज्रयान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="فاجرايانيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فاجرايانيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Vajrayana" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%9B%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB%E1%80%92" title="တန္တရအယူဝါဒ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တန္တရအယူဝါဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vajrayana" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="वज्रयान – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="वज्रयान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%89%9B%E4%B9%97" title="金剛乗 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="金剛乗" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Vajrayana" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajray%C4%81na" title="Vajrayāna – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vajrayāna" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadjrayana" title="Vadjrayana – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vadjrayana" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AF%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਵਜਰਯਾਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਜਰਯਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="وجریان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="وجریان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajrayaana" title="Vajrayaana – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Vajrayaana" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%87%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93" title="វិជ្រយាន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="វិជ្រយាន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wad%C5%BCrajana" title="Wadżrajana – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wadżrajana" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vajrayana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajray%C4%81na" title="Vajrayāna – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vajrayāna" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ваджраяна – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ваджраяна" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Vajrayana" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="වජ්‍රයානය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වජ්‍රයානය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Vajrayana" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vad%C5%BEraj%C3%A1na" title="Vadžrajána – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vadžrajána" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ڤاجرایانا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڤاجرایانا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%92%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Вађрајана – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вађрајана" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vajrayana" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vajrayana" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vajrayana" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Vajrayana" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8C%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="வச்சிரயான பௌத்தம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வச்சிரயான பௌத்தம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%82" title="వజ్రయానం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వజ్రయానం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="วัชรยาน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วัชรยาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vajrayana" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ваджраяна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ваджраяна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="وجریان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="وجریان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_c%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_th%E1%BB%ABa" title="Kim cương thừa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kim cương thừa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Vajrayana" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%AE%97" title="密宗 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="密宗" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%AE%97" title="密宗 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="密宗" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indian Buddhist tantric tradition</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Buddhist tantra" and "Esoteric Buddhism" redirect here. For the esoteric Buddhist scriptures, see <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_tantric_literature" title="Buddhist tantric literature">Buddhist tantric literature</a>. For the book by A. P. Sinnett, see <a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Buddhism_(book)" title="Esoteric Buddhism (book)">Esoteric Buddhism (book)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghanta_et_Vajra_(British_Museum)_(8697431158).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ghanta_et_Vajra_%28British_Museum%29_%288697431158%29.jpg/220px-Ghanta_et_Vajra_%28British_Museum%29_%288697431158%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ghanta_et_Vajra_%28British_Museum%29_%288697431158%29.jpg/330px-Ghanta_et_Vajra_%28British_Museum%29_%288697431158%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ghanta_et_Vajra_%28British_Museum%29_%288697431158%29.jpg/440px-Ghanta_et_Vajra_%28British_Museum%29_%288697431158%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1008" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Vajra" title="Vajra">vajra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bell" title="Bell">bell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ghanta" title="Ghanta">ghanta</a>), which are classic ritual symbols of Vajrayāna</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center; border-top:4px solid #000066; border-bottom:4px solid #000066;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFD068">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Vajrayana" title="Category:Vajrayana">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFD068"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000066">Vajrayana Buddhism</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Vajra" title="Vajra"><img alt="Vajra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Faith_Buddhism_Vajra.svg/100px-Faith_Buddhism_Vajra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Faith_Buddhism_Vajra.svg/150px-Faith_Buddhism_Vajra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Faith_Buddhism_Vajra.svg/200px-Faith_Buddhism_Vajra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;text-align:center; background-color:#FFD068; border: 2px solid #FFD068;color: var(--color-base)">Traditions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"><b>Historical traditions:</b> <ul><li>Ari-Acharya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ari_Buddhism" title="Ari Buddhism">Burmese-Bengal</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azhaliism" title="Azhaliism">Yunnan</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism">Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Esoteric_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Esoteric Buddhism">Filipino Esoteric Buddhism</a> †</li></ul> <ul><li>East Asian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Japanese</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newar_Buddhism" title="Newar Buddhism">Nepalese</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Inner Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li> <li>Altaic (<a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Inner_Mongolia#Buddhism" title="Religion in Inner Mongolia">o</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">x</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">b, t, k</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yugur#Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugur">y</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>New branches:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gateway_of_the_Hidden_Flower" class="mw-redirect" title="Gateway of the Hidden Flower">Gateway of the Hidden Flower</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Kadampa_Tradition" title="New Kadampa Tradition">New Kadampa Buddhism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shambhala_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shambhala Buddhism">Shambhala Buddhism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/True_Awakening_Tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="True Awakening Tradition">True Awakening Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;text-align:center; background-color:#FFD068; border: 2px solid #FFD068;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantrism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahasiddha" title="Mahasiddha">Mahasiddha</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahaja" title="Sahaja">Sahaja</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;text-align:center; background-color:#FFD068; border: 2px solid #FFD068;color: var(--color-base)">Pursuit</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalachakra" title="Kalachakra">Kalachakra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;text-align:center; background-color:#FFD068; border: 2px solid #FFD068;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generation_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Generation stage">Generation stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Completion_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Completion stage">Completion stage</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phowa" title="Phowa">Phowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Tantra_techniques_(Vajrayana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantra techniques (Vajrayana)">Tantric techniques</a>:</b> </p><p><small><b>Fourfold division:</b></small> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classes_of_Tantra_in_Tibetan_Buddhism#Kriyā" title="Classes of Tantra in Tibetan Buddhism">Kriyayoga</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charyayoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Charyayoga">Charyayoga</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yogatantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogatantra">Yogatantra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anuttarayogatantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Anuttarayogatantra">Anuttarayogatantra</a></li></ul> <p><small><b>Twofold division:</b></small> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Tantras" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner Tantras">Inner Tantras</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Tantras" class="mw-redirect" title="Outer Tantras">Outer Tantras</a></li></ul> <p><b>Thought forms and visualisation:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yantra" title="Yantra">Yantra</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a>:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B6ndro" title="Ngöndro">Ngöndro</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru_yoga" title="Guru yoga">Guru yoga</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Six_Dharmas_of_Naropa" title="Six Dharmas of Naropa">Six yogas</a>:</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tummo" title="Tummo">Inner heat</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luminosity_(Vajrayana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luminosity (Vajrayana)">Luminosity yoga</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dream_yoga" title="Dream yoga">Dream yoga</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Death yoga</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karmamudr%C4%81" title="Karmamudrā">Sex yoga</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;text-align:center; background-color:#FFD068; border: 2px solid #FFD068;color: var(--color-base)">Festivals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganachakra" title="Ganachakra">Ganachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Festival" title="Ghost Festival">Ullambana Puja</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;text-align:center; background-color:#FFD068; border: 2px solid #FFD068;color: var(--color-base)">Tantric texts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anuttarayoga_Tantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Anuttarayoga Tantra">Anuttarayoga Tantra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cakrasa%E1%B9%83vara_Tantra" title="Cakrasaṃvara Tantra">Cakrasaṃvara Tantra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guhyagarbha_Tantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Guhyagarbha Tantra">Guhyagarbha Tantra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kulayar%C4%81ja_Tantra" title="Kulayarāja Tantra">Kulayarāja Tantra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81m%C4%81y%C4%81_Tantra" title="Mahāmāyā Tantra">Mahāmāyā Tantra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ma%C3%B1ju%C5%9Br%C4%AB-m%C5%ABla-kalpa" title="Mañjuśrī-mūla-kalpa">Mañjuśrī-mūla-kalpa</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ma%C3%B1ju%C5%9Br%C4%ABn%C4%81masamg%C4%ABti" title="Mañjuśrīnāmasamgīti">Mañjuśrīnāmasamgīti</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tattvasa%E1%B9%83graha_Tantra" title="Tattvasaṃgraha Tantra">Tattvasaṃgraha Tantra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vajrasekhara_Sutra" title="Vajrasekhara Sutra">Vajrasekhara Sutra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuthok_Nyingthig" title="Yuthok Nyingthig">Yuthok Nyingthig</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;text-align:center; background-color:#FFD068; border: 2px solid #FFD068;color: var(--color-base)">Symbols and tools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damaru" title="Damaru">Damaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanta" title="Ghanta">Ghanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melong" title="Melong">Melong</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phurba" title="Phurba">Phurba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajra" title="Vajra">Vajra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yab-Yum" title="Yab-Yum">Yab-Yum</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;text-align:center; background-color:#FFD068; border: 2px solid #FFD068;color: var(--color-base)">Ordination and transmission</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric transmission">Esoteric transmission</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pointing-out_instruction" title="Pointing-out instruction">Pointing-out instruction</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samaya" title="Samaya">Samaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajracharya" 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<p><i><b>Vajrayāna</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">वज्रयान</span>; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> '<a href="/wiki/Vajra" title="Vajra">vajra</a> vehicle'), also known as <b>Mantrayāna</b> ('mantra vehicle'), <b>Mantranāya</b> ('path of mantra'), <b>Guhyamantrayāna</b> ('secret mantra vehicle'), <b>Tantrayāna</b> ('tantra vehicle'), <b>Tantric Buddhism</b>, and <b>Esoteric Buddhism</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> tradition of <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">tantric</a> <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_tantric_practice" title="Tibetan tantric practice">practice</a> that developed in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval India</a>. Tantrism, which originated within <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> during the first millennium CE, significantly influenced South Asian Mahāyāna Buddhism, giving rise to distinct Buddhist tantric traditions. Emerging in the 7th century CE, these traditions spread across Southeast, East, and Central Asia, leading to distinct East Asian and Tibetan practices.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vajrayāna practices are connected to specific lineages in Buddhism, through the teachings of lineage holders. Others might generally refer to these texts as the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Tantras" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist Tantras">Buddhist Tantras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswell2004875–876_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswell2004875–876-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It includes practices that make use of <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dharani" title="Dharani">dharanis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">mudras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">mandalas</a> and the visualization of deities and Buddhas. </p><p>According to contemporary historical scholarship, Vajrayāna practice originated in the tantric era of medieval India (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> the 5th century CE onwards</span>). However, traditionally, the adherents and texts of Vajrayāna claim these teachings have been passed down by an unbroken lineage going back to the <a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">historical Buddha</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> the 5th century BCE</span>) or to other mythical <a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattvas</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapani</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray2007ix–x_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray2007ix–x-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Vajrayāna scriptures, the term <i>Vajrayāna</i> refers to one of three vehicles or <a href="/wiki/Yana_(Buddhism)" title="Yana (Buddhism)">routes to enlightenment</a>, the other two being the <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vakay%C4%81na" title="Śrāvakayāna">Śrāvakayāna</a> (also known pejoratively as the <i><a href="/wiki/H%C4%ABnay%C4%81na" class="mw-redirect" title="Hīnayāna">Hīnayāna</a></i>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahāyāna">Mahāyāna</a></i> (a.k.a. <i><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitāyāna</a></i>). </p><p>There are several Buddhist tantric traditions that are currently practiced, including <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newar_Buddhism" title="Newar Buddhism">Newar Buddhism</a>. Historically, there were also other esoteric Buddhist traditions, such as <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism">that of maritime Southeast Asia</a>, which are no longer practiced today. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vajrayana&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In India, the initial term was Mantranāya (Path of Mantras), and Mantrayāna (Mantra Vehicle).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne20066_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne20066-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, other terms were adopted, like Vajrayāna. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a> practiced in the Himalayan regions of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, Buddhist Tantra is most often termed <i>Vajrayāna</i> (Tib. རྡོ་རྗེ་ཐེག་པ་, <i>dorje tekpa</i>, Wyl. <i>rdo rje theg pa</i>) and <i>Secret mantra</i> (Skt. <i>Guhyamantra</i>, Tib. གསང་སྔགས་, <i>sang ngak</i>, Wyl. <i>gsang sngags</i>). The <a href="/wiki/Vajra" title="Vajra">vajra</a> is a mythical weapon associated with <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a> which was said to be indestructible and unbreakable (like a diamond) and extremely powerful (like thunder). Thus, the term is variously translated as Diamond Vehicle, Thunderbolt Vehicle, Indestructible Vehicle and so on. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a> it is generally known by various terms such as <i>Zhēnyán</i> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 真言, literally "true word", referring to mantra), <a href="/wiki/Tangmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangmi"><i>Tángmì</i></a> or <i>Hanmì</i> (唐密 - 漢密, "<a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> Esotericism" or "<a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a> Esotericism")<i>, Mìzōng</i> (密宗, "Esoteric Sect") or <i>Mìjiao</i> (Chinese: 密教; Esoteric Teaching). The Chinese term <i>mì</i> 密 ("secret, esoteric") is a translation of the Sanskrit term <i>Guhya</i> ("secret, hidden, profound, abstruse").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELü201772–82_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELü201772–82-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, Buddhist esotericism is known as <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Mikky%C5%8D" title="Mikkyō">Mikkyō</a></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">密教</span></span>, secret teachings)</span> or by the term <a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a> (a Japanese rendering of <i>Zhēnyán</i>), which also refers to a specific school of <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Shingon-shū</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">真言宗</span></span>)</span>. </p><p>The term "Esoteric Buddhism" is first used by <a href="/wiki/Western_Esoteric_Tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Esoteric Tradition">Western occultist</a> writers, such as <a href="/wiki/Helena_Blavatsky" title="Helena Blavatsky">Helena Blavatsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Percy_Sinnett" title="Alfred Percy Sinnett">Alfred Percy Sinnett</a>, to describe <a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">theosophical</a> doctrines passed down from "supposedly initiated Buddhist masters."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrzech2006_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrzech2006-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vajrayana&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eight_Mahasiddhas_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Eight_Mahasiddhas_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/170px-Eight_Mahasiddhas_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Eight_Mahasiddhas_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/255px-Eight_Mahasiddhas_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Eight_Mahasiddhas_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/340px-Eight_Mahasiddhas_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3176" data-file-height="4610" /></a><figcaption>Mahasiddhas, Palpung monastery. Note the figure of the great adept Putalipa at center, seated in a cave and gazing at an image of the meditational deity Samvara and the figure at the bottom left holding a skull-staff (<i><a href="/wiki/Kha%E1%B9%ADv%C4%81%E1%B9%85ga" title="Khaṭvāṅga">khaṭvāṅga</a></i>) and a flaying knife (<i><a href="/wiki/Kartika_(knife)" title="Kartika (knife)">kartika</a></i>).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mahasiddhas_and_the_tantric_movement">Mahasiddhas and the tantric movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vajrayana&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mahasiddhas and the tantric movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tantric Buddhism is associated with groups of wandering <a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">yogis</a> called <a href="/wiki/Mahasiddha" title="Mahasiddha">mahasiddhas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">medieval India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERay2000[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERay2000[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Thurman" title="Robert Thurman">Robert Thurman</a>, these tantric figures thrived during the latter half of the first millennium CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray2007ix–x_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray2007ix–x-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to John Myrdhin Reynolds, the mahasiddhas date to the medieval period in North India and used methods that were radically different from those used in Buddhist monasteries, including practicing on <a href="/wiki/Charnel_ground" title="Charnel ground">charnel grounds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2007_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2007-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the practice of Tantra focuses on the transformation of poisons into wisdom, the yogic circles came together in <i><a href="/wiki/Ganachakra" title="Ganachakra">tantric feasts</a></i>, often in sacred sites (<i>pitha</i>) and places (<i>ksetra</i>) which included dancing, singing, consort practices and the ingestion of <a href="/wiki/Taboo" title="Taboo">taboo</a> substances like alcohol, urine, and meat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnellgrove1987168_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnellgrove1987168-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least two of the mahasiddhas cited in the Buddhist literature are comparable with the Shaiva <a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath</a> saints (<a href="/wiki/Gorakshanath" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorakshanath">Gorakshanath</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matsyendranath" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsyendranath">Matsyendranath</a>) who practiced <a href="/wiki/Hatha_Yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatha Yoga">Hatha Yoga</a>. </p><p>According to Schumann, a movement called <i><a href="/wiki/Sahaja" title="Sahaja">Sahaja</a>-siddhi</i> developed in the 8th century in <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchumann1974163_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann1974163-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was dominated by long-haired, wandering mahasiddhas who openly challenged and ridiculed the Buddhist establishment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitagawa200280_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitagawa200280-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mahasiddhas pursued <i><a href="/wiki/Siddhis" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddhis">siddhis</a></i>, magical powers such as flight and <a href="/wiki/Extrasensory_perception" title="Extrasensory perception">extrasensory perception</a> as well as spiritual liberation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowman1985[httpkeithdowmannetessaysintroduction-mahasiddhas-and-tantrahtml_Introduction]_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowman1985[httpkeithdowmannetessaysintroduction-mahasiddhas-and-tantrahtml_Introduction]-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ronald M. Davidson states that </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Buddhist siddhas demonstrated the appropriation of an older sociological form—the independent sage/magician, who lived in a liminal zone on the borders between fields and forests. Their rites involved the conjunction of sexual practices and Buddhist mandala visualization with ritual accoutrements made from parts of the human body, so that control may be exercised over the forces hindering the natural abilities of the siddha to manipulate the cosmos at will. At their most extreme, siddhas also represented a defensive position within the Buddhist tradition, adopted and sustained for the purpose of aggressive engagement with the medieval culture of public violence. They reinforced their reputations for personal sanctity with rumors of the magical manipulation of various flavors of demonic females (<a href="/wiki/Dakini" title="Dakini">dakini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yakshini" title="Yakshini">yaksi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">yogini</a>), cemetery ghouls (<a href="/wiki/Vetala" title="Vetala">vetala</a>), and other things that go bump in the night. Operating on the margins of both monasteries and polite society, some adopted the behaviors associated with ghosts (<a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">preta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pishacha" title="Pishacha">pisaca</a>), not only as a religious praxis but also as an extension of their implied threats.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson2002228,_234_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2002228,_234-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tantras">Tantras</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vajrayana&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tantras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Buddhism)">Tantras (Buddhism)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kongokai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Kongokai.jpg/170px-Kongokai.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Kongokai.jpg/255px-Kongokai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Kongokai.jpg/340px-Kongokai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3125" data-file-height="3567" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Diamond_Realm" title="Diamond Realm">Diamond Realm</a> mandala, based on the tantric <a href="/wiki/Vajrasekhara_Sutra" title="Vajrasekhara Sutra">Vajrasekhara Sutra</a>, and symbolizing the final realization of <a href="/wiki/Vairocana" title="Vairocana">Vairocana</a> Buddha in <a href="/wiki/Shingon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shingon">Shingon</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chakrasamvara_Mandala_MET_DP-15583-018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Chakrasamvara_Mandala_MET_DP-15583-018.jpg/170px-Chakrasamvara_Mandala_MET_DP-15583-018.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Chakrasamvara_Mandala_MET_DP-15583-018.jpg/255px-Chakrasamvara_Mandala_MET_DP-15583-018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Chakrasamvara_Mandala_MET_DP-15583-018.jpg/340px-Chakrasamvara_Mandala_MET_DP-15583-018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3002" /></a><figcaption>Naked tantrikas dancing and eating from skull cups (<a href="/wiki/Kapala" title="Kapala">kapalas</a>), closeup of a <a href="/wiki/Cakrasa%E1%B9%83vara_Tantra" title="Cakrasaṃvara Tantra">Chakrasamvara</a> mandala</figcaption></figure> <p>Tantrism originated within Hinduism and significantly influenced early South Asian Mahāyāna Buddhist practices, contributing to the emergence of unique Buddhist tantric traditions. These Buddhist tantric traditions, which developed in the 7th century CE, spread quickly across Southeast, East, and Central Asia, resulting in the formation of various distinct traditions in East Asia and Tibet.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are other Mahāyāna <a href="/wiki/Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutras">sutras</a> which contain "proto-tantric" material such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Gandavyuha" title="Gandavyuha">Gandavyuha</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Stages_Sutra" title="Ten Stages Sutra"><i>Dasabhumika</i></a> which might have served as a central source of visual imagery for Tantric texts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsto2009_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsto2009-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later Mahāyāna texts like the <i><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Davy%C5%ABhas%C5%ABtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kāraṇḍavyūhasūtra">Kāraṇḍavyūha Sūtra</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 4th</span>–5th century CE) expound the use of mantras such as <a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a>, associated with vastly powerful beings like <a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteshvara</a>. The popular <a href="/wiki/Heart_Sutra" title="Heart Sutra">Heart Sutra</a> also includes a mantra. </p><p>Vajrayāna Buddhists developed a large corpus of texts called the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Tantras" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist Tantras">Buddhist Tantras</a>, some of which can be traced to at least the 7th century CE but might be older. The dating of the tantras is "a difficult, indeed an impossible task" according to <a href="/wiki/David_Snellgrove" title="David Snellgrove">David Snellgrove</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnellgrove1987147_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnellgrove1987147-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the earliest of these texts, <a href="/wiki/Outer_Tantras" class="mw-redirect" title="Outer Tantras">Kriya tantras</a> such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Ma%C3%B1ju%C5%9Br%C4%AB-m%C5%ABla-kalpa" title="Mañjuśrī-mūla-kalpa">Mañjuśrī-mūla-kalpa</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 6th century</span>), teach the use of mantras and dharanis for mostly worldly ends including curing illness, controlling the weather and generating wealth.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams,_Wynne_page_205-206_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams,_Wynne_page_205-206-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Tattvasa%E1%B9%83graha_Tantra" title="Tattvasaṃgraha Tantra">Tattvasaṃgraha Tantra</a></i> (<i>Compendium of Principles</i>), classed as a "Yoga tantra", is one of the first Buddhist tantras which focuses on liberation as opposed to worldly goals. In another early tantra, the <a href="/wiki/Vajrasekhara_Sutra" title="Vajrasekhara Sutra"><i>Vajrasekhara</i></a> (Vajra Peak), the influential schema of the <a href="/wiki/Five_Dhyani_Buddhas" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Dhyani Buddhas">five Buddha families</a> is developed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamsTribeWynne2012210_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsTribeWynne2012210-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other early tantras include the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahavairocana_Tantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavairocana Tantra">Mahāvairocana Abhisaṃbodhi</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Guhyasam%C4%81ja_Tantra" title="Guhyasamāja Tantra">Guhyasamāja</a></i> (Gathering of Secrets).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWayman200819_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWayman200819-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Guhyasamāja is a <a href="/wiki/Mahayoga" title="Mahayoga">Mahayoga</a> class of Tantra, which features forms of ritual practice considered "left-hand" (<i><a href="/wiki/Vamachara" title="Vamachara">vamachara</a></i>) such as the use of taboo substances like alcohol, consort practices, and <a href="/wiki/Charnel_ground" title="Charnel ground">charnel ground</a> practices which evoke <a href="/wiki/Wrathful_deities" title="Wrathful deities">wrathful deities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamsTribeWynne2012212_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsTribeWynne2012212-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ryujun Tajima divides the tantras into those which were "a development of Mahāyānist thought" and those "formed in a rather popular mould toward the end of the eighth century and declining into the esoterism of the left",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETajima1992[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETajima1992[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this "left esoterism" mainly refers to the Yogini tantras and later works associated with wandering yogis. This practice survives in Tibetan Buddhism, but it is rare for this to be done with an actual person. It is more common for a yogi or yogini to use an imagined consort (a buddhist tantric deity, i.e. a yidam).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMullinTsongkhapa200570_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMullinTsongkhapa200570-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These later tantras such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Hevajra_Tantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Hevajra Tantra">Hevajra Tantra</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Chakrasamvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakrasamvara">Chakrasamvara</a></i> are classed as "<a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">Yogini</a> tantras" and represent the final form of development of Indian Buddhist tantras in the ninth and tenth centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams,_Wynne_page_205-206_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams,_Wynne_page_205-206-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Kalachakra_tantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalachakra tantra">Kalachakra tantra</a></i> developed in the 10th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchumann1974_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann1974-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is farthest removed from the earlier Buddhist traditions, and incorporates concepts of <a href="/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism">messianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrology</a> not present elsewhere in Buddhist literature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitagawa200280_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitagawa200280-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Ronald M. Davidson, the rise of Tantric Buddhism was a response to the feudal structure of Indian society in the early medieval period (ca. 500–1200 CE) which saw kings being divinized as manifestations of gods. Likewise, tantric yogis reconfigured their practice through the metaphor of being consecrated (<i><a href="/wiki/Abhisheka" title="Abhisheka">abhiśeka</a></i>) as the overlord (<i>rājādhirāja</i>) of a mandala palace of divine vassals, an imperial metaphor symbolizing kingly fortresses and their political power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson2002[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2002[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_to_Shaivism">Relationship to Shaivism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vajrayana&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Relationship to Shaivism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Kashmir Shaivism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1_Yamantaka_riding_buffalo_Shinjeshe_gshin_rje_gshed_rdo_rje_jigs_byed,_a_Mahayana_Yidam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/1_Yamantaka_riding_buffalo_Shinjeshe_gshin_rje_gshed_rdo_rje_jigs_byed%2C_a_Mahayana_Yidam.jpg/170px-1_Yamantaka_riding_buffalo_Shinjeshe_gshin_rje_gshed_rdo_rje_jigs_byed%2C_a_Mahayana_Yidam.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/1_Yamantaka_riding_buffalo_Shinjeshe_gshin_rje_gshed_rdo_rje_jigs_byed%2C_a_Mahayana_Yidam.jpg/255px-1_Yamantaka_riding_buffalo_Shinjeshe_gshin_rje_gshed_rdo_rje_jigs_byed%2C_a_Mahayana_Yidam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/1_Yamantaka_riding_buffalo_Shinjeshe_gshin_rje_gshed_rdo_rje_jigs_byed%2C_a_Mahayana_Yidam.jpg/340px-1_Yamantaka_riding_buffalo_Shinjeshe_gshin_rje_gshed_rdo_rje_jigs_byed%2C_a_Mahayana_Yidam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1864" data-file-height="2647" /></a><figcaption>Vajrayana adopted deities such as <a href="/wiki/Bhairava" title="Bhairava">Bhairava</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Yamantaka" title="Yamantaka">Yamantaka</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chakrasamvara_and_Vajravarahi_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Chakrasamvara_and_Vajravarahi_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Chakrasamvara_and_Vajravarahi_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Chakrasamvara_and_Vajravarahi_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Chakrasamvara_and_Vajravarahi_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Chakrasamvara_and_Vajravarahi_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Chakrasamvara_and_Vajravarahi_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3247" data-file-height="3160" /></a><figcaption>The central deity of the <a href="/wiki/Cakrasa%E1%B9%83vara_Tantra" title="Cakrasaṃvara Tantra">Cakrasaṃvara Tantra</a>, which, according to scholars like David B. Gray and Alexis Sanderson, appropriated numerous elements from nondual Shaiva Tantra</figcaption></figure> <p>The question of the origins of early Vajrayāna has been taken up by various scholars. <a href="/wiki/David_Seyfort_Ruegg" title="David Seyfort Ruegg">David Seyfort Ruegg</a> has suggested that Buddhist tantra employed various elements of a “pan-Indian religious substrate” which is not specifically Buddhist, <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaiva</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnava</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson2002171_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2002171-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Sanderson" title="Alexis Sanderson">Alexis Sanderson</a>, various classes of Vajrayāna literature developed as a result of royal courts sponsoring both Buddhism and Shaivism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanderson2009124_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson2009124-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relationship between the two systems can be seen in texts like the <a href="/wiki/Ma%C3%B1ju%C5%9Br%C4%AB-m%C5%ABla-kalpa" title="Mañjuśrī-mūla-kalpa"><i>Mañjusrimulakalpa</i></a>, which later came to be classified under <a href="/wiki/Outer_Tantras#Kriyatantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Outer Tantras">Kriya tantra</a>, and states that mantras taught in the Shaiva, Garuda and Vaishnava tantras will be effective if applied by Buddhists since they were all taught originally by <a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Manjushri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanderson2009129–131_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson2009129–131-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sanderson notes that the Vajrayāna Yogini tantras draw extensively from the material also present in Shaiva <a href="/wiki/Bhairava" title="Bhairava">Bhairava</a> tantras classified as <i>Vidyapitha</i>. Sanderson's comparison of them shows similarity in "ritual procedures, style of observance, deities, mantras, mandalas, ritual dress, Kapalika accouterments like skull bowls, specialized terminology, secret gestures, and secret jargons. There is even direct borrowing of passages from Shaiva texts."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sanderson gives numerous examples such as the <i>Guhyasiddhi</i> of Padmavajra, a work associated with the <a href="/wiki/Guhyasam%C4%81ja_tantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Guhyasamāja tantra">Guhyasamaja tradition</a>, which prescribes acting as a <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaiva</a> guru and initiating members into <a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Saiva Siddhanta</a> scriptures and mandalas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanderson2009144–145_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson2009144–145-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sanderson says that the <a href="/wiki/Cakrasa%E1%B9%83vara_Tantra" title="Cakrasaṃvara Tantra">Samvara tantra</a> texts adopted the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">pitha</a> list from the Shaiva text <i>Tantrasadbhāva</i>, introducing a copying error where a deity was mistaken for a place.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuber200894–95_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuber200894–95-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ronald M. Davidson meanwhile, argues that Sanderson's arguments for direct influence from Shaiva <i>Vidyapitha</i> texts are problematic because "the chronology of the <i>Vidyapitha</i> tantras is by no means so well established"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson2002204_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2002204-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that "the available evidence suggests that received Saiva tantras come into evidence sometime in the ninth to tenth centuries with their affirmation by scholars like <a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a> (c. 1000 c.e.)"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson2002206_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2002206-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Davidson also notes that the list of pithas or sacred places "are certainly not particularly Buddhist, nor are they uniquely <a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a> venues, despite their presence in lists employed by both traditions."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson2002207_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2002207-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Davidson further adds that like the Buddhists, the Shaiva tradition was also involved in the appropriation of Hindu and non-Hindu deities, texts and traditions, an example being "village or tribal divinities like Tumburu".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson2002214_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2002214-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Davidson adds that Buddhists and Kapalikas as well as other ascetics (possibly <a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pasupatas</a>) mingled and discussed their paths at various pilgrimage places and that there were conversions between the different groups. Thus he concludes: </p> <blockquote><p>The Buddhist-Kapalika connection is more complex than a simple process of religious imitation and textual appropriation. There can be no question that the Buddhist tantras were heavily influenced by <a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a> and other Saiva movements, but the influence was apparently mutual. Perhaps a more nuanced model would be that the various lines of transmission were locally flourishing and that in some areas they interacted, while in others they maintained concerted hostility. Thus the influence was both sustained and reciprocal, even in those places where Buddhist and Kapalika siddhas were in extreme antagonism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson2002217_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2002217-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Davidson also argues for the influence of non-Brahmanical and outcaste <a href="/wiki/Tribal_religions_in_India" title="Tribal religions in India">tribal religions</a> and their feminine deities (such as <a href="/wiki/Paranasabari" class="mw-redirect" title="Paranasabari">Parnasabari</a> and Janguli).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson2002228,_231_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2002228,_231-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_legends">Traditional legends</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vajrayana&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Traditional legends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to several Buddhist tantras as well as traditional Tibetan Buddhist sources, the tantras and the Vajrayana was taught by the <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha Shakyamuni</a>, but only to some individuals. There are several stories and versions of how the tantras were disseminated. The <i>Jñana Tilaka Tantra</i>, for example, has the Buddha state that the tantras will be explained by the bodhisattva <a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapani</a>. One of the most famous legends is that of king <a href="/wiki/Indrabhuti" title="Indrabhuti">Indrabhuti</a> (also known as King Ja) of <a href="/wiki/Oddiyana" title="Oddiyana">Oddiyana</a> (a figure related to Vajrapani, in some cases said to be an emanation of him).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerrill2012Ch._7:_Origin_of_Guhyamantra_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerrill2012Ch._7:_Origin_of_Guhyamantra-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other accounts attribute the revelation of Buddhist tantras to <a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a>, saying that he was an emanation of <a href="/wiki/Amitabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Amitabha">Amitabha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avaloketishvara</a> and that his arrival was predicted by the Buddha. Some accounts also maintain Padmasambhava is a direct reincarnation of Buddha Shakyamuni.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalden_Sherab_Rinpoche1992_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalden_Sherab_Rinpoche1992-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophical_background">Philosophical background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vajrayana&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Philosophical background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_No.-_3,_Nalanda_Archaeological_Site.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Temple_No.-_3%2C_Nalanda_Archaeological_Site.jpg/220px-Temple_No.-_3%2C_Nalanda_Archaeological_Site.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Temple_No.-_3%2C_Nalanda_Archaeological_Site.jpg/330px-Temple_No.-_3%2C_Nalanda_Archaeological_Site.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Temple_No.-_3%2C_Nalanda_Archaeological_Site.jpg/440px-Temple_No.-_3%2C_Nalanda_Archaeological_Site.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2894" data-file-height="1827" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nalanda_mahavihara" title="Nalanda mahavihara">Nalanda Mahavihara</a>, a major center for the study of Vajrayana philosophy during the <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala era</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Alex_Wayman" title="Alex Wayman">Alex Wayman</a>, the philosophical view of the Vajrayana is based on <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist philosophy</a>, mainly the <a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yogacara" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogacara">Yogacara</a> schools.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWayman20083_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWayman20083-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The major difference seen by Vajrayana thinkers is the superiority of Tantric methods, which provide a faster vehicle to liberation and contain many more skillful means (<i><a href="/wiki/Upaya" title="Upaya">upaya</a></i>). </p><p>The importance of the theory of <a href="/wiki/Shunyata" class="mw-redirect" title="Shunyata">emptiness</a> is central to the Tantric Buddhist view and practice. The Buddhist emptiness view sees the world as being fluid, without an ontological foundation or inherent existence, but ultimately a fabric of constructions. Because of this, tantric practice such as self-visualization as the deity is seen as being no less real than everyday reality, but a process of transforming reality itself, including the practitioner's identity as the deity. As Stephan Beyer notes, "In a universe where all events dissolve ontologically into Emptiness, the touching of Emptiness in the ritual is the re-creation of the world in actuality".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeyer197369_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeyer197369-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a>, as outlined in the <i><a href="/wiki/Ratnagotravibh%C4%81ga" title="Ratnagotravibhāga">Ratnagotravibhāga</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a>, was also an important theory which became the basis for Tantric views.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnellgrove1987125_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnellgrove1987125-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As explained by the Tantric commentator Lilavajra, this "intrinsic secret (behind) diverse manifestation" is the utmost secret and aim of Tantra. According to Wayman this "Buddha embryo" (<i>tathāgatagarbha</i>) is a "non-dual, self-originated Wisdom (<a href="/wiki/Jnana" class="mw-redirect" title="Jnana">jnana</a>), an effortless fount of good qualities" that resides in the mindstream but is "obscured by discursive thought".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWayman197756_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWayman197756-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This doctrine is often associated with the idea of the <a href="/wiki/Luminous_mind" title="Luminous mind">inherent or natural luminosity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Skt:</a> <i>prakṛti-prabhāsvara-citta</i>, <a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">T.</a> <i>’od gsal gyi sems</i>) or purity of the mind (<i>prakrti-parisuddha</i>). </p><p>Another fundamental theory of <a href="/wiki/Tantric_practice" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantric practice">Tantric practice</a> is that of transformation. In Vajrayāna, negative mental factors such as desire, hatred, greed, pride are used as part of the path. As noted by French Indologist Madeleine Biardeau, the tantric doctrine is "an attempt to place <i><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">kama</a></i>, desire, in every meaning of the word, in the service of liberation."<sup id="cite_ref-Williams,_Wynne_page_202_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams,_Wynne_page_202-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This view is outlined in the following quote from the <i><a href="/wiki/Hevajra_tantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Hevajra tantra">Hevajra tantra</a></i>: </p> <blockquote><p>Those things by which evil men are bound, others turn into means and gain thereby release from the bonds of existence. By passion the world is bound, by passion too it is released, but by heretical Buddhists this practice of reversals is not known.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnellgrove1987125–126_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnellgrove1987125–126-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The <i>Hevajra</i> further states that "one knowing the nature of poison may dispel poison with poison."<sup id="cite_ref-Williams,_Wynne_page_202_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams,_Wynne_page_202-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Snellgrove notes, this idea is already present in <a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Mahayana-sutra-alamkara-karika" title="Mahayana-sutra-alamkara-karika">Mahayana-sutra-alamkara-karika</a></i> and therefore it is possible that he was aware of Tantric techniques, including sexual yoga.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnellgrove1987126_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnellgrove1987126-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Buddhist Tantra, there is no strict separation of the profane or <i><a href="/wiki/Samsara" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsara">samsara</a></i> and the sacred or <i><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">nirvana</a></i>, rather they exist in a continuum. All individuals are seen as containing the seed of enlightenment within, which is covered over by <a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">defilements</a>. <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Duckworth" title="Douglas Duckworth">Douglas Duckworth</a> notes that Vajrayana sees <a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a> not as something outside or an event in the future, but as immanently present.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuckworth2015100_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuckworth2015100-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indian Tantric Buddhist philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Buddhaguhya" title="Buddhaguhya">Buddhaguhya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vimalamitra" title="Vimalamitra">Vimalamitra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ratn%C4%81kara%C5%9B%C4%81nti" title="Ratnākaraśānti">Ratnākaraśānti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abhayakaragupta" title="Abhayakaragupta">Abhayakaragupta</a> continued the tradition of Buddhist philosophy and adapted it to their commentaries on the major Tantras. Abhayakaragupta's <i>Vajravali</i> is a key source in the theory and practice of tantric rituals. After monks such as <a href="/wiki/Vajrabodhi" title="Vajrabodhi">Vajrabodhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aubhakarasi%E1%B9%83ha" title="Śubhakarasiṃha">Śubhakarasiṃha</a> brought Tantra to Tang China (716 to 720), tantric philosophy continued to be developed in Chinese and Japanese by thinkers such as <a href="/wiki/Yi_Xing" title="Yi Xing">Yi Xing</a> and <a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABkai" title="Kūkai">Kūkai</a>. </p><p>Likewise in <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sakya_Pandita" title="Sakya Pandita">Sakya Pandita</a> (1182–28 – 1251), as well as later thinkers like <a href="/wiki/Longchenpa" title="Longchenpa">Longchenpa</a> (1308–1364) expanded on these philosophies in their tantric commentaries and treatises. The status of the tantric view continued to be debated in medieval Tibet. <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan Buddhist">Tibetan Buddhist</a> <a href="/wiki/Rongzom_Chokyi_Zangpo" class="mw-redirect" title="Rongzom Chokyi Zangpo">Rongzom Chokyi Zangpo</a> (1012–1088) held that the views of sutra such as Madhyamaka were inferior to that of tantra, which was based on basic purity of ultimate reality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERongzom_ChözangKöppl2008ch._4_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERongzom_ChözangKöppl2008ch._4-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tsongkhapa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsongkhapa">Tsongkhapa</a> (1357–1419) on the other hand, held that there is no difference between Vajrayāna and other forms of Mahayana in terms of <i><a href="/wiki/Prajnaparamita" title="Prajnaparamita">prajnaparamita</a></i> (perfection of insight) itself, only that Vajrayāna is a method which works faster.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWayman20085_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWayman20085-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Place_within_Buddhist_tradition">Place within Buddhist tradition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vajrayana&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Place within Buddhist tradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Auspicious_Tantra_of_All-Reaching_Union.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Auspicious_Tantra_of_All-Reaching_Union.jpg/220px-Auspicious_Tantra_of_All-Reaching_Union.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Auspicious_Tantra_of_All-Reaching_Union.jpg/330px-Auspicious_Tantra_of_All-Reaching_Union.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Auspicious_Tantra_of_All-Reaching_Union.jpg/440px-Auspicious_Tantra_of_All-Reaching_Union.jpg 2x" data-file-width="493" data-file-height="373" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tangut_people" title="Tangut people">Tangut</a> <i>Auspicious <a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Buddhism)">Tantra</a> of All-Reaching Union</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Various classifications are possible when distinguishing Vajrayāna from the other Buddhist traditions. Vajrayāna can be seen as a third <i>yana</i>, next to <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vakay%C4%81na" title="Śrāvakayāna">Śrāvakayāna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitagawa200280_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitagawa200280-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vajrayāna can be distinguished from the <a href="/wiki/Sutrayana" title="Sutrayana">Sutrayana</a>. The <i>Sutrayana</i> is the method of perfecting good qualities, where the <i>Vajrayāna</i> is the method of taking the intended outcome of <a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a> as the path. Vajrayāna can also be distinguished from the paramitayana. According to this schema, Indian Mahayana revealed two vehicles (<i>yana</i>) or methods for attaining enlightenment: the method of the perfections (<i>Paramitayana</i>) and the method of mantra (<i>Mantrayana</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswell2004875_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswell2004875-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Paramitayana</i> consists of the six or ten <i><a href="/wiki/Paramita" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramita">paramitas</a></i>, of which the scriptures say that it takes three incalculable <a href="/wiki/Aeon" title="Aeon">aeons</a> to lead one to Buddhahood. The tantra literature, however, says that the <i>Mantrayana</i> leads one to Buddhahood in a single lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswell2004875_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswell2004875-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the literature, the mantra is an easy path without the difficulties innate to the <i>Paramitayana</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswell2004875_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswell2004875-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Mantrayana</i> is sometimes portrayed as a method for those of inferior abilities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswell2004875_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswell2004875-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the practitioner of the mantra still has to adhere to the vows of the <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswell2004875_49-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswell2004875-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vajrayana&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manjushri_from_Rig_Sum_Gonpo_(Lords_of_the_Three_Families),_view_2,_collected_by_Sven_Hedin_in_1930,_Efi_Khalkha_temple,_Chahar,_Inner_Mongolia_-_%C3%96stasiatiska_museet,_Stockholm_-_DSC09315.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Manjushri_from_Rig_Sum_Gonpo_%28Lords_of_the_Three_Families%29%2C_view_2%2C_collected_by_Sven_Hedin_in_1930%2C_Efi_Khalkha_temple%2C_Chahar%2C_Inner_Mongolia_-_%C3%96stasiatiska_museet%2C_Stockholm_-_DSC09315.JPG/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Manjushri_from_Rig_Sum_Gonpo_%28Lords_of_the_Three_Families%29%2C_view_2%2C_collected_by_Sven_Hedin_in_1930%2C_Efi_Khalkha_temple%2C_Chahar%2C_Inner_Mongolia_-_%C3%96stasiatiska_museet%2C_Stockholm_-_DSC09315.JPG/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Manjushri_from_Rig_Sum_Gonpo_%28Lords_of_the_Three_Families%29%2C_view_2%2C_collected_by_Sven_Hedin_in_1930%2C_Efi_Khalkha_temple%2C_Chahar%2C_Inner_Mongolia_-_%C3%96stasiatiska_museet%2C_Stockholm_-_DSC09315.JPG/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5065" data-file-height="3562" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Manjushri</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattva</a> associated with <a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">prajñā</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Goal">Goal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vajrayana&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Goal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The goal of spiritual practice within the Mahayana and Vajrayāna traditions is to become a <i><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Sammāsambuddha</a></i> (fully awakened <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a>); those on this path are termed <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattvas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhisattvas">Bodhisattvas</a>. As with the Mahayana, motivation is a vital component of Vajrayāna practice. The Bodhisattva-path is an integral part of the Vajrayāna, which teaches that all practices are to be undertaken with the motivation to achieve Buddhahood for the benefit of all sentient beings. </p><p>In the vehicle of Sutra Mahayana, the "path of the cause" is taken whereby a practitioner starts with his or her potential Buddha-nature and nurtures it to produce the fruit of Buddhahood. In the Vajrayāna, the "path of the fruit" is taken whereby the practitioner takes his or her innate Buddha-nature as the means of practice. The premise is that since we innately have an enlightened mind, practicing seeing the world in terms of ultimate truth can help us to attain our full Buddha-nature.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Experiencing ultimate truth is said to be the purpose of all the various <a href="/wiki/Tantra_techniques_(Vajrayana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantra techniques (Vajrayana)">tantric techniques</a> practiced in the Vajrayana. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Esoteric_transmission">Esoteric transmission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vajrayana&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Esoteric transmission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Esoteric_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric transmission">Esoteric transmission</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalachakra0045_tiny.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Kalachakra0045_tiny.jpg/220px-Kalachakra0045_tiny.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Kalachakra0045_tiny.jpg/330px-Kalachakra0045_tiny.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Kalachakra0045_tiny.jpg/440px-Kalachakra0045_tiny.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1090" data-file-height="725" /></a><figcaption>Monks attending the 2003 <a href="/wiki/Kalachakra" title="Kalachakra">Kalachakra</a> empowerment in <a href="/wiki/Bodhgaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhgaya">Bodhgaya</a>, India. Some empowerment ceremonies can include large numbers of initiates.</figcaption></figure> <p>Vajrayāna Buddhism is esoteric in the sense that the transmission of certain teachings only occurs directly from teacher to student during an <a href="/wiki/Empowerment_(Vajrayana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Empowerment (Vajrayana)">empowerment</a> (<i>abhiṣeka</i>) and their practice requires initiation in a ritual space containing the mandala of the deity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamsTribeWynne2012198,_231_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsTribeWynne2012198,_231-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many techniques are also commonly said to be secret, but some Vajrayana teachers have responded that secrecy itself is not important and only a side-effect of the reality that the techniques have no validity outside the teacher-student lineage.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The secrecy of teachings was often protected through the use of allusive, indirect, <a href="/wiki/Symbolic_language_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolic language (literature)">symbolic</a> and metaphorical language (<a href="/wiki/Twilight_language" title="Twilight language">twilight language</a>) which required interpretation and guidance from a teacher.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamsTribeWynne2012198_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsTribeWynne2012198-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The teachings may also be considered "self-secret", meaning that even if they were to be told directly to a person, that person would not necessarily understand the teachings without proper context. In this way, the teachings are "secret" to the minds of those who are not following the path with more than a simple sense of curiosity.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Esler points out that while secrecy is presented as necessary to prevent the teachings from falling into the hands of unworthy recipients, it also serves to demarcate a kind of religious in-group. He observes that from an anthropological perspective, allowing reference to the secret to "remain close to the social surface" through veiled allusions plays a more important role in some ways than the secret content itself, as it mobilizes the secret as a kind of symbolic capital.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of their role in giving access to the practices and guiding the student through them, the role of the <a href="/wiki/Vajracharya" title="Vajracharya">Vajracharya</a> <a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a> is indispensable in Vajrayāna. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Affirmation_of_the_feminine,_antinomian_and_taboo"><span id="Affirmation_of_the_feminine.2C_antinomian_and_taboo"></span>Affirmation of the feminine, antinomian and taboo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vajrayana&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Affirmation of the feminine, antinomian and taboo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chakrasamvara_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Chakrasamvara_01.jpg/170px-Chakrasamvara_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Chakrasamvara_01.jpg/255px-Chakrasamvara_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Chakrasamvara_01.jpg/340px-Chakrasamvara_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a><figcaption>Tibetan <a href="/wiki/Chakrasamvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakrasamvara">Chakrasamvara</a> statue in <a href="/wiki/Yab-Yum" title="Yab-Yum">Yab-Yum</a> union with his consort <a href="/wiki/Vajrav%C4%81r%C4%81h%C4%AB" title="Vajravārāhī">Vajravārāhī</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Some Vajrayāna rituals traditionally included the use of certain <a href="/wiki/Taboo" title="Taboo">taboo</a> substances, such as blood, semen, alcohol and urine, as ritual offerings and <a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">sacraments</a>, though some of these are often replaced with less taboo substances such as yogurt. Tantric feasts and initiations sometimes employed substances like human flesh as noted by Kahha's <i>Yogaratnamala</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams,_Wynne_page_236_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams,_Wynne_page_236-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of these substances is related to the <a href="/wiki/Non-dual" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-dual">non-dual</a> (<i>advaya</i>) nature of a Buddha's wisdom (<i>buddhajñana</i>). Since the ultimate state is in some sense non-dual, a practitioner can approach that state by "transcending attachment to dual categories such as pure and impure, permitted and forbidden". As the <i>Guhyasamaja Tantra</i> states "the wise man who does not discriminate achieves Buddhahood".<sup id="cite_ref-Williams,_Wynne_page_236_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams,_Wynne_page_236-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vajrayāna rituals also include <a href="/wiki/Karmamudra" class="mw-redirect" title="Karmamudra">sexual yoga</a>, union with a physical consort as part of advanced practices. Some tantras go further, the <i>Hevajra tantra</i> states "You should kill living beings, speak lying words, take what is not given, consort with the women of others".<sup id="cite_ref-Williams,_Wynne_page_236_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams,_Wynne_page_236-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While some of these statements were taken literally as part of ritual practice, others such as killing were interpreted in a metaphorical sense. In the Hevajra, "killing" is defined as developing concentration by killing the life-breath of discursive thoughts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamsTribeWynne2012237_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsTribeWynne2012237-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, while actual sexual union with a physical consort is practiced, it is also common to use a visualized consort.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Alex Wayman points out that the symbolic meaning of tantric sexuality is ultimately rooted in <i><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">bodhicitta</a></i> and the bodhisattva's quest for enlightenment is likened to a lover seeking union with the mind of the Buddha.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWayman200839_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWayman200839-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Judith_Simmer-Brown" title="Judith Simmer-Brown">Judith Simmer-Brown</a> notes the importance of the psycho-physical experiences arising in sexual yoga, termed "great bliss" (<i>mahasukha</i>): "Bliss melts the conceptual mind, heightens sensory awareness, and opens the practitioner to the naked experience of the nature of mind."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimmer-Brown2002217_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimmer-Brown2002217-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This tantric experience is not the same as ordinary self-gratifying sexual passion since it relies on tantric meditative methods using the <a href="/wiki/Illusory_body" title="Illusory body">illusory body</a> and visualizations as well as the motivation for enlightenment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimmer-Brown2002217–219_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimmer-Brown2002217–219-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Hevajra tantra</i> says: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>This practice [of sexual union with a consort] is not taught for the sake of enjoyment, but for the examination of one's own thought, whether the mind is steady or waving.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimmer-Brown2002219_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimmer-Brown2002219-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Feminine deities and forces are also increasingly prominent in Vajrayāna. In the Yogini tantras in particular, women and female yoginis are given high status as the embodiment of female deities such as the wild and nude <a href="/wiki/Vajrayogini" title="Vajrayogini">Vajrayogini</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams,_Wynne_pages_198,_240_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams,_Wynne_pages_198,_240-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Candamaharosana Tantra</i> (<i>viii:29–30</i>) states: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Women are heaven, women are the teaching (<i>dharma</i>)<br /> Women indeed are the highest austerity (<i>tapas</i>)<br /> Women are the Buddha, women are the <i><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></i><br /> Women are the Perfection of Wisdom.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams,_Wynne_pages_198,_240_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams,_Wynne_pages_198,_240-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <p>In India, there is evidence to show that women participated in tantric practice alongside men and were also teachers, adepts and authors of tantric texts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamsTribeWynne2012198,_242_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsTribeWynne2012198,_242-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vows_and_behaviour">Vows and behaviour</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vajrayana&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Vows and behaviour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Samaya" title="Samaya">Samaya</a></div> <p>Practitioners of Vajrayāna need to abide by various tantric vows or pledges called <i><a href="/wiki/Samaya" title="Samaya">samaya</a></i>. These are extensions of the rules of the <a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%81timok%E1%B9%A3a" class="mw-redirect" title="Prātimokṣa">Prātimokṣa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vows</a> for the lower levels of tantra, and are taken during initiations into the empowerment for a particular <a href="/wiki/Anuttarayoga_Tantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Anuttarayoga Tantra">Unsurpassed Yoga Tantra</a>. The special tantric vows vary depending on the specific mandala practice for which the initiation is received and also depending on the level of initiation. <a href="/wiki/Ngagpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngagpa">Ngagpas</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma">Nyingma</a> school keep a special non-celibate ordination. </p><p>A tantric <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">guru</a>, or teacher is expected to keep his or her <i>samaya</i> vows in the same way as his students. Proper conduct is considered especially necessary for a qualified Vajrayana guru. For example, the <i>Ornament for the Essence</i> of Manjushrikirti states: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Distance yourself from Vajra Masters who are not keeping the three vows<br /> who keep on with a root downfall, who are miserly with the Dharma,<br /> and who engage in actions that should be forsaken.<br /> Those who worship them go to hell and so on as a result.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsongkhapa200546_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsongkhapa200546-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tantra_techniques">Tantra techniques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vajrayana&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Tantra techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Om_mani_padme_hum4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Om_mani_padme_hum4.jpg/220px-Om_mani_padme_hum4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Om_mani_padme_hum4.jpg/330px-Om_mani_padme_hum4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Om_mani_padme_hum4.jpg/440px-Om_mani_padme_hum4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mani_stone" title="Mani stone">Mani stones</a>, stones inscribed with the "<a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">om mani padme hum</a>" mantra</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E7%99%BD%E6%8F%8F%E5%8D%B0%E7%9B%B8%E5%9B%B3%E5%B7%BB-Scroll_of_Mudras_MET_DP234314.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/%E7%99%BD%E6%8F%8F%E5%8D%B0%E7%9B%B8%E5%9B%B3%E5%B7%BB-Scroll_of_Mudras_MET_DP234314.jpg/220px-%E7%99%BD%E6%8F%8F%E5%8D%B0%E7%9B%B8%E5%9B%B3%E5%B7%BB-Scroll_of_Mudras_MET_DP234314.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/%E7%99%BD%E6%8F%8F%E5%8D%B0%E7%9B%B8%E5%9B%B3%E5%B7%BB-Scroll_of_Mudras_MET_DP234314.jpg/330px-%E7%99%BD%E6%8F%8F%E5%8D%B0%E7%9B%B8%E5%9B%B3%E5%B7%BB-Scroll_of_Mudras_MET_DP234314.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/%E7%99%BD%E6%8F%8F%E5%8D%B0%E7%9B%B8%E5%9B%B3%E5%B7%BB-Scroll_of_Mudras_MET_DP234314.jpg/440px-%E7%99%BD%E6%8F%8F%E5%8D%B0%E7%9B%B8%E5%9B%B3%E5%B7%BB-Scroll_of_Mudras_MET_DP234314.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2154" /></a><figcaption>A Japanese Handscroll depicting various mudras, 11th–12th century</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_tantric_practice" title="Tibetan tantric practice">Tibetan tantric practice</a></div> <p>While all the Vajrayāna Buddhist traditions include all of the traditional practices used in Mahayana Buddhism such as developing <a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">bodhicitta</a>, practicing the <i>paramitas,</i> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">meditations</a>, they also make use of unique tantric methods and <a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a> meditation which are seen as more advanced. These include mantras, mandalas, mudras, <a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">deity yoga</a>, other visualization based meditations, <a href="/wiki/Illusory_body" title="Illusory body">illusory body</a> yogas like <a href="/wiki/Tummo" title="Tummo">tummo</a> and rituals like the <a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">goma</a> fire ritual. Vajrayana teaches that these techniques provide faster path to <a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins2009220,_251_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins2009220,_251-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A central feature of tantric practice is the use of mantras, and seed syllables (<i><a href="/wiki/B%C4%ABj%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Bījā">bijas</a></i>). Mantras are words, phrases or a collection of syllables used for a variety of meditative, magical and ritual ends. Mantras are usually associated with <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_deities" title="Buddhist deities">specific deities or Buddhas</a>, and are seen as their manifestations in sonic form. They are traditionally believed to have spiritual power, which can lead to enlightenment as well as supramundane abilities (<i><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">siddhis</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray2007132_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray2007132-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Indology" title="Indology">Indologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Alex_Wayman" title="Alex Wayman">Alex Wayman</a>, Buddhist esotericism is centered on what is known as "the three mysteries" or "secrets": the tantric adept affiliates his body, speech, and mind with the body, speech, and mind of a Buddha through mudra, mantras and <a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">samadhi</a> respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWayman197763_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWayman197763-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Padmavajra (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 7th century</span>) explains in his <i>Tantrarthavatara</i> Commentary, the secret Body, Speech, and Mind of the Buddhas are:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWayman200836_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWayman200836-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <ul><li>Secret of Body: Whatever form is necessary to tame the living beings.</li> <li>Secret of Speech: Speech exactly appropriate to the lineage of the creature, as in the language of the yaksas, etc.</li> <li>Secret of Mind: Knowing all things as they really are.</li></ul> </blockquote> <p>These elements are brought together in the practice of tantric deity yoga, which involves visualizing the deity's body and mandala, reciting the deity's mantra and gaining insight into the nature of things based on this contemplation. Advanced tantric practices such as deity yoga are taught in the context of an initiation ceremony by tantric gurus or vajracharyas (vajra-masters) to the tantric initiate, who also takes on formal commitments or vows (<i>samaya</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray2007132_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray2007132-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>, advanced practices like deity yoga are usually preceded by or coupled with "preliminary practices" called <i><a href="/wiki/Ngondro" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngondro">ngondro</a></i>, consisting of five to seven accumulation practices and includes <a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">prostrations</a> and recitations of the <a href="/wiki/Vajrasattva#Hundred_Syllable_Mantra" title="Vajrasattva">100 syllable mantra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERay2001178_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERay2001178-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vajrayana is a system of tantric <a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">lineages</a>, and thus only those who receive an empowerment or initiation (<i><a href="/wiki/Abhi%E1%B9%A3eka" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhiṣeka">abhiseka</a></i>) are allowed to practice the more advanced esoteric methods. In tantric deity yoga, mantras or bijas are used during the ritual evocation of deities which are said to arise out of the uttered and visualized mantric syllables. After the deity's image and mandala has been established, heart mantras are visualized as part of the contemplation in different points of the deity's body.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamsTribeWynne2012223–224_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsTribeWynne2012223–224-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most Tantric Buddhists believe nirvana is achievable in a single lifetime with "vigorous study and meditation".<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deity_yoga">Deity yoga</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vajrayana&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Deity yoga"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schildering_uit_reeks_over_de_Sarvavid_Vairocana_Mandala_-_Licht,_anoniem,_ca_1799,_MAS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Schildering_uit_reeks_over_de_Sarvavid_Vairocana_Mandala_-_Licht%2C_anoniem%2C_ca_1799%2C_MAS.jpg/220px-Schildering_uit_reeks_over_de_Sarvavid_Vairocana_Mandala_-_Licht%2C_anoniem%2C_ca_1799%2C_MAS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Schildering_uit_reeks_over_de_Sarvavid_Vairocana_Mandala_-_Licht%2C_anoniem%2C_ca_1799%2C_MAS.jpg/330px-Schildering_uit_reeks_over_de_Sarvavid_Vairocana_Mandala_-_Licht%2C_anoniem%2C_ca_1799%2C_MAS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Schildering_uit_reeks_over_de_Sarvavid_Vairocana_Mandala_-_Licht%2C_anoniem%2C_ca_1799%2C_MAS.jpg/440px-Schildering_uit_reeks_over_de_Sarvavid_Vairocana_Mandala_-_Licht%2C_anoniem%2C_ca_1799%2C_MAS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1208" /></a><figcaption>An 18th century Mongolian miniature which depicts a monk generating a tantric visualization</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E7%A8%AE%E5%AD%97%E9%98%BF%E5%BC%A5%E9%99%80%E4%B8%89%E5%B0%8A%E5%83%8F-Amida_Triad_in_the_Form_of_Sacred_Sanskrit_Syllables_MET_DP221030_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/%E7%A8%AE%E5%AD%97%E9%98%BF%E5%BC%A5%E9%99%80%E4%B8%89%E5%B0%8A%E5%83%8F-Amida_Triad_in_the_Form_of_Sacred_Sanskrit_Syllables_MET_DP221030_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-%E7%A8%AE%E5%AD%97%E9%98%BF%E5%BC%A5%E9%99%80%E4%B8%89%E5%B0%8A%E5%83%8F-Amida_Triad_in_the_Form_of_Sacred_Sanskrit_Syllables_MET_DP221030_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/%E7%A8%AE%E5%AD%97%E9%98%BF%E5%BC%A5%E9%99%80%E4%B8%89%E5%B0%8A%E5%83%8F-Amida_Triad_in_the_Form_of_Sacred_Sanskrit_Syllables_MET_DP221030_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-%E7%A8%AE%E5%AD%97%E9%98%BF%E5%BC%A5%E9%99%80%E4%B8%89%E5%B0%8A%E5%83%8F-Amida_Triad_in_the_Form_of_Sacred_Sanskrit_Syllables_MET_DP221030_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/%E7%A8%AE%E5%AD%97%E9%98%BF%E5%BC%A5%E9%99%80%E4%B8%89%E5%B0%8A%E5%83%8F-Amida_Triad_in_the_Form_of_Sacred_Sanskrit_Syllables_MET_DP221030_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-%E7%A8%AE%E5%AD%97%E9%98%BF%E5%BC%A5%E9%99%80%E4%B8%89%E5%B0%8A%E5%83%8F-Amida_Triad_in_the_Form_of_Sacred_Sanskrit_Syllables_MET_DP221030_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1026" data-file-height="1143" /></a><figcaption>A Japanese depiction of the Amida Triad in Seed Syllable form (<a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddham Script</a>). Visualizing deities in the form of seed syllables is a common Vajrayana meditation. In Shingon, one of the most common practices is <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Ajikan</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">阿字觀</span></span>)</span>, meditating on the syllable A.</figcaption></figure> <p>The fundamental practice of Buddhist Tantra is "<a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">deity yoga</a>" (<i>devatayoga</i>), meditation on a chosen deity or "cherished divinity" (Skt. <i>Iṣṭa-devatā,</i> Tib. <i>yidam</i>), which involves the recitation of mantras, prayers and visualization of the deity, the associated <a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">mandala</a> of the deity's <a href="/wiki/Pure_land" title="Pure land">Buddha field</a>, along with consorts and attendant Buddhas and bodhisattvas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarson200437_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarson200437-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Tibetan scholar <a href="/wiki/Tsongkhapa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsongkhapa">Tsongkhapa</a>, deity yoga is what separates Tantra from Sutra practice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers2007271_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers2007271-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Unsurpassed Yoga Tantras, the most widespread tantric form in Indo-Tibetan Buddhism, this method is divided into two stages, the generation stage (<i>utpatti-krama</i>) and the completion stage (<i>nispanna-krama</i>). In the generation stage, one dissolves one's reality into emptiness and meditates on the deity-mandala, resulting in identification with this divine reality. In the completion stage, the divine image along with the illusory body is applied to the realization of <a href="/wiki/Luminous_mind" title="Luminous mind">luminous</a> <a href="/wiki/Sunyata" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunyata">emptiness</a>. </p><p>This dissolution into emptiness is then followed by the visualization of the deity and re-emergence of the yogi as the deity. During the process of deity visualization, the deity is to be imaged as not solid or tangible, as "empty yet apparent", with the character of a <a href="/wiki/Mirage" title="Mirage">mirage</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Rainbow" title="Rainbow">rainbow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERay2001218_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERay2001218-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This visualization is to be combined with "divine pride", which is "the thought that one is oneself the deity being visualized."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECozort200557_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECozort200557-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Divine pride is different from common pride because it is based on compassion for others and on an understanding of emptiness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowers2007273_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers2007273-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%BE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%BE.jpg/220px-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%BE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%BE.jpg/330px-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%BE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%BE.jpg/440px-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%BE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2232" data-file-height="2993" /></a><figcaption>A Tibetan depiction of the perfection stage practices of <i><a href="/wiki/Tummo" title="Tummo">tummo</a></i> (Skt. <i>candali</i>, inner heat) and <i><a href="/wiki/Phowa" title="Phowa">phowa</a></i> (transference of consciousness)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Tibetologist <a href="/wiki/David_Germano" title="David Germano">David Germano</a> outlines two main types of completion practice: a formless and image-less contemplation on the ultimate empty nature of the mind and various yogas that make use of the illusory body to produce energetic sensations of bliss and warmth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray200773–74_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray200773–74-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The illusory body yogas systems like the <a href="/wiki/Six_Dharmas_of_Naropa" title="Six Dharmas of Naropa">Six Dharmas of Naropa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kalachakra" title="Kalachakra">Six Yogas of Kalachakra</a> make use of energetic schemas of human psycho-physiology composed of "energy channels" (Skt. <a href="/wiki/Nadi_(yoga)" title="Nadi (yoga)">nadi</a>, Tib. <i>rtsa</i>), "winds" or currents (Skt. <i>vayu</i>, Tib. <i>rlung</i>), "drops" or charged particles (Skt. <i>bindu</i>, Tib. <i>thig le</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Chakra" title="Chakra">chakras</a> ("wheels"). These subtle energies are seen as "mounts" for consciousness, the physical component of awareness. They are engaged by various means such as <a href="/wiki/Pranayama" title="Pranayama">pranayama</a> (breath control) to produce blissful experiences that are then applied to the realization of ultimate reality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarson200445_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarson200445-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other methods which are associated with the completion stage in Tibetan Buddhism include <a href="/wiki/Dream_yoga" title="Dream yoga">dream yoga</a> (which relies on <a href="/wiki/Lucid_dream" title="Lucid dream">lucid dreaming</a>), practices associated with the <a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">bardo</a> (the interim state between death and <a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">rebirth</a>), transference of consciousness (<i>phowa</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%B6d" title="Chöd">Chöd</a>, in which the yogi ceremonially offers their body to be eaten by tantric deities in a ritual feast. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_practices">Other practices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vajrayana&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Astamangala_Mandala,_Newar_people,_Nepal,_19th_century,_bronze_inlaid_with_semiprecious_stones_-_Cincinnati_Art_Museum_-_DSC03219.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Astamangala_Mandala%2C_Newar_people%2C_Nepal%2C_19th_century%2C_bronze_inlaid_with_semiprecious_stones_-_Cincinnati_Art_Museum_-_DSC03219.jpg/220px-Astamangala_Mandala%2C_Newar_people%2C_Nepal%2C_19th_century%2C_bronze_inlaid_with_semiprecious_stones_-_Cincinnati_Art_Museum_-_DSC03219.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Astamangala_Mandala%2C_Newar_people%2C_Nepal%2C_19th_century%2C_bronze_inlaid_with_semiprecious_stones_-_Cincinnati_Art_Museum_-_DSC03219.jpg/330px-Astamangala_Mandala%2C_Newar_people%2C_Nepal%2C_19th_century%2C_bronze_inlaid_with_semiprecious_stones_-_Cincinnati_Art_Museum_-_DSC03219.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Astamangala_Mandala%2C_Newar_people%2C_Nepal%2C_19th_century%2C_bronze_inlaid_with_semiprecious_stones_-_Cincinnati_Art_Museum_-_DSC03219.jpg/440px-Astamangala_Mandala%2C_Newar_people%2C_Nepal%2C_19th_century%2C_bronze_inlaid_with_semiprecious_stones_-_Cincinnati_Art_Museum_-_DSC03219.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3458" data-file-height="3405" /></a><figcaption>A Newari Buddhist mandala used for Guru Puja, Nepal, 19th century, gilt copper inlaid with semiprecious stones</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Esoteric_Buddhist_Goma_Fire_Ritual_at_Yaku%C5%8Din_Y%C5%ABkiji_3.webm/220px--Esoteric_Buddhist_Goma_Fire_Ritual_at_Yaku%C5%8Din_Y%C5%ABkiji_3.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="199" data-mwtitle="Esoteric_Buddhist_Goma_Fire_Ritual_at_Yakuōin_Yūkiji_3.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Esoteric_Buddhist_Goma_Fire_Ritual_at_Yaku%C5%8Din_Y%C5%ABkiji_3.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9e/Esoteric_Buddhist_Goma_Fire_Ritual_at_Yaku%C5%8Din_Y%C5%ABkiji_3.webm/Esoteric_Buddhist_Goma_Fire_Ritual_at_Yaku%C5%8Din_Y%C5%ABkiji_3.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9e/Esoteric_Buddhist_Goma_Fire_Ritual_at_Yaku%C5%8Din_Y%C5%ABkiji_3.webm/Esoteric_Buddhist_Goma_Fire_Ritual_at_Yaku%C5%8Din_Y%C5%ABkiji_3.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Esoteric_Buddhist_Goma_Fire_Ritual_at_Yaku%C5%8Din_Y%C5%ABkiji_3.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9e/Esoteric_Buddhist_Goma_Fire_Ritual_at_Yaku%C5%8Din_Y%C5%ABkiji_3.webm/Esoteric_Buddhist_Goma_Fire_Ritual_at_Yaku%C5%8Din_Y%C5%ABkiji_3.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9e/Esoteric_Buddhist_Goma_Fire_Ritual_at_Yaku%C5%8Din_Y%C5%ABkiji_3.webm/Esoteric_Buddhist_Goma_Fire_Ritual_at_Yaku%C5%8Din_Y%C5%ABkiji_3.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9e/Esoteric_Buddhist_Goma_Fire_Ritual_at_Yaku%C5%8Din_Y%C5%ABkiji_3.webm/Esoteric_Buddhist_Goma_Fire_Ritual_at_Yaku%C5%8Din_Y%C5%ABkiji_3.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9e/Esoteric_Buddhist_Goma_Fire_Ritual_at_Yaku%C5%8Din_Y%C5%ABkiji_3.webm/Esoteric_Buddhist_Goma_Fire_Ritual_at_Yaku%C5%8Din_Y%C5%ABkiji_3.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Video of a Shingon Goma Fire Ritual at Yakuōin Yūkiji, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Takao" title="Mount Takao">Mount Takao</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Another form of Vajrayana practice are certain meditative techniques associated with <a href="/wiki/Mahamudra" title="Mahamudra">Mahāmudrā</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a>, often termed "formless practices" or the path of self-liberation. These techniques do not rely on deity visualization per se but on direct <a href="/wiki/Pointing-out_instruction" title="Pointing-out instruction">pointing-out instruction</a> from a master and are often seen as the most advanced and direct methods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERay2001112–113_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERay2001112–113-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another distinctive feature of Tantric Buddhism is its unique and often elaborate <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">rituals</a>. They include pujas (worship rituals), <a href="/wiki/Monlam_Prayer_Festival" title="Monlam Prayer Festival">prayer festivals</a>, protection rituals, death rituals, tantric feasts (<i>ganachakra</i>), tantric initiations (<i>abhiseka</i>) and the goma fire ritual (common in East Asian Esotericism). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Buddhist_spiritual_dance_Bomdila.webm/220px--Buddhist_spiritual_dance_Bomdila.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="71" data-mwtitle="Buddhist_spiritual_dance_Bomdila.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Buddhist_spiritual_dance_Bomdila.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Buddhist_spiritual_dance_Bomdila.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bb/Buddhist_spiritual_dance_Bomdila.webm/Buddhist_spiritual_dance_Bomdila.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bb/Buddhist_spiritual_dance_Bomdila.webm/Buddhist_spiritual_dance_Bomdila.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bb/Buddhist_spiritual_dance_Bomdila.webm/Buddhist_spiritual_dance_Bomdila.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bb/Buddhist_spiritual_dance_Bomdila.webm/Buddhist_spiritual_dance_Bomdila.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bb/Buddhist_spiritual_dance_Bomdila.webm/Buddhist_spiritual_dance_Bomdila.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>A video of the <a href="/wiki/Cham_dance" title="Cham dance">Cham dance</a>, a traditional practice in some sects of Tibetan Buddhism</figcaption></figure> <p>An important element in some of these rituals (particularly initiations and tantric feasts) seems to have been the practice of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_ritual" title="Sexual ritual">ritual sex</a> or sexual yoga (<i><a href="/wiki/Karmamudr%C4%81" title="Karmamudrā">karmamudra</a>,</i> "desire seal", also referred to as "consort observance", <i>vidyavrata,</i> and euphemistically as "<i><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Puja (Buddhism)">puja</a></i>"), as well as the sacramental ingestion of "power substances" such as the mingled sexual fluids and uterine blood (often performed by licking these substances off the <a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">vulva</a>, a practice termed <i>yonipuja</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray2007108–118_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray2007108–118-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The practice of ingestion of sexual fluids is mentioned by numerous tantric commentators, sometimes euphemistically referring to the penis as the "vajra" and the vagina as the "lotus". The <i><a href="/wiki/Cakrasa%E1%B9%83vara_Tantra" title="Cakrasaṃvara Tantra">Cakrasamvara Tantra</a></i> commentator Kambala, writing about this practice, states: </p> <blockquote><p>The seats are well-known on earth to be spots within the lotus mandala; by abiding within it there is great bliss, the royal nature of nondual joy. Therefore the lotus seat is supreme: filled with a mixture of semen and uterine blood, one should especially kiss it, and lolling with the tongue take it up. Unite the vajra and lotus, with the rapture of drinking [this] liquor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray2007118._81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray2007118.-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>According to David Gray, these sexual practices probably originated in a non-monastic context, but were later adopted by monastic establishments (such as <a href="/wiki/Nalanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda">Nalanda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vikramashila" title="Vikramashila">Vikramashila</a>). He notes that the anxiety of figures like <a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atisa</a> towards these practices, and the stories of <a href="/wiki/Virupa" class="mw-redirect" title="Virupa">Virūpa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maitripada" title="Maitripada">Maitripa</a> being expelled from their monasteries for performing them, shows that supposedly celibate monastics were undertaking these sexual rites.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray2007126_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray2007126-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of its adoption by the monastic tradition, the practice of sexual yoga was slowly transformed into one which was either done with an imaginary consort visualized by the yogi instead of an actual person, or reserved to a small group of the "highest" or elite practitioners. Likewise, the drinking of sexual fluids was also reinterpreted by later commentators to refer illusory body anatomy of the perfection stage practices.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray2007121,_127_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray2007121,_127-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbols_and_imagery">Symbols and imagery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vajrayana&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Symbols and imagery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hevajra_Mandala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Hevajra_Mandala.jpg/220px-Hevajra_Mandala.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Hevajra_Mandala.jpg/330px-Hevajra_Mandala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Hevajra_Mandala.jpg/440px-Hevajra_Mandala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dagchen_Rinpoche" class="mw-redirect" title="Dagchen Rinpoche">Dagchen Rinpoche</a>'s hand holds a <a href="/wiki/Vajra" title="Vajra">vajra</a> drawing lines that close the <a href="/wiki/Hevajra" title="Hevajra">Hevajra</a> <a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a>, after the empowerment, Tharlam Monastery of Tibetan Buddhism, Boudha, <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Vajrayāna uses a rich variety of symbols, terms, and images that have multiple meanings according to a complex system of <a href="/wiki/Analogical" class="mw-redirect" title="Analogical">analogical</a> thinking. In Vajrayāna, symbols, and terms are multi-valent, reflecting the microcosm and the macrocosm as in the phrase "As without, so within" (<i>yatha bahyam tatha ’dhyatmam iti</i>) from <a href="/wiki/Abhayakaragupta" title="Abhayakaragupta">Abhayakaragupta</a>'s <i>Nispannayogavali</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWayman197762_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWayman197762-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_vajra">The vajra</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vajrayana&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: The vajra"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Itsukushima_Jinsha_Bronze_Vadjras_and_Bell_(477).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Itsukushima_Jinsha_Bronze_Vadjras_and_Bell_%28477%29.jpg/220px-Itsukushima_Jinsha_Bronze_Vadjras_and_Bell_%28477%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Itsukushima_Jinsha_Bronze_Vadjras_and_Bell_%28477%29.jpg/330px-Itsukushima_Jinsha_Bronze_Vadjras_and_Bell_%28477%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Itsukushima_Jinsha_Bronze_Vadjras_and_Bell_%28477%29.jpg/440px-Itsukushima_Jinsha_Bronze_Vadjras_and_Bell_%28477%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2815" data-file-height="1941" /></a><figcaption>Bronze vajras and bell from <a href="/wiki/Itsukushima" title="Itsukushima">Itsukushima</a>, Japan</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> term "<i><a href="/wiki/Vajra" title="Vajra">vajra</a></i>" denoted a <a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt" title="Thunderbolt">thunderbolt</a> like a legendary weapon and divine attribute that was made from an <a href="/wiki/Adamant" title="Adamant">adamantine</a>, or an indestructible substance which could, therefore, pierce and penetrate any obstacle or <a href="/wiki/Obfuscation" title="Obfuscation">obfuscation</a>. It is the weapon of choice of <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a>, the King of the <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a>. As a secondary meaning, "vajra" symbolizes the ultimate nature of things which is described in the tantras as translucent, pure and radiant, but also indestructible and indivisible. It is also symbolic of the power of tantric methods to achieve its goals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamsTribeWynne2012217_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsTribeWynne2012217-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A vajra is also a scepter-like ritual object (<a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan language">Standard Tibetan</a>: <span lang="bo">རྡོ་རྗེ་</span> <i>dorje</i>), which has a sphere (and sometimes a <a href="/wiki/Gankyil" title="Gankyil">gankyil</a>) at its centre, and a variable number of spokes, 3, 5 or 9 at each end (depending on the <a href="/wiki/Sadhana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadhana">sadhana</a>), enfolding either end of the rod. The vajra is often traditionally employed in tantric rituals in combination with the <a href="/wiki/Bell_(instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell (instrument)">bell</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ghanta" title="Ghanta">ghanta</a>; symbolically, the vajra may represent <a href="/wiki/Upaya" title="Upaya">method</a> as well as great bliss and the bell stands for <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_in_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisdom in Buddhism">wisdom</a>, specifically the <a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">wisdom realizing emptiness</a>. The union of the two sets of spokes at the center of the wheel is said to symbolize the unity of wisdom (prajña) and compassion (karuna) as well as the sexual union of male and female deities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamsTribeWynne2012219_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsTribeWynne2012219-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imagery_and_ritual_in_deity_yoga">Imagery and ritual in deity yoga</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vajrayana&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Imagery and ritual in deity yoga"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ch%C3%B6d_practitioners_at_Boudhanath_stupa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ch%C3%B6d_practitioners_at_Boudhanath_stupa.jpg/220px-Ch%C3%B6d_practitioners_at_Boudhanath_stupa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ch%C3%B6d_practitioners_at_Boudhanath_stupa.jpg/330px-Ch%C3%B6d_practitioners_at_Boudhanath_stupa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ch%C3%B6d_practitioners_at_Boudhanath_stupa.jpg/440px-Ch%C3%B6d_practitioners_at_Boudhanath_stupa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%B6d" title="Chöd">Chöd</a> ritual, showing the use of <a href="/wiki/Damaru" title="Damaru">Damaru</a> drum and hand-bell, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Kangling" title="Kangling">Kangling</a> (thighbone trumpet)</figcaption></figure> <p>Representations of the deity, such as statues (<i><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">murti</a></i>), paintings (<i><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">thangka</a></i>), or mandala, are often employed as an aid to <a href="/wiki/Mental_image" title="Mental image">visualization</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">deity yoga</a>. The use of visual aids, particularly microcosmic/macrocosmic diagrams, known as <i>mandalas</i>, is another unique feature of Buddhist Tantra. Mandalas are symbolic depictions of the sacred space of the awakened Buddhas and <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattvas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhisattvas">Bodhisattvas</a> as well as of the inner workings of the human person.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarson200442_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarson200442-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The macrocosmic symbolism of the mandala then, also represents the forces of the human body. The explanatory tantra of the <i>Guhyasamaja tantra</i>, the <i>Vajramala</i>, states: "The body becomes a palace, the hallowed basis of all the Buddhas."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWayman200883_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWayman200883-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mandalas are also <a href="/wiki/Sacred_enclosure" title="Sacred enclosure">sacred enclosures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sacred_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred architecture">sacred architecture</a> that house and contain the uncontainable essence of a central deity or <i>yidam</i> and their retinue. In the book <i>The World of Tibetan Buddhism</i>, the Dalai Lama describes mandalas thus: "This is the celestial mansion, the pure residence of the deity." The <a href="/wiki/Five_Tathagatas" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Tathagatas">Five Tathagatas</a> or 'Five Buddhas', along with the figure of the <a href="/wiki/Adi-Buddha" title="Adi-Buddha">Adi-Buddha</a>, are central to many Vajrayana mandalas as they represent the "five wisdoms", which are the five primary aspects of primordial wisdom or <a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERay2001130_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERay2001130-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All ritual in Vajrayana practice can be seen as aiding in this process of visualization and identification. The practitioner can use various hand implements such as a <i>vajra</i>, bell, hand-drum (<i><a href="/wiki/Damaru" title="Damaru">damaru</a></i>) or a ritual dagger (<i><a href="/wiki/Phurba" title="Phurba">phurba</a></i>), but also ritual hand gestures (<i>mudras</i>) can be made, special chanting techniques can be used, and in elaborate offering rituals or initiations, many more ritual implements and tools are used, each with an elaborate symbolic meaning to create a special environment for practice. Vajrayana has thus become a major inspiration in traditional <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_art" title="Tibetan art">Tibetan art</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Texts">Texts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vajrayana&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:11th_or_12th_century_Vajravali_manuscript,_Buddhist_tantric_text,_Sanskrit,_Nepalaksara_script.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/11th_or_12th_century_Vajravali_manuscript%2C_Buddhist_tantric_text%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Nepalaksara_script.jpg/220px-11th_or_12th_century_Vajravali_manuscript%2C_Buddhist_tantric_text%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Nepalaksara_script.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/11th_or_12th_century_Vajravali_manuscript%2C_Buddhist_tantric_text%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Nepalaksara_script.jpg/330px-11th_or_12th_century_Vajravali_manuscript%2C_Buddhist_tantric_text%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Nepalaksara_script.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/11th_or_12th_century_Vajravali_manuscript%2C_Buddhist_tantric_text%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Nepalaksara_script.jpg/440px-11th_or_12th_century_Vajravali_manuscript%2C_Buddhist_tantric_text%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Nepalaksara_script.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2420" data-file-height="1293" /></a><figcaption>Three leaves from a manuscript of the <i>Vajrāvalī</i>, a ritual compendium compiled by <a href="/wiki/Abhayakaragupta" title="Abhayakaragupta">Abhayakaragupta</a>, abbot of the Vikramashila monastery around 1100 CE</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Buddhism)">Tantras (Buddhism)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></div> <p>There is an extended body of texts associated with Buddhist Tantra, including the "tantras" themselves, tantric commentaries and <a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra"><i>shastras</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā"><i>sadhanas</i></a> (liturgical texts), ritual manuals (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 儀軌; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a>: <i>Yíguǐ</i>; <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Rōmaji</a>: <i>Giki</i>), dharanis, poems or songs (<a href="/wiki/Doha_(Indian_literature)" title="Doha (Indian literature)"><i>dohas</i></a>), <a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">termas</a> and so on. According to Harunaga Isaacson, </p> <blockquote><p>Though we do not know precisely at present just how many Indian tantric Buddhist texts survive today in the language in which they were written, their number is certainly over one thousand five hundred; I suspect indeed over two thousand. A large part of this body of texts has also been translated into Tibetan, and a smaller part into Chinese. Aside from these, there are perhaps another two thousand or more works that are known today only from such translations. We can be certain as well that many others are lost to us forever, in whatever form. Of the texts that survive a very small proportion has been published; an almost insignificant percentage has been edited or translated reliably.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson1998_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson1998-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Vajrayāna texts exhibit a wide range of literary characteristics—usually a mix of verse and prose, almost always in a Sanskrit that "transgresses frequently against classical norms of grammar and usage," although also occasionally in various Middle Indic dialects or elegant classical Sanskrit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson1998_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson1998-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Chinese <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Mantrayana</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Zhenyan</a></i>), and Japanese <a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a>, the most influential esoteric texts are the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahavairocana_Tantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavairocana Tantra">Mahavairocana Tantra</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/Vajrasekhara_Sutra" title="Vajrasekhara Sutra"><i>Vajraśekhara Sūtra</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen2015120_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2015120-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>, a large number of tantric works are widely studied and different schools focus on the study and practice of different cycles of texts. According to <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Samuel" title="Geoffrey Samuel">Geoffrey Samuel</a>, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>the <a href="/wiki/Sakya_(Tibetan_Buddhist_school)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)">Sakyapa</a> specialize in the <i><a href="/wiki/Hevajra_Tantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Hevajra Tantra">Hevajra Tantra</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma">Nyingmapa</a> specialize in the various so called <a href="/wiki/Nyingma_Gyubum" title="Nyingma Gyubum">Old Tantras</a> and terma cycles, and the most important <a href="/wiki/Kagyu" title="Kagyu">Kagyudpa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelugpa</a> tantras are <i><a href="/wiki/Guhyasam%C4%81ja" class="mw-redirect" title="Guhyasamāja">Guhyasamāja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cakrasa%E1%B9%83vara_Tantra" title="Cakrasaṃvara Tantra">Cakrasaṃvara</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Kalachakra#Text_of_the_Kālacakra_Tantra" title="Kalachakra"><i>Kālacakra</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dunhuang_manuscripts">Dunhuang manuscripts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vajrayana&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Dunhuang manuscripts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang_manuscripts" title="Dunhuang manuscripts">Dunhuang manuscripts</a> also contain Tibetan Tantric manuscripts. Dalton and Schaik (2007, revised) provide an excellent online catalogue listing 350 Tibetan Tantric Manuscripts] from <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a> in the Stein Collection of the <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a> which is currently fully accessible online in discrete digitized manuscripts.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the Wylie transcription of the manuscripts they are to be made discoverable online in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These 350 texts are just a small portion of the vast cache of the Dunhuang manuscripts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditions">Traditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vajrayana&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddhist_sects.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Buddhist_sects.png/220px-Buddhist_sects.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Buddhist_sects.png/330px-Buddhist_sects.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Buddhist_sects.png/440px-Buddhist_sects.png 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="1249" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the dominant <a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Buddhist tradition</a> throughout Asia. Vajrayana (in the form of Tibetan Buddhism) dominates the Himalayan regions and in the <a href="/wiki/Mongols#Geographic_distribution" title="Mongols">Mongolian</a> regions.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nilakantha_Dharani_stele_at_Fo_Ding_Shan_Pilgrim_Monastery_Temple_20170820.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Nilakantha_Dharani_stele_at_Fo_Ding_Shan_Pilgrim_Monastery_Temple_20170820.jpg/220px-Nilakantha_Dharani_stele_at_Fo_Ding_Shan_Pilgrim_Monastery_Temple_20170820.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Nilakantha_Dharani_stele_at_Fo_Ding_Shan_Pilgrim_Monastery_Temple_20170820.jpg/330px-Nilakantha_Dharani_stele_at_Fo_Ding_Shan_Pilgrim_Monastery_Temple_20170820.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Nilakantha_Dharani_stele_at_Fo_Ding_Shan_Pilgrim_Monastery_Temple_20170820.jpg/440px-Nilakantha_Dharani_stele_at_Fo_Ding_Shan_Pilgrim_Monastery_Temple_20170820.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/N%C4%ABlaka%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%ADha_Dh%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%C4%AB" title="Nīlakaṇṭha Dhāraṇī">Nīlakaṇṭha Dhāraṇī</a> engraved on a stele. Temple Fo Ding Shan Chao Sheng in Sanyi Township, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>. Erected in June 2005.</figcaption></figure><p>Although there is historical evidence for <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana_Buddhism_in_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vajrayana Buddhism in Southeast Asia">Vajrayāna Buddhism in Southeast Asia</a> and elsewhere (see <a href="#History">History of Vajrayāna</a> above), today the Vajrayāna exists primarily in the form of the two major traditions of <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Indo-Tibetan Buddhism</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> and other parts of the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">PRC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and also internationally) and <a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Japanese Esoteric Buddhism</a> (mostly in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>), which is found in the <a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a> (literally "True Speech", i.e. <i><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantra</a></i>) and <a href="/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai">Tendai</a> schools. </p><p>Other traditions like contemporary <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korean Buddhism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnamese Buddhism</a> also make use of esoteric (Chinese: mijiao, Japanese: <a href="/wiki/Mikky%C5%8D" title="Mikkyō">mikkyo</a>) or mantrayana methods to a lesser extent. In many Asian Mahayana Buddhist traditions, esoteric methods are used as a complement, not as the central practice. This mainly involves the recitation of mantras (like the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Small_Mantras" title="Ten Small Mantras">ten small mantras</a>) and various popular <a href="/wiki/Dharani" title="Dharani">dharanis</a>. However, certain revival movements have attempted to establish new esoteric schools in mainland East Asia such as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kmkt.org.tw/index.html">Mantra School Bright Lineage</a> (in China) and the South Korean <a href="/wiki/Jingak_Order" title="Jingak Order">Jingak Order</a>. </p><p>There was strong connection between the <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Palas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Srivijaya Empire">Srivijaya</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nusantara_(term)" title="Nusantara (term)">Nusantara</a>, and the kingdoms in <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> through the sea route. Medieval monks were a prime factor in the spread of esoteric Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Esoteric_Buddhism_in_Southeast_and_Eastern_Eurasia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Esoteric_Buddhism_in_Southeast_and_Eastern_Eurasia.png/220px-Esoteric_Buddhism_in_Southeast_and_Eastern_Eurasia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Esoteric_Buddhism_in_Southeast_and_Eastern_Eurasia.png/330px-Esoteric_Buddhism_in_Southeast_and_Eastern_Eurasia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Esoteric_Buddhism_in_Southeast_and_Eastern_Eurasia.png/440px-Esoteric_Buddhism_in_Southeast_and_Eastern_Eurasia.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>A map depicting the spread of Esoteric Buddhism in Southeast and Eastern Eurasia</figcaption></figure> <p>The distinction between mantrayana traditions is not always rigid. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">tantra</a> sections of the <a href="/wiki/Kangyur" title="Kangyur">Tibetan Buddhist canon of texts</a> sometimes include material not usually thought of as tantric outside the Tibetan Buddhist tradition, such as the widely recited <i><a href="/wiki/Heart_Sutra" title="Heart Sutra">Heart Sutra</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConze1978_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConze1978-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and even versions of some material found in the <i><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vajrayana&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Chinese Esoteric Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jing%27an,_Shanghai,_China_-_panoramio_(7).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Jing%27an%2C_Shanghai%2C_China_-_panoramio_%287%29.jpg/220px-Jing%27an%2C_Shanghai%2C_China_-_panoramio_%287%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Jing%27an%2C_Shanghai%2C_China_-_panoramio_%287%29.jpg/330px-Jing%27an%2C_Shanghai%2C_China_-_panoramio_%287%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Jing%27an%2C_Shanghai%2C_China_-_panoramio_%287%29.jpg/440px-Jing%27an%2C_Shanghai%2C_China_-_panoramio_%287%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2934" data-file-height="1995" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Jing%27an_Temple" title="Jing'an Temple">Jing'an Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, China, which promotes the Chinese Zhenyan (Mantrayana) tradition.</figcaption></figure> <p>Esoteric and Tantric teachings followed the same route into northern <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> as <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> itself, arriving via the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> and Southeast Asian Maritime trade routes sometime during the first half of the 7th century, during the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> and received sanction from the emperors of the Tang dynasty. During this time, three great masters came from India to China: <a href="/wiki/Subhakarasimha" class="mw-redirect" title="Subhakarasimha">Śubhakarasiṃha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vajrabodhi" title="Vajrabodhi">Vajrabodhi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amoghavajra" title="Amoghavajra">Amoghavajra</a> who translated key texts and founded the <i>Zhenyan</i> (真言, "true word", "<a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantra</a>") tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaruah2000170_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaruah2000170-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Zhenyan</i> was also brought to <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> as <a href="/wiki/Shingon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shingon">Shingon</a> during this period. This tradition focused on tantras like the <a href="/wiki/Mahavairocana_tantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavairocana tantra">Mahavairocana tantra</a>, and unlike Tibetan Buddhism, it does not employ the antinomian and radical tantrism of the <i><a href="/wiki/Anuttarayoga_Tantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Anuttarayoga Tantra">Anuttarayoga Tantras</a>.</i> The prestige of this tradition eventually influenced other schools of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a> to adopt various esoteric practices over time, leading to a merging of teachings between the various schools.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharf2002268_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharf2002268-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol">Mongol</a> emperors made <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a> the official religion of China, and Tibetan lamas were given patronage at the court.<sup id="cite_ref-Nan_Huaijin_1997._p._99_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nan_Huaijin_1997._p._99-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Imperial support of Tibetan Vajrayana continued into the Ming and Qing dynasties. </p><p>Today, esoteric traditions are deeply embedded in mainstream Chinese Buddhism and expressed through various rituals which make use of tantric mantra and dhāraṇī and the veneration of certain tantric deities like <a href="/wiki/Cundi_(Buddhism)" title="Cundi (Buddhism)">Cundi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acala" title="Acala">Acala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One example of esoteric teachings still practiced in many Chinese Buddhist monasteries is the <a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama_S%C5%ABtra" title="Śūraṅgama Sūtra">Śūraṅgama Sūtra</a> and the dhāraṇī revealed within it, the <a href="/wiki/Shurangama_Mantra" title="Shurangama Mantra">Śūraṅgama Mantra</a>, which are especially influential in the Chinese Chan tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A recent development is known as the "tantric revival movement" (mijiao fuxing yundong 密教復興運動) which involved the revival of Chinese Esoteric schools by Chinese students of Japanese Shingon.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some important figures of this revival include Wang Hongyuan 王弘願 (1876–1937), and Guru Wuguang (悟光上師 (1918–2000), both trained in Shingon and went on to spread Shingon teachings in the Chinese speaking world.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These revivalist lineages exist in Hong Kong, Taiwan and Malaysia. Though they draw mainly from Shingon teachings, they have also adopted some <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhist</a> elements.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another form of esoteric Buddhism in China is the related but unique tradition of <a href="/wiki/Azhaliism" title="Azhaliism">Azhaliism</a>, which is practiced among the <a href="/wiki/Bai_people" title="Bai people">Bai people</a> of China and venerates <a href="/wiki/Mahakala" title="Mahakala">Mahakala</a> as a major deity.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_esotericism">Japanese esotericism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vajrayana&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Japanese esotericism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Kobo_Daishi_(Kukai),_14th_century_Art_Institute_of_Chicago.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Portrait_of_Kobo_Daishi_%28Kukai%29%2C_14th_century_Art_Institute_of_Chicago.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Kobo_Daishi_%28Kukai%29%2C_14th_century_Art_Institute_of_Chicago.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Portrait_of_Kobo_Daishi_%28Kukai%29%2C_14th_century_Art_Institute_of_Chicago.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Kobo_Daishi_%28Kukai%29%2C_14th_century_Art_Institute_of_Chicago.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Portrait_of_Kobo_Daishi_%28Kukai%29%2C_14th_century_Art_Institute_of_Chicago.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Kobo_Daishi_%28Kukai%29%2C_14th_century_Art_Institute_of_Chicago.jpg 2x" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="661" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABkai" title="Kūkai">Kobo Daishi (Kukai)</a> holding a vajra and a mala, 14th century, Art Institute of Chicago</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shingon_Buddhism">Shingon Buddhism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vajrayana&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Shingon Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon Buddhism</a></div> <p>The Shingon school is found in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> and includes practices, known in Japan as <i><a href="/wiki/Mikky%C5%8D" title="Mikkyō">Mikkyō</a></i> ("Esoteric (or Mystery) Teaching"), which are similar in concept to those in Vajrayana Buddhism. The lineage for Shingon Buddhism differs from that of Tibetan Vajrayana, having emerged from <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> during the 9th–11th centuries in the <a href="/wiki/Pala_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pala Dynasty">Pala Dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> (via <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>) and is based on earlier versions of the Indian texts than the Tibetan lineage. Shingon shares material with <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a> – such as the esoteric sutras (called <a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Buddhism)">Tantras</a> in Tibetan Buddhism) and <a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">mandalas</a> – but the actual practices are not related. </p><p>The primary texts of Shingon Buddhism are the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahavairocana_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavairocana Sutra">Mahavairocana Sutra</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Vajrasekhara_Sutra" title="Vajrasekhara Sutra">Vajrasekhara Sutra</a></i>. The founder of Shingon Buddhism was <a href="/wiki/Kukai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kukai">Kukai</a>, a Japanese monk who studied in China in the 9th century during the Tang dynasty and brought back Vajrayana scriptures, techniques and mandalas then popular in China. The school was merged into other schools in China towards the end of the Tang dynasty but was sectarian in Japan. Shingon is one of the few remaining branches of Buddhism in the world that continues to use the <i><a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">siddham</a></i> script of the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tendai_Buddhism">Tendai Buddhism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vajrayana&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Tendai Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai">Tendai</a></div> <p>Although the Tendai school in China and Japan does employ some esoteric practices, these rituals came to be considered of equal importance with the exoteric teachings of the <i><a href="/wiki/Lotus_Sutra" title="Lotus Sutra">Lotus Sutra</a></i>. By chanting <a href="/wiki/Mantras" class="mw-redirect" title="Mantras">mantras</a>, maintaining mudras, or practicing certain forms of meditation, <a href="/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai">Tendai</a> maintains that one is able to understand sense experiences as taught by the Buddha, have <a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">faith</a> that one is innately an enlightened being, and that one can attain enlightenment within the current lifetime. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korean_milgyo">Korean <i>milgyo</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vajrayana&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Korean milgyo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Esoteric Buddhist practices (known as <i>milgyo</i>, 密教) and texts arrived in <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> during the initial introduction of Buddhism to the region in 372 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-congress.aks.ac.kr_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-congress.aks.ac.kr-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Esoteric Buddhism was supported by the royalty of both <a href="/wiki/Unified_Silla" title="Unified Silla">Unified Silla</a> (668–935) and <a href="/wiki/Goryeo_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Goryeo Dynasty">Goryeo Dynasty</a> (918–1392).<sup id="cite_ref-congress.aks.ac.kr_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-congress.aks.ac.kr-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Goryeo Dynasty esoteric practices were common within large sects like the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Seon school</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Hwaeom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hwaeom">Hwaeom</a> school as well as smaller esoteric sects like the Sinin (<i>mudra</i>) and Ch'ongji (<i>Dharani</i>) schools. During the era of the Mongol occupation (1251–1350s), Tibetan Buddhism also existed in Korea though it never gained a foothold there.<sup id="cite_ref-Sørensen_2006,_pp._55-94_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sørensen_2006,_pp._55-94-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Joseon_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseon dynasty">Joseon dynasty</a>, Esoteric Buddhist schools were forced to merge with the Seon and Kyo schools, becoming the ritual specialists. With the decline of Buddhism in Korea, Esoteric Buddhism mostly died out, save for a few traces in the rituals of the <a href="/wiki/Jogye_Order" title="Jogye Order">Jogye Order</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taego_Order" title="Taego Order">Taego Order</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sørensen_2006,_pp._55-94_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sørensen_2006,_pp._55-94-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are two Esoteric Buddhist schools in modern Korea: the Chinŏn (眞言) and the <a href="/wiki/Jingak_Order" title="Jingak Order">Jingak Order</a> (眞覺). According to Henrik H. Sørensen, "they have absolutely no historical link with the Korean Buddhist tradition per se but are late constructs based in large measures on Japanese Shingon Buddhism."<sup id="cite_ref-Sørensen_2006,_pp._55-94_113-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sørensen_2006,_pp._55-94-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnamese_Buddhist_esotericism">Vietnamese Buddhist esotericism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vajrayana&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Vietnamese Buddhist esotericism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HTay_ChThay_ChCa_TuDaoHanh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/HTay_ChThay_ChCa_TuDaoHanh.jpg/220px-HTay_ChThay_ChCa_TuDaoHanh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/HTay_ChThay_ChCa_TuDaoHanh.jpg/330px-HTay_ChThay_ChCa_TuDaoHanh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/HTay_ChThay_ChCa_TuDaoHanh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="351" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Statue of <a href="/wiki/T%E1%BB%AB_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Từ Đạo Hạnh">Từ Đạo Hạnh</a> wearing an esoteric <a href="/wiki/Five_Tath%C4%81gatas" title="Five Tathāgatas">Five Tathāgatas</a> Crown in the <a href="/wiki/Th%E1%BA%A7y_Temple" title="Thầy Temple">Thầy Temple</a> near <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Vietnamese Buddhist esotericism is known as <i>Mật giáo</i> or <i>Mật Tông</i> and is a common part of Vietnamese Mahayana Buddhism (along with <a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a> practice and <a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Thien</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThich200751_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThich200751-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commonly recited esoteric texts include <i>Uṣṇīṣavijayadhāraṇī</i>, the <i>Nīlakaṇṭha Dhāraṇī</i> and the <i>Śūraṅgama mantra</i>. According to Quang Minh Thich "at present, it is still the norm in Vietnamese Buddhist temples, both in Vietnam and abroad, that these mantras, as elements of the Mantrayana, are recited either in their distinctive chanted sessions or in conjunction with other popular Buddhist scriptures. In function, the Vietnamese Tantric practices serve as a complement to the practices of Zen and Pure Land, not as an independent tradition."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThich200751_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThich200751-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first Vietnamese monk we know of who studied Vajrayana was Master Van Ky (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 7th century</span>) who received initiation in the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a> from a certain Jñanabhadra (Tri Hien) as reported by <a href="/wiki/Yijing_(monk)" title="Yijing (monk)">Yijing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 12th century (under the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Lý dynasty">Lý dynasty</a>), esoteric Buddhism was widespread in Vietnam, and was especially favored by the <a href="/wiki/Wu_Yantong" title="Wu Yantong">Vô Ngôn Thông</a> school as well as by the <a href="/wiki/Vin%C4%ABtaruci" title="Vinītaruci">Vinitaruci</a> school.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETai_Tu200898–99_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETai_Tu200898–99-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One famous esoteric master of this period was <a href="/wiki/T%E1%BB%AB_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Từ Đạo Hạnh">Từ Đạo Hạnh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETai_Tu200898–99_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETai_Tu200898–99-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He brought back various texts and practices from Burma. He became famous as a powerful magician.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was fond of the <i><a href="/wiki/N%C4%ABlaka%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%ADha_Dh%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%C4%AB" title="Nīlakaṇṭha Dhāraṇī">Mahākaruṇika Dhāraṇī</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETai_Tu200898–99_116-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETai_Tu200898–99-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also spread esoteric teachings throughout Vietnam and liberalized their practice, making them less dependent on reincarnation lineages (similar to Tibetan <a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">tulkus</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThich200746_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThich200746-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another promoter of esoteric Buddhism during this period was Sùng Phạm (1004-1078) of Phap Van pagoda who studied in India for nine years before returning to Vietnam and was the teacher of the influential esoteric master Tri Bat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETai_Tu200898–99_116-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETai_Tu200898–99-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phap Loa (1284-1330), a leader of the <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%BAc_L%C3%A2m" title="Trúc Lâm">Truc Lam</a> school, was another very influential Vietnamese esoteric master. He is known for establishing esoteric abhiseka (initiation) ceremonies as well as Huayan (<i>Hoa Nghiêm</i>) assemblies. He also wrote various texts on esoteric topics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETai_Tu200854–156_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETai_Tu200854–156-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chinese Buddhist esotericism also influenced Vietnamese esotericism during the medieval period, especially the <a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a> Esotericism of Daoshen's <i>Xianmi yuantong chengfo xinyao ji</i> (顯密圓通成佛心要集 <i>Collection of Essentials for the Attainment of Buddhahood by Total [Inter-]Penetration of the Esoteric and the Exoteric,</i> T1955). </p><p>Some modern teachers and organizations focus specifically on Vietnamese esoteric Buddhism. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%C3%ADch_Vi%C3%AAn_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thích Viên Đức (page does not exist)">Thích Viên Đức</a> (1932-1980) was one important modern promoter of Esoteric Buddhism. He is known for translating a collection of Esoteric Buddhist texts, contributing to the dissemination of Esoteric Buddhism in Vietnam. Thích Viên Đức promoted esoteric Buddhist teachings as the fastest path to enlightenment. He established numerous communities in southern Vietnam and was also known as a healer. He also met with Tibetan lamas and Japanese Buddhists.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another modern Vietnamese esoteric organization is <a href="/wiki/Mat_Giao_Friendship_Association" title="Mat Giao Friendship Association">Mat Giao Friendship Association</a> who publishes Phước Triệu's <i>Quintessence of Esoteric Buddhism</i> (2004). Esoteric practices are also currently associated with the <a href="/wiki/Th%E1%BA%A7y_Temple" title="Thầy Temple">Thầy Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Greater Hanoi</a>. Vietnamese esotericism can also be quite sycretic, borrowing from Chinese, Japanese and Tibetan Buddhism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indo-Tibetan_Buddhism">Indo-Tibetan Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vajrayana&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Indo-Tibetan Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center; background-color:#DAA520"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFEBC2">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Category:Tibetan Buddhism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFEBC2"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#7D0545">Tibetan Buddhism</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Tibetan Dharma Wheel"><img alt="Tibetan Dharma Wheel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Tibetian_Wheel.svg/100px-Tibetian_Wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Tibetian_Wheel.svg/150px-Tibetian_Wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Tibetian_Wheel.svg/200px-Tibetian_Wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma">Nyingma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadam_(Tibetan_Buddhism)" title="Kadam (Tibetan Buddhism)">Kadam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_(Tibetan_Buddhist_school)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)">Sakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodongpa" title="Bodongpa">Bodong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagyu" title="Kagyu">Kagyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonang" title="Jonang">Jonang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rim%C3%A9_movement" title="Rimé movement">Rimé</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists#Tibetan" title="List of Buddhists">Key personalities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <dl><dt>First dissemination<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambh%C4%81va" class="mw-redirect" title="Padmasambhāva">Padmasambhāva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81ntarak%E1%B9%A3ita" title="Śāntarakṣita">Śāntarakṣita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala%C5%9B%C4%ABla" title="Kamalaśīla">Kamalaśīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trisong_Detsen" title="Trisong Detsen">Trisong Detsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralpacan" title="Ralpacan">Ralpacan</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Second dissemination<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilopa" title="Tilopa">Talika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Abhayakirti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niguma" title="Niguma">Niguma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhasiddhi" title="Sukhasiddhi">Sukhasiddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milarepa" title="Milarepa">Milarepa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Nyingma</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshe_Tsogyal" title="Yeshe Tsogyal">Yeshe Tsogyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longchenpa" title="Longchenpa">Longchenpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigme_Lingpa" title="Jigme Lingpa">Jigme Lingpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrul_Rinpoche" title="Patrul Rinpoche">Patrul Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudjom_Lingpa" title="Dudjom Lingpa">Dudjom Lingpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamgon_Ju_Mipham_Gyatso" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamgon Ju Mipham Gyatso">Mipham</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Kagyu<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marpa_Lotsawa" title="Marpa Lotsawa">Marpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangjung_Dorje,_3rd_Karmapa_Lama" title="Rangjung Dorje, 3rd Karmapa Lama">Rangjung Dorje</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Jonang<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolpopa_Sherab_Gyaltsen" title="Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen">Dolpopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranatha" title="Taranatha">Taranatha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Sakya<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Pandita" title="Sakya Pandita">Sakya Pandita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorampa" title="Gorampa">Gorampa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Bodongpa<br /></dt></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Samding_Dorje_Phagmo" title="Samding Dorje Phagmo">Samding Dorje Phagmo</a> </p> <dl><dt>Gelugpa<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Je_Tsongkhapa" title="Je Tsongkhapa">Je Tsongkhapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Dalai_Lama" title="5th Dalai Lama">5th Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Dalai_Lama" title="13th Dalai Lama">13th Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choekyi_Gyaltsen,_10th_Panchen_Lama" title="Choekyi Gyaltsen, 10th Panchen Lama">10th Panchen Lama</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Teachings</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <dl><dt>General Buddhist</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Saṃsāra</i></span></a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharma (Buddhism)">Dharma</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Dependent origination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Tibetan</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Tenets_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Tenets system">Four Tenets system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangtong-Shentong" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangtong-Shentong">Rangtong-Shentong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatantrika-Prasa%E1%B9%85gika_distinction" class="mw-redirect" title="Svatantrika-Prasaṅgika distinction">Svatantrika-Prasaṅgika distinction</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Nyingma</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointing-out_instruction" title="Pointing-out instruction">Pointing-out instruction</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)">Practices and attainment</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamrim" title="Lamrim">Lamrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitās</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Laity</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vajrayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_tantric_practice" title="Tibetan tantric practice">Tantra techniques</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_yoga" title="Guru yoga">Guru yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_yoga" title="Dream yoga">Dream yoga</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Thukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tibetan_monasteries" title="List of Tibetan monasteries">Major monasteries</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tradruk_Temple" title="Tradruk Temple">Tradruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drepung_Monastery" title="Drepung Monastery">Drepung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen_Monastery" title="Dzogchen Monastery">Dzogchen</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganden_Monastery" title="Ganden Monastery">Ganden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jokhang" title="Jokhang">Jokhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbum_Monastery" title="Kumbum Monastery">Kumbum</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labrang_Monastery" title="Labrang Monastery">Labrang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindrolling_Monastery" title="Mindrolling Monastery">Mindrolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namgyal_Monastery" title="Namgyal Monastery">Namgyal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narthang_Monastery" title="Narthang Monastery">Narthang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nechung" title="Nechung">Nechung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pabonka_Hermitage" title="Pabonka Hermitage">Pabonka</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palcho_Monastery" title="Palcho Monastery">Palcho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralung_Monastery" title="Ralung Monastery">Ralung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramoche_Temple" title="Ramoche Temple">Ramoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rato_Dratsang" title="Rato Dratsang">Rato</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Monastery" title="Sakya Monastery">Sakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanga_Monastery" title="Sanga Monastery">Sanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sera_Monastery" title="Sera Monastery">Sera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalu_Monastery" title="Shalu Monastery">Shalu</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tashi_Lhunpo_Monastery" title="Tashi Lhunpo Monastery">Tashi Lhunpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsurphu_Monastery" title="Tsurphu Monastery">Tsurphu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerpa" title="Yerpa">Yerpa</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)">Institutional roles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_festivals" title="Tibetan festivals">Festivals</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chotrul_Duchen" title="Chotrul Duchen">Chotrul Duchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dajyur" title="Dajyur">Dajyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galdan_Namchot" title="Galdan Namchot">Galdan Namchot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Losar" title="Losar">Losar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dosmoche" title="Dosmoche">Dosmoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monlam_Prayer_Festival" title="Monlam Prayer Festival">Monlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sho_Dun_Festival" title="Sho Dun Festival">Sho Dun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Losoong_Festival" title="Losoong Festival">Losoong</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kangyur" title="Kangyur">Kangyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengyur" title="Tengyur">Tengyur</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyingma_Gyubum" title="Nyingma Gyubum">Nyingma Gyubum</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_art" title="Tibetan art">Art</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sand_mandala" title="Sand mandala">Sand mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_wall_paintings" title="Tibetan Buddhist wall paintings">Wall paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtamangala" title="Ashtamangala">Ashtamangala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_physiology" title="Tree of physiology">Tree of physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thongdrel" title="Thongdrel">Festival thangka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_stone" title="Mani stone">Mani stone</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)">History and overview</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tibetan_Buddhism" title="History of Tibetan Buddhism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index of articles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tibetan_Buddhism_sidebar" title="Template:Tibetan Buddhism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tibetan_Buddhism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Tibetan Buddhism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tibetan_Buddhism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tibetan Buddhism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></div> <p>Vajrayāna Buddhism was initially established in <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> in the 8th century when various figures like <a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhāva</a> (8th century CE) and <a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81ntarak%E1%B9%A3ita" title="Śāntarakṣita">Śāntarakṣita</a> (725–788) were invited by King <a href="/wiki/Trisong_Detsen" title="Trisong Detsen">Trisong Detsen</a>, some time before 767. Tibetan Buddhism reflects the later stages tantric <a href="/wiki/Indian_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Buddhism">Indian Buddhism</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">post-Gupta</a> <a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Early Medieval</a> period (500 to 1200 CE).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite200021_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200021-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson20022_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson20022-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This tradition practices and studies a set of tantric texts and commentaries associated with the more "left hand" (<i><a href="/wiki/Vamachara" title="Vamachara">vamachara</a></i>) tantras, which are not part of East Asian Esoteric Buddhism. These tantras (sometimes termed '<a href="/wiki/Anuttarayoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Anuttarayoga">Anuttarayoga</a> tantras' include many transgressive elements, such as sexual and mortuary symbolism that is not shared by the earlier tantras that are studied in East Asian Buddhism. These texts were translated into <a href="/wiki/Classical_Tibetan" title="Classical Tibetan">Classical Tibetan</a> during the "New translation period" (10th–12th centuries). Tibetan Buddhism also includes numerous native Tibetan developments, such as the <a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">tulku</a> system, new <a href="/wiki/Sadhana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadhana">sadhana</a> texts, Tibetan scholastic works, <a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a> literature and <a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a> literature. There are four major traditions or schools: <a href="/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma">Nyingma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sakya_(Tibetan_Buddhist_school)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)">Sakya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kagyu" title="Kagyu">Kagyu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelug</a>. </p><p>In the pre-modern era, Tibetan Buddhism spread outside of Tibet primarily due to the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> (1271–1368), founded by <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a>, which ruled <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> and eastern <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Modern_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern history">modern era</a> it has spread outside of Asia due to the efforts of the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_diaspora" title="Tibetan diaspora">Tibetan diaspora</a> (1959 onwards). </p><p>The Tibetan Buddhist tradition is today found in Tibet, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a>, southwestern and northern <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a> and various constituent <a href="/wiki/Republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Republics">republics</a> of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> that are adjacent to the area, such as <a href="/wiki/Amur_Oblast" title="Amur Oblast">Amur Oblast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Buryatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Buryatia">Buryatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zabaykalsky_Krai" title="Zabaykalsky Krai">Zabaykalsky Krai</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tuva_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuva Republic">Tuva Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khabarovsk_Krai" title="Khabarovsk Krai">Khabarovsk Krai</a>. Tibetan Buddhism is also the main religion in <a href="/wiki/Kalmykia" title="Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a>. It has also spread to Western countries and there are now international networks of Tibetan Buddhist temples and meditation centers in the Western world from all four schools. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bengali_Buddhism">Bengali Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vajrayana&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Bengali Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Buddhists" title="Bengali Buddhists">Bengali Buddhists</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MET_39_DP310521R1_61D.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/MET_39_DP310521R1_61D.jpg/220px-MET_39_DP310521R1_61D.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/MET_39_DP310521R1_61D.jpg/330px-MET_39_DP310521R1_61D.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/MET_39_DP310521R1_61D.jpg/440px-MET_39_DP310521R1_61D.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2544" data-file-height="3392" /></a><figcaption>12th century stone statue of <a href="/wiki/Chakrasamvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakrasamvara">Chakrasamvara</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yab-yum" class="mw-redirect" title="Yab-yum">sexual union</a> with <a href="/wiki/Vajravarahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Vajravarahi">Vajravarahi</a> from Bengal</figcaption></figure> <p>Bengal was a thriving centre of Vajrayana under the patronage of the <a href="/wiki/Pala_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pala dynasty">Pala dynasty</a>. Bengali Vajrayana scholar <a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a> played a vital role in revitalizing <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Tibet" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in Tibet">Buddhism in Tibet</a> following its persecution by the <a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/Langdarma" title="Langdarma">Langdarma</a> and onset of the <a href="/wiki/Era_of_Fragmentation" title="Era of Fragmentation">Era of Fragmentation</a>. Another Bengali Vajrayana scholar <a href="/wiki/Abhayakaragupta" title="Abhayakaragupta">Abhayakaragupta</a> also had a profound impact on Tibetan Buddhism. However Vajrayana declined by the time the <a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena dynasty</a> came to power. Vajrayana was further affected by the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_conquest_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic conquest of India">Islamic conquest of India</a> & consolidation of <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Muslim rule in Bengal</a>, with many of its adherents converting to Islam & later <a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavism" title="Gaudiya Vaishnavism">Gaudiya Vaishnavism</a>, which lead to creation of new groups like <a href="/wiki/Vaishnava_Sahajiya" title="Vaishnava Sahajiya">Sahajiyas</a>. Today Buddhism in Bengal is followed only by a small minority of <a href="/wiki/Jumma_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumma people">Jumma people</a> who are followers of <a href="/wiki/Therav%C4%81da_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravāda Buddhism">Theravāda Buddhism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nepalese_Newar_Buddhism">Nepalese Newar Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vajrayana&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Nepalese Newar Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Newar_Buddhism" title="Newar Buddhism">Newar Buddhism</a></div> <p>Newar Buddhism is practiced by <a href="/wiki/Newars" class="mw-redirect" title="Newars">Newars</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>. It is the only form of Vajrayana Buddhism in which the scriptures are written in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> and this tradition has preserved many Vajrayana texts in this language. Its priests do not follow celibacy and are called <i><a href="/wiki/Vajracharya" title="Vajracharya">vajracharya</a></i> (literally "<a href="/wiki/Vajra" title="Vajra">diamond-thunderbolt</a> carriers"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indonesian_Esoteric_Buddhism">Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vajrayana&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism">Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism</a></div> <p>Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism refers to the traditions of Esoteric Buddhism found in the Indonesian islands of <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> before the rise and dominance of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> in the region (13–16th centuries). The Buddhist empire of <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a> (650 CE–1377 CE) was a major center of Esoteric Buddhist learning which drew Chinese monks such as <a href="/wiki/Yijing_(monk)" title="Yijing (monk)">Yijing</a> and Indian scholars like <a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The temple complex at <a href="/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a> in central Java, built by the <a href="/wiki/Shailendra_dynasty" title="Shailendra dynasty">Shailendra dynasty</a> also reflects strong Tantric or at least proto-tantric influences, particularly of the cult of <a href="/wiki/Vairocana" title="Vairocana">Vairocana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="title"><div>Influences and movements into Java</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lankapura_in_Java.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Esoteric Sinhalese Buddhism spreading to Java."><img alt="Esoteric Sinhalese Buddhism spreading to Java." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Lankapura_in_Java.png/180px-Lankapura_in_Java.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Lankapura_in_Java.png/270px-Lankapura_in_Java.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Lankapura_in_Java.png/360px-Lankapura_in_Java.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Esoteric Sinhalese Buddhism spreading to Java.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gurjara_pilgrims_in_Java.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Gurjara pilgrims in Java"><img alt="Gurjara pilgrims in Java" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Gurjara_pilgrims_in_Java.png/180px-Gurjara_pilgrims_in_Java.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Gurjara_pilgrims_in_Java.png/270px-Gurjara_pilgrims_in_Java.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Gurjara_pilgrims_in_Java.png/360px-Gurjara_pilgrims_in_Java.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gurjara pilgrims in Java</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <p>Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism may have also reached the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, possibly establishing the first form of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Buddhism in the Philippines</a>. The few Buddhist artifacts that have been found in the islands reflect the iconography of Srivijaya's Vajrayana.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Temperaschilderij_voorstellende_de_Borobudur_als_bedevaartsoord_TMnr_75-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Temperaschilderij_voorstellende_de_Borobudur_als_bedevaartsoord_TMnr_75-2.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Temperaschilderij_voorstellende_de_Borobudur_als_bedevaartsoord_TMnr_75-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Temperaschilderij_voorstellende_de_Borobudur_als_bedevaartsoord_TMnr_75-2.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Temperaschilderij_voorstellende_de_Borobudur_als_bedevaartsoord_TMnr_75-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Temperaschilderij_voorstellende_de_Borobudur_als_bedevaartsoord_TMnr_75-2.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Temperaschilderij_voorstellende_de_Borobudur_als_bedevaartsoord_TMnr_75-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="554" /></a><figcaption>A painting by G.B. Hooijer (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1916</span>–1919) reconstructing the scene of Borobudur during its heyday</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_traditions">Related traditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vajrayana&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Related traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some traditions are related to Vajrayana, but are not to be seen as "Vajrayana" or "Mantrayana" proper. Vajrayana here referring to the Buddhist tradition based on the tantric literature of North Indian Mahayana, the <a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Buddhism)">Buddhist tantras</a> and the works of the <a href="/wiki/Nalanda_mahavihara" title="Nalanda mahavihara">Nalanda</a> - <a href="/wiki/Vikramashila" title="Vikramashila">Vikramashila</a> masters and the Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Mahasiddha" title="Mahasiddha">mahasiddhas</a>. However, these related traditions may have been influenced by Vajrayana proper and have borrowed practices from Vajrayana schools. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shugendō"><span id="Shugend.C5.8D"></span>Shugendō</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vajrayana&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Shugendō"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tenporinji_(Gose,_Nara)2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Tenporinji_%28Gose%2C_Nara%292.jpg/220px-Tenporinji_%28Gose%2C_Nara%292.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Tenporinji_%28Gose%2C_Nara%292.jpg/330px-Tenporinji_%28Gose%2C_Nara%292.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Tenporinji_%28Gose%2C_Nara%292.jpg/440px-Tenporinji_%28Gose%2C_Nara%292.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yamabushi" title="Yamabushi">Yamabushi</a> priests at Gose, <a href="/wiki/Nara,_Nara" class="mw-redirect" title="Nara, Nara">Nara</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shugend%C5%8D" title="Shugendō">Shugendō</a></div> <p>Shugendō was founded in 7th-century Japan by the ascetic <a href="/wiki/En_no_Gy%C5%8Dja" title="En no Gyōja">En no Gyōja</a>, based on the <i>Queen's Peacocks Sutra</i>. With its origins in the solitary <i>hijiri</i> back in the 7th century, Shugendō evolved as a sort of amalgamation between Esoteric Buddhism, Shinto and several other religious influences including <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>. Buddhism and Shinto were amalgamated in the <i>shinbutsu shūgō</i>, and Kūkai's syncretic religion held wide sway up until the end of the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a>, coexisting with Shinto elements within Shugendō<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1613 during the Edo period, the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Shogunate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokugawa Shogunate">Tokugawa Shogunate</a> issued a regulation obliging Shugendō temples to belong to either Shingon or Tendai temples. During the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a>, when Shinto was declared an independent state religion separate from Buddhism, Shugendō was banned as a superstition not fit for a new, enlightened Japan. Some Shugendō temples converted themselves into various officially approved Shintō denominations. In modern times, Shugendō is practiced mainly by Tendai and Shingon sects, retaining an influence on modern <a href="/wiki/Japanese_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese religion">Japanese religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Japan" title="Culture of Japan">culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_Esoteric_Buddhism">Southern Esoteric Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vajrayana&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Southern Esoteric Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Southern_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Southern Esoteric Buddhism">Southern Esoteric Buddhism</a></div> <p>"Southern Esoteric Buddhism" or Borān kammaṭṭhāna ('ancient practices') is a term for esoteric forms of Buddhism from <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravada Buddhism">Theravada Buddhism</a> is dominant. The monks of the Sri Lankan, <a href="/wiki/Abhayagiri_vihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhayagiri vihara">Abhayagiri vihara</a> once practiced forms of tantra which were popular in the island.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another tradition of this type was <a href="/wiki/Ari_Buddhism" title="Ari Buddhism">Ari Buddhism</a>, which was common in <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>. The Tantric Buddhist 'Yogāvacara' tradition was a major Buddhist tradition in <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> well into the modern era.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Southern Esoteric Buddhism is a unique Southeast Asian development based on <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> <a href="/wiki/Therav%C4%81da_Abhidhamma" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravāda Abhidhamma">Abhidhamma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pali language">Pali language</a> sources. As such, it has no direct connection to the Indian "Vajrayana" of the Buddhist tantras, the Indian mahasiddhas and the Nalanda-Vikramashila traditions. </p><p>Southern Esoteric Buddhism declined after the rise of Southeast Asian <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a>. However, esoteric Buddhist practices remain in some contemporary South East Asian traditions, including the Thai <a href="/wiki/Dhammakaya_tradition" title="Dhammakaya tradition">Dhammakaya tradition</a>, the Burmese <a href="/wiki/Weizza" title="Weizza">Weizza tradition</a> and in rural <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodian Buddhism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_study_difficulties">Academic study difficulties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vajrayana&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Academic study difficulties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Serious Vajrayana academic study in the Western world is in early stages due to the following obstacles:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkira19939_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkira19939-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Although a large number of Tantric scriptures are extant, they have not been formally ordered or systematized.</li> <li>Due to the esoteric initiatory nature of the tradition, many practitioners will not divulge information or sources of their information.</li> <li>As with many different subjects, it must be studied in context and with a long history spanning many different cultures.</li> <li>Ritual, as well as doctrine, need to be investigated.</li></ol> <p>Buddhist tantric practice is categorized as secret practice; this is to avoid misinformed people from harmfully misusing the practices. A method to keep this secrecy is that tantric initiation is required from a master before any instructions can be received about the actual practice. During the initiation procedure in the highest class of tantra (such as the Kalachakra), students must take the tantric vows which commit them to such secrecy.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Explaining general tantra theory in a scholarly manner, not sufficient for practice, is likewise not a root downfall. Nevertheless, it weakens the effectiveness of our tantric practice."<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terminology_2">Terminology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vajrayana&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The terminology associated with Vajrayana Buddhism can be confusing. Most of the terms originated in the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> language of tantric <a href="/wiki/Indian_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Buddhism">Indian Buddhism</a> and may have passed through other cultures, notably those of Japan and Tibet, before translation for the modern reader. Further complications arise as seemingly equivalent terms can have subtle variations in use and meaning according to context, the time and place of use. A third problem is that the Vajrayana texts employ the tantric tradition of <a href="/wiki/Twilight_language_(tantra)" class="mw-redirect" title="Twilight language (tantra)">twilight language</a>, a means of instruction that is deliberately coded. These obscure teaching methods relying on <a href="/wiki/Religious_symbolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious symbolism">symbolism</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">synonym</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Word_association" class="mw-redirect" title="Word association">word association</a> add to the difficulties faced by those attempting to understand Vajrayana Buddhism: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In the Vajrayana tradition, now preserved mainly in Tibetan lineages, it has long been recognized that certain important teachings are expressed in a form of secret symbolic language known as <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">saṃdhyā-bhāṣā</i></span>, 'Twilight Language'. <i>Mudrās</i> and <i>mantras</i>, <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">maṇḍalas</i></span> and <i><a href="/wiki/Cakra" class="mw-redirect" title="Cakra">cakras</a></i>, those mysterious devices and diagrams that were so much in vogue in the pseudo-Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">hippie</a> culture of the 1960s, were all examples of Twilight Language [...]<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The term Tantric Buddhism was not one originally used by those who practiced it. As scholar Isabelle Onians explains: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Tantric Buddhism" [...] is not the transcription of a native term, but a rather modern coinage, if not totally occidental. For the equivalent Sanskrit <i>tāntrika</i> is found, but not in Buddhist texts. <i>Tāntrika</i> is a term denoting someone who follows the teachings of scriptures known as Tantras, but only in <a href="/wiki/Saivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Saivism">Saivism</a>, not Buddhism [...] Tantric Buddhism is a name for a phenomenon which calls itself, in Sanskrit, Mantranaya, Vajrayāna, Mantrayāna or Mantramahāyāna (and apparently never Tantrayāna). Its practitioners are known as <i>mantrins</i>, <i>yogis</i>, or <i>sādhakas</i>. Thus, our use of the anglicised adjective “Tantric” for the Buddhist religion taught in Tantras is not native to the tradition, but is a borrowed term which serves its purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vajrayana&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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href="/wiki/Eastern_esotericism" title="Eastern esotericism">Eastern esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Vajrayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Vajrayana">Malaysian Vajrayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vajrayana&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Ref_expand plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs more complete <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">add missing citation information</a> so that sources are clearly identifiable.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vajrayana&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSkilling1998">Skilling 1998</a>, p. 78, speaks of the tantra divisions of some editions of the <a href="/wiki/Kangyur" title="Kangyur">Kangyur</a> as including Sravakayana, Mahayana and Vajrayana texts.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vajrayana&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGray2016" class="citation cs2">Gray, David B. (2016-04-05), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/religion/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-59">"Tantra and the Tantric Traditions of Hinduism and Buddhism"</a>, <i>Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion</i>, p. 2, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199340378.013.59">10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.59</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-934037-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-934037-8"><bdi>978-0-19-934037-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-17</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tantra+and+the+Tantric+Traditions+of+Hinduism+and+Buddhism&rft.btitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+Religion&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2016-04-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199340378.013.59&rft.isbn=978-0-19-934037-8&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=David+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Freligion%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199340378.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780199340378-e-59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVajrayana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray2023" class="citation book cs1">Gray, David B. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HiXTEAAAQBAJ"><i>The Buddhist Tantras: A Guide</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-762383-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-762383-1"><bdi>978-0-19-762383-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Buddhist+Tantras%3A+A+Guide&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-19-762383-1&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=David+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHiXTEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVajrayana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswell2004875–876-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswell2004875–876_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuswell2004">Buswell 2004</a>, pp. 875–876.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray2007ix–x-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray2007ix–x_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray2007ix–x_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGray2007">Gray 2007</a>, pp. ix–x.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne20066-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne20066_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPayne2006">Payne 2006</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELü201772–82-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELü201772–82_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLü2017">Lü 2017</a>, pp. 72–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrzech2006-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrzech2006_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOrzech2006">Orzech 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERay2000[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERay2000[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRay2000">Ray 2000</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2007-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2007_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReynolds2007">Reynolds 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESnellgrove1987168-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnellgrove1987168_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSnellgrove1987">Snellgrove 1987</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann1974163-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchumann1974163_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchumann1974">Schumann 1974</a>, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitagawa200280-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitagawa200280_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitagawa200280_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitagawa200280_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKitagawa2002">Kitagawa 2002</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowman1985[httpkeithdowmannetessaysintroduction-mahasiddhas-and-tantrahtml_Introduction]-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowman1985[httpkeithdowmannetessaysintroduction-mahasiddhas-and-tantrahtml_Introduction]_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDowman1985">Dowman 1985</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://keithdowman.net/essays/introduction-mahasiddhas-and-tantra.html">Introduction</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2002228,_234-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson2002228,_234_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavidson2002">Davidson 2002</a>, pp. 228, 234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsto2009-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsto2009_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsto2009">Osto 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESnellgrove1987147-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnellgrove1987147_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSnellgrove1987">Snellgrove 1987</a>, p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams,_Wynne_page_205-206-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Williams,_Wynne_page_205-206_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams,_Wynne_page_205-206_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliamsTribeWynne2012">Williams, Tribe & Wynne 2012</a>, pp. 205–206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsTribeWynne2012210-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamsTribeWynne2012210_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliamsTribeWynne2012">Williams, Tribe & Wynne 2012</a>, p. 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWayman200819-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWayman200819_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWayman2008">Wayman 2008</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsTribeWynne2012212-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamsTribeWynne2012212_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliamsTribeWynne2012">Williams, Tribe & Wynne 2012</a>, p. 212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETajima1992[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETajima1992[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTajima1992">Tajima 1992</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMullinTsongkhapa200570-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMullinTsongkhapa200570_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMullinTsongkhapa2005">Mullin & Tsongkhapa 2005</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann1974-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchumann1974_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchumann1974">Schumann 1974</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2002[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson2002[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavidson2002">Davidson 2002</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2002171-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson2002171_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavidson2002">Davidson 2002</a>, p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson2009124-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanderson2009124_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSanderson2009">Sanderson 2009</a>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson2009129–131-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanderson2009129–131_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSanderson2009">Sanderson 2009</a>, pp. 129–131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanderson,_A.1994" class="citation book cs1">Sanderson, A. (1994). "Buddhism into the Year 2000". <i>Vajrayāna: Origin and function</i>. 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson2002204_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavidson2002">Davidson 2002</a>, p. 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2002206-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson2002206_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavidson2002">Davidson 2002</a>, p. 206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2002207-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson2002207_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavidson2002">Davidson 2002</a>, p. 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2002214-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson2002214_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavidson2002">Davidson 2002</a>, p. 214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2002217-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson2002217_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavidson2002">Davidson 2002</a>, p. 217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2002228,_231-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson2002228,_231_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavidson2002">Davidson 2002</a>, pp. 228, 231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerrill2012Ch._7:_Origin_of_Guhyamantra-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerrill2012Ch._7:_Origin_of_Guhyamantra_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVerrill2012">Verrill 2012</a>, Ch. 7: Origin of Guhyamantra.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalden_Sherab_Rinpoche1992-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalden_Sherab_Rinpoche1992_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalden_Sherab_Rinpoche1992">Palden Sherab Rinpoche 1992</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWayman20083-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWayman20083_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWayman2008">Wayman 2008</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeyer197369-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeyer197369_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeyer1973">Beyer 1973</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESnellgrove1987125-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnellgrove1987125_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSnellgrove1987">Snellgrove 1987</a>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWayman197756-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWayman197756_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWayman1977">Wayman 1977</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams,_Wynne_page_202-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Williams,_Wynne_page_202_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams,_Wynne_page_202_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliamsTribeWynne2012">Williams, Tribe & Wynne 2012</a>, p. 202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESnellgrove1987125–126-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnellgrove1987125–126_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSnellgrove1987">Snellgrove 1987</a>, pp. 125–126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESnellgrove1987126-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnellgrove1987126_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSnellgrove1987">Snellgrove 1987</a>, p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuckworth2015100-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuckworth2015100_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuckworth2015">Duckworth 2015</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERongzom_ChözangKöppl2008ch._4-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERongzom_ChözangKöppl2008ch._4_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRongzom_ChözangKöppl2008">Rongzom Chözang & Köppl 2008</a>, ch. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWayman20085-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWayman20085_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWayman2008">Wayman 2008</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswell2004875-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswell2004875_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswell2004875_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswell2004875_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswell2004875_49-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswell2004875_49-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuswell2004">Buswell 2004</a>, p. 875.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmo2002" class="citation book cs1">Palmo, Tenzin (2002). <i><span></span></i>Reflections on a Mountain Lake:Teachings on Practical Buddhism<i><span></span></i>. Snow Lion Publications. pp. 224–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-175-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-175-7"><bdi>978-1-55939-175-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reflections+on+a+Mountain+Lake%3ATeachings+on+Practical+Buddhism&rft.pages=224-5&rft.pub=Snow+Lion+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-55939-175-7&rft.aulast=Palmo&rft.aufirst=Tenzin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVajrayana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsTribeWynne2012198,_231-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamsTribeWynne2012198,_231_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliamsTribeWynne2012">Williams, Tribe & Wynne 2012</a>, pp. 198, 231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsTribeWynne2012198-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamsTribeWynne2012198_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliamsTribeWynne2012">Williams, Tribe & Wynne 2012</a>, p. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morreale, Don (1998) <i>The Complete Guide to Buddhist America</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57062-270-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-57062-270-1">1-57062-270-1</a> p.215</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trungpa, Chögyam and Chödzin, Sherab (1992) <i>The Lion's Roar: An Introduction to Tantra</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87773-654-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-87773-654-5">0-87773-654-5</a> p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dylan Esler, Effortless Spontaneity: The Dzogchen Commentaries by Nubchen Sangye Yeshe, page 56, Brill’s Tibetan Studies Library, Volume 54, Brill 2023</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams,_Wynne_page_236-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Williams,_Wynne_page_236_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams,_Wynne_page_236_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams,_Wynne_page_236_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliamsTribeWynne2012">Williams, Tribe & Wynne 2012</a>, p. 236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsTribeWynne2012237-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamsTribeWynne2012237_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliamsTribeWynne2012">Williams, Tribe & Wynne 2012</a>, p. 237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWayman200839-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWayman200839_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWayman2008">Wayman 2008</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimmer-Brown2002217-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimmer-Brown2002217_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimmer-Brown2002">Simmer-Brown 2002</a>, p. 217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimmer-Brown2002217–219-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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(1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1062679">"Seeing Chen-Yen Buddhism: Traditional Scholarship and the Vajrayāna in China"</a>. <i>History of Religions</i>. <b>29</b> (2): 87–114. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F463182">10.1086/463182</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2710">0018-2710</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1062679">1062679</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162235701">162235701</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210421004132/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1062679">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325771272_Reformulating_the_Appropriated_and_Relinking_the_Chain_Challenges_of_Lineage_and_Legitimacy_in_Zhenyan_Revivalism">Reformulating the Appropriated and Relinking the Chain: Challenges of Lineage and Legitimacy in Zhenyan Revivalism</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Huang, Zhengliang; Zhang, Xilu (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-DLSZ201307000.htm">"Research Review of Bai Esoteric Buddhist Azhali Religion Since the 20th Century"</a>. <i>Journal of Dali University</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160822075446/http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-DLSZ201307000.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-08-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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USA: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199895564" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199895564"><bdi>978-0199895564</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enlightenment+in+Dispute%3A+The+Reinvention+of+Chan+Buddhism+in+Seventeenth-Century+China&rft.place=USA&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0199895564&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Jiang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd7Dg5N4tSWgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVajrayana" class="Z3988"></span> p. 441</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-congress.aks.ac.kr-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-congress.aks.ac.kr_112-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-congress.aks.ac.kr_112-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://congress.aks.ac.kr/korean/files/2_1358319390.pdf">"Georgieva-Russ, Nelly. Esoteric Buddhist Ritual Objects of the Koryŏ Dynasty (936-1392)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170901201145/http://congress.aks.ac.kr/korean/files/2_1358319390.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2017-09-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1997), "Aspects of Southern Esoteric Buddhism", in Peter Connolly and Sue Hamilton (eds.), Indian Insights: Buddhism, Brahmanism and Bhakd Papers from the Annual Spalding Symposium on Indian Religions, Luzac Oriental, London: 185-207, 410. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-898942-153" title="Special:BookSources/1-898942-153">1-898942-153</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kate Crosby, Traditional Theravada Meditation and its Modern-Era Suppression Hong Kong: Buddha Dharma Centre of Hong Kong, 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9881682024" title="Special:BookSources/978-9881682024">978-9881682024</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkira19939-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkira19939_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAkira1993">Akira 1993</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kalachakranet.org/kalachakra_tantra_taking_initiation.html">"Information for Beginners"</a>. <i>kalachakranet.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221006105040/https://kalachakranet.org/kalachakra_tantra_taking_initiation.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kalachakranet.org&rft.atitle=Information+for+Beginners&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkalachakranet.org%2Fkalachakra_tantra_taking_initiation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVajrayana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://studybuddhism.com/en/advanced-studies/prayers-rituals/vows/common-root-tantric-vows">"Common Root Tantric Vows"</a>. <i>studybuddhism.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221006105044/https://studybuddhism.com/en/advanced-studies/prayers-rituals/vows/common-root-tantric-vows">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=studybuddhism.com&rft.atitle=Common+Root+Tantric+Vows&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstudybuddhism.com%2Fen%2Fadvanced-studies%2Fprayers-rituals%2Fvows%2Fcommon-root-tantric-vows&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVajrayana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bucknell, Roderick & Stuart-Fox, Martin (1986). <i>The Twilight Language: Explorations in Buddhist Meditation and Symbolism</i>. Curzon Press: London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-82540-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-82540-4">0-312-82540-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Isabelle Onians, "Tantric Buddhist Apologetics, or Antinomianism as a Norm," D.Phil. dissertation, Oxford, Trinity Term 2001 pg 8</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vajrayana&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkira1993" class="citation book cs1">Akira, Hirakawa (1993). Paul Groner (ed.). <i>History of Indian Buddhism</i>. Translated by Paul Groner. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Indian+Buddhism&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Akira&rft.aufirst=Hirakawa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVajrayana" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaruah2000" class="citation book cs1">Baruah, Bibhuti (2000). <i>Buddhist Sects and Sectarianism</i>. India: Sarup & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7625-152-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7625-152-5"><bdi>978-81-7625-152-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Sects+and+Sectarianism&rft.place=India&rft.pub=Sarup+%26+Sons&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-7625-152-5&rft.aulast=Baruah&rft.aufirst=Bibhuti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVajrayana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeyer1973" class="citation book cs1">Beyer, Stephan (1973). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cultoftara001"><i>The Cult of Tārā: Magic and Ritual in Tibet</i></a></span>. Berkeley; Los Angeles; London: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-02192-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-02192-4"><bdi>0-520-02192-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cult+of+T%C4%81r%C4%81%3A+Magic+and+Ritual+in+Tibet&rft.place=Berkeley%3B+Los+Angeles%3B+London&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-520-02192-4&rft.aulast=Beyer&rft.aufirst=Stephan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcultoftara001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVajrayana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuswell2004" class="citation book cs1">Buswell, Robert E., ed. (2004). <i>Encyclopedia of Buddhism</i>. Macmillan Reference USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865910-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865910-7"><bdi>978-0-02-865910-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Buddhism&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+USA&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-02-865910-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVajrayana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConze1978" class="citation book cs1">Conze, Edward (1978) [1960]. <i>The Prajnaparamita Literature</i>. Reiyukai. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-215-0992-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-215-0992-3"><bdi>978-81-215-0992-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prajnaparamita+Literature&rft.pub=Reiyukai&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-81-215-0992-3&rft.aulast=Conze&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVajrayana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCozort2005" class="citation book cs1">Cozort, Daniel (2005). <i>Highest Yoga Tantra</i>. Snow Lion Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55939-235-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-55939-235-5"><bdi>1-55939-235-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Highest+Yoga+Tantra&rft.pub=Snow+Lion+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-55939-235-5&rft.aulast=Cozort&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVajrayana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson2002" class="citation book cs1">Davidson, Ronald M. (2002). <i>Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement</i>. Columbia University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Esoteric+Buddhism%3A+A+Social+History+of+the+Tantric+Movement&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Ronald+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVajrayana" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowman1985" class="citation book cs1">Dowman, Keith (tr.) (1985). <i>Masters of Mahāmudrā: Songs and Histories of the Eighty-four Buddhist Siddhas</i>. Ithaca, New York: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-158-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-158-5"><bdi>978-0-88706-158-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masters+of+Mah%C4%81mudr%C4%81%3A+Songs+and+Histories+of+the+Eighty-four+Buddhist+Siddhas&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+New+York&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-88706-158-5&rft.aulast=Dowman&rft.aufirst=Keith+%28tr.%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVajrayana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuckworth2015" class="citation book cs1">Duckworth, Douglas (2015). "Tibetan Mahāyāna and Vajrayāna". In Emmanuel, Steven M. (ed.). <i>A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy</i>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-14466-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-14466-3"><bdi>978-1-119-14466-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tibetan+Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na+and+Vajray%C4%81na&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Buddhist+Philosophy&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-119-14466-3&rft.aulast=Duckworth&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVajrayana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarson2004" class="citation book cs1">Garson, Nathaniel DeWitt (2004). <i>Penetrating the Secret Essence Tantra: Context and Philosophy in the Mahayoga System of rNying-ma Tantra</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Penetrating+the+Secret+Essence+Tantra%3A+Context+and+Philosophy+in+the+Mahayoga+System+of+rNying-ma+Tantra&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Garson&rft.aufirst=Nathaniel+DeWitt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVajrayana" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (March 2024)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray2007" class="citation book cs1">Gray, David B., ed. (2007). <i>The Cakrasamvara Tantra: The Discourse of Śrī Heruka (Śrīherukābhidhāna)</i>. American Institute of Buddhist Studies at Columbia University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9753734-6-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9753734-6-0"><bdi>978-0-9753734-6-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cakrasamvara+Tantra%3A+The+Discourse+of+%C5%9Ar%C4%AB+Heruka+%28%C5%9Ar%C4%ABheruk%C4%81bhidh%C4%81na%29&rft.pub=American+Institute+of+Buddhist+Studies+at+Columbia+University&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-9753734-6-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVajrayana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2015" class="citation book cs1">Green, Ronald S. (2015). "East Asian Buddhism". In Emmanuel, Steven M. (ed.). <i>A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy</i>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-14466-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-14466-3"><bdi>978-1-119-14466-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=East+Asian+Buddhism&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Buddhist+Philosophy&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-119-14466-3&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Ronald+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVajrayana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkins2009" class="citation book cs1">Hopkins, Jeffrey (2009). <i>Tantric Techniques</i>. Shambhala. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-320-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-320-1"><bdi>978-1-55939-320-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tantric+Techniques&rft.pub=Shambhala&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-55939-320-1&rft.aulast=Hopkins&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVajrayana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuber2008" class="citation book cs1">Huber, Toni (2008). <i>The Holy Land Reborn: Pilgrimage and the Tibetan Reinvention of Buddhist India</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-35648-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-35648-8"><bdi>978-0-226-35648-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holy+Land+Reborn%3A+Pilgrimage+and+the+Tibetan+Reinvention+of+Buddhist+India&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-226-35648-8&rft.aulast=Huber&rft.aufirst=Toni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVajrayana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaacson1998" class="citation journal cs1">Isaacson, Harunaga (1998). "Tantric Buddhism in India (from c. 800 to c. 1200)". <i>Buddhismus in Geschichte und Gegenwart</i>. <b>II</b>. Hamburg: 23–49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Buddhismus+in+Geschichte+und+Gegenwart&rft.atitle=Tantric+Buddhism+in+India+%28from+c.+800+to+c.+1200%29&rft.volume=II&rft.pages=23-49&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Isaacson&rft.aufirst=Harunaga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVajrayana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitagawa2002" class="citation book cs1">Kitagawa, Joseph Mitsuo (2002). <i>The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1762-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1762-0"><bdi>978-0-7007-1762-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religious+Traditions+of+Asia%3A+Religion%2C+History%2C+and+Culture&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1762-0&rft.aulast=Kitagawa&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Mitsuo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVajrayana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLü2017" class="citation book cs1">Lü, Jianfu (2017). <i>Chinese and Tibetan Esoteric Buddhism</i>. Studies on East Asian Religions. Vol. 1. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-34050-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-34050-3"><bdi>978-90-04-34050-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+and+Tibetan+Esoteric+Buddhism&rft.series=Studies+on+East+Asian+Religions&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-90-04-34050-3&rft.aulast=L%C3%BC&rft.aufirst=Jianfu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVajrayana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMullinTsongkhapa2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Mullin" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenn Mullin">Mullin, Glenn H.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Je_Tsongkhapa" title="Je Tsongkhapa">Tsongkhapa</a> (2005). <i>The Six Yogas Of Naropa, Tsongkhapa's Commentary Entitled A Book Of Three Inspirations A Treatise On The Stages Of Training In The Profound Path Of Naro's Six Dharmas</i>. 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"The 'Great Teaching of Yoga', the Chinese Appropriation of the Tantras, and the Question of Esoteric Buddhism". <i>Journal of Chinese Religions</i>. <b>34</b> (1). Informa UK Limited: 29–78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2F073776906803525165">10.1179/073776906803525165</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0737-769X">0737-769X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chinese+Religions&rft.atitle=The+%27Great+Teaching+of+Yoga%27%2C+the+Chinese+Appropriation+of+the+Tantras%2C+and+the+Question+of+Esoteric+Buddhism&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=29-78&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2F073776906803525165&rft.issn=0737-769X&rft.aulast=Orzech&rft.aufirst=Charles+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVajrayana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsto2009" class="citation journal cs1">Osto, Douglas (June 2009). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Proto–Tantric' Elements in the Gandavyuha Sutra". <i>Journal of Religious History</i>. <b>33</b> (2): 165–177. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9809.2009.00792.x">10.1111/j.1467-9809.2009.00792.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Religious+History&rft.atitle=%27Proto%E2%80%93Tantric%27+Elements+in+the+Gandavyuha+Sutra&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=165-177&rft.date=2009-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9809.2009.00792.x&rft.aulast=Osto&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVajrayana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalden_Sherab_Rinpoche1992" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Khenchen_Palden_Sherab_Rinpoche" title="Khenchen Palden Sherab Rinpoche">Palden Sherab Rinpoche, Khenchen</a> (May 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://turtlehill.org/cleanup/khen/eman.html">"The Eight Manifestations of Guru Padmasambhava"</a>. 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Simon and Schuster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tantric+Buddhism+in+East+Asia&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Richard+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVajrayana" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowers2007" class="citation book cs1">Powers, John (2007). <i>Introduction to Tibetan Buddhism</i> (Rev. ed.). <a href="/wiki/Ithaca,_New_York" title="Ithaca, New York">Ithaca, New York</a>: Snow Lion Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-282-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-282-2"><bdi>978-1-55939-282-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Tibetan+Buddhism&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+New+York&rft.edition=Rev.&rft.pub=Snow+Lion+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-55939-282-2&rft.aulast=Powers&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVajrayana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2007" class="citation web cs1">Reynolds, John Myrdhin (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150313230515/http://vajranatha.com/teaching/MahasiddhaTradition.htm">"The Mahasiddha Tradition in Tibet"</a>. <i>Vajranatha</i>. 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Snow Lion. pp. 95–108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-288-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-288-4"><bdi>978-1-55939-288-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Establishing+Appearances+as+Divine%3A+Rongzom+Ch%C3%B6zang+on+Reasoning%2C+Madhyamaka%2C+and+Purity&rft.pages=95-108&rft.pub=Snow+Lion&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-55939-288-4&rft.au=Rongzom+Ch%C3%B6zang&rft.au=K%C3%B6ppl%2C+Heidi+I.+%28trans.%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVajrayana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay2000" class="citation book cs1">Ray, Reginald A. (2000). <i>Indestructible Truth: The Living Spirituality of Tibetan Buddhism</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indestructible+Truth%3A+The+Living+Spirituality+of+Tibetan+Buddhism&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Reginald+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVajrayana" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay2001" class="citation book cs1">Ray, Reginald A. (2001). <i>Secret of the Vajra World: The Tantric Buddhism of Tibet</i>. Boston: Shambhala Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secret+of+the+Vajra+World%3A+The+Tantric+Buddhism+of+Tibet&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Shambhala+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Reginald+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVajrayana" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanderson2009" class="citation book cs1">Sanderson, Alexis (2009). "The Śaiva Age: The Rise and Dominance of Śaivism during the Early Medieval Period". In Einoo, Shingo (ed.). <i>Genesis and Development of Tantrism</i>. Institute of Oriental Culture Special Series. Vol. 23. 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Indian Buddhists and Their Tibetan Successors</i>. London: Serindia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-Tibetan+Buddhism.+Indian+Buddhists+and+Their+Tibetan+Successors&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Serindia&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Snellgrove&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVajrayana" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTai_Tu2008" class="citation book cs1">Tai Tu, Nguyen (2008). <i>The History of Buddhism in Vietnam: Institute of Philosophy</i>. Vietnamese Academy of Social Sciences The Council for Research in Values and Philosophy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Buddhism+in+Vietnam%3A+Institute+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Vietnamese+Academy+of+Social+Sciences+The+Council+for+Research+in+Values+and+Philosophy&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Tai+Tu&rft.aufirst=Nguyen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVajrayana" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTajima1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tajima, Ryujun (1992). <i>Etude sur le Mahavairocana-sutra (dainichikyo)</i> (in French). France: A. Maisonneuve. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7200-1084-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7200-1084-2"><bdi>978-2-7200-1084-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etude+sur+le+Mahavairocana-sutra+%28dainichikyo%29&rft.place=France&rft.pub=A.+Maisonneuve&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-2-7200-1084-2&rft.aulast=Tajima&rft.aufirst=Ryujun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVajrayana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThich2007" class="citation thesis cs1">Thich, Quang Minh (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://diginole.lib.fsu.edu/islandora/object/fsu%3A176096"><i>Vietnamese Buddhism in America</i></a> (PhD dissertation). <a href="/wiki/Florida_State_University" title="Florida State University">Florida State University</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Vietnamese+Buddhism+in+America&rft.inst=Florida+State+University&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Thich&rft.aufirst=Quang+Minh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiginole.lib.fsu.edu%2Fislandora%2Fobject%2Ffsu%253A176096&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVajrayana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsongkhapa2005" class="citation book cs1">Tsongkhapa (2005). <i>Tantric Ethics: An Explanation of the Precepts for Buddhist Vajrayana Practice</i>. Translated by Gareth Sparham. Wisdom Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86171-290-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-86171-290-0"><bdi>0-86171-290-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tantric+Ethics%3A+An+Explanation+of+the+Precepts+for+Buddhist+Vajrayana+Practice&rft.pub=Wisdom+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-86171-290-0&rft.au=Tsongkhapa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVajrayana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerrill2012" class="citation book cs1">Verrill, Wayne (2012). <i>The Yogini's Eye: Comprehensive Introduction to Buddhist Tantra</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yogini%27s+Eye%3A+Comprehensive+Introduction+to+Buddhist+Tantra&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Verrill&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVajrayana" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (January 2024)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWayman1977" class="citation book cs1">Wayman, Alex (1977). <i>Yoga of the Guhyasamājatantra: The Arcane Lore of Forty Verses: a Buddhist Tantra Commentary</i>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0872-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0872-0"><bdi>978-81-208-0872-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoga+of+the+Guhyasam%C4%81jatantra%3A+The+Arcane+Lore+of+Forty+Verses%3A+a+Buddhist+Tantra+Commentary&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0872-0&rft.aulast=Wayman&rft.aufirst=Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVajrayana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWayman2008" class="citation book cs1">Wayman, Alex (2008). <i>The Buddhist Tantras: Light on Indo-Tibetan Esotericism</i>. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Buddhist+Tantras%3A+Light+on+Indo-Tibetan+Esotericism&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Wayman&rft.aufirst=Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVajrayana" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2000" class="citation book cs1">White, David Gordon, ed. (2000). <i>Tantra in Practice</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-05779-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-05779-6"><bdi>0-691-05779-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tantra+in+Practice&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-691-05779-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVajrayana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsTribeWynne2012" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Paul; Tribe, Anthony; Wynne, Alexander (2012). <i>Buddhist Thought: A Complete Introduction to the Indian Tradition</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-57179-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-57179-1"><bdi>978-0-415-57179-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Thought%3A+A+Complete+Introduction+to+the+Indian+Tradition&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-415-57179-1&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Tribe%2C+Anthony&rft.au=Wynne%2C+Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVajrayana" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vajrayana&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Arnold, Edward A., ed. (2009). <i>As Long As Space Endures: Essays on the Kalacakra Tantra in Honor of H.H. the Dalai Lama</i>. Snow Lion Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-303-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-303-4"><bdi>978-1-55939-303-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=As+Long+As+Space+Endures%3A+Essays+on+the+Kalacakra+Tantra+in+Honor+of+H.H.+the+Dalai+Lama&rft.pub=Snow+Lion+Publications&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-55939-303-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVajrayana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Banerji, S. C. (1977). <i>Tantra in Bengal: A Study in Its Origin, Development and Influence</i>. Manohar. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85425-63-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85425-63-4"><bdi>978-81-85425-63-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tantra+in+Bengal%3A+A+Study+in+Its+Origin%2C+Development+and+Influence&rft.pub=Manohar&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-81-85425-63-4&rft.aulast=Banerji&rft.aufirst=S.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVajrayana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jamgon_Kongtrul" title="Jamgon Kongtrul">Kongtrul, Jamgon</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thrangu_Rinpoche" title="Thrangu Rinpoche">Thrangu Rinpoche</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Harding_(lama)" title="Sarah Harding (lama)">Harding, Sarah</a> (2002). <i>Creation and Completion: Essential Points of Tantric Meditation</i>. Wisdom Publication. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-312-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-312-7"><bdi>978-0-86171-312-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creation+and+Completion%3A+Essential+Points+of+Tantric+Meditation&rft.pub=Wisdom+Publication&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-86171-312-7&rft.aulast=Kongtrul&rft.aufirst=Jamgon&rft.au=Thrangu+Rinpoche&rft.au=Harding%2C+Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVajrayana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Kongtrul, Jamgon; Guarisco, Elio; McLeod, Ingrid (2004). <i>Systems of Buddhist Tantra:The Indestructible Way of Secret Mantra</i>. The Treasury of Knowledge (book 6 part 4). Ithaca: Snow Lion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-210-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-210-5"><bdi>978-1-55939-210-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Systems+of+Buddhist+Tantra%3AThe+Indestructible+Way+of+Secret+Mantra&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.series=The+Treasury+of+Knowledge+%28book+6+part+4%29&rft.pub=Snow+Lion&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-55939-210-5&rft.aulast=Kongtrul&rft.aufirst=Jamgon&rft.au=Guarisco%2C+Elio&rft.au=McLeod%2C+Ingrid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVajrayana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Kongtrul, Jamgon; Harding, Sarah (2007). <i>Esoteric Instructions: A Detailed Presentation of the Process of Meditation in Vajrayana</i>. The Treasury of Knowledge (book 8 part 4). Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-284-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-284-6"><bdi>978-1-55939-284-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Esoteric+Instructions%3A+A+Detailed+Presentation+of+the+Process+of+Meditation+in+Vajrayana&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.series=The+Treasury+of+Knowledge+%28book+8+part+4%29&rft.pub=Snow+Lion+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-55939-284-6&rft.aulast=Kongtrul&rft.aufirst=Jamgon&rft.au=Harding%2C+Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVajrayana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Kongtrul, Jamgon; Guarisco, Elio; McLeod, Ingrid (2008). <i>The Elements of Tantric Practice:A General Exposition of the Process of Meditation in the Indestructible Way of Secret Mantra</i>. The Treasury of Knowledge (book 8 part 3). Ithaca: Snow Lion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-305-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-305-8"><bdi>978-1-55939-305-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elements+of+Tantric+Practice%3AA+General+Exposition+of+the+Process+of+Meditation+in+the+Indestructible+Way+of+Secret+Mantra&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.series=The+Treasury+of+Knowledge+%28book+8+part+3%29&rft.pub=Snow+Lion&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-55939-305-8&rft.aulast=Kongtrul&rft.aufirst=Jamgon&rft.au=Guarisco%2C+Elio&rft.au=McLeod%2C+Ingrid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVajrayana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Kongtrul, Jamgon; <a href="/wiki/Richard_Barron" title="Richard Barron">Barron, Richard</a> (2010). <i>Journey and Goal: An Analysis of the Spiritual Paths and Levels to be Traversed and the Consummate Fruition state</i>. The Treasury of Knowledge (books 9 & 10). Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion Publications. pp. 159–251, 333–451. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-360-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-360-7"><bdi>978-1-55939-360-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journey+and+Goal%3A+An+Analysis+of+the+Spiritual+Paths+and+Levels+to+be+Traversed+and+the+Consummate+Fruition+state&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.series=The+Treasury+of+Knowledge+%28books+9+%26+10%29&rft.pages=159-251%2C+333-451&rft.pub=Snow+Lion+Publications&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-55939-360-7&rft.aulast=Kongtrul&rft.aufirst=Jamgon&rft.au=Barron%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVajrayana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Panchen, Ngari; Dudjom Rinpoche (1996). <i>Perfect Conduct: Ascertaining the Three Vows</i>. Wisdom Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86171-083-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-86171-083-5"><bdi>0-86171-083-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perfect+Conduct%3A+Ascertaining+the+Three+Vows&rft.pub=Wisdom+Publications&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-86171-083-5&rft.aulast=Panchen&rft.aufirst=Ngari&rft.au=Dudjom+Rinpoche&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVajrayana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Patrul Rinpoche (1994). Brown, Kerry; Sharma, Sima (eds.). <i>The Words of My Perfect Teacher</i>. Translated by the Padmakara Translation Group. San Francisco, California: HarperCollinsPublishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-066449-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-066449-7"><bdi>978-0-06-066449-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Words+of+My+Perfect+Teacher&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+California&rft.pub=HarperCollinsPublishers&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-06-066449-7&rft.au=Patrul+Rinpoche&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVajrayana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Snelling, John (1987). <i>The Buddhist Handbook: A Complete Guide to Buddhist Teaching and Practice</i>. London: Century Paperbacks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-1554-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-1554-9"><bdi>978-0-7126-1554-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Buddhist+Handbook%3A+A+Complete+Guide+to+Buddhist+Teaching+and+Practice&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Century+Paperbacks&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-7126-1554-9&rft.aulast=Snelling&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVajrayana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Wedemeyer, Christian K., ed. (2007). <i>Āryadeva's Lamp that Integrates the Practices (Caryāmelāpakapradīpa): The Gradual Path of Vajrayāna Buddhism according to the Esoteric Community Noble Tradition</i>. New York: American Institute of Buddhist Studies at Columbia University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9753734-5-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9753734-5-3"><bdi>978-0-9753734-5-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C4%80ryadeva%27s+Lamp+that+Integrates+the+Practices+%28Cary%C4%81mel%C4%81pakaprad%C4%ABpa%29%3A+The+Gradual+Path+of+Vajray%C4%81na+Buddhism+according+to+the+Esoteric+Community+Noble+Tradition&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=American+Institute+of+Buddhist+Studies+at+Columbia+University&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-9753734-5-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVajrayana" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/40px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/60px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/80px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiversity has learning resources about <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Vajray%C4%81na" class="extiw" title="v:Vajrayāna">Vajrayāna</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/25px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/38px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/50px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, 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<li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna <small>(father)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā <small>(mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī<small> (aunt, adoptive mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā <small>(wife)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula <small>(son)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda <small>(cousin)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta <small>(cousin)</small></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern,_Eastern_and_Northern_Buddhism" title="Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism">Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaddhi" title="Passaddhi">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandharan_Buddhism" title="Gandharan Buddhism">Gandharan Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandh%C4%81ran_Buddhist_texts" title="Gandhāran Buddhist texts">Texts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">In Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">In Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rim%C3%A9_movement" title="Rimé movement">Rimé movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit_Buddhist_movement" title="Dalit Buddhist movement">Dalit Buddhist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">Chinese invasion of Tibet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhism and democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_unanswerable_questions" title="The unanswerable questions">The unanswerable questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">Ordination hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">List of Buddhist architecture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Korea" title="Buddhist temples in Korea">Buddhist temples in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_holidays" title="Buddhist holidays">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Maya Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">Prayer wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" title="Buddhist symbolism">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">Abhijñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhi" title="Iddhi">Iddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Māra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāḷi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comparative_Buddhism" title="Category:Comparative Buddhism">Comparison</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Buddhism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Buddhism">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_influences_on_Christianity" title="Buddhist influences on Christianity">Influences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Comparison of Buddhism and Christianity">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Eastern_religions" title="Buddhism and Eastern religions">East Asian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Gnosticism" title="Buddhism and Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" title="Buddhism and psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_science" title="Buddhism and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Theosophy" title="Buddhism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Western_philosophy" title="Buddhism and Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism-related_lists" title="Category:Buddhism-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bodhisattvas" title="List of bodhisattvas">Bodhisattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhas">Buddhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suttas" title="List of suttas">Suttas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_temples" title="List of Buddhist temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhist festivals">Festivals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism" title="Category:Buddhism">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/16px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_topics" title="Template:Religion topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_topics" title="Template talk:Religion topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religious_groups_and_denominations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religious groups and denominations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a>/<a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwenkfelder_Church" title="Schwenkfelder Church">Schwenkfelder Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_Protestantism" title="Continental Reformed Protestantism">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">Neo-charismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakerism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">Esoteric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Students</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement#Associated_Bible_Students" title="Bible Student movement">Associated Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Bible_Students" title="Free Bible Students">Free Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Man" title="Friends of Man">Friends of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo#Kitawala" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Kitawala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laymen%27s_Home_Missionary_Movement" title="Laymen's Home Missionary Movement">Laymen's Home Missionary Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">Swedenborgianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Modernist Salafism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali-Illahism" title="Ali-Illahism">Ali-Illahism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishikism" title="Ishikism">Ishikism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Alevism" title="Kurdish Alevism">Kurdish Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdawi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdawi movement">Mahdavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milah_Abraham" title="Milah Abraham">Milah Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azali" title="Azali">Azalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilm-e-Khshnoom" title="Ilm-e-Khshnoom">Ilm-e-Khshnoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdaznan" title="Mazdaznan">Mazdaznan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Kurdish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabakism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabakism">Shabakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Assianism/Uatsdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roshani_movement" title="Roshani movement">Roshani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Chinese Manichaeism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_religions" title="Eastern religions">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_teaching" title="Luo teaching">Luoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuo_folk_religion" title="Nuo folk religion">Nuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions" title="Chinese salvationist religions">Salvationist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiantiandao" title="Xiantiandao">Xiantiandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiguandao" title="Yiguandao">Yiguandao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ritual_mastery_traditions" title="Chinese ritual mastery traditions">Folk Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_folk_religion" title="Yao folk religion">Yao Taoism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shinto_sects_and_schools" title="Shinto sects and schools">list</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shugend%C5%8D" title="Shugendō">Shugendō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_religion" title="Ryukyuan religion">Ryukyuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Korean shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheondoism" title="Cheondoism">Cheondoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeung_San_Do" title="Jeung San Do">Jeungsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnamese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese folk religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_M%E1%BA%ABu" title="Đạo Mẫu">Đạo Mẫu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caodaism" title="Caodaism">Caodaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o" title="Hòa Hảo">Hoahaoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_B%E1%BB%ADu_S%C6%A1n_K%E1%BB%B3_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương">Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Sri Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sampradaya" title="Brahma Sampradaya">Brahma Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanandi_Sampradaya" title="Ramanandi Sampradaya">Ramanandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Sampradaya" title="Swaminarayan Sampradaya">Swaminarayan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganapatya" title="Ganapatya">Ganapatya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaumaram" title="Kaumaram">Kaumaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingayatism" title="Lingayatism">Lingayatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saura_(Hinduism)" title="Saura (Hinduism)">Sauraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mat" title="Sant Mat">Sant Mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Neo-Hinduism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Thiền</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Amidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Neo-Buddhism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalash_people#Religion" title="Kalash people">Kalash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kirat Mundhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedda#Religion" title="Vedda">Vedda religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turko</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Mongolic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_creation_myth" title="Tungusic creation myth">Tungusic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenks#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_shamanism" title="Manchu shamanism">Manchu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarna_(place)" title="Sarna (place)">Sarnaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parmalim" title="Parmalim">Batak Parmalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people#Religion_and_festivals" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaharingan" title="Kaharingan">Kaharingan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Sabahan_religions" title="Traditional Sabahan religions">Traditional Sabahan religions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliran_Kepercayaan" title="Aliran Kepercayaan">Aliran Kepercayaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Kejawèn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapitayan" title="Kapitayan">Kapitayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemena" title="Pemena">Karo Pemena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_folk_religion" title="Malaysian folk religion">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Philippine Dayawism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religious_beliefs_of_the_Tagalog_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_religion" title="Hawaiian religion">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people" title="Religion of Māori people">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marapu" title="Marapu">Sumbese Marapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Wiwitan" title="Sunda Wiwitan">Sundanese Wiwitan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">Native<br />American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_mythology" title="Abenaki mythology">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_religion" title="Alaska Native religion">Alaskan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_traditional_beliefs" title="Anishinaabe traditional beliefs">Anishinaabe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe#Spiritual_beliefs" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midewiwin" title="Midewiwin">Midewiwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabunowin" title="Wabunowin">Wabunowin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache#Religion" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_mythology" title="Blackfoot mythology">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_narratives_of_Indigenous_Californians" title="Traditional narratives of Indigenous Californians">Californian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuksu_(religion)" title="Kuksu (religion)">Kuksu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok_mythology" title="Miwok mythology">Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_mythology" title="Ohlone mythology">Ohlone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomo_religion" title="Pomo religion">Pomo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_mythology" title="Chilote mythology">Chilote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_mythology" title="Choctaw mythology">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_religion" title="Crow religion">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sun_Dance" title="Sun Dance">Sun Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarani_mythology" title="Guarani mythology">Guarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_mythology" title="Haida mythology">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk_mythology" title="Ho-Chunk mythology">Ho-Chunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_mythology" title="Iroquois mythology">Iroquois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_spiritual_beliefs" title="Cherokee spiritual beliefs">Cherokee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mothers_Society" title="Four Mothers Society">Four Mothers Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keetoowah_Nighthawk_Society" title="Keetoowah Nighthawk Society">Keetoowah Society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse_Religion" title="Longhouse Religion">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people#Religion" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_mythology" title="Creek mythology">Muscogee Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_mythology" title="Seneca mythology">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Wyandot religion">Wyandot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivaroan_peoples#Religion" title="Jivaroan peoples">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwakwaka%CA%BCwakw_mythology" title="Kwakwakaʼwakw mythology">Kwakwakaʼwakw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape_mythology" title="Lenape mythology">Lenape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_religion" title="Mapuche religion">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_religion" title="Mesoamerican religion">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_religion" title="Aztec religion">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_religion" title="Purépecha religion">Purépecha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo#Spiritual_and_religious_beliefs" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_mythology" title="Nuu-chah-nulth mythology">Nuu-chah-nulth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_mythology" title="Pawnee mythology">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_religion" title="Pueblo religion">Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoma_Pueblo#Religion" title="Acoma Pueblo">Acoma Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi_mythology" title="Hopi mythology">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_mythology" title="Zuni mythology">Zuni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux#Religion" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_religion" title="Lakota religion">Lakota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wocekiye" title="Wocekiye">Wocekiye</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshian_mythology" title="Tsimshian mythology">Tsimshian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_mythology" title="Ute mythology">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions#Washat_Dreamers_Religion" title="Native American religions">Washat Dreamers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui#Yaqui_cosmology_and_religion" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_religion" title="Ahom religion">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_folk_religion" title="Miao folk religion">Hmongism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_(religion)" title="Mo (religion)">Mo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_folk_religion" title="Tai folk religion">Satsana Phi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burmese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_folk_religion" title="Burmese folk religion">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzhuism" title="Benzhuism">Benzhuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimoism" title="Bimoism">Bimoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathouism" title="Bathouism">Bathouism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mun_(religion)" title="Mun (religion)">Bongthingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba" title="Dongba">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donyi-Polo" title="Donyi-Polo">Donyi-Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraka">Heraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kiratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_folk_religion" title="Qiang folk religion">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional <br /> African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">North African</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Berber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Guanche church</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Sub-Saharan<br />African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_people" title="Kamba people">Akamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluba_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Baluba mythology">Baluba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu mythology">Bantu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_traditional_religion" title="Zulu traditional religion">Zulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushongo_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushongo mythology">Bushongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinka_religion" title="Dinka religion">Dinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogon_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogon religion">Dogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomean_religion" title="Dahomean religion">Fon and Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ik_people" title="Ik people">Ik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotuko_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotuko mythology">Lotuko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_mythology" title="Lozi mythology">Lozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_mythology" title="Lugbara mythology">Lugbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Maasai mythology">Maasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuti_mythology" title="Mbuti mythology">Mbuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odinala" title="Odinala">Odinala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_religion" title="San religion">San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbuka_mythology" title="Tumbuka mythology">Tumbuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo_people" title="Urhobo people">Urhobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waaqeffanna" title="Waaqeffanna">Waaqeffanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifá</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">Diasporic</a>:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Bantu" title="Candomblé Bantu">Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Jej%C3%A9" title="Candomblé Jejé">Jejé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Ketu" title="Candomblé Ketu">Ketu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfa" title="Comfa">Comfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convince" title="Convince">Convince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espiritismo" title="Espiritismo">Espiritismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumina" title="Kumina">Kumina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obeah" title="Obeah">Obeah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_(religion)" title="Palo (religion)">Palo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimbanda" title="Quimbanda">Quimbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambor_de_Mina" title="Tambor de Mina">Tambor de Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Orisha" title="Trinidad Orisha">Trinidad Orisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Vodou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winti" title="Winti">Winti</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Aboriginal Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_religion" title="Inuit religion">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_mythology" title="Papuan mythology">Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia" title="Shamanism in Siberia">Siberian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New<br /> religious<br /> movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syncretic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_Religion" title="Coconut Religion">Coconut Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meivazhi" title="Meivazhi">Meivazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modekngei" title="Modekngei">Modekngei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Acropolis" title="New Acropolis">New Acropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajneesh_movement" title="Rajneesh movement">Rajneesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roerichism" title="Roerichism">Roerichism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Sant Mat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Soami" title="Radha Soami">Radha Soami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subud" title="Subud">Subud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensegrity_(Castaneda)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensegrity (Castaneda)">Tensegrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Theosophy" title="Neo-Theosophy">Neo-Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Yoga" title="Agni Yoga">Agni Yoga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation" title="Transcendental Meditation">Transcendental Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_White_Brotherhood" title="Universal White Brotherhood">White Brotherhood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Modern<br />paganism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetanism" title="Hetanism">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba" title="Dievturība">Dievturība</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_neopaganism" title="Caucasian neopaganism">Caucasian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz neopaganism">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_Xabze" title="Adyghe Xabze">Circassian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Hellenism (modern religion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Polytheistic reconstructionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Roman_religion" title="Reconstructionist Roman religion">Italo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemetism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Authentism" title="Russian Authentism">Authentism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism" title="Uralic neopaganism">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_neopaganism" title="Estonian neopaganism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Finnish_paganism" title="Modern Finnish paganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Native_Faith" title="Hungarian Native Faith">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_religion" title="Mari religion">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzyan_native_religion" title="Erzyan native religion">Erzya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_shamanism" title="Sámi shamanism">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_Vos" title="Udmurt Vos">Udmurt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Zalmoxianism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_movements" title="List of modern pagan movements">list</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">De novo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Discordianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eckankar" title="Eckankar">Eckankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Way" title="Fourth Way">Fourth Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jediism" title="Jediism">Jediism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">UFO religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism" title="Raëlism">Raëlism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Historical_religions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">Historical religions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_people#Religion" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_mythology" title="Prussian mythology">Old Prussian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_mythology" title="Basque mythology">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_mythology" title="Cook Islands mythology">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology" title="Finnish mythology">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuegians#Spiritual_culture" title="Fuegians">Fuegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selk%27nam_mythology" title="Selk'nam mythology">Selk'nam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_paganism" title="Frankish paganism">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanches#System_of_beliefs" title="Guanches">Guanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Religion" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Harappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_mythology" title="Hungarian mythology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_religion" title="Hurrian religion">Hurrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Confederacy#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois Confederacy">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_mythology" title="Inca mythology">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroon_religion" title="Jamaican Maroon religion">Jamaican Maroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdakism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_religion" title="Babylonian religion">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_Indigenous_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nauruan Indigenous religion">Nauruan Indigenous religion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_religion" title="Olmec religion">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian mythology">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian religion">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketmaker_III_Era#Culture_and_religion" title="Basketmaker III Era">Ancestral Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_II_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo II Period">Pueblo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_III_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo III Period">Pueblo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_IV_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo IV Period">Pueblo IV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_mythology" title="Rapa Nui mythology">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cult of Magna Mater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Mysteries of Isis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_religion" title="Punic religion">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahwism" title="Yahwism">Yahwism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_mythology" title="Somali mythology">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_religion" title="Tongan religion">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu#Religion" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_religion" title="Vainakh religion">Vainakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilization#Religion_and_Myth" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Religious_disaffiliation" title="Religious disaffiliation">Disaffiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_behaviour" title="Religious behaviour">Behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belief#Religion" title="Belief">Beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_to_prayer" title="Call to prayer">Call to prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laicism" title="Laicism">Laicism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">Laity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_(religion)" title="Covenant (religion)">Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">Denomination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship" title="Fire worship">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religion" title="Indigenous religion">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novice" title="Novice">Novice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" title="Religion and mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopraxy" title="Orthopraxy">Orthopraxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_experience" title="Religious experience">Religious experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">Purification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_space" title="Sacred space">Sacred space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_waters" title="Sacred waters">Bodies of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_grove" title="Sacred grove">Groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains" title="Sacred mountains">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tree" title="Sacred tree">Trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_symbol" title="Religious symbol">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_truth" title="Religious views on truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_and_religion" title="Water and religion">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Worship_of_heavenly_bodies" title="Worship of heavenly bodies">Astral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_of_worship" title="Place of worship">Place</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious<br />studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science_of_religion" title="Cognitive science of religion">Cognitive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_religion" title="Evolutionary psychology of religion">Evolutionary psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_religion" title="Neuroscience of religion">Neurotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">Soteriology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">Salvation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religion" title="Theories about religion">Theories about religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_religion" title="Women and religion">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_society" title="Category:Religion and society">Religion <br />and society</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_agriculture" title="Religion and agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_business" title="Religion and business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_assimilation" title="Religious assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">Missionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">Proselytism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_religion" title="Disability and religion">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_education" title="Religious education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_fanaticism" title="Religious fanaticism">Fanaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_of_religion" title="Growth of religion">Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_happiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_religion" title="Minority religion">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">National church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Importance_of_religion_by_country" title="Importance of religion by country">National religiosity levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_politics" title="Religion in politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_populations" title="List of religious populations">Populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religiocentrism" title="Religiocentrism">Religiocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_religion" title="Vegetarianism and religion">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_video_games" title="Religion and video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_and_religion" title="Wealth and religion">Wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a> <br />and <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligion</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_deconstruction" title="Positive deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_theology" title="Secular theology">Secular theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Unaffiliated</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Overviews<br />and <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion-related_lists" title="Category:Religion-related lists">lists</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_prophets_of_Abrahamic_religions" title="Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_been_considered_deities" title="List of people who have been considered deities">Deification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deities" title="Lists of deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_founders_of_religious_traditions" title="List of founders of religious traditions">Founders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_religion-related_articles" title="Index of religion-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_peaceful_gatherings" title="List of largest peaceful gatherings">Mass gatherings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_religious_movements" title="List of new religious movements">New religious movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_organizations" title="List of religious organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_religion" title="Outline of religion">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religions and spiritual traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_religion" title="Timeline of religion">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religion_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion by country</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Algeria" title="Religion in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Angola" title="Religion in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Benin" title="Religion in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Botswana" title="Religion in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Religion in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burundi" title="Religion in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cameroon" title="Religion in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cape_Verde" title="Religion in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Religion in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chad" title="Religion in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Comoros" title="Religion in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Religion in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eritrea" title="Religion in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eswatini" title="Religion in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ethiopia" title="Religion in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Gabon" title="Religion in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Gambia" title="Religion in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ghana" title="Religion in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea" title="Religion in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Religion in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Religion in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kenya" title="Religion in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lesotho" title="Religion in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liberia" title="Religion in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Libya" title="Religion in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Madagascar" title="Religion in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malawi" title="Religion in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mali" title="Religion in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritania" title="Religion in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritius" title="Religion in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Morocco" title="Religion in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mozambique" title="Religion in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Namibia" title="Religion in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Niger" title="Religion in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nigeria" title="Religion in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Rwanda" title="Religion in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Religion in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Senegal" title="Religion in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Seychelles" title="Religion in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Religion in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Somalia" title="Religion in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Africa" title="Religion in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Sudan" title="Religion in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sudan" title="Religion in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tanzania" title="Religion in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Togo" title="Religion in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tunisia" title="Religion in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uganda" title="Religion in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zambia" title="Religion in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Religion in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Asia" title="Religion in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Afghanistan" title="Religion in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia" title="Religion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Religion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bahrain" title="Religion in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Religion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bhutan" title="Religion in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brunei" title="Religion in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cambodia" title="Religion in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cyprus" title="Religion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_East_Timor" title="Religion in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hong_Kong" title="Religion in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq" title="Religion in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Israel" title="Religion in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jordan" title="Religion in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Religion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Korea" title="Religion in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Korea" title="Religion in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kuwait" title="Religion in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Religion in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Laos" title="Religion in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lebanon" title="Religion in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Macau" title="Religion in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malaysia" title="Religion in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Maldives" title="Religion in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mongolia" title="Religion in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Myanmar" title="Religion in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nepal" title="Religion in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oman" title="Religion in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Qatar" title="Religion in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Religion in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Singapore" title="Religion in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Religion in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Syria" title="Religion in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Taiwan" title="Religion in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tajikistan" title="Religion in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Thailand" title="Religion in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkmenistan" title="Religion in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Religion in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uzbekistan" title="Religion in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Yemen" title="Religion in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Albania" title="Religion in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Andorra" title="Religion in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Austria" title="Religion in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belarus" title="Religion in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belgium" title="Religion in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Religion in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bulgaria" title="Religion in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Croatia" title="Religion in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Religion in the Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Denmark" title="Religion in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Estonia" title="Religion in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Finland" title="Religion in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_France" title="Religion in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Greece" title="Religion in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hungary" title="Religion in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iceland" title="Religion in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Religion in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kosovo" title="Religion in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Latvia" title="Religion in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liechtenstein" title="Religion in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lithuania" title="Religion in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Luxembourg" title="Religion in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malta" title="Religion in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Moldova" title="Religion in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Montenegro" title="Religion in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Religion in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Religion in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norway" title="Religion in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Poland" title="Religion in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Portugal" title="Religion in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Romania" title="Religion in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_San_Marino" title="Religion in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Serbia" title="Religion in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovakia" title="Religion in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovenia" title="Religion in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain" title="Religion in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sweden" title="Religion in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Switzerland" title="Religion in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ukraine" title="Religion in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_America" title="Religion in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Religion in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Bahamas" title="Religion in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Barbados" title="Religion in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belize" title="Religion in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Costa_Rica" title="Religion in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cuba" title="Religion in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Dominica" title="Religion in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Religion in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_El_Salvador" title="Religion in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guatemala" title="Religion in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Haiti" title="Religion in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Honduras" title="Religion in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jamaica" title="Religion in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mexico" title="Religion in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nicaragua" title="Religion in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Panama" title="Religion in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Religion in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oceania" title="Religion in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Australia" title="Religion in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Fiji" title="Religion in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kiribati" title="Religion in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Religion in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Religion in the Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nauru" title="Religion in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Zealand" title="Religion in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Palau" title="Religion in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Religion in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Samoa" title="Religion in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Solomon_Islands" title="Religion in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tonga" title="Religion in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tuvalu" title="Religion in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vanuatu" title="Religion in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_America" title="Religion in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Argentina" title="Religion in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bolivia" title="Religion in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brazil" title="Religion in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chile" title="Religion in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Colombia" title="Religion in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ecuador" title="Religion in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guyana" title="Religion in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Paraguay" title="Religion in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Peru" title="Religion in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Suriname" title="Religion in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uruguay" title="Religion in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Venezuela" title="Religion in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td 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