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p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.25em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Genocide" title="Category:Genocide">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#000000;padding:0.25em;border-bottom:5px solid whitesmoke;"><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide </a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg/200px-Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg/300px-Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg/400px-Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#000000;padding-bottom:0.15em;color:white"> Issues</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">List of genocides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">Genocides in history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_genocide_on_youth" title="Effects of genocide on youth">Effects on youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocidal_massacre" title="Genocidal massacre">Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocidal_rape" title="Genocidal rape">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incitement_to_genocide" title="Incitement to genocide">Incitement</a></li> <li>In relation to <a href="/wiki/Colonialism_and_genocide" title="Colonialism and genocide">Colonialism</a> / <a href="/wiki/War_and_genocide" title="War and genocide">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetrators,_victims,_and_bystanders" title="Perpetrators, victims, and bystanders">Perpetrators, victims, and bystanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_prevention" title="Genocide prevention">Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_genocide" title="Psychology of genocide">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_recognition_politics" title="Genocide recognition politics">Recognition politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_factors_for_genocide" title="Risk factors for genocide">Risk factors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_stages_of_genocide" title="Ten stages of genocide">Stages</a></li></ul></li> <li>Types <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples" title="Genocide of indigenous peoples">Anti-Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_genocide" title="Paper genocide">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarian_genocide" title="Utilitarian genocide">Utilitarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_studies" title="Genocide studies">Studies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_genocide_studies" title="Outline of genocide studies">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_genocide_studies" title="Bibliography of genocide studies">Bibliography</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#000000;padding-bottom:0.15em;color:white"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_assimilation" title="Forced assimilation">Forced assimilation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Genocide" title="Category:Genocide">Category</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Genocide_sidebar" title="Template:Genocide sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Genocide_sidebar" title="Template talk:Genocide sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Genocide_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Genocide sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> This list includes all events which have been classified as <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> by significant scholarship. As there are varying <a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Definitions of genocide">definitions of genocide</a>, this list includes events around which there is ongoing scholarly debate over their classification as genocide and is not a list of only events which have a scholarly consensus to recognize them as genocide. This list excludes <a href="/wiki/Mass_killing" title="Mass killing">mass killings</a> which have not been explicitly defined as genocidal.<a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Genocide_definitions" title="Genocide definitions">Genocide definitions</a></div> Scholarship varies on the <a href="/wiki/Genocide_definitions" title="Genocide definitions">definition of genocide</a> employed when analysing whether events are genocidal in nature.<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> <a href="/wiki/Genocide_Convention" title="Genocide Convention">Genocide Convention</a>, not always employed, defines genocide as "any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: killing members of the group; causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; [and] forcibly transferring children of the group to another group".<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> This and other definitions are generally regarded by the majority of genocide scholars to have an "<a href="/wiki/Genocidal_intent" title="Genocidal intent">intent to destroy</a>" as a requirement for any act to be labelled genocide; there is also growing agreement on the inclusion of the physical destruction criterion.<a href="#cite_note-AdamJones2024-5">[4]</a> Writing in 1998, professors of sociology Kurt Jonassohn and Karin Björnson stated that the Genocide Convention was a legal instrument resulting from a diplomatic compromise; the wording of the treaty is not intended to be a definition suitable as a research tool, and although it is used for this purpose, as it has an international legal credibility that others lack, other definitions have also been postulated. Jonassohn and Björnson go on to say that for various reasons, none of these alternative definitions have gained widespread support.<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> Three genocides in history have been recognised under the 1948 legal definition: the <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Srebrenica_massacre" title="Srebrenica massacre">Srebrenica massacre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Samuel_2023-7">[6]</a> According to Ernesto Verdeja, associate professor of political science and peace studies at the University of Notre Dame, there are three ways to conceptualise genocide other than the legal definition: in academic social science, in international politics and policy, and in colloquial public usage. The academic social science approach does not require proof of intent,<a href="#cite_note-Samuel_2023-7">[6]</a> and social scientists often define genocide more broadly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurga2023-8">[7]</a> The international politics and policy definition centres around prevention policy and intervention and may actually mean "large-scale violence against civilians" when used by governments and international organisations. Lastly, Verdeja says the way the general public colloquially uses "genocide" is usually "as a stand-in term for the greatest evils".<a href="#cite_note-Samuel_2023-7">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List">List</h2></div> The term <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> is contentious and as a result its definition varies. This list only considers acts which are recognised in significant scholarship as genocides. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1226773818">.mw-parser-output .defaultleft{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .defaultcenter{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .defaultright{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .col1left td:nth-child(1),.mw-parser-output .col2left td:nth-child(2),.mw-parser-output .col3left td:nth-child(3),.mw-parser-output .col4left td:nth-child(4),.mw-parser-output .col5left td:nth-child(5),.mw-parser-output .col6left td:nth-child(6),.mw-parser-output .col7left td:nth-child(7),.mw-parser-output .col8left td:nth-child(8),.mw-parser-output .col9left td:nth-child(9),.mw-parser-output .col10left td:nth-child(10),.mw-parser-output .col11left td:nth-child(11),.mw-parser-output .col12left td:nth-child(12),.mw-parser-output .col13left td:nth-child(13),.mw-parser-output .col14left td:nth-child(14),.mw-parser-output .col15left td:nth-child(15),.mw-parser-output .col16left 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td:nth-child(8),.mw-parser-output .col9center td:nth-child(9),.mw-parser-output .col10center td:nth-child(10),.mw-parser-output .col11center td:nth-child(11),.mw-parser-output .col12center td:nth-child(12),.mw-parser-output .col13center td:nth-child(13),.mw-parser-output .col14center td:nth-child(14),.mw-parser-output .col15center td:nth-child(15),.mw-parser-output .col16center td:nth-child(16),.mw-parser-output .col17center td:nth-child(17),.mw-parser-output .col18center td:nth-child(18),.mw-parser-output .col19center td:nth-child(19),.mw-parser-output .col20center td:nth-child(20),.mw-parser-output .col21center td:nth-child(21),.mw-parser-output .col22center td:nth-child(22),.mw-parser-output .col23center td:nth-child(23),.mw-parser-output .col24center td:nth-child(24),.mw-parser-output .col25center td:nth-child(25),.mw-parser-output .col26center td:nth-child(26),.mw-parser-output .col27center td:nth-child(27),.mw-parser-output .col28center td:nth-child(28),.mw-parser-output .col29center td:nth-child(29){text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .col1right td:nth-child(1),.mw-parser-output .col2right td:nth-child(2),.mw-parser-output .col3right td:nth-child(3),.mw-parser-output .col4right td:nth-child(4),.mw-parser-output .col5right td:nth-child(5),.mw-parser-output .col6right td:nth-child(6),.mw-parser-output .col7right td:nth-child(7),.mw-parser-output .col8right td:nth-child(8),.mw-parser-output .col9right td:nth-child(9),.mw-parser-output .col10right td:nth-child(10),.mw-parser-output .col11right td:nth-child(11),.mw-parser-output .col12right td:nth-child(12),.mw-parser-output .col13right td:nth-child(13),.mw-parser-output .col14right td:nth-child(14),.mw-parser-output .col15right td:nth-child(15),.mw-parser-output .col16right td:nth-child(16),.mw-parser-output .col17right td:nth-child(17),.mw-parser-output .col18right td:nth-child(18),.mw-parser-output .col19right td:nth-child(19),.mw-parser-output .col20right td:nth-child(20),.mw-parser-output .col21right td:nth-child(21),.mw-parser-output .col22right td:nth-child(22),.mw-parser-output .col23right td:nth-child(23),.mw-parser-output .col24right td:nth-child(24),.mw-parser-output .col25right td:nth-child(25),.mw-parser-output .col26right td:nth-child(26),.mw-parser-output .col27right td:nth-child(27),.mw-parser-output .col28right td:nth-child(28),.mw-parser-output .col29right td:nth-child(29){text-align:right}</style> <table class="sortable wikitable col1left col2left col7left" style="text-align:center"> <caption>List of genocides in reverse chronological order </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" rowspan="2" width="35%">Event </th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2" width="35%">Location </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2" width="15%">Period </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2" width="15%">Estimated killings </th></tr> <tr> <th>From </th> <th>To </th> <th>Lowest </th> <th>Highest </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" class="unsortable">Description </th> <th scope="col" colspan="4" class="unsortable">Proportion of group killed </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gaza_genocide" title="Gaza genocide">Gaza genocide</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="Palestine"><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a> </td> <td>2023 </td> <td>Present </td> <td>43,972<a href="#cite_note-gazamoh-13">[b]</a> </td> <td>186,000<a href="#cite_note-Lancet_2024-14">[12]</a> </td></tr> <tr class="expand-child"> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> has been accused by numerous experts, governments, UN agencies and non-governmental organizations of carrying out a <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> against the Palestinian population during <a href="/wiki/Israeli_invasion_of_the_Gaza_Strip_(2023%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip (2023–present)">its invasion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_the_Gaza_Strip" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of the Gaza Strip">bombing</a> of Gaza during the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ohchr-15">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> By March 2024, after five months of attacks, Israeli military action had resulted in the deaths of over 31,500 Palestinians – 1 out of every 75 people in Gaza – averaging 195 killings a day,<a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a> and nearly 40,000 confirmed deaths by July. Most of the victims are civilians,<a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> including over 25,000 women and children<a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_journalists_in_the_2023_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Killing of journalists in the 2023 Israel–Hamas war">108 journalists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> Thousands more dead bodies are under the rubble of destroyed buildings.<a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> By March 2024, 374 healthcare workers in Gaza had been killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHassanManjraLondon2024-26">[24]</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px"> <ul><li>More than 10,000 estimated under rubble<a href="#cite_note-10,000-27">[25]</a></li> <li>At least 100,282 injuries<a href="#cite_note-Death-number-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a></li> <li>Damage to or destruction of approximately 80% of homes and 50% of buildings in Gaza<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESemerdjian20244-29">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[c]</a></li> <li>20% of population facing "catastrophic levels of acute food insecurity" involving "an extreme lack of food, starvation, and exhaustion"<a href="#cite_note-34">[31]</a></li> <li>1,900,000+ internally displaced persons<a href="#cite_note-HRW-Starvation-35">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a></li> <li>1.7–7.9% of pre-war Gazan population killed<a href="#cite_note-Lancet_2024-14">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[d]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Masalit_massacres_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Masalit massacres (2023–present)">Masalit genocide</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="Sudan"><a href="/wiki/West_Darfur" title="West Darfur">West Dafur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> </td> <td>2023 </td> <td>Present </td> <td>15,000<a href="#cite_note-38">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[35]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr class="expand-child"> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">The <a href="/wiki/Rapid_Support_Forces" title="Rapid Support Forces">Rapid Support Forces</a> (RSF) of Sudan and its allied Arab militias started to commit organized mass killings of <a href="/wiki/Masalit_people" title="Masalit people">Masalit</a> civilians and also targeting other non-Arab<a href="#cite_note-40">[36]</a> communities around El Geneina during the <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_civil_war_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Sudanese civil war (2023–present)">Sudanese civil war (2023–present)</a>. The events included torture, rape, and looting and were described as the worst atrocities against civilians so far in the 2023 conflict in Sudan.<a href="#cite_note-41">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ardamata_massacre" title="Ardamata massacre">Ardamata massacre</a>: Between 800 and 2,000 people were murdered. 20,000 fled.<a href="#cite_note-43">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Misterei_massacre" title="Misterei massacre">Misterei massacre</a>: 17,000 people fled to Chad (Gongour) after the massacre.<a href="#cite_note-44">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Geneina" title="Battle of Geneina">Geneina massacre</a>: Within 8 days thousands of civilians were murdered.<a href="#cite_note-46">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[43]</a> 500,000 people displaced since 2023 (75 % were from El Geneina)<a href="#cite_note-48">[44]</a> See also: <a href="/wiki/War_crimes_during_the_Sudanese_civil_war_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="War crimes during the Sudanese civil war (2023–present)">War crimes during the Sudanese civil war (2023–present)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide" title="Rohingya genocide">Rohingya genocide</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="Myanmar"><a href="/wiki/Rakhine_State" title="Rakhine State">Rakhine State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> </td> <td>2016 </td> <td>Present </td> <td>9,000–13,700<a href="#cite_note-49">[45]</a> </td> <td>43,000<a href="#cite_note-50">[46]</a> </td></tr> <tr class="expand-child"> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">The Rohingya genocide<a href="#cite_note-51">[47]</a> is a series of ongoing persecutions and killings of the <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Myanmar" title="Islam in Myanmar">Muslim</a> <a href="/wiki/Rohingya_people" title="Rohingya people">Rohingya people</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Tatmadaw" title="Tatmadaw">military of Myanmar</a>. The genocide has consisted of two phases to date: the first was a military crackdown that occurred from October 2016 to January 2017, and the second has been occurring since August 2017.<a href="#cite_note-52">[48]</a> The crisis forced over a million Rohingya to flee to other countries. Most fled to <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, resulting in the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Kutupalong_refugee_camp" title="Kutupalong refugee camp">world's largest refugee camp</a>,<a href="#cite_note-the_biggest_refugee_camp_2018_03_14_nytimes_com-53">[49]</a> while others escaped to <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, and other parts of <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, where they continue to face persecution. The Rohingya are denied citizenship under the <a href="/wiki/Myanmar_nationality_law" title="Myanmar nationality law">1982 Myanmar nationality law</a>, and are falsely regarded as Bengali immigrants by much of Myanmar's <a href="/wiki/Bamar_people" title="Bamar people">Bamar</a> majority, to the extent that the government refuses to acknowledge the Rohingya's existence as a valid ethnic group.<a href="#cite_note-54">[50]</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">Before the <a href="/wiki/2015_Rohingya_refugee_crisis" title="2015 Rohingya refugee crisis">2015 refugee crisis</a>, the Rohingya population in Myanmar was around 1.0 to 1.3 million. Since 2015, over <a href="/wiki/Rohingya_refugees_in_Bangladesh" title="Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh">900,000 Rohingya refugees</a> have fled to southeastern Bangladesh alone, and more to other surrounding countries. More than 100,000 Rohingyas in Myanmar are confined in camps for <a href="/wiki/Internally_displaced_person" title="Internally displaced person">internally displaced persons</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen_genocide" title="Iraqi Turkmen genocide">Iraqi Turkmen genocide</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="Iraq"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a>-controlled territory in northern <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> </td> <td>2014 </td> <td>2017 </td> <td>3,500 </td> <td>8,400 </td></tr> <tr class="expand-child"> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">The Iraqi Turkmen genocide refers to a series of killings, rapes, executions, expulsions, and sexual slavery of <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraqi Turkmen</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[51]</a> It began when ISIS captured Iraqi Turkmen land in 2014 and it continued until ISIS lost all of their land in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>. In 2017, ISIS's persecution of Iraqi Turkmen was officially recognized as a genocide by the Parliament of Iraq,<a href="#cite_note-56">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[53]</a> and in 2018, the sexual slavery of Iraqi Turkmen girls and women was recognized by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[55]</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yazidi_genocide" title="Yazidi genocide">Yazidi genocide</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="Iraq"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a>-controlled territory in northern <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> </td> <td>2014 </td> <td>2017 </td> <td>2,100<a href="#cite_note-60">[56]</a> </td> <td>5,000<a href="#cite_note-61">[57]</a> </td></tr> <tr class="expand-child"> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">The Yazidi genocide was perpetrated by the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> throughout <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> between 2014 and 2017.<a href="#cite_note-US_recognition-62">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBCRussian-63">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[60]</a> It was characterized by massacres, <a href="/wiki/Genocidal_rape" title="Genocidal rape">genocidal rape</a>, and forced conversions to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. Over a period of three years, Islamic State militants trafficked thousands of Yazidi women and girls and killed thousands of Yazidi men.<a href="#cite_note-65">[61]</a> <a href="/wiki/Independent_International_Commission_of_Inquiry_on_the_Syrian_Arab_Republic" title="Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic">The United Nations' Commission of Inquiry on Syria</a> officially declared in its report that ISIS was committing genocide against the <a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidis</a> population.<a href="#cite_note-UNnews0616-66">[62]</a> It is difficult to assess a precise figure for the killings<a href="#cite_note-HRC15616-67">[63]</a> but it is known that some thousand of Yazidis men and boys were still unaccounted for and ISIS genocidal actions against Yazidis people were still ongoing, as stated by the International Commission in June 2016.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2007_Yazidi_communities_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 Yazidi communities bombings">2007 Yazidi communities bombings</a></div> </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">A study found 3,100 killed and 6,880 were kidnapped, amouting to 2.5% of Yazidis being either killed or kidnapped.<a href="#cite_note-68">[64]</a> By 2015, upwards of 71% of the global Yazidi population was displaced by the genocide, with most Yazidi refugees having fled to Iraq's <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Kurdistan Region</a> and Syria's <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Rojava</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[66]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Darfur_genocide" title="Darfur genocide">Darfur genocide</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="Sudan"><a href="/wiki/Darfur" title="Darfur">Darfur</a>, Sudan </td> <td>2003 </td> <td>2005 </td> <td>98,000<a href="#cite_note-71">[67]</a> </td> <td>500,000<a href="#cite_note-72">[68]</a> </td></tr> <tr class="expand-child"> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">The Darfur genocide is the systematic killing of ethnic <a href="/wiki/Darfuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Darfuri">Darfuri</a> people which has occurred during the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Darfur" title="War in Darfur">war in Darfur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2012192-73">[69]</a> The genocide, which is being carried out against the <a href="/wiki/Fur_people" title="Fur people">Fur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masalit_people" title="Masalit people">Masalit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zaghawa_people" title="Zaghawa people">Zaghawa</a> ethnic groups, has led the <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_indicted_in_the_International_Criminal_Court" title="List of people indicted in the International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a> to indict several people for <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Darfur_genocide" title="Rape during the Darfur genocide">rape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">forced transfer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>. This includes Sudan's president <a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir" title="Omar al-Bashir">Omar al-Bashir</a> for his role in the genocide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElhag2014210-74">[70]</a> An estimated 200,000 people were killed between 2003 and 2005.<a href="#cite_note-75">[71]</a> These atrocities have been called the first genocide of the 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2012192-73">[69]</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Effacer_le_tableau" title="Effacer le tableau">Effacer le tableau</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="Congo, Democratic Republic of the"><a href="/wiki/North_Kivu" title="North Kivu">North Kivu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">DR Congo</a> </td> <td>2002 </td> <td>2003 </td> <td>60,000<a href="#cite_note-SeshadriICE1-76">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Penketh-77">[73]</a> </td> <td>70,000<a href="#cite_note-SeshadriICE1-76">[72]</a> </td></tr> <tr class="expand-child"> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">Effacer le tableau ("erasing the board") was the operational name given to the <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">systematic extermination</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mbuti_people" title="Mbuti people">Bambuti pygmies</a> by rebel forces in the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> (DRC). The primary objective of Effacer le tableau was the territorial conquest of the <a href="/wiki/North_Kivu" title="North Kivu">North Kivu</a> province of the DRC and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a> of Pygmies from the Congo's eastern region.<a href="#cite_note-Penketh-77">[73]</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">40% of the Eastern Congo's <a href="/wiki/Pygmy_peoples" title="Pygmy peoples">Pygmy</a> population killed<a href="#cite_note-Pygm-78">[N 1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Hutus_during_the_First_Congo_War" title="Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War">Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="Democratic Republic of the Congo"><a href="/wiki/Kivu" title="Kivu">Kivu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zaire" title="Zaire">Zaire</a> </td> <td>1996 </td> <td>1997 </td> <td>200,000<a href="#cite_note-Lemarchand2011-79">[74]</a> </td> <td>233,000<a href="#cite_note-Lemarchand2011-79">[74]</a> </td></tr> <tr class="expand-child"> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">During the <a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">First Congo War</a>, troops of the Rwanda-backed <a href="/wiki/Alliance_des_Forces_D%C3%A9mocratiques_pour_la_Lib%C3%A9ration_du_Congo-Za%C3%AFre" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance des Forces Démocratiques pour la Libération du Congo-Zaïre">Alliance des Forces Démocratiques pour la Libération du Congo-Zaïre</a> (AFDL) conducted mass killings of Rwandan, Congolese, and Burundian <a href="/wiki/Hutu" title="Hutu">Hutu</a> men, women, and children in villages and refugee camps in eastern <a href="/wiki/Zaire" title="Zaire">Zaire</a> (now named the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>).<a href="#cite_note-OHCHR-Hutu-80">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[76]</a> Elements of the AFDL and the Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPA) systematically shelled numerous camps and committed massacres with light weapons. These early attacks killed 6,800–8,000 refugees and forced the repatriation of 500,000 – 700,000 refugees back to Rwanda.<a href="#cite_note-82">[77]</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>As survivors fled westward, the AFDL units hunted them down killing thousands more.<a href="#cite_note-OHCHR-Hutu-80">[75]</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="Rwanda"><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> </td> <td colspan="2">1994 </td> <td>491,000<a href="#cite_note-McDoom-83">[78]</a> </td> <td>800,000<a href="#cite_note-Guichaoua-84">[79]</a> </td></tr> <tr class="expand-child"> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">The Rwandan genocide, also known as the genocide against the Tutsi, occurred between 7 April and 19 July 1994 during the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Civil_War" title="Rwandan Civil War">Rwandan Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-McDoom-83">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-Meierhenrich-86">[81]</a> During this period of around 100 days, members of the <a href="/wiki/Tutsi" title="Tutsi">Tutsi</a> minority ethnic group, as well as some moderate <a href="/wiki/Hutu" title="Hutu">Hutu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Twa" title="Great Lakes Twa">Twa</a>, were killed by armed Hutu militias. Although the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Rwanda" title="Constitution of Rwanda">Constitution of Rwanda</a> states that more than 1 million people perished in the genocide, the actual number of fatalities is unclear, and some estimates suggest that the real number killed was likely lower.<a href="#cite_note-Meierhenrich-86">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reydams-87">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[83]</a> The most widely accepted scholarly estimates are around 500,000 to 800,000 Tutsi deaths.<a href="#cite_note-Guichaoua-84">[79]</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">60–70% of Tutsis in Rwanda killed<a href="#cite_note-McDoom-83">[78]</a> 7% of Rwanda's total population killed<a href="#cite_note-McDoom-83">[78]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide" title="Bosnian genocide">Bosnian genocide</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="Bosnia and Herzegovina"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> </td> <td>1992 </td> <td>1995 </td> <td>31,107<a href="#cite_note-Calic-89">[84]</a> </td> <td>62,013<a href="#cite_note-Calic-89">[84]</a> </td></tr> <tr class="expand-child"> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">The Bosnian genocide comprised localised massacres, including those in <a href="/wiki/Srebrenica_massacre" title="Srebrenica massacre">Srebrenica</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrwin2012-90">[85]</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDepa" title="Žepa">Žepa</a>, committed by <a href="/wiki/Republika_Srpska" title="Republika Srpska">Bosnian Serb</a> forces in 1995, as well as the scattered <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing_in_Bosnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic cleansing in Bosnia">ethnic cleansing campaign</a> throughout areas controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Republika_Srpska" title="Army of Republika Srpska">Army of Republika Srpska</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutman1993-91">[86]</a> during the 1992–1995 <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThackrah200881–82-92">[87]</a> On 31 March 2010, the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Serbia)" title="National Assembly (Serbia)">Serbian Parliament</a> passed a resolution condemning the Srebrenica massacre and apologising to the families of Srebrenica for the deaths of Bosniaks ("Bosnian Muslims").<a href="#cite_note-BBC310310-93">[88]</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">More than 3% of the <a href="/wiki/Bosniak" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosniak">Bosniak</a> population of <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> died during the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[89]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_genocide" title="Isaaq genocide">Isaaq genocide</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="Somalia"><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somalia</a> </td> <td>1987 </td> <td>1989 </td> <td>50,000<a href="#cite_note-95">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jones-98">[93]</a> </td> <td>200,000<a href="#cite_note-99">[94]</a> </td></tr> <tr class="expand-child"> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">The Genocide of Isaaqs was the systematic, state-sponsored massacre of <a href="/wiki/Isaaq" title="Isaaq">Isaaq</a> civilians between 1988 and 1991 by the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somali Democratic Republic</a> under the dictatorship of <a href="/wiki/Siad_Barre" title="Siad Barre">Siad Barre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mburu-100">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[97]</a> This included the leveling and complete destruction of the second- and third-largest cities in Somalia, <a href="/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa">Hargeisa</a> (90 percent destroyed)<a href="#cite_note-103">[98]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burao" title="Burao">Burao</a> (70 percent destroyed) respectively,<a href="#cite_note-104">[99]</a> and had caused 400,000<a href="#cite_note-world_bank_2005-105">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[101]</a> Somalis (primarily of the Isaaq clan) to flee their land and cross the border to Hartasheikh in Ethiopia as refugees,<a href="#cite_note-107">[102]</a> with another 400,000 being internally displaced.<a href="#cite_note-world_bank_2005-105">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[103]</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>In 2001, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> commissioned an investigation on past human rights violations in Somalia,<a href="#cite_note-Mburu-100">[95]</a> specifically to find out if "crimes of international jurisdiction (i.e. war crimes, crimes against humanity or genocide) had been perpetrated during the country's civil war". The investigation was commissioned jointly by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> Co-ordination Unit (UNCU) and the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights">Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights</a>. The investigation concluded with a report confirming the crime of genocide to have taken place against the Isaaqs in Somalia.<a href="#cite_note-Mburu-100">[95]</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anfal_campaign" title="Anfal campaign">Anfal campaign</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="Iraq"><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Kurdistan Region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Iraq</a> </td> <td>1986 </td> <td>1989 </td> <td>50,000<a href="#cite_note-109">[104]</a> </td> <td>182,000<a href="#cite_note-110">[105]</a> </td></tr> <tr class="expand-child"> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">The Anfal campaign was a <a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">counterinsurgency</a> operation which was carried out by <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'athist Iraq</a> from February to September 1988 during the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a> at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a>. The campaign targeted rural Kurds<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltermann2008Victims-111">[106]</a> because its purpose was to eliminate Kurdish rebel groups and <a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabize</a> strategic parts of the <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk_Governorate" title="Kirkuk Governorate">Kirkuk Governorate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirmanjRafaat2021163-112">[107]</a> The Iraqis committed atrocities on the local Kurdish population, mostly civilians.<a href="#cite_note-113">[108]</a> A variety of national governments have passed resolutions recognising the Anfal campaign as a genocide.<a href="#cite_note-114">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[111]</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gukurahundi" title="Gukurahundi">Gukurahundi</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="Zimbabwe"><a href="/wiki/Matabeleland" title="Matabeleland">Matabeleland</a>, Zimbabwe </td> <td>1983 </td> <td>1987 </td> <td>8,000<a href="#cite_note-117">[112]</a> </td> <td>30,000<a href="#cite_note-118">[113]</a> </td></tr> <tr class="expand-child"> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">The Gukurahundi was the systematic massacre of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_people" title="Northern Ndebele people">Ndebele people</a> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_African_National_Union" title="Zimbabwe African National Union">ZANU-PF</a> party.<a href="#cite_note-119">[114]</a> The Gukurahundi was initiated because the <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_African_People%27s_Union" title="Zimbabwe African People's Union">ZAPU</a> party, the main Zimbabwean opposition party, found the majority of its support among the Ndebele people, leading Mugabe to conclude that they must be exterminated in order to eliminate support for the ZAPU.<a href="#cite_note-120">[115]</a> The Gukurahundi began in 1983, and continued until the signing of the 1987 Unity Accords, during which time about 20, 000 Ndebele were killed and sent to <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Concentration camps">re-education camps</a>. </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sabra_and_Shatila_massacre" title="Sabra and Shatila massacre">Sabra and Shatila massacre</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="Lebanon"><a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, Lebanon </td> <td colspan="2">1982 </td> <td>460<a href="#cite_note-121">[116]</a> </td> <td>3,500<a href="#cite_note-122">[117]</a> </td></tr> <tr class="expand-child"> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">The Sabra and Shatila massacre was the 16–18 September 1982 killings of civilians—mostly <a href="/wiki/Palestinians_in_Lebanon" title="Palestinians in Lebanon">Palestinians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Shia_Muslims" title="Lebanese Shia Muslims">Lebanese Shias</a>—in the city of <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a>. It was perpetrated by the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Forces_(militia)" title="Lebanese Forces (militia)">Lebanese Forces</a>, one of the main <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Front" title="Lebanese Front">Christian militias in Lebanon</a>, and supported by the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a> (IDF) that had surrounded Beirut's Sabra neighbourhood and the adjacent <a href="/wiki/Shatila_refugee_camp" title="Shatila refugee camp">Shatila refugee camp</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[118]</a> Both the United Nations and an independent commission headed by <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_MacBride" title="Seán MacBride">Seán MacBride</a> concluded that the massacre was an act of genocide against the Palestinian people,<a href="#cite_note-124">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[120]</a> a conclusion concurred with by NGOs such as the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Return_Centre" title="Palestinian Return Centre">Palestinian Return Centre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[121]</a> Human rights scholars <a href="/wiki/Damien_Short" title="Damien Short">Damien Short</a> and Haifa Rashed also described the massacre as genocidal in nature.<a href="#cite_note-127">[122]</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="Cambodia"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">Democratic Kampuchea</a> (Cambodia) </td> <td>1975 </td> <td>1979 </td> <td>1,386,734<a href="#cite_note-128">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[124]</a> </td> <td>3,000,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeuveline2001-130">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawcross1985115–116-131">[126]</a> </td></tr> <tr class="expand-child"> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">The Cambodian genocide was the systematic persecution and killing of Cambodian citizens by the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge_rule_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer Rouge rule of Cambodia">Khmer Rouge</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pol Pot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrey2009[httpsarchiveorgdetailsgenocideinternat0000freypage83_83]-132">[127]</a> The Khmer Rouge emptied the cities and forced Cambodians to relocate to <a href="/wiki/Labor_camp" title="Labor camp">labor camps</a> in the countryside, where mass executions, <a href="/wiki/Forced_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced labor">forced labor</a>, physical abuse, <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a>, and disease were rampant.<a href="#cite_note-133">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-YaleUniv-134">[129]</a> Up to 20,000 mass graves, the infamous <a href="/wiki/Killing_Fields" title="Killing Fields">Killing Fields</a>, were uncovered, where at least 1,386,734 murdered victims found their final resting place.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeMello201386-135">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-MapCambo-136">[131]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge_Tribunal" title="Khmer Rouge Tribunal">Khmer Rouge Tribunal</a> found that targeting of <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">Vietnamese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chams" title="Chams">Cham</a> minorities constituted a genocide under the UN Convention.<a href="#cite_note-137">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[133]</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">15–33% of total population of Cambodia killed, <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEtcheson2005119-139">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeuveline1998-140">[135]</a> including 99% of <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Cambodians" title="Vietnamese Cambodians">Cambodian Viets</a>, 50% of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Cambodian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Cambodian">Cambodian Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chams" title="Chams">Cham</a>, 40% of Cambodian Lao and Thai, 25% of Urban <a href="/wiki/Khmer_people" title="Khmer people">Khmer</a>, 16% of Rural Khmer </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/East_Timor_genocide" title="East Timor genocide">East Timor genocide</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="Indonesia"><a href="/wiki/East_Timor_(Indonesian_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor (Indonesian province)">East Timor</a>, Indonesia </td> <td>1974 </td> <td>1999 </td> <td>85,320<a href="#cite_note-141">[136]</a> </td> <td>196,720<a href="#cite_note-142">[137]</a> </td></tr> <tr class="expand-child"> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">The East Timor genocide refers to the "pacification campaigns" of <a href="/wiki/State_terrorism" title="State terrorism">state terrorism</a> which were waged by the Indonesian <a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Indonesia)" title="New Order (Indonesia)">New Order</a> government during the Indonesian <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_invasion_of_East_Timor" title="Indonesian invasion of East Timor">invasion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_occupation_of_East_Timor" title="Indonesian occupation of East Timor">occupation</a> of <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>. Genocide scholars at <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> acknowledge the Indonesian occupation of East Timor as genocide.<a href="#cite_note-143">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[139]</a> The truth commission held Indonesian forces responsible for about 70% of the violent killings.<a href="#cite_note-145">[140]</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">13% to 44% of <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>'s total population killed (See <a href="/wiki/East_Timor_genocide#Number_of_deaths" title="East Timor genocide">death toll of East Timor genocide</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genocide of <a href="/wiki/Acholi_people" title="Acholi people">Acholi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lango_people" title="Lango people">Lango people</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="Uganda"><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> </td> <td>1972 </td> <td>1978 </td> <td>100,000<a href="#cite_note-Israel-146">[141]</a> </td> <td>300,000<a href="#cite_note-Israel-146">[141]</a> </td></tr> <tr class="expand-child"> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">After <a href="/wiki/Idi_Amin" title="Idi Amin">Idi Amin</a> overthrew the regime of <a href="/wiki/Milton_Obote" title="Milton Obote">Milton Obote</a> in 1971, he declared the Acholi and Lango tribes enemies, as Obote was a Lango and he saw the fact that they dominated the army as a threat.<a href="#cite_note-Israel-146">[141]</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>In January 1972, Amin issued an order to the Ugandan army ordering that they assemble and kill all Acholi or Lango soldiers, and then commanded that all Acholi and Lango be rounded up and confined within army barracks, where they were either slaughtered by the soldiers or killed when the Ugandan air force bombed the barracks.<a href="#cite_note-Israel-146">[141]</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ikiza" title="Ikiza">Ikiza</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="Burundi"><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a> </td> <td colspan="2">1972 </td> <td>80,000<a href="#cite_note-BurWhite-147">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-ICIBFR02_85-148">[143]</a> </td> <td>300,000<a href="#cite_note-burundik-149">[144]</a> </td></tr> <tr class="expand-child"> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">The Ikiza was a series of mass killings which were committed in <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a> in 1972 by the <a href="/wiki/Tutsi" title="Tutsi">Tutsi</a>-dominated army and government, primarily against educated and elite <a href="/wiki/Hutu" title="Hutu">Hutus</a> who lived in the country. The International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi presented to the United Nations Security Council in 1996 concluded that the Ikiza was a genocide.<a href="#cite_note-150">[145]</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px"> As much as 10% to 15% of the <a href="/wiki/Hutu" title="Hutu">Hutu</a> population of Burundi killed<a href="#cite_note-burundik-149">[144]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_genocide" title="Bangladesh genocide">Bangladesh genocide</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="Bangladesh"><a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>) </td> <td colspan="2">1971 </td> <td>300,000<a href="#cite_note-Dummett-151">[146]</a> </td> <td>3,000,000<a href="#cite_note-Dummett-151">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-BDdeathcount-152">[147]</a> </td></tr> <tr class="expand-child"> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">The Bangladesh genocide was the ethnic cleansing of <a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengalis</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindus" title="Bengali Hindus">Bengali Hindus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJahan2013256-153">[148]</a> residing in <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>) during the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a>, perpetrated by the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Pakistan Armed Forces">Pakistan Armed Forces</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Razakar_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Razakar (Pakistan)">Razakars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBass2013a198-154">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamoodur_Rahman_Commission_Report1974-155">[150]</a> It began as <a href="/wiki/Operation_Searchlight" title="Operation Searchlight">Operation Searchlight</a> was launched by <a href="/wiki/West_Pakistan" title="West Pakistan">West Pakistan</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>) to militarily subdue the Bengali population of East Pakistan; the Bengalis comprised the demographic majority and had been calling for independence. Seeking to curtail the Bengali self-determination movement, Pakistani president <a href="/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan">Yahya Khan</a> approved a large-scale military deployment, and in the nine-month-long conflict that ensued, Pakistani soldiers and local militias killed between 300,000 and 3,000,000 Bengalis and <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War">raped between 200,000 and 400,000 Bengali women</a> in a systematic campaign of <a href="/wiki/Mass_murder" title="Mass murder">mass murder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genocidal_rape" title="Genocidal rape">genocidal sexual violence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[151]</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">4% of the population of East Pakistan<a href="#cite_note-157">[152]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Zanzibar genocide">Zanzibar genocide</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="Zanzibar"><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a> (now part of <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>) </td> <td colspan="2">1964 </td> <td>13,000<a href="#cite_note-Ibrahim_2015-158">[153]</a> </td> <td>20,000+<a href="#cite_note-Areo-Zanzibar-159">[154]</a> </td></tr> <tr class="expand-child"> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">In January 1964 during and following the <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_Revolution" title="Zanzibar Revolution">Zanzibar Revolution</a>, Arab residents of <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a> were targeted for violence by the island’s majority Black African population.<a href="#cite_note-160">[155]</a> Arabs were mass murdered, raped, tortured and deported from the island by Black African militiamen under the <a href="/wiki/Afro-Shirazi_Party" title="Afro-Shirazi Party">Afro-Shirazi Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Umma_Party_(Zanzibar)" title="Umma Party (Zanzibar)">Umma Party</a>. The exact death toll is unknown, although scholarly sources estimate the number of Arabs killed to be between 13,000 and more than 20,000.<a href="#cite_note-Ibrahim_2015-158">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-Areo-Zanzibar-159">[154]</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">25% or more of the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a> population (50,000 people) of Zanzibar were killed by the end of 1964.<a href="#cite_note-Ibrahim_2015-158">[153]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maya_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya genocide">Maya genocide</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="Guatemala"><a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> </td> <td>1962 </td> <td>1996 </td> <td>166,000<a href="#cite_note-MayaMin-161">[156]</a> </td> <td>166,000<a href="#cite_note-MayaMax-162">[157]</a> </td></tr> <tr class="expand-child"> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">The Guatemalan genocide was the massacre of <a href="/wiki/Maya_peoples" title="Maya peoples">Maya</a> civilians during the <a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemalan Civil War</a> (1960–1996) by successive US-backed Guatemalan military governments.<a href="#cite_note-UN0399-163">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECEH1999-164">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[160]</a> Massacres, <a href="/wiki/Forced_disappearance" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced disappearance">forced disappearances</a>, torture and <a href="/wiki/Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">summary executions</a> of guerrillas and especially civilians at the hands of security forces had been widespread since 1965, and was a longstanding policy of the military regime, which US officials were aware of.<a href="#cite_note-166">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[162]</a> At least an estimated 200,000 persons died by arbitrary executions, <a href="/wiki/Forced_disappearance" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced disappearance">forced disappearances</a> and other human rights violations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECEH199920-168">[163]</a> 83% of those killed were Maya.<a href="#cite_note-handbook-169">[164]</a> A quarter of the direct victims of human rights violations and acts of violence were women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECEH199923-170">[165]</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">40% of the <a href="/wiki/Maya_peoples" title="Maya peoples">Maya</a> population (24,000 people) of Guatemala's <a href="/wiki/Ixil_Community" title="Ixil Community">Ixil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rabinal" title="Rabinal">Rabinal</a> regions were killed[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Chechens_and_Ingush" title="Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush">Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="Soviet Union"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> </td> <td>1944 </td> <td>1948 </td> <td>100,000<a href="#cite_note-171">[166]</a> </td> <td>400,000<a href="#cite_note-172">[167]</a> </td></tr> <tr class="expand-child"> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">The deportation of the Chechens and Ingush, or Ardakhar Genocide, was the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Forced_transfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced transfer">forced transfer</a> of the whole of the <a href="/wiki/Nakh_peoples" title="Nakh peoples">Vainakh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chechens" title="Chechens">Chechen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ingush_people" title="Ingush people">Ingush</a>) populations of the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a> to <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> on 23 February 1944, during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The expulsion was ordered by <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> chief <a href="/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beria" title="Lavrentiy Beria">Lavrentiy Beria</a> after approval by <a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of leaders of the Soviet Union">Soviet leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, as a part of a <a href="/wiki/Forced_settlements_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced settlements in the Soviet Union">Soviet forced settlement program</a> and <a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">population transfer</a> that affected several million members of ethnic minorities in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> between the 1930s and the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-173">[168]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Dunlop-174">[169]</a> The <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> officially recognised the deportations as genocide in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-175">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[171]</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">23.5% to almost 50% of total <a href="/wiki/Chechens" title="Chechens">Chechen</a> population killed<a href="#cite_note-177">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dunlop-174">[169]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Crimean_Tatars" title="Deportation of the Crimean Tatars">Deportation of the Crimean Tatars</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="Soviet Union"><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> </td> <td colspan="2">1944 </td> <td>34,000<a href="#cite_note-buc-178">[173]</a> </td> <td>195,471<a href="#cite_note-179">[174]</a> </td></tr> <tr class="expand-child"> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">The deportation of the Crimean Tatars was the <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">cultural genocide</a> of at least 191,044 <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a> which was carried out by the Soviet authorities from 18 to 20 May 1944, supervised by <a href="/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beria" title="Lavrentiy Beria">Lavrentiy Beria</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/ru:%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%93%D0%9A%D0%9E_%E2%84%96_5859%D1%81%D1%81_%D0%BE%D1%82_11.05.44" class="extiw" title="s:ru:Постановление ГКО № 5859сс от 11.05.44">ordered</a> by the Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>. Within those three days, the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> used cattle trains to deport the Crimean Tatars, mostly women, children, and the elderly, even <a href="/wiki/All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" class="mw-redirect" title="All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">Communist Party</a> members and <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> members, to the <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic">Uzbek SSR</a>, several thousand kilometres away. Multiple scholars have recognised the deportation as a genocide.<a href="#cite_note-180">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[176]</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">The deportation and following exile reduced the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatar</a> population by between 18%<a href="#cite_note-buc-178">[173]</a> and 46%.<a href="#cite_note-182">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[N 2]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="Europe"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">German-occupied Europe</a> </td> <td>1941 </td> <td>1945 </td> <td>5,100,000<a href="#cite_note-185">[179]</a> </td> <td>7,000,000<a href="#cite_note-186">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischel2020[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidT4LQDwAAQBAJpgPA10_10]-187">[181]</a> </td></tr> <tr class="expand-child"> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">The Holocaust was the <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">European Jews</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Between 1941 and 1945, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">its collaborators</a> systematically murdered some <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_victims" title="Holocaust victims">six million Jews</a> across <a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">German-occupied Europe</a>, around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population.<a href="#cite_note-188">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[184]</a> Nearly one and half million were killed in just 100 days from late July to early November 1942.<a href="#cite_note-191">[185]</a> The murders were carried out primarily through mass shootings and poison gas in <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">extermination camps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HoloList-192">[186]</a> Separate Nazi persecutions killed a similar or larger number of non-Jewish civilians and POWs; the term Holocaust is sometimes used to refer to the persecution of these <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_victims" title="Holocaust victims">other groups</a>. The Holocaust is considered to be the single largest genocide in history.<a href="#cite_note-193">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[188]</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">Around 2/3 of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">Jewish population of Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-195">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[190]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vihavainen-Schrey-Vasara-198">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-Siegl-199">[193]</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="Europe"><a href="/wiki/Leningrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Leningrad">Leningrad</a> </td> <td>1941 </td> <td>1944 </td> <td>1,042,000<a href="#cite_note-Krasman-200">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-Glantz-201">[195]</a> </td> <td>1,042,000<a href="#cite_note-Krasman-200">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-Glantz-201">[195]</a> </td></tr> <tr class="expand-child"> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">Some historians and the Russian government have classified the siege, in which German and Finnish policies led to the deaths of more than 1 million civilians from starvation, as a genocide.<a href="#cite_note-Krasman-200">[194]</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="Bosnia and Herzegovina"><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>) </td> <td>1941 </td> <td>1945 </td> <td>248,000<a href="#cite_note-Yeomans-202">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-AxisYugo-203">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-stategov-204">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-Exclude-205">[N 3]</a> </td> <td>548,000<a href="#cite_note-Yeomans-202">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-stategov-204">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-AxisYugo-203">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-Exclude-205">[N 3]</a> </td></tr> <tr class="expand-child"> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">Genocide of <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a> (NDH), a <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascist</a> <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet state</a> that existed during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, led by the <a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a> regime, which ruled <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">an occupied area of Yugoslavia</a>. The Genocide of Serbs was conducted in parallel to the <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Holocaust in the NDH</a>. The Ustaše were the only <a href="/wiki/Quisling" title="Quisling">quisling</a> forces in Yugoslavia who operated their own <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camps_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Concentration camps in the Independent State of Croatia">extermination camps</a> for the purpose of murdering Serbs and other ethnic groups (Jews and Romani). </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chetnik_war_crimes_in_World_War_II#Genocidal_crimes" title="Chetnik war crimes in World War II">Genocide of Bosniaks and Croats by the Chetniks</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="Yugoslavia"><a href="/wiki/Occupied_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupied Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> </td> <td>1941 </td> <td>1945 </td> <td>50,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiger2012-206">[199]</a> </td> <td>68,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiger2012-206">[199]</a> </td></tr> <tr class="expand-child"> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">The <a href="/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">Chetniks</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslav</a> <a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">royalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbian_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian nationalist">Serbian nationalist</a> movement and <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla force</a>, committed numerous <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a> during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Second World War</a>, primarily directed against the non-Serb population of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a>, mainly <a href="/wiki/Muslims_(ethnic_group)" title="Muslims (ethnic group)">Muslims</a> and <a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a>, and against <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Yugoslavia">Communist</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslav Partisans</a> and their supporters.<a href="#cite_note-207">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001379,_747-208">[201]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Stevan_Moljevi%C4%87" title="Stevan Moljević">Moljević plan</a> ("On Our State and Its Borders") and the 1941 <a href="/wiki/Dra%C5%BEa_Mihailovi%C4%87#Bosnia" title="Draža Mihailović">'Instructions'</a> issued by Chetnik leader, <a href="/wiki/Dra%C5%BEa_Mihailovi%C4%87" title="Draža Mihailović">Draža Mihailović</a>, advocated for the cleansing of non-Serbs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001169-209">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[203]</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_the_Polish_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi crimes against the Polish nation">Nazi crimes against the Polish nation</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[205]</a> (part of the <a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a>) </td> <td data-sort-value="Europe"><a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">German-occupied Europe</a> </td> <td>1939 </td> <td>1945 </td> <td>1,800,000<a href="#cite_note-USHMM-Poles-213">[206]</a> </td> <td>3,000,000<a href="#cite_note-214">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-Banki-215">[208]</a> </td></tr> <tr class="expand-child"> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">Crimes against the Polish nation committed by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a> collaborationist forces during the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulesza2004PDF,_p._29-216">[209]</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Schutzmannschaft#Police_battalions" title="Schutzmannschaft">auxiliary battalions</a> during the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Poland">occupation of Poland</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGushee2012313–314-217">[210]</a> included the <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> of millions of <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Polish people</a>, especially the systematic extermination of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">Jewish Poles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-219">[e]</a> These mass killings were enacted by the Nazis with further plans that were justified by their <a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">racial theories</a>, which regarded Poles and other <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a>, and especially Jews, as racially inferior <a href="/wiki/Untermensch" title="Untermensch">Untermenschen</a>. </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">From 6% to 10% (1.8 to 3 million) of the total Polish <a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">gentile</a> population.<a href="#cite_note-Banki-215">[208]</a> In addition, 3 million Polish Jews were killed during <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="The Holocaust in Poland">the Holocaust in Poland</a> (90% of Polish Jews).<a href="#cite_note-USHMM-Poles-213">[206]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polish_Operation_of_the_NKVD" title="Polish Operation of the NKVD">Polish Operation of the NKVD</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="Soviet Union"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> </td> <td>1937 </td> <td>1938 </td> <td>111,091<a href="#cite_note-220">[212]</a> </td> <td>250,000<a href="#cite_note-221">[213]</a> </td></tr> <tr class="expand-child"> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">The Polish Operation of the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> in 1937–1938 was an <a href="/wiki/Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment">anti-Polish</a> <a href="/wiki/Mass_operations_of_the_NKVD" title="Mass operations of the NKVD">mass-ethnic cleansing operation of the NKVD</a> carried out in the Soviet Union against <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a> (labeled by the Soviets as "agents") during the period of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a>. It was ordered by the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Politburo of the Communist Party</a> against so-called "Polish spies" and customarily interpreted by NKVD officials as relating to all Poles. It resulted in the sentencing of 139,835 people, and <a href="/wiki/Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">summary executions</a> of 111,091 Poles living in or near the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-Goldman2011-217-222">[214]</a> Multiple historians have published opinions describing the operation as genocidal.<a href="#cite_note-223">[215]</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">22% of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Polish</a> population of the USSR was "sentenced" by the operation (140,000 people)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllman2007686-224">[216]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Parsley_massacre" title="Parsley massacre">Parsley massacre</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="Dominican Republic"><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> </td> <td colspan="2">1937 </td> <td>12,000 </td> <td>40,000<a href="#cite_note-225">[217]</a> </td></tr> <tr class="expand-child"> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">The Parsley massacre was a mass killing of <a href="/wiki/Haitians_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Haitians in the Dominican Republic">Haitians</a> living in the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>'s northwestern frontier and in certain parts of the contiguous <a href="/wiki/Cibao" title="Cibao">Cibao</a> region in October 1937. <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Army" title="Dominican Army">Dominican Army</a> troops from different areas of the country<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurits2004161-226">[218]</a> carried out the massacre on the orders of Dominican dictator <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Trujillo" title="Rafael Trujillo">Rafael Trujillo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-227">[219]</a> Many died while trying to flee to <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Dajab%C3%B3n_River" title="Dajabón River">Dajabón River</a> that divides the two countries on the island;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurits2002590-228">[220]</a> the troops followed them into the river to cut them down, causing the river to run with blood and corpses for several days. The massacre claimed the lives of an estimated 14,000 to 40,000 Haitian men, women, and children.<a href="#cite_note-229">[221]</a> Dominican troops interrogated thousands of civilians demanding that each victim say the word "<a href="/wiki/Parsley" title="Parsley">parsley</a>" (perejil). If the accused <a href="/wiki/Shibboleth" title="Shibboleth">could not pronounce the word</a> to the interrogators' satisfaction, they were deemed to be Haitians and killed.<a href="#cite_note-Alan_Cambeira-230">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[223]</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">As a result of the massacre, virtually the entire Haitian population in the Dominican frontier was either killed or forced to flee across the border.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurits2002630-232">[224]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Romani_Holocaust" title="Romani Holocaust">Romani Holocaust</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="Europe"><a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">German-occupied Europe</a> </td> <td>1939<a href="#cite_note-233">[225]</a> </td> <td>1945 </td> <td>130,000<a href="#cite_note-234">[226]</a> </td> <td>1,500,000<a href="#cite_note-235">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[228]</a> </td></tr> <tr class="expand-child"> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">The Romani Holocaust was the planned effort by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and its <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">allies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">collaborators</a> to commit <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a> and eventually <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> against <a href="/wiki/Romani_diaspora" title="Romani diaspora">European Roma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sinti" title="Sinti">Sinti</a> peoples during the <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust#Holocaust_era" title="The Holocaust">Holocaust era</a>.<a href="#cite_note-237">[229]</a> A supplementary decree to the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a> issued on 26 November 1935 classified the <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a> as "enemies of the <a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">race-based state</a>", thereby placing them in the same category as <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Nazi Germany">the Jews</a>. Thus, the fate of the Roma in Europe paralleled that of the Jews in <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>.<a href="#cite_note-USHMM_2-238">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-Milton1992-239">[231]</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">25% to 80% of <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a> in Europe killed </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="Soviet Union"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> and the northern <a href="/wiki/Kuban" title="Kuban">Kuban</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaimark201070-240">[232]</a> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> </td> <td>1932 </td> <td>1933 </td> <td>3,000,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaimark201070,_147-241">[233]</a> </td> <td>5,000,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaimark201070,_147-241">[233]</a> </td></tr> <tr class="expand-child"> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">The Holodomor also known as the Ukrainian Famine was a man-made <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Soviet Ukraine</a> from 1932 to 1933 that killed millions of <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a>. The Holodomor was part of the wider <a href="/wiki/Soviet_famine_of_1930%E2%80%931933" title="Soviet famine of 1930–1933">Soviet famine of 1930–1933</a> which affected the major <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">grain-producing</a> areas of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>While scholars are in consensus that the <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Holodomor" title="Causes of the Holodomor">cause of the famine</a> was man-made,<a href="#cite_note-242">[234]</a> <a href="/wiki/Holodomor_genocide_question" title="Holodomor genocide question">whether or not the Holodomor was intentional</a> and therefore constitutes a <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Genocide_Convention" title="Genocide Convention">Genocide Convention</a> is debated by scholars.<a href="#cite_note-243">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[236]</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">10% of Ukraine's population<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllman2007-245">[237]</a> Over 35% of <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Kazakhstan" title="Ukrainians in Kazakhstan">Ukrainians in Kazakhstan</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOhayon2016-246">[238]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Libyan_genocide" title="Libyan genocide">Libyan genocide</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="Libya"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Libya" title="Italian Libya">Italian Libya</a> </td> <td>1929 </td> <td>1932 </td> <td>83,000<a href="#cite_note-Duggan-247">[239]</a> </td> <td>125,000+<a href="#cite_note-Wright-248">[240]</a> </td></tr> <tr class="expand-child"> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">The Libyan genocide was the <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> of <a href="/wiki/Libyans" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyans">Libyan</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> and the systematic destruction of <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Libya" title="Culture of Libya">Libyan culture</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Mann309-249">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-otttensamul-251">[243]</a> particularly during and after the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Senussi_War" title="Second Italo-Senussi War">Second Italo-Senussi War</a> between 1929 and 1934.<a href="#cite_note-252">[244]</a> During this period, between 83,000 and 125,000 Libyans were killed by <a href="/wiki/Italian_Libya" title="Italian Libya">Italian colonial authorities</a> under <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Duggan-247">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wright-248">[240]</a> Italy committed major <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a> during the conflict; including the use of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapon" title="Chemical weapon">chemical weapons</a>, executing surrendering combatants, and the mass executions of civilians.<a href="#cite_note-Duggan-247">[239]</a> Italy apologised in 2008 for its killing, destruction and repression of the Libyan people during the period of colonial rule.<a href="#cite_note-thelibyareport-253">[245]</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">25% of <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaican" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrenaican">Cyrenaican</a> population<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuggan2007497-254">[246]</a> Half of the nomadic <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> population<a href="#cite_note-255">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cardoza,_109-256">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloxhamMoses2010358-257">[249]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Osage_Indian_murders" title="Osage Indian murders">Osage Indian murders</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="United States"><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, United States </td> <td>1918 </td> <td>1931 </td> <td>60<a href="#cite_note-258">[250]</a> </td> <td>200+<a href="#cite_note-259">[251]</a> </td></tr> <tr class="expand-child"> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">The <a href="/wiki/Osage_Indian_murders" title="Osage Indian murders">Osage Indian murders</a> was a plot by <a href="/wiki/William_King_Hale" title="William King Hale">William King Hale</a> and others to kill full-blood Osage to gain the mineral rights for their reservation. The events have been characterized as a genocide due to the intentions of its perpetrators to destroy the Osage nation.<a href="#cite_note-260">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[256]</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">Estimates vary widely, with 10% of 591 full-blood <a href="/wiki/Osage_Nation" title="Osage Nation">Osage</a> being killed with the lowest estimate.<a href="#cite_note-265">[257]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="Ottoman Empire"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>) </td> <td>1915 </td> <td>1917 </td> <td>600,000<a href="#cite_note-266">[258]</a> </td> <td>1,500,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrisZe'evi20191-267">[259]</a> </td></tr> <tr class="expand-child"> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">The <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a>,<a href="#cite_note-268">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[261]</a> carried out by the <a href="/wiki/Young_Turks" title="Young Turks">Young Turks</a>, included massacres, forced deportations involving <a href="/wiki/Death_marches" class="mw-redirect" title="Death marches">death marches</a>, and mass starvation. It occurred concurrently with the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian genocide">Assyrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek genocides</a>; some scholars consider these to form a broader genocide targeting all of the Christians in Anatolia.<a href="#cite_note-270">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrisZe'evi20193–5-271">[263]</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">Approximately 90% of <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> in the Ottoman Empire were killed or expelled.<a href="#cite_note-272">[264]</a> The share of Christians in area within Turkey's current borders declined from 20-22% in 1914, or about 3.3.–3.6 million people, to around 3% in 1927.<a href="#cite_note-273">[265]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Sayfo</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="Ottoman Empire"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>) </td> <td>1915 </td> <td>1919 </td> <td>200,000<a href="#cite_note-274">[266]</a> </td> <td>750,000<a href="#cite_note-LookLex-275">[267]</a> </td></tr> <tr class="expand-child"> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">The Sayfo (also known as the Seyfo or the Assyrian genocide) was the mass slaughter and <a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">deportation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian</a>/<a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriac Christians">Syriac Christians</a> in southeastern Anatolia and Persia's <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Azerbaijan province</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Army_(1861%E2%80%931922)" title="Ottoman Army (1861–1922)">Ottoman forces</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_tribes" title="Kurdish tribes">Kurdish tribes</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">Overall, about 2 million Christians were killed in Anatolia between 1894 and 1924, 40 percent of the original population.<a href="#cite_note-276">[268]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek genocide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_genocide" title="Pontic Greek genocide">Pontic genocide</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="Ottoman Empire"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>) </td> <td>1914 </td> <td>1922 </td> <td>300,000<a href="#cite_note-Sjöberg-277">[269]</a> </td> <td>900,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2010166-278">[270]</a> </td></tr> <tr class="expand-child"> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">The Greek genocide,<a href="#cite_note-279">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[272]</a> which included the Pontic genocide, was the systematic killing of the Christian <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greeks" title="Ottoman Greeks">Ottoman Greek</a> population of Anatolia which was carried out mainly during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_I" title="Aftermath of World War I">its aftermath</a> (1914–1922) on the basis of their religion and ethnicity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0kBZBwAAQBAJpgPA163_163]-281">[273]</a> It was perpetrated by the government of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> led by the <a href="/wiki/Three_Pashas" title="Three Pashas">Three Pashas</a> and by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly" title="Government of the Grand National Assembly">Government of the Grand National Assembly</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Meichanetsidis2015-282">[274]</a> against the Greek population of the Empire. The genocide included massacres, forced deportations involving <a href="/wiki/Death_march" title="Death march">death marches</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a>,<a href="#cite_note-283">[275]</a> expulsions, summary executions, and the destruction of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> cultural, historical, and religious monuments.<a href="#cite_note-284">[276]</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">At least 25% of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greeks" title="Ottoman Greeks">Greeks</a> in Anatolia (Turkey) killed [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars">Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scutari_vilayet" title="Scutari vilayet">Scutari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_vilayet" title="Kosovo vilayet">Kosovo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manastir_vilayet" title="Manastir vilayet">Manastir vilayets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> </td> <td>1912 </td> <td>1913 </td> <td>120,000<a href="#cite_note-285">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-286">[278]</a> </td> <td>270,000<a href="#cite_note-287">[279]</a> </td></tr> <tr class="expand-child"> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">The massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars were perpetrated on several occasions by the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Army" title="Serbian Army">Serbian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Montenegrin Army">Montenegrin</a> armies and <a href="/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">paramilitaries</a> during the conflicts that occurred in the region between 1912 and 1913.<a href="#cite_note-288">[280]</a> During the 1912–13 <a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Montenegro</a> committed a number of <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_popoulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian popoulation">Albanian population</a> after expelling <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> forces from present-day <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, which were reported by the European, American and Serbian opposition press.<a href="#cite_note-Golgotha-289">[281]</a> Most of the crimes occurred between October 1912 and the summer of 1913. The goal of the forced expulsions and massacres was statistical manipulation before the London Ambassadors Conference to determine the new Balkan borders. </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">10% of the population of present-day Kosovo (estimated to be 500,000) was victimized<a href="#cite_note-290">[282]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Herero_and_Nama_genocide" title="Herero and Nama genocide">Herero and Nama genocide</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="Namibia"><a href="/wiki/German_South_West_Africa" title="German South West Africa">German South West Africa</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>) </td> <td>1904 </td> <td>1908 </td> <td>34,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENuhn1989-291">[283]</a> </td> <td>110,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitaker_Report1985-292">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-HereroBiblio-293">[285]</a> </td></tr> <tr class="expand-child"> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">The Genocide in German South West Africa was the campaign to exterminate the Herero and Nama people that the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> undertook in German South-West Africa (modern-day Namibia). It is considered one of the first genocides of the 20th century. </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">60% (24,000 out of 40,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENuhn1989-291">[283]</a>) to 81.25% (65,000<a href="#cite_note-294">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-295">[287]</a> out of 80,000<a href="#cite_note-296">[288]</a>) of total <a href="/wiki/Herero_people" title="Herero people">Herero</a> and 50%<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENuhn1989-291">[283]</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nama_people" title="Nama people">Nama</a> population killed. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hamidian_massacres" title="Hamidian massacres">Hamidian massacres</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="Ottoman Empire"><a href="/wiki/Six_Vilayets" title="Six Vilayets">Six Vilayets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> </td> <td>1894 </td> <td>1896 </td> <td>200,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam200644-297">[289]</a> </td> <td>300,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam200644-297">[289]</a> </td></tr> <tr class="expand-child"> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">The Hamidian massacres were massacres of <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> that took place in the mid-1890s.<a href="#cite_note-Adalian-298">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-299">[291]</a> It was estimated casualties ranged from 80,000 to 300,000,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam200642-300">[292]</a> resulting in 50,000 <a href="/wiki/Orphan" title="Orphan">orphaned</a> children.<a href="#cite_note-301">[293]</a> The massacres are named after <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a>, who, in his efforts to maintain the imperial domain of the collapsing Ottoman Empire, reasserted <a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a> as a state ideology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam200644-297">[289]</a> Although the massacres were aimed mainly at the Armenians,<a href="#cite_note-302">[294]</a> they turned into indiscriminate anti-Christian pogroms in some cases, such as the <a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Diyarbak%C4%B1r_(1895)" class="mw-redirect" title="Massacres of Diyarbakır (1895)">Diyarbekir massacre</a>, where, at least according to one contemporary source, up to 25,000 <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> were also killed.<a href="#cite_note-angold2006-303">[295]</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Selk%27nam_genocide" title="Selk'nam genocide">Selk'nam genocide</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="Chile"><a href="/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuego" title="Tierra del Fuego">Tierra del Fuego</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> </td> <td>1880 </td> <td>1910 </td> <td>2,500<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapman2010544-304">[296]</a> </td> <td>4,000<a href="#cite_note-305">[297]</a> </td></tr> <tr class="expand-child"> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">The Selk'nam genocide was the <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">systematic extermination</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Selk%27nam_people" title="Selk'nam people">Selk'nam people</a>, one of the four <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous peoples</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuego" title="Tierra del Fuego">Tierra del Fuego</a> archipelago, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGigoux20221–2-306">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarambour2019a?-307">[299]</a> Historians estimate that the genocide spanned a period of between ten and twenty years, and resulted in the decline of the Selk'nam population from approximately 4,000 people during the 1880s to a few hundred by the early 1900s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapman2010544-304">[296]</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">84%<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>The genocide reduced their numbers from around 3,000 to about 500 people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardini1984-308">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERay200795-309">[301]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Putumayo_genocide" title="Putumayo genocide">Putumayo genocide</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="Peru">Present-day <a href="/wiki/Putumayo_Department" title="Putumayo Department">Putumayo Department</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> </td> <td>1879 </td> <td>1913 </td> <td>32,000<a href="#cite_note-310">[302]</a> </td> <td>40,000+<a href="#cite_note-311">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-United_States._Department_of_State-312">[304]</a> </td></tr> <tr class="expand-child"> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">Members of the <a href="/wiki/Witoto" title="Witoto">Huitoto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andoque_language" title="Andoque language">Andoques</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yagua" title="Yagua">Yaguas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ocaina_language" title="Ocaina language">Ocaina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bora_people" title="Bora people">Boras</a> groups were hunted and enslaved so they could be used to extract <a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">latex</a>.<a href="#cite_note-313">[305]</a> During this time period, several tribes became extinct.<a href="#cite_note-314">[306]</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">80–86% of the total population in the <a href="/wiki/Putumayo_River" title="Putumayo River">Putumayo region</a> perished during the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">Amazon</a> <a href="/wiki/Amazon_rubber_cycle" title="Amazon rubber cycle">rubber boom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-315">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-Casement-316">[N 4]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Circassian_genocide" title="Circassian genocide">Circassian genocide</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="Russia"><a href="/wiki/Circassia" title="Circassia">Circassia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> </td> <td>1864<a href="#cite_note-NCircassian2-317">[N 5]</a> </td> <td>1867 </td> <td>1,000,000<a href="#cite_note-318">[308]</a> </td> <td>2,000,000<a href="#cite_note-319">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-320">[310]</a> </td></tr> <tr class="expand-child"> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">The Circassian genocide<a href="#cite_note-321">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-322">[312]</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>'s systematic mass murder, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a>, and expulsion of the <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassian</a> population, resulting in 1 to 1.5 million deaths<a href="#cite_note-323">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-324">[f]</a> during the final stages of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Circassian_War" title="Russo-Circassian War">Russo-Circassian War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichmond2013back_cover-325">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-csurvey-326">[315]</a> The peoples planned for extermination were mainly the Muslim Circassians, but other Muslim peoples of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> were also affected.<a href="#cite_note-csurvey-326">[315]</a> Killing methods used by Russian forces during the <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> included impaling and tearing the bellies of pregnant women as means of intimidation of the Circassian population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichmond2013back_cover-325">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-327">[316]</a> Russian generals such as <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Zass" title="Grigory Zass">Grigory Zass</a> described the Circassians as "subhuman filth", and glorified the mass murder of Circassian civilians,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichmond2013back_cover-325">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-:52-328">[317]</a> justified their use in scientific experiments,<a href="#cite_note-329">[318]</a> and allowed their soldiers to rape women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichmond2013back_cover-325">[314]</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">95%–97% of total <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassian</a> population killed or deported by the forces of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Tsarist Russia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichmond2013132-330">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-Circassianworld-331">[320]</a> Only a small percentage who accepted to convert to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russify</a> and resettle within the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> were spared. The remaining Circassian populations who refused were thus forcefully dispersed, deported or killed. Today, most Circassians <a href="/wiki/Circassian_diaspora" title="Circassian diaspora">live in exile</a>.<a href="#cite_note-332">[321]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/California_genocide" title="California genocide">California genocide</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="United States"><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, United States </td> <td>1846 </td> <td>1873 </td> <td>9,492–16,094<a href="#cite_note-Benmad-333">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-pbs-334">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-335">[N 6]</a> </td> <td>120,000<a href="#cite_note-pbs-334">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-336">[N 7]</a> </td></tr> <tr class="expand-child"> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">The California genocide was a series of systematized killings of thousands of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_California" title="Indigenous peoples of California">Indigenous peoples of California</a> by <a href="/wiki/United_States_government" class="mw-redirect" title="United States government">United States government</a> agents and private citizens in the 19th century. It began following the American <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_California" title="Conquest of California">Conquest of California</a> from <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, and the influx of settlers due to the <a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a>, which accelerated the <a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">decline</a> of the Indigenous population of California. Between 1846 and 1873, it is estimated that non-Natives killed between 9,492 and 16,094 California Natives. In addition, between several hundred and several thousand California Natives were starved or worked to death. Acts of <a href="/wiki/Enslavement" class="mw-redirect" title="Enslavement">enslavement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">kidnapping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genocide#Forcibly_transferring_children_of_the_group_to_another_group" title="Genocide">child separation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">forced displacement</a> were widespread. These acts were encouraged, tolerated, and carried out by state authorities and private militias.<a href="#cite_note-Adhikari-337">[324]</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px"><a href="/wiki/Amerindian" class="mw-redirect" title="Amerindian">Amerindian</a> population in California declined by 80% during the period </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Australian_frontier_wars#Queensland" title="Australian frontier wars">Queensland Aboriginal genocide</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="Australia"><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Queensland" title="Colony of Queensland">Queensland</a> </td> <td>1840 </td> <td>1897 </td> <td>10,000<a href="#cite_note-queteen-338">[325]</a> </td> <td>65,180<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceAQueens-339">[326]</a> </td></tr> <tr class="expand-child"> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">Queensland represents the single bloodiest colonial frontier in Australia. Thus the records of Queensland document the most frequent reports of shootings and massacres of indigenous people, the three deadliest massacres on white settlers, the most disreputable frontier police force, and the highest number of white victims to frontier violence on record in any Australian colony.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEØrsted-Jensen2011-340">[327]</a> Thus some sources have characterized these events as a Queensland Aboriginal genocide.<a href="#cite_note-341">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-queteen-338">[325]</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">3.3% to over 50% of the aboriginal population was killed (10,000<a href="#cite_note-queteen-338">[325]</a> to 65,180<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceAQueens-339">[326]</a> killed out of 125,600)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Moriori_genocide" title="Moriori genocide">Moriori genocide</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="New Zealand"><a href="/wiki/Chatham_Islands" title="Chatham Islands">Chatham Islands</a>, New Zealand </td> <td>1835 </td> <td>1863 </td> <td>1,900<a href="#cite_note-342">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tommy_Solomon-343">[330]</a> </td> <td>1,900 </td></tr> <tr class="expand-child"> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">The genocide of the Moriori began in the fall of 1835. The invasions of the Chatham Islands by Maori from New Zealand left the Moriori people and their culture to die off. Those who survived were either kept as slaves or eaten and Moriori were not sanctioned to marry other Moriori or have children within their race. This caused their people and their language to be endangered. There were only 101 Moriori people left out of 2000 who had survived in 1863.<a href="#cite_note-The_Genocide-344">[331]</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">95% of the <a href="/wiki/Moriori" title="Moriori">Moriori</a> population was eradicated by the <a href="/wiki/Moriori_people#Invasion_by_Taranaki_Māori_(1835–1868)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moriori people">invasion from Taranaki</a>, a group of people from the <a href="/wiki/Ng%C4%81ti_Mutunga" title="Ngāti Mutunga">Ngāti Mutunga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ng%C4%81ti_Tama" title="Ngāti Tama">Ngāti Tama</a> <a href="/wiki/Iwi" title="Iwi">iwi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-345">[332]</a><a href="#cite_note-346">[333]</a> All were enslaved and many were <a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">cannibalised</a>.<a href="#cite_note-347">[334]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Moriori_language" title="Moriori language">Moriori language</a> is now extinct.<a href="#cite_note-The_Genocide-344">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-348">[335]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Salsipuedes" title="Massacre of Salsipuedes">Massacre of Salsipuedes</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="Uruguay"><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> </td> <td colspan="2">1831 </td> <td>40<a href="#cite_note-349">[336]</a> </td> <td>40 </td></tr> <tr class="expand-child"> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">The Massacre of Salsipuedes was a <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocidal</a> attack carried out on 11 April 1831 by the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Uruguay" title="Armed Forces of Uruguay">Uruguayan Army</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Fructuoso_Rivera" title="Fructuoso Rivera">Fructuoso Rivera</a>, as the culmination of the state's efforts to eradicate the <a href="/wiki/Charr%C3%BAa" title="Charrúa">Charrúa</a> from <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-350">[337]</a><a href="#cite_note-351">[338]</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="United States"><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern United States</a> </td> <td>1830 </td> <td>1850 </td> <td>12,000<a href="#cite_note-Michael,_Smith,_Lowe-352">[339]</a> </td> <td>16,000<a href="#cite_note-Michael,_Smith,_Lowe-352">[339]</a> </td></tr> <tr class="expand-child"> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">The Trail of Tears was the <a href="/wiki/Forced_displacements" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced displacements">forced displacement</a> of approximately 60,000 people of the "<a href="/wiki/Five_Civilized_Tribes" title="Five Civilized Tribes">Five Civilized Tribes</a>" between 1830 and 1850, and the additional thousands of <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> within that were ethnically cleansed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_government" class="mw-redirect" title="United States government">United States government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-minges-353">[340]</a> A variety of scholars have classified the Trail of Tears as either a genocide in and of itself,<a href="#cite_note-Train-Itself-360">[N 8]</a> or as a genocidal act within the broader <a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">genocide of Native Americans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ostler2019-361">[347]</a><a href="#cite_note-Train-Part-376">[N 9]</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">Figures for the number of deaths per Native American group that was forcibly relocated can be found at <a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears#Statistics" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears § Statistics</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Black_War" title="Black War">Black War</a> (genocide of <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Tasmanians" title="Aboriginal Tasmanians">Aboriginal Tasmanians</a>) </td> <td data-sort-value="Australia"><a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land" title="Van Diemen's Land">Van Diemen's Land</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>) </td> <td>1825 </td> <td>1832 </td> <td>400 <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClements2013329–331-377">[362]</a> </td> <td>1,000 <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClements2013329–331-377">[362]</a> </td></tr> <tr class="expand-child"> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">The extinction of <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Tasmanians" title="Aboriginal Tasmanians">Aboriginal Tasmanians</a> was called an archetypal case of <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> by <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Lemkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Rafael Lemkin">Rafael Lemkin</a><a href="#cite_note-378">[363]</a> among other historians, a view supported by more recent <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> scholars like <a href="/wiki/Ben_Kiernan" title="Ben Kiernan">Ben Kiernan</a> who covered it in his book <a href="/wiki/Blood_and_Soil_(book)" title="Blood and Soil (book)">Blood and Soil: A History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur</a>. This extinction also includes the Black War, which would make the war an act of genocide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClements20144-379">[364]</a> Historians like <a href="/wiki/Keith_Windschuttle" title="Keith Windschuttle">Keith Windschuttle</a> among other historians disagree with this interpretation in discourse known as the <a href="/wiki/Australian_history_wars" title="Australian history wars">History wars</a>. </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">~100%<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClements20144-379">[364]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1804_Haitian_massacre" title="1804 Haitian massacre">1804 Haitian massacre</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="Haiti"><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> </td> <td colspan="2">1804 </td> <td>3,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGirard2011319–322-380">[365]</a> </td> <td>5,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGirard2011319–322-380">[365]</a> </td></tr> <tr class="expand-child"> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">The 1804 Haitian massacre is considered to be a genocide by many scholars,<a href="#cite_note-381">[366]</a><a href="#cite_note-382">[367]</a> as it was intended to destroy the Franco-Haitian population following the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a>. The massacre was ordered by King <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Dessalines" title="Jean-Jacques Dessalines">Jean-Jacques Dessalines</a> to remove the remainder of the white population from Haiti, and lasted from January to 22 April 1804. During the massacre, entire families were <a href="/wiki/Tortured" class="mw-redirect" title="Tortured">tortured</a> and killed, and by the end of it, Haiti's white population was virtually non-existent.<a href="#cite_note-383">[368]</a><a href="#cite_note-384">[369]</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_genocide" title="Dzungar genocide">Dzungar genocide</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="China"><a href="/wiki/Dzungaria" title="Dzungaria">Dzungaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> China </td> <td>1755 </td> <td>1758 </td> <td>480,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerdue2005-385">[370]</a> </td> <td>600,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerdue2005-385">[370]</a> </td></tr> <tr class="expand-child"> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">The Dzungar genocide was the mass extermination of the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongol</a> <a href="/wiki/Dzungar_people" title="Dzungar people">Dzungar people</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Klimeš2015-386">[371]</a><a href="#cite_note-387">[372]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong Emperor</a> ordered the genocide after the rebellion in 1755 by Dzungar leader <a href="/wiki/Amursana" title="Amursana">Amursana</a> against Qing rule, after the dynasty first conquered the <a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar Khanate</a> with Amursana's support. The genocide was perpetrated by <a href="/wiki/Manchu" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchu">Manchu</a> generals of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing army">Qing army</a>, supported by Turkic oasis dwellers (now known as <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a>) who rebelled against Dzungar rule. </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">80% of 600,000 Zungharian <a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirats</a> killed<a href="#cite_note-392">[g]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno_genocide" title="Taíno genocide">Taíno genocide</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="Hispaniola"><a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a> </td> <td>1492 </td> <td>1514 </td> <td>68,000<a href="#cite_note-HISPANGEN-393">[377]</a> </td> <td>968,000<a href="#cite_note-HISPANGEN-393">[377]</a> </td></tr> <tr class="expand-child"> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">The Taíno genocide refers to the extermination of the indigenous population of <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a> due to forced labor and exploitation by the Spanish. <a href="/wiki/Raphael_Lemkin" title="Raphael Lemkin">Raphael Lemkin</a> (coiner of the term <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>) considers Spain's abuses of the native population of the Americas to constitute cultural and even outright <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> including the abuses of the Encomienda system. He described slavery as "cultural genocide par excellence" noting "it is the most effective and thorough method of destroying culture, of desocializing human beings." He considers colonists guilty due to failing to halt the abuses of the system despite royal orders. He also notes the <a href="/wiki/Genocidal_rape" title="Genocidal rape">sexual abuse</a> of Spanish colonizers of Native women as acts of "biological <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>."<a href="#cite_note-Lemkin-USHMM-394">[378]</a> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii">University of Hawaii</a> historian <a href="/wiki/David_Stannard" title="David Stannard">David Stannard</a> describes the encomienda as a genocidal system which "had driven many millions of native peoples in Central and South America to early and agonizing deaths."<a href="#cite_note-395">[379]</a> Yale University's <a href="/wiki/Genocide_studies" title="Genocide studies">genocide studies</a> program supports this view regarding abuses in Hispaniola.<a href="#cite_note-HISPANGEN-393">[377]</a> <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Res%C3%A9ndez" title="Andrés Reséndez">Andrés Reséndez</a> argues that even though the Spanish were aware of the spread of smallpox, they made no mention of it until 1519, a quarter century after Columbus arrived in Hispaniola.<a href="#cite_note-otherslaver-396">[380]</a> Instead he contends that enslavement in gold and silver mines was the primary reason why the Native American population of Hispaniola dropped so significantly<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReséndez2016[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZ2gpCgAAQBAJpgPA17_17]-397">[381]</a><a href="#cite_note-otherslaver-396">[380]</a> and that even though disease was a factor, the native population would have rebounded the same way Europeans did during the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> if it were not for the constant enslavement they were subject to.<a href="#cite_note-otherslaver-396">[380]</a> According to anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Jason_Hickel" title="Jason Hickel">Jason Hickel</a>, a third of <a href="/wiki/Arawak" title="Arawak">Arawak</a> workers died every six months from lethal forced labor in the mines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHickel201870-398">[382]</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px"> 68% to over 96% of the <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno" title="Taíno">Taíno</a> population perished under Spanish rule.<a href="#cite_note-HISPANGEN-393">[377]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade" title="Albigensian Crusade">Albigensian Crusade</a> (Cathar genocide) </td> <td data-sort-value="France"><a href="/wiki/Languedoc" title="Languedoc">Languedoc</a> (now France) </td> <td>1209 </td> <td>1229 </td> <td>200,000<a href="#cite_note-399">[383]</a> </td> <td>1,000,000<a href="#cite_note-400">[384]</a> </td></tr> <tr class="expand-child"> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 2px">The Albigensian Crusade was a 20-year military campaign initiated by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a> to eliminate <a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Catharism</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> sect, in <a href="/wiki/Languedoc" title="Languedoc">Languedoc</a>, in southern <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> considered them <a href="/wiki/Heretics" class="mw-redirect" title="Heretics">heretics</a> and ordered that they should be completely eradicated.<a href="#cite_note-401">[385]</a> <a href="/wiki/Raphael_Lemkin" title="Raphael Lemkin">Raphael Lemkin</a> referred to the Albigensian Crusade as "one of the most conclusive cases of genocide in religious history".<a href="#cite_note-402">[386]</a> Kurt Jonassohn and Karin Solveig Björnson describe it as "the first ideological genocide."<a href="#cite_note-403">[387]</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom:solid 2px"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_genocide_studies" title="Outline of genocide studies">Outline of genocide studies</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casualty_recording" title="Casualty recording">Casualty recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_genocides_of_Indigenous_peoples" title="Denial of genocides of Indigenous peoples">Denial of genocides of Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocidal_massacre" title="Genocidal massacre">Genocidal massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples" title="Genocide of indigenous peoples">Genocide of indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">Genocides in history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamoodur_Rahman_Commission" title="Hamoodur Rahman Commission">Hamoodur Rahman Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ongoing_armed_conflicts" title="List of ongoing armed conflicts">List of ongoing armed conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_by_death_toll" title="List of wars by death toll">List of wars by death toll</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_extermination_campaigns">Political extermination campaigns</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_mass_killings" title="Anti-communist mass killings">Anti-communist mass killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_killings_of_landlords_under_Mao_Zedong" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass killings of landlords under Mao Zedong">Mass killings of landlords under Mao Zedong</a> (1949–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_killings_under_communist_regimes" title="Mass killings under communist regimes">Mass killings under communist regimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Terror_(Ethiopia)" title="Red Terror (Ethiopia)">Red Terror (Ethiopia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Spain)" title="White Terror (Spain)">White Terror (Spain)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Pygm-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Pygm_78-0">^</a> Eastern Pygmy population was reduced to 90,000 after a campaign that killed 60,000<a href="#cite_note-SeshadriICE1-76">[72]</a> implying a 40% decline </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> Unlike other deported peoples who were acknowledged to be distinct ethnic groups and given their national republics back under Khrushchev, the Crimean Tatars were not given the right of return for decades, and in addition were stripped of recognition as a distinct ethnic group as part of a wider campaign pushing for their assimilation in the Fergana valley.<a href="#cite_note-183">[178]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Exclude-205">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Exclude_205-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Exclude_205-1">b</a> Total number of Serbs, Jews and Roma killed. Excluding the Jews sent to the German extermination camps. </li> <li id="cite_note-Casement-316"><a href="#cite_ref-Casement_316-0">^</a> Roger Casement reported that a population officially placed at 50,000 had dropped to 7,000 at the lowest estimation, and 10,000 remaining natives with the highest estimation by the time investigations were sent to the Putumayo.<a href="#cite_note-United_States._Department_of_State-312">[304]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-NCircassian2-317"><a href="#cite_ref-NCircassian2_317-0">^</a> Although ethnic cleansings and massacres began in the early 1800s, particularly under the command of the Tsarist Russian general <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Zass" title="Grigory Zass">Grigory Zass</a>, the mass deportations, mass murders and extermination operations — where most deaths occurred — started in 1864. </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> Only the range of deaths caused by massacred </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a> The total population decline of the period overall </li> <li id="cite_note-Train-Itself-360"><a href="#cite_ref-Train-Itself_360-0">^</a> <div><ul><li>Genocide education scholar Thomas Keefe – "The preparation (Stage 7) for genocide, specifically the transfer of population that "Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part" as stated in Article II of the UNCPPCG is clear in the Trail of Tears and other deportations of Native American populations from land seized for the benefit of European-American populations."<a href="#cite_note-354">[341]</a></li><li>Muscogee Nation Historic and Cultural Preservation Manager Rae Lynn Butler – "really was about extinguishing a race of people"; Archivist at the Cherokee Heritage Center Jerrid Miller – "The Trail of Tears was outright genocide".<a href="#cite_note-355">[342]</a></li><li>Sociologist and historian <a href="/wiki/Vahakn_Dadrian" title="Vahakn Dadrian">Vahakn Dadrian</a> lists the expulsion of the Cherokee as an example of utilitarian genocide, stating "the expulsion and decimation of the Cherokee Indians from the territories of the State of Georgia is symbolic of the pattern of perpetration inflicted upon the American Indian by Whites in North America."<a href="#cite_note-356">[343]</a></li><li>Genocide scholar <a href="/wiki/Adam_Jones_(Canadian_scholar)" title="Adam Jones (Canadian scholar)">Adam Jones</a> – "Forced relocations of Indian populations often took the form of genocidal death marches, most infamously the "Trails of Tears" of the Cherokee and Navajo nations, which killed between 20 and 40 percent of the targeted populations en route. The barren "tribal reservations" to which survivors were consigned exacted their own grievous toll through malnutrition and disease."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones201075-357">[344]</a></li><li>Cherokee politician <a href="/wiki/Bill_John_Baker" title="Bill John Baker">Bill John Baker</a> – "this ruthless [Indian Removal Act] policy subjected 46,000 Indians—to a forced migration under punishing conditions […] amounted to genocide, the ethnic cleansing of men, women and children, motivated by racial hatred and greed, and carried out through sadism and violence."<a href="#cite_note-358">[345]</a></li><li>Sociologist <a href="/wiki/James_V._Fenelon" title="James V. Fenelon">James V. Fenelon</a> and historian Clifford E. Trafzer – "Instead the national government and its leaders have offered a systemic denial of genocide, the occurrence of which would be contrary to the principles of a democratic and just society. "Denial of massive death counts is common among those whose forefathers were the perpetrators of the genocide" (Stannard, 1992, p. 152) with motives of protecting "the moral reputations of those people and that country responsible," including some scholars. It took 50 years of scholarly debate for the academy to recognize well-documented genocides of the Indian removals in the 1830s, including the Cherokee Trail of Tears, as with other nations of the "Five Civilized" southeastern tribes."<a href="#cite_note-359">[346]</a></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-Train-Part-376"><a href="#cite_ref-Train-Part_376-0">^</a> <div><ul><li>Political scientist <a href="/wiki/Michael_Rogin" title="Michael Rogin">Michael Rogin</a> – "To face responsibility for specific killings might have led to efforts to stop it; to avoid individual deaths turned Indian removal into a theory of genocide."<a href="#cite_note-362">[348]</a></li><li>Indigenous studies scholar Nicky Michael and historian Beverly Jean Smith – "Over one-fourth died on the forced death marches of the 1830s. By any United Nations standard, these actions can be equated with genocide and ethnic cleansing."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaelSmithLowe202127-363">[349]</a></li><li>Historian Jim Piecuch argues that the Trail of Tears constitutes one tool in the genocide of Native Americans over the three centuries since the beginning of colonization in north America.<a href="#cite_note-364">[350]</a></li><li>Political scientist Andrew R. Basso – "The Cherokee Trail of Tears should be understood within the context of colonial genocide in the Americas. This is yet another chapter of colonial forces acting against an indigenous group in order to secure rich and fertile lands, resources, and living spaces."<a href="#cite_note-365">[351]</a></li><li>Political scientist <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Harff" title="Barbara Harff">Barbara Harff</a> – "One of the most enduring and abhorrent problems of the world is genocide, which is neither particular to a specific race, class, or nation, nor rooted in any one ethnocentric view of the world. […] Often democratic institutions are cited as safeguards against mass excesses. In view of the treatment of Amerindians by agents of the U.S. government, this view is unwarranted. For example, the thousands of Cherokees who died during the Trail of Tears (Cherokee Indians were forced to march in 1838-1839 from Appalachia to Oklahoma) testify that even a democratic system may tum against its people."<a href="#cite_note-366">[352]</a></li><li>Legal scholar <a href="/wiki/Rennard_Strickland" title="Rennard Strickland">Rennard Strickland</a> – "There were, of course, great and tragic Indian massacres and bitter exoduses, illegal even under the laws of war. We know these acts of genocide by place names - Sand Creek, the Battle of Washita, Wounded Knee - and by their tragic poetic codes - the Trail of Tears, the Long Walk, the Cheyenne Autumn. But ... genocidal objectives have been carried out under color of law - in de Tocqueville's phrase, "legally, philanthropically, without shedding blood, and without violating a single great principle of morality in the eyes of the word." These were legally enacted policies whereby a way of life, a culture, was deliberately obliterated. As the great Indian orator Dragging Canoe concluded, "Whole Indian Nations have melted away like balls of snow in the sun leaving scarcely a name except as imperfectly recorded by their destroyers"."<a href="#cite_note-367">[353]</a></li><li>Legal scholars Christopher Turner and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Ellen_Turpel-Lafond" title="Mary Ellen Turpel-Lafond">Mary Ellen Turpel-Lafond</a> reiterate Strickland's assessment.<a href="#cite_note-368">[354]</a></li><li>Attorney Maria Conversa – "The theft of ancestral tribal lands, the genocide of tribal members, public hostility towards Native peoples, and irreversible oppression--these are the realities that every indigenous person has had to face because of colonization. By recognizing and respecting the Muscogee Creek Nation's authority to criminally sentence its own members, the United States Supreme Court could have taken a small step towards righting these wrongs."<a href="#cite_note-369">[355]</a></li><li>Historian <a href="/wiki/David_Stannard" title="David Stannard">David Stannard</a> and ethnic studies scholar <a href="/wiki/Ward_Churchill" title="Ward Churchill">Ward Churchill</a> have both identified the trail of tears as part of the United States history of genocidal actions against indigenous nations.<a href="#cite_note-370">[356]</a><a href="#cite_note-371">[357]</a></li><li>Sociologist Benjamin P. Bowser, psychologist Carol O. Word, and Kate Shaw – "There was a pattern to Indian genocide. One-by-one, each Native state was defeated militarily; successive Native generations fought and were defeated as well. As settlers became more numerous and stronger militarily, Indians became fewer and weaker militarily. In one Indian nation after the other, resistance eventually collapsed due to the death toll from violence. Then, survivors were displaced from their ancestral lands, which had sustained them for generations. […] Starting in 1830, surviving Native people, mostly Cherokee, in the Eastern US were ordered by President Andrew Jackson to march up to two thousand miles and to cross the Mississippi River to settle in Oklahoma. Thousands died on the Trail of Tears. This pattern of defeat, displacement, and victimization repeated itself in the American West. From this history, Native Americans were victims of all five <a href="/wiki/Raphael_Lemkin" title="Raphael Lemkin">Lemkin</a> specified genocidal acts."<a href="#cite_note-372">[358]</a></li><li>Sociologist and psychologist Laurence French wrote that the trail of tears was at least a campaign of cultural genocide.<a href="#cite_note-373">[359]</a></li><li>Cultural studies scholar Melissa Slocum – "Rarely is the conversation about the impact of genocide on today’s generations or the overall steps that lead to genocide. As well, most curricula in the education system, from kindergarten up through to college, does not discuss in detail American Indian genocide beyond possibly a quick one-day mention of the Cherokee Trail of Tears."<a href="#cite_note-374">[360]</a></li><li>English and literary scholar Thir Bahadur Budhathoki – "On the basis of the basic concept of genocide as propounded by Rephael Lemkin, the definitions of the UN Convention and other genocide scholars, sociological perspective of genocide-modernity nexus and the philosophical understanding of such crime as an evil in its worst possible form, the fictional representation of the entire process of Cherokee removal including its antecedents and consequences represented in these novels, is genocidal in nature. However, the American government, that mostly represents the perpetrators of the process, and the Euro-American culture of the United States considered as the mainstream culture, have not acknowledged the Native American tragedy as genocide."<a href="#cite_note-375">[361]</a></li></ul></div> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> eg. <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> (4.5 to 8 million deaths), <a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a> (30 million deaths), the <a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a> (50,000 to 200,000 deaths), the <a href="/wiki/Atrocities_in_the_Congo_Free_State" title="Atrocities in the Congo Free State">Atrocities in the Congo Free State</a> (1.5 to 13 million deaths), the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a> (0.7 to 1.2 million deaths), the <a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Chinese_Famine" title="Great Chinese Famine">famine which followed it</a> (15 to 55 million deaths).<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-gazamoh-13"><a href="#cite_ref-gazamoh_13-0">^</a> Per the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Health_Ministry" title="Gaza Health Ministry">Gaza Health Ministry</a> and Government Information Office,<a href="#cite_note-Death-number-9">[8]</a> which has previously been deemed reliable by prominent and independent organisations.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> In the same period at least 700 Palestinians have been killed in the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> The destruction includes:<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> <div><ul><li>at least 360,000 homes</li><li>392 educational facilities</li><li>267 places of worship</li><li>12 hospitals are partially functional</li><li>83% of groundwater wells are not operational</li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Percentages were calculated based on taking the lower (41,870 deaths) and upper bounds (186,000 deaths) and dividing them by a 2022 Gaza Strip pre-war population estimate of 2,375,259 people, a figure used by The Lancet in their estimated death count.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet_2024-14">[12]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> Quote: "To conclude: the Germans committed genocide against the Polish population. The very term genocide comes from the 1944 book of the Polish-Jewish jurist Raphael Lemkin, whose study of Nazi-occupied Europe focused on the German attack on the Poles. Not only did the Nazis seek ultimately to eliminate the Polish nation 'as such', but they engaged in each of the acts identified by the 1949 Genocide Convention as signifiers of the 'intent to destroy'"<a href="#cite_note-218">[211]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> "In the 1860s Russia killed 1.5 million Circassians, half of their population, and expelled the other half from their lands." <a href="#CITEREFAhmed2013">Ahmed 2013</a>, p. 357 </li> <li id="cite_note-392"><a href="#cite_ref-392">^</a> In an account of the war, Wei Yuan wrote that about 40% of the Dzungar households were killed by <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>, 20% fled to <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Khanate" title="Kazakh Khanate">Kazakh Khanate</a>, and 30% were killed by the army, leaving no <a href="/wiki/Yurt" title="Yurt">yurts</a> in an area of several thousands of <a href="/wiki/Li_(unit)" title="Li (unit)">Chinese miles</a> except those of the surrendered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerdue2005-385">[370]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWei1842-388">[373]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELattimore1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailspivotofasiasinki0000lattpage126_126]-389">[374]</a> Clarke wrote 80%, or between 480,000 and 600,000 people, were killed between 1755 and 1758 in what "amounted to the complete destruction of not only the Zunghar state but of the Zunghars as a people."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerdue2005-385">[370]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke200437-390">[375]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Peter_Perdue" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Perdue">Peter Perdue</a> has shown that the extermination of the Dzungars was the result of an explicit policy of extermination launched by the Qianlong Emperor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerdue2005-385">[370]</a> Although this "deliberate use of massacre" has been largely ignored by modern scholars,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerdue2005-385">[370]</a> Mark Levene, a historian whose recent research interests focus on genocide, has stated that the extermination of the Dzungars was "arguably the eighteenth century genocide par excellence".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoses2008-391">[376]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMcKennaPratt2015" class="citation book cs1">McKenna, Erin; <a href="/wiki/Scott_L._Pratt" title="Scott L. Pratt">Pratt, Scott L.</a> (2015). American Philosophy: From Wounded Knee to the Present. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury</a>. p. 375.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Philosophy%3A+From+Wounded+Knee+to+the+Present&rft.pages=375&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=McKenna&rft.aufirst=Erin&rft.au=Pratt%2C+Scott+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoses2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._Dirk_Moses" title="A. Dirk Moses">Moses, A. Dirk</a> (2021). The Problems of Genocide: Permanent Security and the Language of Transgression. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781316217306" title="Special:BookSources/9781316217306"><bdi>9781316217306</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Problems+of+Genocide%3A+Permanent+Security+and+the+Language+of+Transgression&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781316217306&rft.aulast=Moses&rft.aufirst=A.+Dirk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988">, pp. 1-16 </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230101182544/https://www.un.org/ar/preventgenocide/adviser/pdf/osapg_analysis_framework.pdf">"ANALYSIS FRAMEWORK: Genocide"</a> (PDF). Office of the UN Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide (OSAPG), <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. p. 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/ar/preventgenocide/adviser/pdf/osapg_analysis_framework.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ANALYSIS+FRAMEWORK%3A+Genocide&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Office+of+the+UN+Special+Adviser+on+the+Prevention+of+Genocide+%28OSAPG%29%2C+United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Far%2Fpreventgenocide%2Fadviser%2Fpdf%2Fosapg_analysis_framework.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AdamJones2024-5"><a href="#cite_ref-AdamJones2024_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Jones_(Canadian_scholar)" title="Adam Jones (Canadian scholar)">Jones, Adams</a> (2024). Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction (4th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 24–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1032028101" title="Special:BookSources/978-1032028101"><bdi>978-1032028101</bdi></a>. <q>There is something of a consensus that group 'destruction' must involve physical liquidation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide%3A+A+Comprehensive+Introduction&rft.pages=24-29&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1032028101&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Adams&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonassohnBjörnson1998" class="citation book cs1">Jonassohn, Kurt; Björnson, Karin Solveig (1998). Genocide and Gross Human Rights Violations: In Comparative Perspective. <a href="/wiki/Transaction_Publishers" title="Transaction Publishers">Transaction Publishers</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jIxCUXI38zcC&pg=PA133">133</a>–135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-2445-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-2445-3"><bdi>978-1-4128-2445-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide+and+Gross+Human+Rights+Violations%3A+In+Comparative+Perspective&rft.pages=133-135&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-2445-3&rft.aulast=Jonassohn&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rft.au=Bj%C3%B6rnson%2C+Karin+Solveig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Samuel_2023-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Samuel_2023_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Samuel_2023_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Samuel_2023_7-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuel2023" class="citation web cs1">Samuel, Sigal (13 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240709145636/https://www.vox.com/world-politics/2023/11/13/23954731/genocide-israel-gaza-palestine">"How to think through allegations of genocide in Gaza"</a>. Vox. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/world-politics/2023/11/13/23954731/genocide-israel-gaza-palestine">the original</a> on 9 July 2024. Retrieved 2 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=How+to+think+through+allegations+of+genocide+in+Gaza&rft.date=2023-11-13&rft.aulast=Samuel&rft.aufirst=Sigal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2Fworld-politics%2F2023%2F11%2F13%2F23954731%2Fgenocide-israel-gaza-palestine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurga2023-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurga2023_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurga2023">Burga 2023</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Death-number-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Death-number_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Death-number_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ochaopt.org/content/reported-impact-snapshot-gaza-strip-19-november-2024">"Reported impact snapshot - Gaza Strip (19 November 2024)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs">Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs</a>. 19 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+for+the+Coordination+of+Humanitarian+Affairs&rft.atitle=Reported+impact+snapshot+-+Gaza+Strip+%2819+November+2024%29&rft.date=2024-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ochaopt.org%2Fcontent%2Freported-impact-snapshot-gaza-strip-19-november-2024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProthero2024" class="citation news cs1">Prothero, Mitchell (25 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240303132219/https://www.vice.com/en/article/y3w4w7/israeli-intelligence-health-ministry-death-toll">"Israeli Intelligence Has Deemed Hamas-Run Health Ministry's Death Toll Figures Generally Accurate"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vice_News" title="Vice News">Vice News</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/y3w4w7/israeli-intelligence-health-ministry-death-toll">the original</a> on 3 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vice+News&rft.atitle=Israeli+Intelligence+Has+Deemed+Hamas-Run+Health+Ministry%27s+Death+Toll+Figures+Generally+Accurate&rft.date=2024-01-25&rft.aulast=Prothero&rft.aufirst=Mitchell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fy3w4w7%2Fisraeli-intelligence-health-ministry-death-toll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuynhChinSpiegel2023" class="citation journal cs1">Huynh, Benjamin Q.; Chin, Elizabeth T.; Spiegel, Paul B. (6 December 2023). "No evidence of inflated mortality reporting from the Gaza Ministry of Health". <a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" title="The Lancet">The Lancet</a>. 403 (10421): 23–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2823%2902713-7">10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02713-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38070526">38070526</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=No+evidence+of+inflated+mortality+reporting+from+the+Gaza+Ministry+of+Health&rft.volume=403&rft.issue=10421&rft.pages=23-24&rft.date=2023-12-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2823%2902713-7&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38070526&rft.aulast=Huynh&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+Q.&rft.au=Chin%2C+Elizabeth+T.&rft.au=Spiegel%2C+Paul+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiddiquiNajjar2024" class="citation news cs1">Siddiqui, Usaid; Najjar, Farah (20 September 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240921134541/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/9/20/israels-war-on-gaza-live-israeli-attacks-kill-dozens-in-gaza-west-bank-2?update=3192255">"Israel's war on Gaza updates: 'Netanyahu knows Americans can't stop him' - Here's what happened today"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/9/20/israels-war-on-gaza-live-israeli-attacks-kill-dozens-in-gaza-west-bank-2?update=3192255">the original</a> on 21 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Israel%27s+war+on+Gaza+updates%3A+%27Netanyahu+knows+Americans+can%27t+stop+him%27+-+Here%27s+what+happened+today&rft.date=2024-09-20&rft.aulast=Siddiqui&rft.aufirst=Usaid&rft.au=Najjar%2C+Farah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2Fliveblog%2F2024%2F9%2F20%2Fisraels-war-on-gaza-live-israeli-attacks-kill-dozens-in-gaza-west-bank-2%3Fupdate%3D3192255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lancet_2024-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet_2024_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet_2024_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet_2024_14-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhatibMcKeeYusuf2024" class="citation journal cs1">Khatib, Rasha; <a href="/wiki/Martin_McKee" title="Martin McKee">McKee, Martin</a>; <a href="/wiki/Salim_Yusuf" title="Salim Yusuf">Yusuf, Salim</a> (5 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(24)01169-3/fulltext">"Counting the dead in Gaza: difficult but essential"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" title="The Lancet">The Lancet</a>. 404 (10449). Elsevier BV: 237–238. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2824%2901169-3">10.1016/s0140-6736(24)01169-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0140-6736">0140-6736</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38976995">38976995</a>. <q>Applying a conservative estimate of four indirect deaths per one direct death to the 37 396 deaths reported, it is not implausible to estimate that up to 186 000 or even more deaths could be attributable to the current conflict in Gaza. Using the 2022 Gaza Strip population estimate of 2 375 259, this would translate to 7.9% of the total population in the Gaza Strip.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=Counting+the+dead+in+Gaza%3A+difficult+but+essential&rft.volume=404&rft.issue=10449&rft.pages=237-238&rft.date=2024-07-05&rft.issn=0140-6736&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38976995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2824%2901169-3&rft.aulast=Khatib&rft.aufirst=Rasha&rft.au=McKee%2C+Martin&rft.au=Yusuf%2C+Salim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelancet.com%2Fjournals%2Flancet%2Farticle%2FPIIS0140-6736%2824%2901169-3%2Ffulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ohchr-15"><a href="#cite_ref-ohchr_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231224050530/https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/11/gaza-un-experts-call-international-community-prevent-genocide-against">"Gaza: UN experts call on international community to prevent genocide against the Palestinian people"</a>. <a href="/wiki/OHCHR" class="mw-redirect" title="OHCHR">OHCHR</a>. 16 November 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/11/gaza-un-experts-call-international-community-prevent-genocide-against">the original</a> on 24 December 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023. <q>Grave violations committed by Israel against Palestinians in the aftermath of 7 October, particularly in Gaza, point to a genocide in the making, UN experts said today. They illustrated evidence of increasing genocidal incitement, overt intent to "destroy the Palestinian people under occupation", loud calls for a 'second Nakba' in Gaza and the rest of the occupied Palestinian territory, and the use of powerful weaponry with inherently indiscriminate impacts, resulting in a colossal death toll and destruction of life-sustaining infrastructure.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OHCHR&rft.atitle=Gaza%3A+UN+experts+call+on+international+community+to+prevent+genocide+against+the+Palestinian+people&rft.date=2023-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2Fen%2Fpress-releases%2F2023%2F11%2Fgaza-un-experts-call-international-community-prevent-genocide-against&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <div><ul><li><a href="#CITEREFBurga2023">Burga 2023</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFCorder2024">Corder 2024</a></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSegal2023" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raz_Segal" title="Raz Segal">Segal, Raz</a> (13 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231125093604/https://jewishcurrents.org/a-textbook-case-of-genocide">"A Textbook Case of Genocide"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Currents" title="Jewish Currents">Jewish Currents</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jewishcurrents.org/a-textbook-case-of-genocide">the original</a> on 25 November 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Textbook+Case+of+Genocide&rft.date=2023-10-13&rft.aulast=Segal&rft.aufirst=Raz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjewishcurrents.org%2Fa-textbook-case-of-genocide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoughtaling2023" class="citation news cs1">Houghtaling, Ellie Quinlan (31 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231113085903/https://newrepublic.com/post/176538/top-un-official-resigns-citing-genocide-gaza">"He Went There: Top U.N. Official Resigns Citing "Genocide" in Gaza"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newrepublic.com/post/176538/top-un-official-resigns-citing-genocide-gaza">the original</a> on 13 November 2023. <q>Once again, we are seeing a genocide unfolding before our eyes, and the Organization that we serve appears powerless to stop it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=He+Went+There%3A+Top+U.N.+Official+Resigns+Citing+%22Genocide%22+in+Gaza&rft.date=2023-10-31&rft.aulast=Houghtaling&rft.aufirst=Ellie+Quinlan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewrepublic.com%2Fpost%2F176538%2Ftop-un-official-resigns-citing-genocide-gaza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://statecrime.org/international-expert-statement-on-israeli-state-crime">"International Expert Statement on Israeli State Crime"</a>. statecrime.org. <a href="/wiki/International_State_Crime_Initiative" title="International State Crime Initiative">International State Crime Initiative</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240106140101/http://statecrime.org/international-expert-statement-on-israeli-state-crime">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2024. <q>the Israeli state is employing its extensive and advanced military capacity to inflict violence on Palestinian peoples on such a scale that it is accurate to frame it as the annihilation phase of genocide.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=statecrime.org&rft.atitle=International+Expert+Statement+on+Israeli+State+Crime&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstatecrime.org%2Finternational-expert-statement-on-israeli-state-crime&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl-Affendi2024" class="citation journal cs1">El-Affendi, Abdelwahab (18 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623528.2024.2305525">"The Futility of Genocide Studies After Gaza"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Genocide_Research" title="Journal of Genocide Research">Journal of Genocide Research</a>: 1–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623528.2024.2305525">10.1080/14623528.2024.2305525</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=The+Futility+of+Genocide+Studies+After+Gaza&rft.pages=1-7&rft.date=2024-01-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14623528.2024.2305525&rft.aulast=El-Affendi&rft.aufirst=Abdelwahab&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F14623528.2024.2305525&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÜngör2024" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/U%C4%9Fur_%C3%9Cmit_%C3%9Cng%C3%B6r" title="Uğur Ümit Üngör">Üngör, Uğur Ümit</a> (26 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623528.2024.2309709">"Screaming, Silence, and Mass Violence in Israel/Palestine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Genocide_Research" title="Journal of Genocide Research">Journal of Genocide Research</a>: 1–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623528.2024.2309709">10.1080/14623528.2024.2309709</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=Screaming%2C+Silence%2C+and+Mass+Violence+in+Israel%2FPalestine&rft.pages=1-9&rft.date=2024-01-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14623528.2024.2309709&rft.aulast=%C3%9Cng%C3%B6r&rft.aufirst=U%C4%9Fur+%C3%9Cmit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F14623528.2024.2309709&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamudzi2024" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Zo%C3%A9_Samudzi" title="Zoé Samudzi">Samudzi, Zoé</a> (18 January 2024). ""We are Fighting Nazis": Genocidal Fashionings of Gaza(ns) After 7 October". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Genocide_Research" title="Journal of Genocide Research">Journal of Genocide Research</a>: 1–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623528.2024.2305524">10.1080/14623528.2024.2305524</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=%22We+are+Fighting+Nazis%22%3A+Genocidal+Fashionings+of+Gaza%28ns%29+After+7+October&rft.pages=1-9&rft.date=2024-01-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14623528.2024.2305524&rft.aulast=Samudzi&rft.aufirst=Zo%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevene2024" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Levene" title="Mark Levene">Levene, Mark</a> (21 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20240704174612/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mark-Levene/publication/380792867_Gaza_2023_Words_Matter_Lives_Matter_More/links/664f1becbc86444c72f9e294/Gaza-2023-Words-Matter-Lives-Matter-More.pdf">"Gaza 2023: Words Matter, Lives Matter More"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Genocide_Research" title="Journal of Genocide Research">Journal of Genocide Research</a> (Forum: Israel–Palestine: Atrocity Crimes and the Crisis of Holocaust and Genocide Studies): 1–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623528.2024.2301866">10.1080/14623528.2024.2301866</a>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1469-9494">1469-9494</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/380792867">the original</a> on 4 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=Gaza+2023%3A+Words+Matter%2C+Lives+Matter+More&rft.issue=Forum%3A+Israel%E2%80%93Palestine%3A+Atrocity+Crimes+and+the+Crisis+of+Holocaust+and+Genocide+Studies&rft.pages=1-7&rft.date=2024-01-21&rft.eissn=1469-9494&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14623528.2024.2301866&rft.aulast=Levene&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F380792867&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw2024" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Shaw_(sociologist)" title="Martin Shaw (sociologist)">Shaw, Martin</a> (3 January 2024). "Inescapably Genocidal". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Genocide_Research" title="Journal of Genocide Research">Journal of Genocide Research</a>: 1–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623528.2023.2300555">10.1080/14623528.2023.2300555</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:266778978">266778978</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=Inescapably+Genocidal&rft.pages=1-5&rft.date=2024-01-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14623528.2023.2300555&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A266778978%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li><li><a href="#CITEREFSemerdjian2024">Semerdjian 2024</a>, pp. 1–6</li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFassin2024" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Didier_Fassin" title="Didier Fassin">Fassin, Didier</a> (5 February 2024). "The Rhetoric of Denial: Contribution to an Archive of the Debate about Mass Violence in Gaza". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Genocide_Research" title="Journal of Genocide Research">Journal of Genocide Research</a>: 1–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623528.2024.2308941">10.1080/14623528.2024.2308941</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=The+Rhetoric+of+Denial%3A+Contribution+to+an+Archive+of+the+Debate+about+Mass+Violence+in+Gaza&rft.pages=1-7&rft.date=2024-02-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14623528.2024.2308941&rft.aulast=Fassin&rft.aufirst=Didier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGessen2024" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Masha_Gessen" title="Masha Gessen">Gessen, Masha</a> (7 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240207111514/https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/the-limits-of-accusing-israel-of-genocide-under-international-law">"The Limits of Accusing Israel of Genocide"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/the-limits-of-accusing-israel-of-genocide-under-international-law">the original</a> on 7 February 2024. <q>Trachtenberg testified to a consensus opinion among historians of genocide that what is happening in Gaza can indeed be called a genocide, largely because the intent to cause death on a massive scale has been so clear in the statements of Israeli officials. "We are watching the genocide unfold as we speak," he said. "We are in this incredibly unique position where we can intervene to stop it, using the mechanisms of international law that are available to us."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Limits+of+Accusing+Israel+of+Genocide&rft.date=2024-02-07&rft.aulast=Gessen&rft.aufirst=Masha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fnews%2Four-columnists%2Fthe-limits-of-accusing-israel-of-genocide-under-international-law&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLakhani2024" class="citation news cs1">Lakhani, Nina (27 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240228041844/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/feb/27/un-israel-food-starvation-palestinians-war-crime-genocide">"Israel is deliberately starving Palestinians, UN rights expert says"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/feb/27/un-israel-food-starvation-palestinians-war-crime-genocide">the original</a> on 28 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Israel+is+deliberately+starving+Palestinians%2C+UN+rights+expert+says&rft.date=2024-02-27&rft.aulast=Lakhani&rft.aufirst=Nina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2024%2Ffeb%2F27%2Fun-israel-food-starvation-palestinians-war-crime-genocide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSegalDaniele2024" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raz_Segal" title="Raz Segal">Segal, Raz</a>; Daniele, Luigi (5 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623528.2024.2325804">"Gaza as Twilight of Israel Exceptionalism: Holocaust and Genocide Studies from Unprecedented Crisis to Unprecedented Change"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Genocide_Research" title="Journal of Genocide Research">Journal of Genocide Research</a>: 1–10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623528.2024.2325804">10.1080/14623528.2024.2325804</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=Gaza+as+Twilight+of+Israel+Exceptionalism%3A+Holocaust+and+Genocide+Studies+from+Unprecedented+Crisis+to+Unprecedented+Change&rft.pages=1-10&rft.date=2024-03-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14623528.2024.2325804&rft.aulast=Segal&rft.aufirst=Raz&rft.au=Daniele%2C+Luigi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F14623528.2024.2325804&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240327025758/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240326-countries-at-un-rally-behind-expert-who-accused-israel-of-genocide">"Countries at UN rally behind expert who accused Israel of 'genocide'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/France_24" title="France 24">France 24</a>. 26 March 2024. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240326-countries-at-un-rally-behind-expert-who-accused-israel-of-genocide">the original</a> on 27 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=Countries+at+UN+rally+behind+expert+who+accused+Israel+of+%27genocide%27&rft.date=2024-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Flive-news%2F20240326-countries-at-un-rally-behind-expert-who-accused-israel-of-genocide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhyte2024" class="citation journal cs1">Whyte, Jessica (17 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623528.2024.2339637">"A "Tragic Humanitarian Crisis": Israel's Weaponization of Starvation and the Question of Intent"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Genocide_Research" title="Journal of Genocide Research">Journal of Genocide Research</a>: 1–15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623528.2024.2339637">10.1080/14623528.2024.2339637</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=A+%22Tragic+Humanitarian+Crisis%22%3A+Israel%27s+Weaponization+of+Starvation+and+the+Question+of+Intent&rft.pages=1-15&rft.date=2024-04-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14623528.2024.2339637&rft.aulast=Whyte&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F14623528.2024.2339637&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdlerQuillen2024" class="citation news cs1">Adler, Nils; Quillen, Stephen (15 May 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240522172430/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/5/15/israels-war-on-gaza-live-new-nakba-as-hundreds-of-thousands-flee-attacks?update=2902013">"'Ethnic cleansing a terrible crime, but genocide even worse: Ilan Pappe"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/5/15/israels-war-on-gaza-live-new-nakba-as-hundreds-of-thousands-flee-attacks?update=2902013">the original</a> on 22 May 2024. 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Retrieved 15 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC&rft.atitle=International+laws+against+genocide+exist%3A+so+why+don%27t+they+work%3F&rft.date=2024-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fradio%2Fideas%2Fgenocide-convention-william-schabas-1.7249721&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeroz" class="citation magazine cs1">Feroz, Elias. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240723131812/https://jacobin.com/2024/07/amos-goldberg-genocide-gaza-israel">"Israeli Historian: This Is Exactly What Genocide Looks Like"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(magazine)" title="Jacobin (magazine)">Jacobin</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/fight-keep-counting-dead-gaza-2023-12-21/">the original</a> on 14 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Gaza+death+toll%3A+why+counting+the+dead+has+become+a+daily+struggle&rft.date=2023-12-23&rft.aulast=Massoud&rft.aufirst=Bassam&rft.au=Fick%2C+Maggie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Ffight-keep-counting-dead-gaza-2023-12-21%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euronews.com/2023/12/21/gaza-death-toll-reaches-20000-as-un-ceasefire-vote-postponed">"Gaza death toll reaches 20,000 as UN ceasefire vote postponed"</a>. <a href="/wiki/EuroNews" class="mw-redirect" title="EuroNews">EuroNews</a>. 21 December 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231222102314/https://www.euronews.com/2023/12/21/gaza-death-toll-reaches-20000-as-un-ceasefire-vote-postponed">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2023. 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Retrieved 25 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Myanmar+Rohingya%3A+What+you+need+to+know+about+the+crisis&rft.date=2018-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-41566561&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCömert2017" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cömert, İlhan Yılmaz (12 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231017114333/https://21yyte.org/tr/merkezler/bolgesel-arastirma-merkezleri/orta-dogu-ve-afrika-arastirmalari-merkezi/isidin-irakta-turkmen-cografyasindaki-katliamlari">"IŞİD'ın Irak'ta Türkmen Coğrafyasındaki Katliamları"</a> [ISIS Massacres in Turkmen Region in Iraq]. 21yyte.org (in Turkish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://21yyte.org/tr/merkezler/bolgesel-arastirma-merkezleri/orta-dogu-ve-afrika-arastirmalari-merkezi/isidin-irakta-turkmen-cografyasindaki-katliamlari">the original</a> on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 10 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=21yyte.org&rft.atitle=I%C5%9E%C4%B0D%27%C4%B1n+Irak%27ta+T%C3%BCrkmen+Co%C4%9Frafyas%C4%B1ndaki+Katliamlar%C4%B1&rft.date=2017-07-12&rft.aulast=C%C3%B6mert&rft.aufirst=%C4%B0lhan+Y%C4%B1lmaz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F21yyte.org%2Ftr%2Fmerkezler%2Fbolgesel-arastirma-merkezleri%2Forta-dogu-ve-afrika-arastirmalari-merkezi%2Fisidin-irakta-turkmen-cografyasindaki-katliamlari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230813133221/https://www.aa.com.tr/ar/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B4-%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9/865821">"albarlaman aleiraqiu yuetabar jarayim "daeish" bihaqi alturkuman 'iibadat jamaeiatan" <bdi lang="ar">البرلمان العراقي يعتبر جرائم "داعش" بحق التركمان إبادة جماعية</bdi></a> [The Iraqi Parliament considers ISIS crimes against the Turkmen to be genocide] (in Arabic). Anadolu Agency. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aa.com.tr/ar/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B4-%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9/865821">the original</a> on 13 August 2023. Retrieved 10 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=albarlaman+aleiraqiu+yuetabar+jarayim+%22daeish%22+bihaqi+alturkuman+%27iibadat+jamaeiatan+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A+%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%B1+%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85+%22%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B4%22+%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9+%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft.pub=Anadolu+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aa.com.tr%2Far%2F%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AF%25D9%2588%25D9%2584-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B9%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A8%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9%2F%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B9%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2582%25D9%258A-%25D9%258A%25D8%25B9%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1-%25D8%25AC%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A6%25D9%2585-%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B9%25D8%25B4-%25D8%25A8%25D8%25AD%25D9%2582-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B1%25D9%2583%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586-%25D8%25A5%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25AC%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B9%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9%2F865821&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230214220438/https://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/iraq/200720174-amp">"Iraqi parliament recognizes ISIS persecution of Turkmen as genocide"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rudaw_Media_Network" title="Rudaw Media Network">Rudaw Media Network</a>. 20 July 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/iraq/200720174-amp">the original</a> on 14 February 2023. Retrieved 10 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraqi+parliament+recognizes+ISIS+persecution+of+Turkmen+as+genocide&rft.pub=Rudaw+Media+Network&rft.date=2017-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rudaw.net%2Fenglish%2Fmiddleeast%2Firaq%2F200720174-amp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKay2021" class="citation web cs1">McKay, Hollie (5 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230813133553/https://newlinesmag.com/essays/the-isis-war-crime-iraqi-turkmen-wont-talk-about/">"The ISIS War Crime Iraqi Turkmen Won't Talk About"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Lines_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="New Lines Magazine">New Lines Magazine</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newlinesmag.com/essays/the-isis-war-crime-iraqi-turkmen-wont-talk-about/">the original</a> on 13 August 2023. Retrieved 14 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Lines+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+ISIS+War+Crime+Iraqi+Turkmen+Won%27t+Talk+About&rft.date=2021-03-05&rft.aulast=McKay&rft.aufirst=Hollie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewlinesmag.com%2Fessays%2Fthe-isis-war-crime-iraqi-turkmen-wont-talk-about%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaban2021" class="citation web cs1">Baban, Goran (4 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231116212611/https://kirkuknow.com/en/news/64788">"Turkmen women call to uncover fate of 1300 missing Turkmen abducted by ISIS"</a>. Kirkuknow. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kirkuknow.com/en/news/64788">the original</a> on 16 November 2023. Retrieved 14 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kirkuknow&rft.atitle=Turkmen+women+call+to+uncover+fate+of+1300+missing+Turkmen+abducted+by+ISIS&rft.date=2021-02-04&rft.aulast=Baban&rft.aufirst=Goran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkirkuknow.com%2Fen%2Fnews%2F64788&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer2014" class="citation news cs1">Spencer, Richard (14 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11160906/Isil-carried-out-massacres-and-mass-sexual-enslavement-of-Yazidis-UN-confirms.html">"Isil carried out massacres and mass sexual enslavement of Yazidis, UN confirms"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11160906/Isil-carried-out-massacres-and-mass-sexual-enslavement-of-Yazidis-UN-confirms.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Isil+carried+out+massacres+and+mass+sexual+enslavement+of+Yazidis%2C+UN+confirms&rft.date=2014-10-14&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fislamic-state%2F11160906%2FIsil-carried-out-massacres-and-mass-sexual-enslavement-of-Yazidis-UN-confirms.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2017" class="citation news cs1">Taylor, Lin (9 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230530060724/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-iraq-yazidis-idUSKBN18527I">"Nearly 10,000 Yazidis killed, kidnapped by Islamic State in 2014, study finds"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-iraq-yazidis-idUSKBN18527I/">the original</a> on 30 May 2023. Retrieved 3 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nearly+10%2C000+Yazidis+killed%2C+kidnapped+by+Islamic+State+in+2014%2C+study+finds&rft.date=2017-05-09&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Lin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-mideast-crisis-iraq-yazidis-idUSKBN18527I%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-US_recognition-62"><a href="#cite_ref-US_recognition_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLabottKopan2016" class="citation news cs1">Labott, Elise; Kopan, Tal (17 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2016/03/17/politics/us-iraq-syria-genocide/index.html">"John Kerry: ISIS responsible for genocide"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160317121954/http://www.cnn.com/2016/03/17/politics/us-iraq-syria-genocide/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=John+Kerry%3A+ISIS+responsible+for+genocide&rft.date=2016-03-17&rft.aulast=Labott&rft.aufirst=Elise&rft.au=Kopan%2C+Tal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2016%2F03%2F17%2Fpolitics%2Fus-iraq-syria-genocide%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBCRussian-63"><a href="#cite_ref-BBCRussian_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/russian/rolling_news/2015/03/150319_rn_yazidis_un_is_genocide">"UN accuses the "Islamic State" in the genocide of the Yazidis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Russian_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC Russian Service">BBC Russian Service</a>/<a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> (in Russian). 19 March 2015. Retrieved 16 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Russian+Service%2FBBC&rft.atitle=UN+accuses+the+%22Islamic+State%22+in+the+genocide+of+the+Yazidis&rft.date=2015-03-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Frussian%2Frolling_news%2F2015%2F03%2F150319_rn_yazidis_un_is_genocide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.svoboda.org/content/article/26909669.html">"The UN has blamed 'Islamic State' in the genocide of the Yazidis"</a>. Радио Свобода. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a>. 19 March 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150710232852/http://www.svoboda.org/content/article/26909669.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2015. 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The Journal of Modern African Studies. 38 (2). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: 163–202. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022278X0000330X">10.1017/S0022278X0000330X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/161648">161648</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154818651">154818651</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Modern+African+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Massacre+of+Refugees+in+Congo%3A+A+Case+of+UN+Peacekeeping+Failure+and+International+Law&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=163-202&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154818651%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F161648%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022278X0000330X&rft.aulast=Ezimet&rft.aufirst=Kisangani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McDoom-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McDoom_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDoom_83-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDoom_83-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDoom_83-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDoom2020" class="citation journal cs1">McDoom, Omar Shahabudin (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/103205/1/McDoom_Contested_Counting_accepted_version.pdf">"Contested Counting: Toward a Rigorous Estimate of the Death Toll in the Rwandan Genocide"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Genocide_Research" title="Journal of Genocide Research">Journal of Genocide Research</a>. 22 (1): 83–93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623528.2019.1703252">10.1080/14623528.2019.1703252</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214032255">214032255</a>. <q>I have estimated between 491,000 and 522,000 Tutsi, nearly two thirds of Rwanda's pre-genocide Tutsi population, were killed between 6 April and 19 July 1994. I calculated this death toll by subtracting my estimate of between 278,000 and 309,000 Tutsi survivors from my estimate of a baseline Tutsi population of almost exactly 800,000, or 10.8% of the overall population, on the eve of the genocide.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=Contested+Counting%3A+Toward+a+Rigorous+Estimate+of+the+Death+Toll+in+the+Rwandan+Genocide&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=83-93&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14623528.2019.1703252&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A214032255%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=McDoom&rft.aufirst=Omar+Shahabudin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.lse.ac.uk%2F103205%2F1%2FMcDoom_Contested_Counting_accepted_version.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guichaoua-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guichaoua_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guichaoua_84-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuichaoua2020" class="citation journal cs1">Guichaoua, André (2 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/14623528.2019.1703329">"Counting the Rwandan Victims of War and Genocide: Concluding Reflections"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Genocide_Research" title="Journal of Genocide Research">Journal of Genocide Research</a>. 22 (1): 125–141. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623528.2019.1703329">10.1080/14623528.2019.1703329</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1462-3528">1462-3528</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213471539">213471539</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220217170428/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14623528.2019.1703329">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2022. Retrieved 27 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=Counting+the+Rwandan+Victims+of+War+and+Genocide%3A+Concluding+Reflections&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=125-141&rft.date=2020-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A213471539%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1462-3528&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14623528.2019.1703329&rft.aulast=Guichaoua&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F14623528.2019.1703329&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unodc.org/unodc/press/releases/2020/April/commemoration-of-international-day-of-reflection-on-the-1994-genocide-against-the-tutsi-in-rwanda.html">"Commemoration of International Day of Reflection on the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda – Message of the UNOV/ UNODC Director-General/ Executive Director"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime" title="United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime">United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220707004810/https://www.unodc.org/unodc/press/releases/2020/April/commemoration-of-international-day-of-reflection-on-the-1994-genocide-against-the-tutsi-in-rwanda.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Office+on+Drugs+and+Crime&rft.atitle=Commemoration+of+International+Day+of+Reflection+on+the+1994+Genocide+against+the+Tutsi+in+Rwanda+%E2%80%93+Message+of+the+UNOV%2F+UNODC+Director-General%2F+Executive+Director&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unodc.org%2Funodc%2Fpress%2Freleases%2F2020%2FApril%2Fcommemoration-of-international-day-of-reflection-on-the-1994-genocide-against-the-tutsi-in-rwanda.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meierhenrich-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meierhenrich_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meierhenrich_86-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeierhenrich2020" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jens_Meierhenrich" title="Jens Meierhenrich">Meierhenrich, Jens</a> (2020). "How Many Victims Were There in the Rwandan Genocide? A Statistical Debate". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Genocide_Research" title="Journal of Genocide Research">Journal of Genocide Research</a>. 22 (1): 72–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623528.2019.1709611">10.1080/14623528.2019.1709611</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213046710">213046710</a>. <q>Despite the various methodological disagreements among them, none of the scholars who participated in this forum gives credence to the official figure of 1,074,107 victims... Given the rigour of the various quantitative methodologies involved, this forum's overarching finding that the death toll of 1994 is nowhere near the one-million-mark is – scientifically speaking – incontrovertible.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=How+Many+Victims+Were+There+in+the+Rwandan+Genocide%3F+A+Statistical+Debate&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=72-82&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14623528.2019.1709611&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A213046710%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Meierhenrich&rft.aufirst=Jens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reydams-87"><a href="#cite_ref-Reydams_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReydams2020" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Luc_Reydams" title="Luc Reydams">Reydams, Luc</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03056244.2020.1796320">"'More than a million': the politics of accounting for the dead of the Rwandan genocide"</a>. Review of African Political Economy. 48 (168): 235–256. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03056244.2020.1796320">10.1080/03056244.2020.1796320</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225356374">225356374</a>. <q>The government eventually settled on 'more than a million', a claim which few outside Rwanda have taken seriously.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+African+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=%27More+than+a+million%27%3A+the+politics+of+accounting+for+the+dead+of+the+Rwandan+genocide&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=168&rft.pages=235-256&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03056244.2020.1796320&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225356374%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Reydams&rft.aufirst=Luc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F03056244.2020.1796320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDoom2020" class="citation journal cs1">McDoom, Omar (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14623528.2019.1703252?journalCode=cjgr20">"Contested Counting: Toward a Rigorous Estimate of the Death Toll in the Rwandan Genocide"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Genocide_Research" title="Journal of Genocide Research">Journal of Genocide Research</a>. 22 (1): 83–93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623528.2019.1703252">10.1080/14623528.2019.1703252</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214032255">214032255</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331225048/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14623528.2019.1703252?journalCode=cjgr20">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022. <q>In comparison with estimates at the higher and lower ends, my estimate is significantly lower than the Government of Rwanda's genocide census figure of 1,006,031 Tutsi killed. I believe this number is not credible.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=Contested+Counting%3A+Toward+a+Rigorous+Estimate+of+the+Death+Toll+in+the+Rwandan+Genocide&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=83-93&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14623528.2019.1703252&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A214032255%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=McDoom&rft.aufirst=Omar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F14623528.2019.1703252%3FjournalCode%3Dcjgr20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Calic-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Calic_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Calic_89-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalic2012" class="citation book cs1">Calic, Marie–Janine (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IDMhDgCJCe0C&pg=PA140">"Ethnic Cleansing and War Crimes, 1991–1995"</a>. In Ingrao, Charles W.; Emmert, Thomas A. (eds.). Confronting the Yugoslav Controversies: A Scholars' Initiative. West Lafayette, IN: <a href="/wiki/Purdue_University_Press" title="Purdue University Press">Purdue University Press</a>. pp. 139–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-617-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-617-4"><bdi>978-1-55753-617-4</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ethnic+Cleansing+and+War+Crimes%2C+1991%E2%80%931995&rft.btitle=Confronting+the+Yugoslav+Controversies%3A+A+Scholars%27+Initiative&rft.place=West+Lafayette%2C+IN&rft.pages=139-40&rft.pub=Purdue+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-55753-617-4&rft.aulast=Calic&rft.aufirst=Marie%E2%80%93Janine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIDMhDgCJCe0C%26pg%3DPA140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> Footnotes in source identify numbers as June 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrwin2012-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrwin2012_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIrwin2012">Irwin 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutman1993-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutman1993_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGutman1993">Gutman 1993</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThackrah200881–82-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThackrah200881–82_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThackrah2008">Thackrah 2008</a>, pp. 81–82. </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC310310-93"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC310310_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230607041100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8594625.stm">"Serbian MPs offer apology for Srebrenica massacre"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 31 March 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8594625.stm">the original</a> on 7 June 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Serbian+MPs+offer+apology+for+Srebrenica+massacre&rft.date=2010-03-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F8594625.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZwierzchowskiTabeau2010" class="citation journal cs1">Zwierzchowski, Jan; Tabeau, Ewa (1 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icty.org/x/file/About/OTP/War_Demographics/en/bih_casualty_undercount_conf_paper_100201.pdf">"The 1992–95 War in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Census-Based Multiple System Estimation of Casualties' Undercount"</a> (PDF). Conference Paper for the International Research Workshop on 'The Global Costs of Conflict'. The Households in Conflict Network (HiCN) and The German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin) 1–2 February 2010, Berlin: 15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Conference+Paper+for+the+International+Research+Workshop+on+%27The+Global+Costs+of+Conflict%27&rft.atitle=The+1992%E2%80%9395+War+in+Bosnia+and+Herzegovina%3A+Census-Based+Multiple+System+Estimation+of+Casualties%27+Undercount&rft.pages=15&rft.date=2010-02-01&rft.aulast=Zwierzchowski&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.au=Tabeau%2C+Ewa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icty.org%2Fx%2Ffile%2FAbout%2FOTP%2FWar_Demographics%2Fen%2Fbih_casualty_undercount_conf_paper_100201.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStraus2015" class="citation book cs1">Straus, Scott (24 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mKWiBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT149">Making and Unmaking Nations: The Origins and Dynamics of Genocide in Contemporary Africa</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801455674" title="Special:BookSources/9780801455674"><bdi>9780801455674</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+and+Unmaking+Nations%3A+The+Origins+and+Dynamics+of+Genocide+in+Contemporary+Africa&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2015-03-24&rft.isbn=9780801455674&rft.aulast=Straus&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmKWiBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeifer2009" class="citation book cs1">Peifer, Douglas C. (1 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tOgOwSXB164C&pg=PA23">Stopping Mass Killings in Africa: Genocide, Airpower, and Intervention</a>. DIANE Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781437912814" title="Special:BookSources/9781437912814"><bdi>9781437912814</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stopping+Mass+Killings+in+Africa%3A+Genocide%2C+Airpower%2C+and+Intervention&rft.pub=DIANE+Publishing&rft.date=2009-05-01&rft.isbn=9781437912814&rft.aulast=Peifer&rft.aufirst=Douglas+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtOgOwSXB164C%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStraus2015" class="citation book cs1">Straus, Scott (24 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mKWiBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT149">Making and Unmaking Nations: The Origins and Dynamics of Genocide in Contemporary Africa</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801455674" title="Special:BookSources/9780801455674"><bdi>9780801455674</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+and+Unmaking+Nations%3A+The+Origins+and+Dynamics+of+Genocide+in+Contemporary+Africa&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2015-03-24&rft.isbn=9780801455674&rft.aulast=Straus&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmKWiBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones-98"><a href="#cite_ref-Jones_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Jones_(Canadian_scholar)" title="Adam Jones (Canadian scholar)">Jones, Adam</a> (22 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZybbAAAAMAAJ">Genocide, war crimes and the West: history and complicity</a>. <a href="/wiki/Zed_Books" title="Zed Books">Zed Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781842771914" title="Special:BookSources/9781842771914"><bdi>9781842771914</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide%2C+war+crimes+and+the+West%3A+history+and+complicity&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2017-01-22&rft.isbn=9781842771914&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZybbAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230613090102/http://www.aljazeera.com/features/2014/2/6/investigating-genocide-in-somaliland">"Investigating genocide in Somaliland"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera</a>. 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Retrieved 16 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Investigating+genocide+in+Somaliland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Findepth%2Ffeatures%2F2014%2F02%2Finvestigating-genocide-somaliland-20142310820367509.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mburu-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mburu_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mburu_100-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mburu_100-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMburuUnited_Nations_Office_of_the_High_Commissioner_for_Human_RightsUnited_Nations_Development_Programme_Somalia_Country_Office2002" class="citation book cs1">Mburu, Chris; United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights; United Nations Development Programme Somalia Country Office (1 January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7w8VAQAAIAAJ">Past human rights abuses in Somalia: report of a preliminary study conducted for the United Nations (OHCHR/UNDP-Somalia)</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Past+human+rights+abuses+in+Somalia%3A+report+of+a+preliminary+study+conducted+for+the+United+Nations+%28OHCHR%2FUNDP-Somalia%29&rft.date=2002-01-01&rft.aulast=Mburu&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=United+Nations+Office+of+the+High+Commissioner+for+Human+Rights&rft.au=United+Nations+Development+Programme+Somalia+Country+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7w8VAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngiriis2016" class="citation journal cs1">Ingiriis, Mohamed Haji (2 July 2016). ""We Swallowed the State as the State Swallowed Us": The Genesis, Genealogies, and Geographies of Genocides in Somalia". <a href="/w/index.php?title=African_Security&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African Security (page does not exist)">African Security</a>. 9 (3): 237–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F19392206.2016.1208475">10.1080/19392206.2016.1208475</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1939-2206">1939-2206</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148145948">148145948</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Security&rft.atitle=%22We+Swallowed+the+State+as+the+State+Swallowed+Us%22%3A+The+Genesis%2C+Genealogies%2C+and+Geographies+of+Genocides+in+Somalia&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=237-58&rft.date=2016-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148145948%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1939-2206&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F19392206.2016.1208475&rft.aulast=Ingiriis&rft.aufirst=Mohamed+Haji&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMullin2010" class="citation book cs1">Mullin, Chris (1 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dd5ngjjVZb8C&pg=PA504">A View From The Foothills: The Diaries of Chris Mullin</a>. 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International Crisis Group. 2006. p. 5. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/somaliland-time-for-african-union-leadership.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2 February 2017. 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Association of Arab-American University Graduates. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0937694630" title="Special:BookSources/0937694630"><bdi>0937694630</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sabra+%26+Shatila%3A+Inquiry+Into+a+Massacre&rft.pub=Association+of+Arab-American+University+Graduates&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0937694630&rft.aulast=Kapeliouk&rft.aufirst=Amnon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoAO7AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <div><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisk2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fisk" title="Robert Fisk">Fisk, Robert</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VrXpeELOUNsC&pg=PA374">Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 382–383. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0192801302" title="Special:BookSources/978-0192801302"><bdi>978-0192801302</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pity+the+Nation%3A+Lebanon+at+War&rft.pages=382-383&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0192801302&rft.aulast=Fisk&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVrXpeELOUNsC%26pg%3DPA374&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuandt2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_B._Quandt" title="William B. Quandt">Quandt, William B.</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-rmCPnSghbcC&pg=PA256">Peace Process: American Diplomacy and the Arab-Israeli Conflict Since 1967</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. 266. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520246317" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520246317"><bdi>978-0520246317</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peace+Process%3A+American+Diplomacy+and+the+Arab-Israeli+Conflict+Since+1967&rft.pages=266&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0520246317&rft.aulast=Quandt&rft.aufirst=William+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-rmCPnSghbcC%26pg%3DPA256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlpher2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yossi_Alpher" title="Yossi Alpher">Alpher, Yossi</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eCxyBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA48">Periphery: Israel's Search for Middle East Allies</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1442231016" title="Special:BookSources/978-1442231016"><bdi>978-1442231016</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Periphery%3A+Israel%27s+Search+for+Middle+East+Allies&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1442231016&rft.aulast=Alpher&rft.aufirst=Yossi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeCxyBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzalez2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Gonzalez" title="Nathan Gonzalez">Gonzalez, Nathan</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HypnAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA113">The Sunni-Shia Conflict: Understanding Sectarian Violence in the Middle East</a>. Nortia Media Ltd. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9842252-1-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9842252-1-7"><bdi>978-0-9842252-1-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sunni-Shia+Conflict%3A+Understanding+Sectarian+Violence+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Nortia+Media+Ltd&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-9842252-1-7&rft.aulast=Gonzalez&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHypnAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/426/01/IMG/NR042601.pdf?OpenElement">U.N. General Assembly, Resolution 37/123, adopted between 16 and 20 December 1982.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120429183049/http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/426/01/IMG/NR042601.pdf?OpenElement">Archived</a> 29 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 4 January 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacBrideAsmalBercussonFalk1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_MacBride" title="Seán MacBride">MacBride, Seán</a>; Asmal, A. K.; Bercusson, B.; Falk, R. A.; de la Pradelle, G.; Wild, S. (1983). Israel in Lebanon: The Report of International Commission to enquire into reported violations of International Law by Israel during its invasion of the Lebanon. London: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ithaca_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ithaca Press (page does not exist)">Ithaca Press</a>. pp. 191–192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-903729-96-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-903729-96-2"><bdi>0-903729-96-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel+in+Lebanon%3A+The+Report+of+International+Commission+to+enquire+into+reported+violations+of+International+Law+by+Israel+during+its+invasion+of+the+Lebanon&rft.place=London&rft.pages=191-192&rft.pub=Ithaca+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-903729-96-2&rft.aulast=MacBride&rft.aufirst=Se%C3%A1n&rft.au=Asmal%2C+A.+K.&rft.au=Bercusson%2C+B.&rft.au=Falk%2C+R.+A.&rft.au=de+la+Pradelle%2C+G.&rft.au=Wild%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/unispal/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/AHRC48NGO68_210921.pdf">Sabra and Shatila: A genocide for which the criminal has not been held accountable</a> (PDF) (Report). Palestinian Return Centre. 2021. Retrieved 15 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Sabra+and+Shatila%3A+A+genocide+for+which+the+criminal+has+not+been+held+accountable&rft.pub=Palestinian+Return+Centre&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Funispal%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F09%2FAHRC48NGO68_210921.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRashedShortDocker2014" class="citation journal cs1">Rashed, Haifa; <a href="/wiki/Damien_Short" title="Damien Short">Short, Damien</a>; Docker, John (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/abs/10.3366/hls.2014.0076">"Nakba Memoricide: Genocide Studies and the Zionist/Israeli Genocide of Palestine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Land Studies">Holy Land Studies</a>. 13 (1). <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>: 1–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fhls.2014.0076">10.3366/hls.2014.0076</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1474-9475">1474-9475</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Holy+Land+Studies&rft.atitle=Nakba+Memoricide%3A+Genocide+Studies+and+the+Zionist%2FIsraeli+Genocide+of+Palestine&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-23&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2Fhls.2014.0076&rft.issn=1474-9475&rft.aulast=Rashed&rft.aufirst=Haifa&rft.au=Short%2C+Damien&rft.au=Docker%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euppublishing.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.3366%2Fhls.2014.0076&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231215185155/http://www.d.dccam.org/Projects/Maps/Mapping.htm">"Mapping Project 1995-Present"</a>. Documentation Center of Cambodia (DC-Cam). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.d.dccam.org/Projects/Maps/Mapping.htm">the original</a> on 15 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mapping+Project+1995-Present&rft.pub=Documentation+Center+of+Cambodia+%28DC-Cam%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.d.dccam.org%2FProjects%2FMaps%2FMapping.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240218025508/https://gsp.yale.edu/">"Welcome"</a>. Genocide Studies Program, <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gsp.yale.edu/">the original</a> on 18 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome&rft.pub=Genocide+Studies+Program%2C+Yale+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgsp.yale.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeuveline2001-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeuveline2001_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeuveline2001">Heuveline 2001</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawcross1985115–116-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShawcross1985115–116_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShawcross1985">Shawcross 1985</a>, pp. 115–116. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrey2009[httpsarchiveorgdetailsgenocideinternat0000freypage83_83]-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrey2009[httpsarchiveorgdetailsgenocideinternat0000freypage83_83]_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrey2009">Frey 2009</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/genocideinternat0000frey/page/83">83</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEtcheson2005">Etcheson 2005</a>, p. 119; <a href="#CITEREFHeuveline1998">Heuveline 1998</a>, pp. 49–65; <a href="#CITEREFTerry2002">Terry 2002</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/condemnedtorepea00terr/page/116">116</a>; <a href="#CITEREFHeuveline2001">Heuveline 2001</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-YaleUniv-134"><a href="#cite_ref-YaleUniv_134-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yale.edu/cgp/">The CGP, 1994–2008</a> Cambodian <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> Program, <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeMello201386-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeMello201386_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeMello2013">DeMello 2013</a>, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-MapCambo-136"><a href="#cite_ref-MapCambo_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231215185155/http://www.d.dccam.org/Projects/Maps/Mapping.htm">"Mapping of mass graves"</a>. Documentation Center of Cambodia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.d.dccam.org/Projects/Maps/Mapping.htm">the original</a> on 15 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Documentation+Center+of+Cambodia&rft.atitle=Mapping+of+mass+graves&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.d.dccam.org%2FProjects%2FMaps%2FMapping.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiernan2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Kiernan" title="Ben Kiernan">Kiernan, Ben</a> (2019). "Genocidal targeting: Two groups of victims in Pol Pot's Cambodia". In Bushnell, P. Timothy; Shlapentokh, Vladimir; Vanderpool, Christopher; Sundram, Jeyaratnam (eds.). State Organized Terror: The Case Of Violent Internal Repression. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-31305-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-31305-5"><bdi>978-1-000-31305-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Genocidal+targeting%3A+Two+groups+of+victims+in+Pol+Pot%27s+Cambodia&rft.btitle=State+Organized+Terror%3A+The+Case+Of+Violent+Internal+Repression&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-000-31305-5&rft.aulast=Kiernan&rft.aufirst=Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis-Petersen2018" class="citation news cs1">Ellis-Petersen, Hannah (16 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240115222558/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/16/khmer-rouge-leaders-genocide-charges-verdict-cambodia">"Khmer Rouge leaders found guilty of genocide in Cambodia's 'Nuremberg' moment"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/16/khmer-rouge-leaders-genocide-charges-verdict-cambodia">the original</a> on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 25 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Khmer+Rouge+leaders+found+guilty+of+genocide+in+Cambodia%27s+%27Nuremberg%27+moment&rft.date=2018-11-16&rft.aulast=Ellis-Petersen&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2018%2Fnov%2F16%2Fkhmer-rouge-leaders-genocide-charges-verdict-cambodia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEtcheson2005119-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEtcheson2005119_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEtcheson2005">Etcheson 2005</a>, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeuveline1998-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeuveline1998_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeuveline1998">Heuveline 1998</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Precise estimates of the death toll are difficult to determine. The 2005 report of the UN's <a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Reception,_Truth_and_Reconciliation_in_East_Timor" title="Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor">Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor</a> (CAVR) reports an estimated minimum number of conflict-related deaths of 102,800 (+/− 12,000). Of these, the report says that approximately 18,600 (+/− 1,000) were either killed or disappeared, and that approximately 84,000 (+/− 11,000) died from hunger or illness in excess of what would have been expected due to peacetime mortality. These figures represent a minimum conservative estimate that CAVR says is its scientifically-based principal finding. The report did not provide an upper bound, however, CAVR speculated that the total number of deaths due to conflict-related hunger and illness could have been as high as 183,000. The truth commission held Indonesian forces responsible for about 70% of the violent killings. * This estimates comes from taking the minimum killed violently applying the 70% violent death responsibility given to Indonesian military combined with the minimum starved. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cavr-timorleste.org/updateFiles/english/CONFLICT-RELATED%20DEATHS.pdf">"Conflict-related Deaths in Timor Leste, 1954–1999. The Findings of the CAVR Report"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Conflict-related+Deaths+in+Timor+Leste%2C+1954%E2%80%931999.+The+Findings+of+the+CAVR+Report&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cavr-timorleste.org%2FupdateFiles%2Fenglish%2FCONFLICT-RELATED%2520DEATHS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120513220045/http://www.cavr-timorleste.org/en/Brief.htm">"The CAVR Report"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cavr-timorleste.org/en/Brief.htm">the original</a> on 13 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+CAVR+Report&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cavr-timorleste.org%2Fen%2FBrief.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120513220045/http://www.cavr-timorleste.org/en/Brief.htm">"Conflict-related Deaths in Timor Leste, 1954–1999. The Findings of the CAVR Report"</a>. cavr-timorleste.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cavr-timorleste.org/en/Brief.htm">the original</a> on 13 May 2012. Retrieved 16 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cavr-timorleste.org&rft.atitle=Conflict-related+Deaths+in+Timor+Leste%2C+1954%E2%80%931999.+The+Findings+of+the+CAVR+Report&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cavr-timorleste.org%2Fen%2FBrief.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayaslian" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Payaslian" title="Simon Payaslian">Payaslian, Simon</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230528173612/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/abstract/document/obo-9780199743292/obo-9780199743292-0105.xml">"20th Century Genocides"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford bibliographies</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199743292/obo-9780199743292-0105.xml">the original</a> on 28 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=20th+Century+Genocides&rft.pub=Oxford+bibliographies&rft.aulast=Payaslian&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordbibliographies.com%2Fview%2Fdocument%2Fobo-9780199743292%2Fobo-9780199743292-0105.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220326193743/https://gsp.yale.edu/case-studies/east-timor">"Genocide Studies Program: East Timor"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gsp.yale.edu/case-studies/east-timor">the original</a> on 26 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Genocide+Studies+Program%3A+East+Timor&rft.pub=Yale+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgsp.yale.edu%2Fcase-studies%2Feast-timor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120513220045/http://www.cavr-timorleste.org/en/Brief.htm">"Chega! The CAVR Report"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cavr-timorleste.org/en/Brief.htm">the original</a> on 13 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chega%21+The+CAVR+Report&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cavr-timorleste.org%2Fen%2FBrief.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Israel-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Israel_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Israel_146-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Israel_146-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Israel_146-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230627211122/https://www.combatgenocide.org/">"HOME"</a>. Combatgenocide (in Hebrew). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.combatgenocide.org/">the original</a> on 27 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Combatgenocide&rft.atitle=HOME&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.combatgenocide.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BurWhite-147"><a href="#cite_ref-BurWhite_147-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite" class="citation web cs1">White, Matthew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240112105511/http://necrometrics.com/20c1m.htm#Rwanda">"Death Tolls for the Major Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century: C. Burundi (1972–73, primarily Hutu killed by Tutsi) 120,000"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://necrometrics.com/20c1m.htm#Rwanda">the original</a> on 12 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Death+Tolls+for+the+Major+Wars+and+Atrocities+of+the+Twentieth+Century%3A+C.+Burundi+%281972%E2%80%9373%2C+primarily+Hutu+killed+by+Tutsi%29+120%2C000&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnecrometrics.com%2F20c1m.htm%23Rwanda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICIBFR02_85-148"><a href="#cite_ref-ICIBFR02_85_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.archives.un.org/united-nations-international-commission-of-inquiry-for-burundi-unicib-1995-1996;isad?sf_culture=en">"Fonds AG-062 - United Nations International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi (UNICIB) (1995-1996)"</a>. United Nations - Archives and Records Management Section. 2002. p. 20 ¶ 85. <q>The Micombero regime responded with a genocidal repression that is estimated to have caused over a hundred thousand victims and forced several hundred thousand Hutus into exile</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fonds+AG-062+-+United+Nations+International+Commission+of+Inquiry+for+Burundi+%28UNICIB%29+%281995-1996%29&rft.pages=p.+20+%C2%B6+85&rft.pub=United+Nations+-+Archives+and+Records+Management+Section&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.archives.un.org%2Funited-nations-international-commission-of-inquiry-for-burundi-unicib-1995-1996%3Bisad%3Fsf_culture%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-burundik-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-burundik_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-burundik_149-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKruegerKrueger2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Krueger" title="Bob Krueger">Krueger, Robert</a>; Krueger, Kathleen Tobin (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/archive-files3/ambassador_robert_krueger_kathleen_tobin_kruegerbook4you.pdf">From Bloodshed to Hope in Burundi: Our Embassy Years During Genocide</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press" title="University of Texas Press">University of Texas Press</a>. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780292714861" title="Special:BookSources/9780292714861"><bdi>9780292714861</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Bloodshed+to+Hope+in+Burundi%3A+Our+Embassy+Years+During+Genocide&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780292714861&rft.aulast=Krueger&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Krueger%2C+Kathleen+Tobin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sahistory.org.za%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Farchive-files3%2Fambassador_robert_krueger_kathleen_tobin_kruegerbook4you.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://1997-2001.state.gov/global/human_rights/1996_hrp_report/burundi.html">"Burundi Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1996"</a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of State">U.S. Department of State</a>. 30 January 1997.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Burundi+Country+Report+on+Human+Rights+Practices+for+1996&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.date=1997-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1997-2001.state.gov%2Fglobal%2Fhuman_rights%2F1996_hrp_report%2Fburundi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dummett-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dummett_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dummett_151-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDummett2011" class="citation news cs1">Dummett, Mark (16 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230616035043/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-16207201">"How one newspaper report changed world history"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-16207201">the original</a> on 16 June 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=How+one+newspaper+report+changed+world+history&rft.date=2011-12-16&rft.aulast=Dummett&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-16207201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BDdeathcount-152"><a href="#cite_ref-BDdeathcount_152-0">^</a> While the official Pakistani government report (<a href="#CITEREFHamoodur_Rahman_Commission_Report1974">Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report 1974</a>) estimated that the Pakistani army was responsible for 26,000 killings in total, other sources have proposed various estimates ranging between 200,000 and 3 million. Indian Professor <a href="/wiki/Sarmila_Bose" title="Sarmila Bose">Sarmila Bose</a> recently expressed the view that a truly impartial study has never been done, while Bangladeshi ambassador <a href="/wiki/Shamsher_M._Chowdhury" title="Shamsher M. Chowdhury">Shamsher M. Chowdhury</a> has suggested that a joint Pakistan-Bangladeshi commission be formed to properly investigate the event. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/2005/07/07/nat3.htm">Chowdury, Bose comments</a> – Dawn Newspapers Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://necrometrics.com/20c1m.htm#Bangladesh">Death Tolls for the Major Wars and Atrocities of the 20th Century: Bangladesh</a> – Matthew White's website. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJahan2013256-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJahan2013256_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJahan2013">Jahan 2013</a>, p. 256. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBass2013a198-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBass2013a198_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBass2013a">Bass 2013a</a>, p. 198:"The Nixon administration had ample evidence not just of the scale of the massacres, but also of their ethnic targeting of the Hindu minority—what Blood had condemned as genocide. This was common knowledge throughout the Nixon administration." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamoodur_Rahman_Commission_Report1974-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamoodur_Rahman_Commission_Report1974_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHamoodur_Rahman_Commission_Report1974">Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report 1974</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240704145934/https://www.ushmm.org/genocide-prevention/countries/bangladesh">"Bangladesh"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ushmm.org/genocide-prevention/countries/bangladesh">the original</a> on 4 July 2024. Retrieved 16 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft.atitle=Bangladesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fgenocide-prevention%2Fcountries%2Fbangladesh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRummel1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Rummel" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolph Rummel">Rummel, R.J.</a> (January 1997). Death By Government. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 331. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1560009276" title="Special:BookSources/1560009276"><bdi>1560009276</bdi></a>. <q>The human death toll over only 267 days was incredible. Just to give for five out of the eighteen districts some incomplete statistics published in Bangladesh newspapers or by an Inquiry Committee, the Pakistani army killed 100,000 Bengalis in Dacca, 150,000 in Khulna, 75,000 in Jessore, 95,000 in Comilla, and 100,000 in Chittagong. For eighteen districts the total is 1,247,000 killed. This was an incomplete toll, and to this day no one really knows the final toll. Some estimates of the democide (i.e. Rummel's 'death by government') are much lower—one is of 300,000 dead—but most range from 1 million to 3 million. ... The Pakistani army and allied paramilitary groups killed about one out of every sixty-one people in Pakistan overall; one out of every twenty-five Bengalis, Hindus, and others in East Pakistan. If the rate of killing for all of Pakistan is annualised over the years the Yahya martial law regime was in power (March 1969 to December 1971), then this one regime was more lethal than that of the Soviet Union, China under the communists, or Japan under the military (even through World War II).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+By+Government&rft.pages=331&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997-01&rft.isbn=1560009276&rft.aulast=Rummel&rft.aufirst=R.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ibrahim_2015-158">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ibrahim_2015_158-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ibrahim_2015_158-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ibrahim_2015_158-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbrahim2015" class="citation book cs1">Ibrahim, Abdullah Ali (June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325605315">"The 1964 Zanzibar Genocide: The Politics of Denial"</a>. In AbuSharaf, Rogaia Mostafa; Eickelman, Dale F. (eds.). Africa and the Gulf Region: Blurred Boundaries and Shifting Ties. Berlin: Gerlach – via ResearchGate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+1964+Zanzibar+Genocide%3A+The+Politics+of+Denial&rft.btitle=Africa+and+the+Gulf+Region%3A+Blurred+Boundaries+and+Shifting+Ties&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Gerlach&rft.date=2015-06&rft.aulast=Ibrahim&rft.aufirst=Abdullah+Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F325605315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Areo-Zanzibar-159">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Areo-Zanzibar_159-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Areo-Zanzibar_159-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209152633/https://areomagazine.com/2017/07/02/what-we-forgot-to-remember-part-1-genocide-in-zanzibar/">"What We Forgot To Remember, Part 1: Genocide in Zanzibar"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Areo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Areo (page does not exist)">Areo</a>. 2 July 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://areomagazine.com/2017/07/02/what-we-forgot-to-remember-part-1-genocide-in-zanzibar/">the original</a> on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Areo&rft.atitle=What+We+Forgot+To+Remember%2C+Part+1%3A+Genocide+in+Zanzibar&rft.date=2017-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fareomagazine.com%2F2017%2F07%2F02%2Fwhat-we-forgot-to-remember-part-1-genocide-in-zanzibar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuper2017" class="citation book cs1">Kuper, Leo (5 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zTIrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA127">Race, Class, and Power: Ideology and Revolutionary Change in Plural Societies</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-49504-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-49504-2"><bdi>978-1-351-49504-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race%2C+Class%2C+and+Power%3A+Ideology+and+Revolutionary+Change+in+Plural+Societies&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017-07-05&rft.isbn=978-1-351-49504-2&rft.aulast=Kuper&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzTIrDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MayaMin-161"><a href="#cite_ref-MayaMin_161-0">^</a> Namely the 83% of the "fully identified" 42,275 civilians killed by human rights violations during the Guatemalan Civil War. See <a href="#CITEREFCEH1999">CEH 1999</a>, p. 17, and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114151232/https://press.un.org/en/1999/19990301.guate.brf.html">"Press Briefing: Press conference by members of the Guatemala Historical Clarification Commission"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. 1 March 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/press/en/1999/19990301.guate.brf.html">the original</a> on 14 November 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations&rft.atitle=Press+Briefing%3A+Press+conference+by+members+of+the+Guatemala+Historical+Clarification+Commission&rft.date=1999-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fpress%2Fen%2F1999%2F19990301.guate.brf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MayaMax-162"><a href="#cite_ref-MayaMax_162-0">^</a> Applying the same proportion as for the fully identified victims to the estimated total amount of person killed or disappeared during the Guatemalan civil war (at least 200,000). See <a href="#CITEREFCEH1999">CEH 1999</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-UN0399-163"><a href="#cite_ref-UN0399_163-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114151232/https://press.un.org/en/1999/19990301.guate.brf.html">"Press Briefing: Press conference by members of the Guatemala Historical Clarification Commission"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. 1 March 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/press/en/1999/19990301.guate.brf.html">the original</a> on 14 November 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations&rft.atitle=Press+Briefing%3A+Press+conference+by+members+of+the+Guatemala+Historical+Clarification+Commission&rft.date=1999-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fpress%2Fen%2F1999%2F19990301.guate.brf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECEH1999-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECEH1999_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCEH1999">CEH 1999</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalkin2013" class="citation news cs1">Malkin, Elisabeth (16 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240624062205/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/17/world/americas/trial-on-guatemalan-civil-war-carnage-leaves-out-us-role.html">"Trial on Guatemalan Civil War Carnage Leaves Out U.S. Role"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/17/world/americas/trial-on-guatemalan-civil-war-carnage-leaves-out-us-role.html">the original</a> on 24 June 2024. Retrieved 7 July 2023. <q>The U.S. played a very powerful and direct role in the life of this institution, the army, that went on to commit genocide</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Trial+on+Guatemalan+Civil+War+Carnage+Leaves+Out+U.S.+Role&rft.date=2013-05-16&rft.aulast=Malkin&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F05%2F17%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Ftrial-on-guatemalan-civil-war-carnage-leaves-out-us-role.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nydailynews.com/latino/group-files-show-u-s-knew-guatemala-abuses-article-1.368198">"Group says files show U.S. knew of Guatemala abuses"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_Daily_News" title="New York Daily News">New York Daily News</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. 19 March 2009. Retrieved 29 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Group+says+files+show+U.S.+knew+of+Guatemala+abuses&rft.date=2009-03-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nydailynews.com%2Flatino%2Fgroup-files-show-u-s-knew-guatemala-abuses-article-1.368198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlakeley2009" class="citation book cs1">Blakeley, Ruth (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415462402/">State Terrorism and Neoliberalism: The North in the South</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rft8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA91">91-94</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415686174" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415686174"><bdi>978-0415686174</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Terrorism+and+Neoliberalism%3A+The+North+in+the+South&rft.pages=91-94&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0415686174&rft.aulast=Blakeley&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2Fbooks%2Fdetails%2F9780415462402%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECEH199920-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECEH199920_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCEH1999">CEH 1999</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-handbook-169"><a href="#cite_ref-handbook_169-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster2002" class="citation book cs1">Foster, Lynn V. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbooktolifein0000fost/mode/2up">Handbook to Life in the Ancient Maya World</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4148-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4148-0"><bdi>978-0-8160-4148-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+to+Life+in+the+Ancient+Maya+World&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-4148-0&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Lynn+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandbooktolifein0000fost%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECEH199923-170"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECEH199923_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCEH1999">CEH 1999</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> Wong, Tom K. (2015). Rights, Deportation, and Detention in the Age of Immigration Control. Stanford University Press. p. 68. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804794572" title="Special:BookSources/9780804794572">9780804794572</a>. LCCN 2014038930. page 68 </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChanturiya2017" class="citation news cs1">Chanturiya, Kazbek (23 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191127234921/https://oc-media.org/after-73-years-the-memory-of-stalins-deportation-of-chechens-and-ingush-still-haunts-the-survivors/">"After 73 years, the memory of Stalin's deportation of Chechens and Ingush still haunts the survivors"</a>. OC Media. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oc-media.org/after-73-years-the-memory-of-stalins-deportation-of-chechens-and-ingush-still-haunts-the-survivors/">the original</a> on 27 November 2019. Retrieved 27 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=After+73+years%2C+the+memory+of+Stalin%27s+deportation+of+Chechens+and+Ingush+still+haunts+the+survivors&rft.date=2017-02-23&rft.aulast=Chanturiya&rft.aufirst=Kazbek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foc-media.org%2Fafter-73-years-the-memory-of-stalins-deportation-of-chechens-and-ingush-still-haunts-the-survivors%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <div><ul><li><a href="#CITEREFNekrich1978">Nekrich 1978</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/punishedpeoplesd0000nekr/page/138">138</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFGammer2006">Gammer 2006</a>, pp. 166–171</li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRummel1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._J._Rummel" title="R. J. Rummel">Rummel, R. J.</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/NOTE4.HTM">Lethal Politics: Soviet Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1917</a>. <a href="/wiki/Transaction_Publishers" title="Transaction Publishers">Transaction Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56000-887-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-56000-887-3"><bdi>1-56000-887-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lethal+Politics%3A+Soviet+Genocide+and+Mass+Murder+Since+1917&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=1-56000-887-3&rft.aulast=Rummel&rft.aufirst=R.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hawaii.edu%2Fpowerkills%2FNOTE4.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dunlop-174">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dunlop_174-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dunlop_174-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunlop" class="citation book cs1">Dunlop. Russia Confronts Chechnya. pp. 62–70.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+Confronts+Chechnya&rft.pages=62-70&rft.au=Dunlop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230604131808/https://unpo.org/article/438">"Chechnya: European Parliament recognises the genocide of the Chechen People in 1944"</a>. UNPO. 2 November 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unpo.org/article/438">the original</a> on 4 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chechnya%3A+European+Parliament+recognises+the+genocide+of+the+Chechen+People+in+1944&rft.pub=UNPO&rft.date=2009-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funpo.org%2Farticle%2F438&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130227054740/http://savechechnya.org/archives/410">"Press-Release: February 23, World Chechnya Day"</a>. Save Chechnya Campaign. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://savechechnya.org/archives/410">the original</a> on 27 February 2013. Retrieved 27 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Save+Chechnya+Campaign&rft.atitle=Press-Release%3A+February+23%2C+World+Chechnya+Day&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsavechechnya.org%2Farchives%2F410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <div><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Tony. Chechnya: the Case for Independence. pp. 37–38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chechnya%3A+the+Case+for+Independence&rft.pages=37-38&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/USSR.TAB1B.GIF">"Soviet Transit, Camp, and Deportation Death Rates"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawai%CA%BBi" title="University of Hawaiʻi">University of Hawaiʻi</a>. Retrieved 29 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Soviet+Transit%2C+Camp%2C+and+Deportation+Death+Rates&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%CA%BBi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hawaii.edu%2Fpowerkills%2FUSSR.TAB1B.GIF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li><li><a href="#CITEREFNekrich1978">Nekrich 1978</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/punishedpeoplesd0000nekr/page/138">138</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFGammer2006">Gammer 2006</a>, pp. 166–171</li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-buc-178">^ <a href="#cite_ref-buc_178-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-buc_178-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckleyRubleHofmann2008" class="citation book cs1">Buckley, Cynthia J.; Ruble, Blair A.; Hofmann, Erin Trouth (2008). Migration, Homeland, and Belonging in Eurasia. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodrow Wilson Center">Woodrow Wilson Center</a> Press. p. 207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801890758" title="Special:BookSources/9780801890758"><bdi>9780801890758</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Migration%2C+Homeland%2C+and+Belonging+in+Eurasia&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=Woodrow+Wilson+Center+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780801890758&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=Cynthia+J.&rft.au=Ruble%2C+Blair+A.&rft.au=Hofmann%2C+Erin+Trouth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllworth1998" class="citation book cs1">Allworth, Edward (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tatarsofcrimeare0000unse/page/6">The Tatars of Crimea: Return to the Homeland: Studies and Documents</a>. Durham: <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tatarsofcrimeare0000unse/page/6">6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822319948" title="Special:BookSources/9780822319948"><bdi>9780822319948</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/97019110">97019110</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/610947243">610947243</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tatars+of+Crimea%3A+Return+to+the+Homeland%3A+Studies+and+Documents&rft.place=Durham&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F610947243&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F97019110&rft.isbn=9780822319948&rft.aulast=Allworth&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftatarsofcrimeare0000unse%2Fpage%2F6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLegters1992">Legters 1992</a>, p. 104; <a href="#CITEREFFisher2014">Fisher 2014</a>, p. 150; <a href="#CITEREFAllworth1998">Allworth 1998</a>, p. 216 </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder2010" class="citation news cs1">Snyder, Timothy (5 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230608080044/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cifamerica/2010/oct/05/holocaust-secondworldwar">"The fatal fact of the Nazi-Soviet pact"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cifamerica/2010/oct/05/holocaust-secondworldwar">the original</a> on 8 June 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+fatal+fact+of+the+Nazi-Soviet+pact&rft.date=2010-10-05&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2Fcifamerica%2F2010%2Foct%2F05%2Fholocaust-secondworldwar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/u/ussr/ussr.919/usssr919full.pdf">""Punished Peoples" of the Soviet Union: The Continuing Legacy of Stalin's Deportations"</a> (PDF). Human Rights Watch. 1991. p. 34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Punished+Peoples%22+of+the+Soviet+Union%3A+The+Continuing+Legacy+of+Stalin%27s+Deportations&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freports%2Fpdfs%2Fu%2Fussr%2Fussr.919%2Fusssr919full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllworthColumbia_University_Center_for_the_Study_of_Central_Asia1988" class="citation book cs1">Allworth, Edward; Columbia University Center for the Study of Central Asia (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hAFpAAAAMAAJ">Tatars of the Crimea: Their Struggle for Survival: Original Studies from North America, Unofficial and Official Documents from Czarist and Soviet Sources</a>. <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. pp. 173, 191–193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-0758-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-0758-7"><bdi>978-0-8223-0758-7</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tatars+of+the+Crimea%3A+Their+Struggle+for+Survival%3A+Original+Studies+from+North+America%2C+Unofficial+and+Official+Documents+from+Czarist+and+Soviet+Sources&rft.pages=173%2C+191-193&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-0758-7&rft.aulast=Allworth&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Columbia+University+Center+for+the+Study+of+Central+Asia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhAFpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <div><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiep2020" class="citation journal cs1">Riep, Leonhard (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230107032620/https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/682C53CEFFE13F950D40135F487DC0E2/S0887536720000410a.pdf/production_of_the_muselmann_and_the_singularity_of_auschwitz_a_critique_of_adriana_cavareros_account_of_the_auschwitz_event.pdf">"The Production of the Muselmann and the Singularity of Auschwitz: A Critique of Adriana Cavarero's Account of the "Auschwitz Event""</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Hypatia_(journal)" title="Hypatia (journal)">Hypatia</a>. 35 (4): 635. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fhyp.2020.41">10.1017/hyp.2020.41</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/682C53CEFFE13F950D40135F487DC0E2/S0887536720000410a.pdf/production_of_the_muselmann_and_the_singularity_of_auschwitz_a_critique_of_adriana_cavareros_account_of_the_auschwitz_event.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 7 January 2023. <q>...between 5 and 6 million. According to Wolfgang Benz, at least 5.29 million up to around 6 million Jews of every age were murdered (Benz 1991, 17), whereas Raul Hilberg counts 5.1 million dead (Hilberg 2003, 1320–21)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hypatia&rft.atitle=The+Production+of+the+Muselmann+and+the+Singularity+of+Auschwitz%3A+A+Critique+of+Adriana+Cavarero%27s+Account+of+the+%22Auschwitz+Event%22&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=635&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fhyp.2020.41&rft.aulast=Riep&rft.aufirst=Leonhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fservices%2Faop-cambridge-core%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F682C53CEFFE13F950D40135F487DC0E2%2FS0887536720000410a.pdf%2Fproduction_of_the_muselmann_and_the_singularity_of_auschwitz_a_critique_of_adriana_cavareros_account_of_the_auschwitz_event.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li><li><a href="#CITEREFFischel2020">Fischel 2020</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T4LQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10">10</a>: "The number of Jews killed by the Germans in the Holocaust cannot be precisely calculated. Various historians, however, have provided estimates that range between 4,204,000 and 7,000,000, with the use of the round figure of six million Jews murdered as the best estimate to describe the immensity of the Nazi genocide. The Germans exterminated approximately 54 percent of the Jews within their reach..."</li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoth2020" class="citation book cs1">Roth, John K. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-drQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1">Sources of Holocaust Insight: Learning and Teaching about the Genocide</a>. Eugene, Oregon: <a href="/wiki/Wipf_and_Stock_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Wipf and Stock Publishers">Wipf and Stock Publishers</a>. p. 1n1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5326-7418-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5326-7418-1"><bdi>978-1-5326-7418-1</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>. <q>...Raul Hilberg... 5.1 million... Israel Gutman and Robert Rozett... between 5–5 and 5.8 million... Wolfgang Benz... 6.2 million. The figures remain imprecise for several reasons, including...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sources+of+Holocaust+Insight%3A+Learning+and+Teaching+about+the+Genocide&rft.place=Eugene%2C+Oregon&rft.pages=1n1&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-5326-7418-1&rft.aulast=Roth&rft.aufirst=John+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-drQDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRummel2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Rummel" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolph Rummel">Rummel, R.J.</a> (2017) [1978]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ASFWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT79">"Democide in Totalitarian States"</a>. In Charny, Israel W. (ed.). The widening circle of genocide. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-29406-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-29406-5"><bdi>978-1-351-29406-5</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>. <q>4,204,400 to 4,575,400... the lowest count by any reputable study.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Democide+in+Totalitarian+States&rft.btitle=The+widening+circle+of+genocide&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-351-29406-5&rft.aulast=Rummel&rft.aufirst=R.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DASFWDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOman2016" class="citation book cs1">Oman, Nathan (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ntMZDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA203">The dignity of commerce: markets and the moral foundations of contract law</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. p. 203n64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226415529" title="Special:BookSources/9780226415529"><bdi>9780226415529</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>. <q>Bloxham... "Between 5,100,000 and 6,200,000...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+dignity+of+commerce%3A+markets+and+the+moral+foundations+of+contract+law&rft.pages=203n64&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780226415529&rft.aulast=Oman&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DntMZDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStier2015" class="citation book cs1">Stier, Oren Baruch (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2xLyCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT99">Holocaust Icons: Symbolizing the Shoah in History and Memory</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press" title="Rutgers University Press">Rutgers University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-7404-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-7404-2"><bdi>978-0-8135-7404-2</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>. <q>... between five and six million. The late Raul Hilberg, for example, political scientist and widely acknowledged dean of Holocaust historiography, estimated 5.1 million Jewish victims, and that number did not change in the third edition of his monumental work. This indicates, one might presume, that he was satisfied with his rigorous investigation into this figure... The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust offers a number of "more than" five million in its definition of the Holocaust.18 In 2007 the Division of the Senior Historian at the USHMM developed a series of estimates (dependent on means of counting) of between 5.65 million and 5.93 million, based on published accounts by Hilberg and others as well as on Soviet documents available only since 1991... No estimate has gone higher than six million.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holocaust+Icons%3A+Symbolizing+the+Shoah+in+History+and+Memory&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-7404-2&rft.aulast=Stier&rft.aufirst=Oren+Baruch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2xLyCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubinstein2014" class="citation book cs1">Rubinstein, William D. (2014) [2004]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pHUABAAAQBAJ&pg=PT121">Genocide</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-86995-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-86995-5"><bdi>978-1-317-86995-5</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>. <q>The number of Jews killed at the hands of the Nazis is invariably given, in shorthand terms at any rate, as 6 million, a figure which has, of course, entered the common consciousness and is endlessly repeated.122 It appears likely, however, that this number is too high by a considerable amount, as some careful Holocaust scholars such as Gerald Reitlinger and Raul Hilberg have pointed out. Reitlinger's early (1953) but carefully argued estimate of between 4,194,000 and 4,581,000 Jewish deaths is certainly the lowest ever offered by a serious historian; Hilberg's more recent, but even more carefully argued estimate of 5,100,000... appears to be the next lowest among reputable scholars... it appears to this historian that Reitlinger's figures are probably most nearly correct, with the figure of Jewish victims of the Holocaust numbering about 4.7 million, although there is a wide margin of imprecision. Given that about 2.7 million Jews perished in the six major extermination camps, a figure of 6 million Jewish dead necessarily means that 3.3 million perished in other ways: this is very difficult to believe and is almost certainly an exaggeration. In demographic terms, there are two ways of approaching this question: to compare the number of Jews in Nazi-occupied countries in September 1939 with those alive in May 1945 (bearing in mind such other factors as the escape of refugees and battle deaths), and to provide an estimate of the number of Jews who perished by method of death in the extermination camps, at the hands of the Einsatzgruppen, etc. Both are fraught with difficulties, especially the former</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-86995-5&rft.aulast=Rubinstein&rft.aufirst=William+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpHUABAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayesRoth2012" class="citation book cs1">Hayes, Peter; Roth, John K. (2012) [2010]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b3hUvouXdvYC&pg=PA197">The Oxford Handbook of Holocaust Studies</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-165079-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-165079-6"><bdi>978-0-19-165079-6</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>. <q>Nevertheless, scholarly research, aided by recently opened archives and computerized data processing capacities, has put statistical estimates on a firmer footing than was possible in earlier decades. In previous stages of research, estimates of the Jewish victims ranged from 4,202,000—4,575,400 (Reitlinger 1961: 533–46), to 5.1 million (Hilberg 1961: 767), to 5,820,960 (Robinson 1971'. 889), to 6,093,000 (Lestchinsky 1948:60). At the end of the 1980s two different teams, one headed by a German scholar, another by an Israeli, meticulously reviewed all the available data and arrived at the following numbers for Jewish fatalities during the Holocaust: 5,596,000 to 5,860,149 (Gutman 1990: 1799) and 5.29 million to slightly more than 6 million (Benz 1991: 17). The new Yad Vashem museum, which opened in 2005, mentions 5,786,748 Jewish victims. One can be skeptical of such precision, but the most current research reliably calculates a total number of victims close to the now iconic figure Six Million</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Holocaust+Studies&rft.pages=197&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-165079-6&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Roth%2C+John+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db3hUvouXdvYC%26pg%3DPA197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenz2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Benz" title="Wolfgang Benz">Benz, Wolfgang</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00benz">A Concise History of the Third Reich</a> (1st ed.). Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. p. 232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-23489-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-23489-8"><bdi>0-520-23489-8</bdi></a>. <q>At least six million human beings were deliberately and systematically murdered because they were Jews.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles&rft.pages=232&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-520-23489-8&rft.aulast=Benz&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconcisehistoryof00benz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenz1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Benz" title="Wolfgang Benz">Benz, Wolfgang</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/holocaustgermanh0000benz">The Holocaust: A German Historian Examines the Genocide</a> (1st ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. pp. 12, 152–153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-86995-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-86995-5"><bdi>978-1-317-86995-5</bdi></a>. <q>Six million Jews (not fewer, most probably more) were murdered in the course of the Final Solution of the Jewish question,</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holocaust%3A+A+German+Historian+Examines+the+Genocide&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=12%2C+152-153&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-317-86995-5&rft.aulast=Benz&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fholocaustgermanh0000benz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBracher1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Dietrich_Bracher" title="Karl Dietrich Bracher">Bracher, Karl Dietrich</a> (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/germandictatorsh0000brac">The German Dictatorship: The Origins, Structure and Effects of National Socialism</a> (1st ed.). New York: Praeger Publishers. p. 430. <q>The genocide of the Jews — according to <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Eichmann</a>'s figures more than 6 million (4 million in extermination camps) had been murdered by the summer of 1944 . . . Estimates of the total losses range from 5 to 7 million. At any rate, the total number of Jews in Europe declined from 9.2 to 3.1 million.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Dictatorship%3A+The+Origins%2C+Structure+and+Effects+of+National+Socialism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=430&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishers&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Bracher&rft.aufirst=Karl+Dietrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgermandictatorsh0000brac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBracher1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Dietrich_Bracher" title="Karl Dietrich Bracher">Bracher, Karl Dietrich</a> (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/germandictatorsh0000brac">The German Dictatorship: The Origins, Structure and Effects of National Socialism</a> (1st ed.). New York: Praeger Publishers. p. 430. <q>Estimates of the total losses range from 5 to 7 million.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Dictatorship%3A+The+Origins%2C+Structure+and+Effects+of+National+Socialism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=430&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishers&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Bracher&rft.aufirst=Karl+Dietrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgermandictatorsh0000brac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischel2020[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidT4LQDwAAQBAJpgPA10_10]-187"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischel2020[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidT4LQDwAAQBAJpgPA10_10]_187-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFischel2020">Fischel 2020</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T4LQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10">10</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandau2016" class="citation book cs1">Landau, Ronnie S. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/the-nazi-holocaust-its-history-and-meaning-9780755624225-9780857728432_compress">The Nazi Holocaust: Its History and Meaning</a> (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/I._B._Tauris" class="mw-redirect" title="I. B. Tauris">I. B. Tauris</a>. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85772-843-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85772-843-2"><bdi>978-0-85772-843-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nazi+Holocaust%3A+Its+History+and+Meaning&rft.pages=3&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-85772-843-2&rft.aulast=Landau&rft.aufirst=Ronnie+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthe-nazi-holocaust-its-history-and-meaning-9780755624225-9780857728432_compress&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerf2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Herf" title="Jeffrey Herf">Herf, Jeffrey C.</a> (2024). "The Long Term and the Short Term: Antisemitism and the Holocaust". In Weitzman, Mark; Williams, Robert J.; Wald, James (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/the-routledge-history-of-antisemitism-1138369446-9781138369443_compress">The Routledge History of Antisemitism</a> (1st ed.). Abingdon and New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 278. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780429428616">10.4324/9780429428616</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-36944-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-36944-3"><bdi>978-1-138-36944-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Long+Term+and+the+Short+Term%3A+Antisemitism+and+the+Holocaust&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+History+of+Antisemitism&rft.place=Abingdon+and+New+York&rft.pages=278&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780429428616&rft.isbn=978-1-138-36944-3&rft.aulast=Herf&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthe-routledge-history-of-antisemitism-1138369446-9781138369443_compress&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerlach2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Gerlach" title="Christian Gerlach">Gerlach, Christian</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/exterminationofe0000gerl">The Extermination of the European Jews</a> (1st ed.). Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 99–100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139034180" title="Special:BookSources/9781139034180"><bdi>9781139034180</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Extermination+of+the+European+Jews&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=99-100&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781139034180&rft.aulast=Gerlach&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fexterminationofe0000gerl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2019" class="citation journal cs1">Stone, Lewi (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6314819">"Quantifying the Holocaust: Hyperintense kill rates during the Nazi genocide"</a>. Science Advances. 5 (1): eaau7292. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019SciA....5.7292S">2019SciA....5.7292S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.aau7292">10.1126/sciadv.aau7292</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6314819">6314819</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30613773">30613773</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&rft.atitle=Quantifying+the+Holocaust%3A+Hyperintense+kill+rates+during+the+Nazi+genocide&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=eaau7292&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6314819%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30613773&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.aau7292&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019SciA....5.7292S&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Lewi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6314819&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HoloList-192"><a href="#cite_ref-HoloList_192-0">^</a> For a listing of the number of murdered Jews, detailed by country, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawidowicz2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Dawidowicz" title="Lucy Dawidowicz">Dawidowicz, Lucy</a> (2010). <a href="/wiki/The_War_Against_the_Jews" title="The War Against the Jews">The War Against the Jews: 1933–1945</a>. Open Road Media. Appendix A. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1453203064" title="Special:BookSources/978-1453203064"><bdi>978-1453203064</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+Against+the+Jews%3A+1933%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=Appendix+A&rft.pub=Open+Road+Media&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1453203064&rft.aulast=Dawidowicz&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenberg1979" class="citation journal cs1">Rosenberg, Alan (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41442658">"The Genocidal Universe: A Framework for Understanding the Holocaust"</a>. European Judaism: A Journal for the New Europe. 13 (1): 29–34. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0014-3006">0014-3006</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41442658">41442658</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Judaism%3A+A+Journal+for+the+New+Europe&rft.atitle=The+Genocidal+Universe%3A+A+Framework+for+Understanding+the+Holocaust&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=29-34&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41442658%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0014-3006&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41442658&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dan_Stone_(historian)" title="Dan Stone (historian)">Stone, Dan</a> (2023). The Holocaust: An Unfinished History (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Pelican_Books" title="Pelican Books">Pelican Books</a>. p. 191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-38871-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-38871-6"><bdi>978-0-241-38871-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holocaust%3A+An+Unfinished+History&rft.pages=191&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Pelican+Books&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-241-38871-6&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/remaining-jewish-population-of-europe-in-1945">"Remaining Jewish Population of Europe in 1945"</a>. Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180613204721/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/remaining-jewish-population-of-europe-in-1945">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2018. <q>According to the American Jewish Yearbook, the Jewish population of Europe was about 9.5 million in 1933. In 1950, the Jewish population of Europe was about 3.5 million.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Remaining+Jewish+Population+of+Europe+in+1945&rft.btitle=Holocaust+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fremaining-jewish-population-of-europe-in-1945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerenbaum2006" class="citation book cs1">Berenbaum, Michael (2006). The World Must Know: The History of the Holocaust as Told in the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a>. pp. 16, 220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8358-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8358-3"><bdi>978-0-8018-8358-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Must+Know%3A+The+History+of+the+Holocaust+as+Told+in+the+United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=16%2C+220&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8358-3&rft.aulast=Berenbaum&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBidlackLomagin2012" class="citation book cs1">Bidlack, Richard; Lomagin, Nikita (2012). The Leningrad Blockade, 1941-1944: A New Documentary History from the Soviet Archives. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11029-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11029-6"><bdi>978-0-300-11029-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Leningrad+Blockade%2C+1941-1944%3A+A+New+Documentary+History+from+the+Soviet+Archives&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-300-11029-6&rft.aulast=Bidlack&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Lomagin%2C+Nikita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vihavainen-Schrey-Vasara-198"><a href="#cite_ref-Vihavainen-Schrey-Vasara_198-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVihavainenSchrey-Vasara2011" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Timo_Vihavainen" title="Timo Vihavainen">Vihavainen, Timo</a>; Schrey-Vasara, Gabriele (2011). "Opfer, Täter, Betrachter: Finnland und die Leningrader Blockade" [Victims, Perpetrators, Observers: Finland and the Leningrad Blockade]. Osteuropa (in German). 61 (8/9): 48–63. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44936431">44936431</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Osteuropa&rft.atitle=Opfer%2C+T%C3%A4ter%2C+Betrachter%3A+Finnland+und+die+Leningrader+Blockade&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=8%2F9&rft.pages=48-63&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44936431%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Vihavainen&rft.aufirst=Timo&rft.au=Schrey-Vasara%2C+Gabriele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Siegl-199"><a href="#cite_ref-Siegl_199-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegl2011" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Siegl, Elfie (2011). "Die doppelte Tragödie: Anna Reid über die Leningrader Blockade" [The Double Tragedy: Anna Reid on the Leningrad Blockade]. Osteuropa (in German). 61 (8/9): 358–363. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44936455">44936455</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Osteuropa&rft.atitle=Die+doppelte+Trag%C3%B6die%3A+Anna+Reid+%C3%BCber+die+Leningrader+Blockade&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=8%2F9&rft.pages=358-363&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44936455%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Siegl&rft.aufirst=Elfie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krasman-200">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Krasman_200-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krasman_200-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krasman_200-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrasman2023" class="citation journal cs1">Krasman, Noah (2 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623528.2023.2214408">"The Paradox of Genocide in Modern Russia: Evolving Narratives of the Siege of Leningrad During the "Great Patriotic Operation""</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Genocide_Research" title="Journal of Genocide Research">Journal of Genocide Research</a>. 25 (3–4): 403–417. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623528.2023.2214408">10.1080/14623528.2023.2214408</a>. <q>As determined by scholars and the recent court decision in St. Petersburg, the siege was a "war crime, a crime against humanity, and genocide."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=The+Paradox+of+Genocide+in+Modern+Russia%3A+Evolving+Narratives+of+the+Siege+of+Leningrad+During+the+%22Great+Patriotic+Operation%22&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=403-417&rft.date=2023-10-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14623528.2023.2214408&rft.aulast=Krasman&rft.aufirst=Noah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F14623528.2023.2214408&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glantz-201">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Glantz_201-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glantz_201-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlantz2001" class="citation book cs1">Glantz, David (2001). The Siege of Leningrad 1941–44: 900 Days of Terror. Zenith Press, Osceola, WI. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7603-0941-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7603-0941-8"><bdi>0-7603-0941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Siege+of+Leningrad+1941%E2%80%9344%3A+900+Days+of+Terror&rft.pub=Zenith+Press%2C+Osceola%2C+WI&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7603-0941-8&rft.aulast=Glantz&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yeomans-202">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yeomans_202-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yeomans_202-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeomans2013" class="citation book cs1">Yeomans, Rory (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yxv4-iqVe2wC&pg=PA18">Visions of Annihilation: The Ustasha Regime and the Cultural Politics of Fascism, 1941-1945</a>. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822977933" title="Special:BookSources/9780822977933"><bdi>9780822977933</bdi></a>. <q>Although the estimates of the number of Serbs murdered by the regime vary, even the most conservative figures suggest that out of a pre-war population of 1.9 million, at least 200,000 and possibly as many as 500,000 died at the hands of Ustasha death squads, were executed, or perished in the state's concentration camps.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visions+of+Annihilation%3A+The+Ustasha+Regime+and+the+Cultural+Politics+of+Fascism%2C+1941-1945&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780822977933&rft.aulast=Yeomans&rft.aufirst=Rory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYxv4-iqVe2wC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AxisYugo-203">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AxisYugo_203-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AxisYugo_203-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240114095543/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/axis-invasion-of-yugoslavia">"Axis Invasion of Yugoslavia – Croatia"</a>. Holocaust Encyclopedia. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a>. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005456">the original</a> on 14 January 2024. Retrieved 12 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Axis+Invasion+of+Yugoslavia+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3B+Croatia&rft.btitle=Holocaust+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Fen%2Farticle.php%3FModuleId%3D10005456&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-stategov-204">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stategov_204-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stategov_204-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/reports/just-act-report-to-congress/croatia/">"The JUST Act Report: Croatia"</a>. state.gov. U.S. Department of State. <q>In all, approximately 30,000 Jews (between 75-80 percent of the Jews within the NDH) died during the Holocaust, the majority at the hands of the Ustasha, although the NDH also transferred some 7,000 Jews to the Nazis to be deported to Auschwitz... The NDH also killed an estimated 25,000 or more Roma men, women, and children, the vast majority of the Roma population under its control.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=state.gov&rft.atitle=The+JUST+Act+Report%3A+Croatia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Freports%2Fjust-act-report-to-congress%2Fcroatia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiger2012-206">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeiger2012_206-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeiger2012_206-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeiger2012">Geiger 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <div><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedžić2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Enver_Red%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Enver Redžić">Redžić, Enver</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pVCx3jerQmYC">Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Second World War</a>. London; New York: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Cass" title="Frank Cass">Frank Cass</a>. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5625-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5625-0"><bdi>978-0-7146-5625-0</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bosnia+and+Herzegovina+in+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Frank+Cass&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-5625-0&rft.aulast=Red%C5%BEi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Enver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpVCx3jerQmYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlemenčičŽagar2004" class="citation book cs1">Klemenčič, Matjaž; Žagar, Mitja (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ORSMBFwjAKcC">The former Yugoslavia's diverse peoples: a reference sourcebook</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. 184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-294-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-294-3"><bdi>978-1-57607-294-3</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+former+Yugoslavia%27s+diverse+peoples%3A+a+reference+sourcebook&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-294-3&rft.aulast=Klemen%C4%8Di%C4%8D&rft.aufirst=Matja%C5%BE&rft.au=%C5%BDagar%2C+Mitja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DORSMBFwjAKcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoare2006" class="citation book cs1">Hoare, Marko Attila (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=94bzAAAAMAAJ">Genocide and Resistance in Hitler's Bosnia: The Partisans and the Chetniks, 1941–1943</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0197263801" title="Special:BookSources/0197263801"><bdi>0197263801</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide+and+Resistance+in+Hitler%27s+Bosnia%3A+The+Partisans+and+the+Chetniks%2C+1941%E2%80%931943&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0197263801&rft.aulast=Hoare&rft.aufirst=Marko+Attila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D94bzAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001379,_747-208"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001379,_747_208-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTomasevich2001">Tomasevich 2001</a>, pp. 379, 747. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001169-209"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001169_209-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTomasevich2001">Tomasevich 2001</a>, p. 169. </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalcolm1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Noel_Malcolm" title="Noel Malcolm">Malcolm, Noel</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bosniashorthisto00malc">Bosnia: A Short History</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Press" title="New York University Press">New York University Press</a>. pp. 178–179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-5520-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-5520-4"><bdi>978-0-8147-5520-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bosnia%3A+A+Short+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=178-179&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-5520-4&rft.aulast=Malcolm&rft.aufirst=Noel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbosniashorthisto00malc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFurberLower2008" class="citation book cs1">Furber, David; <a href="/wiki/Wendy_Lower" title="Wendy Lower">Lower, Wendy</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cbSWBAAAQBAJ&q=nazi+Polish+genocide&pg=PP3">"Colonialism and genocide in Nazi-occupied Poland and Ukraine"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/A._Dirk_Moses" title="A. Dirk Moses">Moses, A. Dirk</a> (ed.). Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance in World History. <a href="/wiki/Berghahn_Books" title="Berghahn Books">Berghahn Books</a>. p. 393. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78238-214-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78238-214-0"><bdi>978-1-78238-214-0</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Colonialism+and+genocide+in+Nazi-occupied+Poland+and+Ukraine&rft.btitle=Empire%2C+Colony%2C+Genocide%3A+Conquest%2C+Occupation%2C+and+Subaltern+Resistance+in+World+History&rft.pages=393&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-78238-214-0&rft.aulast=Furber&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Lower%2C+Wendy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcbSWBAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dnazi%2BPolish%2Bgenocide%26pg%3DPP3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauer1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Bauer" title="Yehuda Bauer">Bauer, Yehuda</a> (1999). "Comparison of Genocides". In <a href="/wiki/Levon_Chorbajian" title="Levon Chorbajian">Chorbajian, Levon</a>; Shirinian, George (eds.). Studies in Comparative Genocide. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. pp. 31–43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-349-27348-5_3">10.1007/978-1-349-27348-5_3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-27348-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-27348-5"><bdi>978-1-349-27348-5</bdi></a>. <q>According to Polish sources, about three million ethnic Poles lost their lives during the war, or about 10 per cent of the Polish nation(...) large numbers were murdered, or died as a result of direct German actions such as denying food or medical treatment to Poles, or incarceration in concentration camps. There is no way of estimating the exact proportions, but I believe it would be difficult to deny that we have here a case of mass murder directed against Poles. German plans regarding Poles talked about denationalizing the Polish people, or in other words, making them into individuals who would no longer have any national identity(...)This is a case of genocide – a purposeful attempt toeliminate an ethnicity or a nation, accompanied by the murder of large numbers of the targeted group.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Comparison+of+Genocides&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Comparative+Genocide&rft.pages=31-43&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-349-27348-5_3&rft.isbn=978-1-349-27348-5&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Yehuda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USHMM-Poles-213">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USHMM-Poles_213-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USHMM-Poles_213-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/polish-victims">"Polish Victims"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a>. Retrieved 30 October 2020. <q>It is estimated that the Germans killed between 1.8 and 1.9 million non-Jewish Polish civilians during World War II. In addition, the Germans murdered at least 3 million Jewish citizens of Poland.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polish+Victims&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fpolish-victims&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCherryOrla-Bukowska2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._Cherry" title="Robert D. Cherry">Cherry, Robert D.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Annamaria_Orla-Bukowska" title="Annamaria Orla-Bukowska">Orla-Bukowska, Annamaria</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vkLTSB7NHwgC&q=and+the+ruthlessness+of+German+rule+in+Poland%2C+where+three+million+gentiles+also+perished+and+the+punishment+for+hiding+a+Jew+was+execution+of+captured+rescuers+and+their+immediate+families.">Rethinking Poles and Jews: Troubled Past, Brighter Future</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-4666-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-4666-0"><bdi>978-0-7425-4666-0</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>. <q>...and the ruthlessness of German rule in Poland, where three million gentiles also perished and the punishment for hiding a Jew was execution of captured rescuers and their immediate families.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Poles+and+Jews%3A+Troubled+Past%2C+Brighter+Future&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-4666-0&rft.aulast=Cherry&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rft.au=Orla-Bukowska%2C+Annamaria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvkLTSB7NHwgC%26q%3Dand%2Bthe%2Bruthlessness%2Bof%2BGerman%2Brule%2Bin%2BPoland%252C%2Bwhere%2Bthree%2Bmillion%2Bgentiles%2Balso%2Bperished%2Band%2Bthe%2Bpunishment%2Bfor%2Bhiding%2Ba%2BJew%2Bwas%2Bexecution%2Bof%2Bcaptured%2Brescuers%2Band%2Btheir%2Bimmediate%2Bfamilies.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Banki-215">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Banki_215-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Banki_215-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBankiPawlikowski2001">Banki & Pawlikowski 2001</a>, p. 93: "...Along with those three million Polish Jews, three million Polish civilians were murdered as well...." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulesza2004PDF,_p._29-216"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulesza2004PDF,_p._29_216-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKulesza2004">Kulesza 2004</a>, PDF, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGushee2012313–314-217"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGushee2012313–314_217-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGushee2012">Gushee 2012</a>, pp. 313–314. </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiernanLowerNaimarkStraus2023" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Kiernan, Ben; Lower, Wendy; Naimark, Norman; Straus, Scott, eds. (2023). "15: The Nazis and the Slavs - Poles and Soviet Prisoners of War". The Cambridge World History of Genocide. Vol. 3: Genocide in the Contemporary Era, 1914–2020. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108767118">10.1017/9781108767118</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-48707-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-48707-8"><bdi>978-1-108-48707-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=15%3A+The+Nazis+and+the+Slavs+-+Poles+and+Soviet+Prisoners+of+War&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+World+History+of+Genocide&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108767118&rft.isbn=978-1-108-48707-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldman2011" class="citation book cs1">Goldman, Wendy Z. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D0_HYK8R-8IC&pg=PA217">Inventing the Enemy: Denunciation and Terror in Stalin's Russia</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 217. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19196-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19196-8"><bdi>978-0-521-19196-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventing+the+Enemy%3A+Denunciation+and+Terror+in+Stalin%27s+Russia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=217&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-19196-8&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Wendy+Z.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD0_HYK8R-8IC%26pg%3DPA217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubenstein" class="citation news cs1">Rubenstein, Joshua. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406101530/https://www.arlindo-correia.org/040111.html">"The Devils' Playground"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arlindo-correia.org/040111.html">the original</a> on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 26 April 2011. <q>Rubenstein is the Northeast regional director of <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International_USA" title="Amnesty International USA">Amnesty International USA</a> and a co-editor of The Unknown Black Book: The Holocaust in the German-Occupied Soviet Territories.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Devils%27+Playground&rft.aulast=Rubenstein&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arlindo-correia.org%2F040111.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldman2011-217-222"><a href="#cite_ref-Goldman2011-217_222-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldman2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Z._Goldman" title="Wendy Z. Goldman">Goldman, Wendy Z.</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D0_HYK8R-8IC&q=%22NKVD+units+interpreted+the+order+as+sanctioning+the+arrest%22+%22of+absolutely+all+Poles%22&pg=PA217">Inventing the Enemy: Denunciation and Terror in Stalin's Russia</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 217. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19196-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19196-8"><bdi>978-0-521-19196-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventing+the+Enemy%3A+Denunciation+and+Terror+in+Stalin%27s+Russia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=217&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-19196-8&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Wendy+Z.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD0_HYK8R-8IC%26q%3D%2522NKVD%2Bunits%2Binterpreted%2Bthe%2Border%2Bas%2Bsanctioning%2Bthe%2Barrest%2522%2B%2522of%2Babsolutely%2Ball%2BPoles%2522%26pg%3DPA217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <div><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder2010" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Snyder, Timothy</a> (5 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cifamerica/2010/oct/05/holocaust-secondworldwar">"The fatal fact of the Nazi-Soviet pact"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved 6 August 2018. <q>It is hard not to see the Soviet "Polish Operation" of 1937–38 as genocidal, as more than 100,000 innocent people were killed on the spurious grounds that theirs was a disloyal ethnicity and since Stalin spoke of "Polish filth".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+fatal+fact+of+the+Nazi-Soviet+pact&rft.date=2010-10-05&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2Fcifamerica%2F2010%2Foct%2F05%2Fholocaust-secondworldwar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li><li><a href="#CITEREFEllman2007">Ellman 2007</a></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSebag-Montefiore2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Sebag-Montefiore" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon Sebag-Montefiore">Sebag-Montefiore, Simon</a> (2003). Stalin. The Court of the Red Tsar. New York: <a href="/wiki/Vintage_Books" title="Vintage Books">Vintage Books</a>. p. 229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4000-7678-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-4000-7678-1"><bdi>1-4000-7678-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin.+The+Court+of+the+Red+Tsar&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=229&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-4000-7678-1&rft.aulast=Sebag-Montefiore&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaimark2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Naimark" title="Norman Naimark">Naimark, Norman M.</a> (November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IB-hDQAAQBAJ&q=%22Polish+operation%22">Genocide: A World History</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-063772-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-063772-9"><bdi>978-0-19-063772-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide%3A+A+World+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016-11&rft.isbn=978-0-19-063772-9&rft.aulast=Naimark&rft.aufirst=Norman+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIB-hDQAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522Polish%2Boperation%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllman2007686-224"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllman2007686_224-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllman2007">Ellman 2007</a>, p. 686. </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaria_Cristina_Fumagalli2015" class="citation book cs1">Maria Cristina Fumagalli (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nHRvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA20">On the Edge: Writing the Border between Haiti and the Dominican Republic</a>. Liverpool University Press. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781781387573" title="Special:BookSources/9781781387573"><bdi>9781781387573</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Edge%3A+Writing+the+Border+between+Haiti+and+the+Dominican+Republic&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781781387573&rft.au=Maria+Cristina+Fumagalli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnHRvEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurits2004161-226"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurits2004161_226-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurits2004">Turits 2004</a>, p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCadeau2022" class="citation book cs1">Cadeau, Sabine F. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108942508">More than a Massacre: Racial Violence and Citizenship in the Haitian–Dominican Borderlands</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108942508">10.1017/9781108942508</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1108942508" title="Special:BookSources/978-1108942508"><bdi>978-1108942508</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249325622">249325622</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=More+than+a+Massacre%3A+Racial+Violence+and+Citizenship+in+the+Haitian%E2%80%93Dominican+Borderlands&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A249325622%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108942508&rft.isbn=978-1108942508&rft.aulast=Cadeau&rft.aufirst=Sabine+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1017%2F9781108942508&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurits2002590-228"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurits2002590_228-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurits2002">Turits 2002</a>, p. 590. </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaria_Cristina_Fumagalli2015" class="citation book cs1">Maria Cristina Fumagalli (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nHRvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA20">On the Edge: Writing the Border between Haiti and the Dominican Republic</a>. <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_University_Press" title="Liverpool University Press">Liverpool University Press</a>. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78138-757-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78138-757-3"><bdi>978-1-78138-757-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Edge%3A+Writing+the+Border+between+Haiti+and+the+Dominican+Republic&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-78138-757-3&rft.au=Maria+Cristina+Fumagalli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnHRvEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alan_Cambeira-230"><a href="#cite_ref-Alan_Cambeira_230-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCambeira1997" class="citation book cs1">Cambeira, Alan (1997). Quisqueya la bella (1996 ed.). <a href="/wiki/M._E._Sharpe" title="M. E. Sharpe">M. E. Sharpe</a>. p. 182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56324-936-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-56324-936-7"><bdi>1-56324-936-7</bdi></a>. <q>anyone of African descent found incapable of pronouncing correctly, that is, to the complete satisfaction of the sadistic examiners, became a condemned individual. This holocaust is recorded as having a death toll reaching thirty thousand innocent souls, Haitians as well as Dominicans.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quisqueya+la+bella&rft.pages=182&rft.edition=1996&rft.pub=M.+E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-56324-936-7&rft.aulast=Cambeira&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaulino2016" class="citation book cs1">Paulino, Edward (16 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PI2oCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT218">Dividing Hispaniola: The Dominican Republic's Border Campaign against Haiti, 1930-1961</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh_Press" title="University of Pittsburgh Press">University of Pittsburgh Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822981039" title="Special:BookSources/9780822981039"><bdi>9780822981039</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dividing+Hispaniola%3A+The+Dominican+Republic%27s+Border+Campaign+against+Haiti%2C+1930-1961&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=2016-02-16&rft.isbn=9780822981039&rft.aulast=Paulino&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPI2oCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurits2002630-232"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurits2002630_232-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurits2002">Turits 2002</a>, p. 630. </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/genocide-of-european-roma-gypsies-1939-1945">"Genocide of European Roma (Gypsies), 1939–1945"</a>. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 2024-04-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft.atitle=Genocide+of+European+Roma+%28Gypsies%29%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fgenocide-of-european-roma-gypsies-1939-1945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiewykNicosia2000" class="citation book cs1">Niewyk, Donald L.; Nicosia, Francis R. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_QQ7AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA47">The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust</a>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50590-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50590-1"><bdi>978-0-231-50590-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 5 July 2016 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+Guide+to+the+Holocaust&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-231-50590-1&rft.aulast=Niewyk&rft.aufirst=Donald+L.&rft.au=Nicosia%2C+Francis+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_QQ7AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHancock,_Ian2005" class="citation cs2">Hancock, Ian (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928102756/http://www.radoc.net/radoc.php?doc=art_e_holocaust_porrajmos&lang=en&articles=">"True Romanies and the Holocaust: A Re-evaluation and an overview"</a>, The Historiography of the Holocaust, <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>, pp. 383–396, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-9927-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-9927-6"><bdi>978-1-4039-9927-6</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radoc.net/radoc.php?doc=art_e_holocaust_porrajmos&lang=en&articles=">the original</a> on 28 September 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=True+Romanies+and+the+Holocaust%3A+A+Re-evaluation+and+an+overview&rft.btitle=The+Historiography+of+the+Holocaust&rft.pages=383-396&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-9927-6&rft.au=Hancock%2C+Ian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radoc.net%2Fradoc.php%3Fdoc%3Dart_e_holocaust_porrajmos%26lang%3Den%26articles%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIgnác2018" class="citation web cs1">Ignác, Benjamin (2018-08-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.errc.org/news/why-it-is-important-to-remember-the-roma-holocaust">"Why it is important to remember the Roma Holocaust?"</a>. European Roma Rights Centre. Retrieved 2023-08-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+it+is+important+to+remember+the+Roma+Holocaust%3F&rft.pub=European+Roma+Rights+Centre&rft.date=2018-08-02&rft.aulast=Ign%C3%A1c&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.errc.org%2Fnews%2Fwhy-it-is-important-to-remember-the-roma-holocaust&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2015" class="citation news cs1">Davis, Mark (5 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240407065855/https://www.euronews.com/2015/05/05/how-world-war-ii-shaped-modern-germany">"How World War II shaped modern Germany"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Euronews" title="Euronews">euronews</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euronews.com/2015/05/05/how-world-war-ii-shaped-modern-germany">the original</a> on 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=euronews&rft.atitle=How+World+War+II+shaped+modern+Germany&rft.date=2015-05-05&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euronews.com%2F2015%2F05%2F05%2Fhow-world-war-ii-shaped-modern-germany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USHMM_2-238"><a href="#cite_ref-USHMM_2_238-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110805072926/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005219">"Holocaust Encyclopedia – Genocide of European Roma (Gypsies), 1939–1945"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">USHMM</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005219">the original</a> on 5 August 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Holocaust+Encyclopedia+%E2%80%93+Genocide+of+European+Roma+%28Gypsies%29%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=USHMM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Fen%2Farticle.php%3FModuleId%3D10005219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Milton1992-239"><a href="#cite_ref-Milton1992_239-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilton1992" class="citation journal cs1">Milton, Sybil (February 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015077550120;view=1up;seq=3">"Nazi Policies towards Roma and Sinti 1933–1945"</a>. Journal of Gypsy Lore Society. 2 (1): 1–18. Retrieved 12 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Gypsy+Lore+Society&rft.atitle=Nazi+Policies+towards+Roma+and+Sinti+1933%E2%80%931945&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-18&rft.date=1992-02&rft.aulast=Milton&rft.aufirst=Sybil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015077550120%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaimark201070-240"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaimark201070_240-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNaimark2010">Naimark 2010</a>, p. 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaimark201070,_147-241">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaimark201070,_147_241-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaimark201070,_147_241-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNaimark2010">Naimark 2010</a>, pp. 70, 147. </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRozenasZhukov2019" class="citation journal cs1">Rozenas, Arturas; Zhukov, Yuri M. (2019). "Mass Repression and Political Loyalty: Evidence from Stalin's 'Terror by Hunger'". American Political Science Review. 113 (2): 571. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003055419000066">10.1017/S0003055419000066</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143428346">143428346</a>. <q>Similar to famines in Ireland in 1846–1851 (Ó Gráda 2007) and China in 1959–1961 (Meng, Qian and Yared 2015), the politics behind Holodomor have been a focus of historiographic debate. The most common interpretation is that Holodomor was 'terror by hunger' (Conquest 1987, 224), 'state aggression' (Applebaum 2017) and 'clearly premeditated mass murder' (Snyder 2010, 42). Others view it as an unintended by-product of Stalin's economic policies (Kotkin 2017; Naumenko 2017), precipitated by natural factors like adverse weather and crop infestation (Davies and Wheatcroft 1996; Tauger 2001).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=Mass+Repression+and+Political+Loyalty%3A+Evidence+from+Stalin%27s+%27Terror+by+Hunger%27&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=571&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003055419000066&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143428346%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rozenas&rft.aufirst=Arturas&rft.au=Zhukov%2C+Yuri+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndriewsky2015" class="citation journal cs1">Andriewsky, Olga (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21226%2FT2301N">"Towards a Decentred History: The Study of the Holodomor and Ukrainian Historiography"</a>. East/West: Journal of Ukrainian Studies. 2 (1): 37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21226%2FT2301N">10.21226/T2301N</a>. <q>Historians of Ukraine are no longer debating whether the Famine was the result of natural causes (and even then not exclusively by them). The academic debate appears to come down to the issue of intentions, to whether the special measures undertaken in Ukraine in the winter of 1932–33 that intensified starvation were aimed at Ukrainians as such.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East%2FWest%3A+Journal+of+Ukrainian+Studies&rft.atitle=Towards+a+Decentred+History%3A+The+Study+of+the+Holodomor+and+Ukrainian+Historiography&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=37&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21226%2FT2301N&rft.aulast=Andriewsky&rft.aufirst=Olga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.21226%252FT2301N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrynevych2008" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="uk:Гриневич Людмила Володимирівна">Grynevych, Liudmyla</a> [in Ukrainian] (2008). "The Present State of Ukrainian Historiography on the Holodomor and Prospects for Its Development". The Harriman Review. 16 (2). <a href="/wiki/Harriman_Institute" title="Harriman Institute">Harriman Institute</a>: 10–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7916%2Fd8-enqm-hy61">10.7916/d8-enqm-hy61</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Harriman+Review&rft.atitle=The+Present+State+of+Ukrainian+Historiography+on+the+Holodomor+and+Prospects+for+Its+Development&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=10-20&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7916%2Fd8-enqm-hy61&rft.aulast=Grynevych&rft.aufirst=Liudmyla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllman2007-245"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllman2007_245-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllman2007">Ellman 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOhayon2016-246"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOhayon2016_246-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOhayon2016">Ohayon 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Duggan-247">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Duggan_247-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duggan_247-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duggan_247-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuggan2008" class="citation book cs1">Duggan, Christopher (2008). 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Retrieved 8 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=BOOKS+OF+THE+TIMES%3B+Digging+Up+a+Tale+of+Terror+Among+the+Osages&rft.date=1994-08-31&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Jefferson&rft.aufirst=Margo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1994%2F08%2F31%2Fbooks%2Fbooks-of-the-times-digging-up-a-tale-of-terror-among-the-osages.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240210111532/https://www.history.com/news/the-fbis-first-big-case-the-osage-murders">"The FBI's First Big Case: The Osage Murders"</a>. History. 12 October 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/news/the-fbis-first-big-case-the-osage-murders">the original</a> on 10 February 2024. Retrieved 8 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=The+FBI%27s+First+Big+Case%3A+The+Osage+Murders&rft.date=2023-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fnews%2Fthe-fbis-first-big-case-the-osage-murders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorska2022" class="citation journal cs1">Morska, Izabela (2022-12-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://czasopisma.bg.ug.edu.pl/index.php/beyond/article/view/8980">"Animality as an excuse for murder: David Grann and Killers of the Flower Moon"</a>. Beyond Philology (19/4): 97–127. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.26881%2Fbp.2022.4.04">10.26881/bp.2022.4.04</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2451-1498">2451-1498</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Beyond+Philology&rft.atitle=Animality+as+an+excuse+for+murder%3A+David+Grann+and+Killers+of+the+Flower+Moon&rft.issue=19%2F4&rft.pages=97-127&rft.date=2022-12-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.26881%2Fbp.2022.4.04&rft.issn=2451-1498&rft.aulast=Morska&rft.aufirst=Izabela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fczasopisma.bg.ug.edu.pl%2Findex.php%2Fbeyond%2Farticle%2Fview%2F8980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5vjbd1">American Mythologies: New Essays on Contemporary Literature</a> (DGO - Digital original ed.). <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_University_Press" title="Liverpool University Press">Liverpool University Press</a>. 2005. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt5vjbd1">10.2307/j.ctt5vjbd1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85323-736-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85323-736-5"><bdi>978-0-85323-736-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5vjbd1">j.ctt5vjbd1</a>. <q>To authorize the Osage terror as genocide and to connect a corner of Oklahoma to a global tribal history, she recreates the Holocaust as a site of hybridity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Mythologies%3A+New+Essays+on+Contemporary+Literature&rft.edition=DGO+-+Digital+original&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt5vjbd1%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctt5vjbd1&rft.isbn=978-0-85323-736-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt5vjbd1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsenap2023" class="citation web cs1">Asenap, Jason (6 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240306213233/https://www.vox.com/2023/11/6/23945433/killers-flower-moon-osage-indigenous-scorsese-tell-story">"Killers of the Flower Moon and who gets to tell an Osage story"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vox_(website)" title="Vox (website)">Vox</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/2023/11/6/23945433/killers-flower-moon-osage-indigenous-scorsese-tell-story">the original</a> on 6 March 2024. Retrieved 8 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=Killers+of+the+Flower+Moon+and+who+gets+to+tell+an+Osage+story&rft.date=2023-11-06&rft.aulast=Asenap&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2F2023%2F11%2F6%2F23945433%2Fkillers-flower-moon-osage-indigenous-scorsese-tell-story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoyne2023" class="citation magazine cs1">Coyne, Delaney (26 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240310152909/https://www.americamagazine.org/arts-culture/2023/10/26/killers-flower-moon-osage-catholics-246377">"How the Osage Nation became Catholic: The hard truths in 'Killers of the Flower Moon'"</a>. America Magazine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americamagazine.org/arts-culture/2023/10/26/killers-flower-moon-osage-catholics-246377">the original</a> on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 8 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=America+Magazine&rft.atitle=How+the+Osage+Nation+became+Catholic%3A+The+hard+truths+in+%27Killers+of+the+Flower+Moon%27&rft.date=2023-10-26&rft.aulast=Coyne&rft.aufirst=Delaney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americamagazine.org%2Farts-culture%2F2023%2F10%2F26%2Fkillers-flower-moon-osage-catholics-246377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryant2020" class="citation journal cs1">Bryant, Michael (7 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol14/iss1/5">"Canaries in the Mineshaft of American Democracy: North American Settler Genocide in the Thought of Raphaël Lemkin"</a>. Genocide Studies and Prevention. 14 (1): 21–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5038%2F1911-9933.14.1.1632">10.5038/1911-9933.14.1.1632</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1911-0359">1911-0359</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genocide+Studies+and+Prevention&rft.atitle=Canaries+in+the+Mineshaft+of+American+Democracy%3A+North+American+Settler+Genocide+in+the+Thought+of+Rapha%C3%ABl+Lemkin&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=21-39&rft.date=2020-05-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5038%2F1911-9933.14.1.1632&rft.issn=1911-0359&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.usf.edu%2Fgsp%2Fvol14%2Fiss1%2F5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Census1930" class="citation journal cs1">United States Census (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305191547/https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1930/population-indians/1930sr-indians-ch02.pdf">"Indian Population of the United States"</a> (PDF). 1930 Federal Population Census. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1930/population-indians/1930sr-indians-ch02.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 March 2024. <q>At that time the mixed bloods had reached about 33 percent or the total. Since then, the population has steadily increased, but the number or full bloods has continued to decline. In 1910, 591, or 43.0%, claimed to be of full blood, but by 1930 the number of full bloods had declined to 545, or 23.3 percent.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=1930+Federal+Population+Census&rft.atitle=Indian+Population+of+the+United+States&rft.date=1930&rft.au=United+States+Census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fdecennial%2F1930%2Fpopulation-indians%2F1930sr-indians-ch02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBijakLubman2016" class="citation book cs1">Bijak, Jakub; Lubman, Sarah (2016). "The Disputed Numbers: In Search of the Demographic Basis for Studies of Armenian Population Losses, 1915–1923". The Armenian Genocide Legacy. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a> UK. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-56163-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-56163-3"><bdi>978-1-137-56163-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Disputed+Numbers%3A+In+Search+of+the+Demographic+Basis+for+Studies+of+Armenian+Population+Losses%2C+1915%E2%80%931923&rft.btitle=The+Armenian+Genocide+Legacy&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-137-56163-3&rft.aulast=Bijak&rft.aufirst=Jakub&rft.au=Lubman%2C+Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrisZe'evi20191-267"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrisZe'evi20191_267-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorrisZe'evi2019">Morris & Ze'evi 2019</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson2016" class="citation book cs1">Robertson, Geoffrey (2016). "Armenia and the G-word: The Law and the Politics". The Armenian Genocide Legacy. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a> UK. pp. 69–83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-56163-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-56163-3"><bdi>978-1-137-56163-3</bdi></a>. <q>Put another way – if these same events occurred today, there can be no doubt that prosecutions before the ICC of Talaat and other CUP officials for genocide, for persecution and for other crimes against humanity would succeed. Turkey would be held responsible for genocide and for persecution by the ICJ and would be required to make reparation.14 That Court would also hold Germany responsible for complicity with the genocide and persecution, since it had full knowledge of the massacres and deportations and decided not to use its power and influence over the Ottomans to stop them. But to the overarching legal question that troubles the international community today, namely whether the killings of Armenians in 1915 can properly be described as a genocide, the analysis in this chapter returns are sounding affirmative answer.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Armenia+and+the+G-word%3A+The+Law+and+the+Politics&rft.btitle=The+Armenian+Genocide+Legacy&rft.pages=69-83&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-137-56163-3&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLattanzi2018" class="citation book cs1">Lattanzi, Flavia (2018). "The Armenian Massacres as the Murder of a Nation?". The Armenian Massacres of 1915–1916 a Hundred Years Later: Open Questions and Tentative Answers in International Law. Springer International Publishing. pp. 27–104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-78169-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-78169-3"><bdi>978-3-319-78169-3</bdi></a>. <q>Starting from the claim by the Armenian community and the majority of historians that the 1915–1916 Armenian massacres and deportations constitute genocide as well as Turkey's fierce opposition to such a qualification, this paper investigates the possibility of identifying those massacres and deportations as the destruction of a nation. On the basis of a thorough analysis of the facts and the required mental element, the author shows that a deliberate destruction, in a substantial part, of the Armenian Christian nation as such, took place in those years. To come to this conclusion, this paper borrows the very same determinants as those used in the case-law of the Military Tribunals in occupied Germany, the International Court of Justice and the International Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda in genocide cases.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Armenian+Massacres+as+the+Murder+of+a+Nation%3F&rft.btitle=The+Armenian+Massacres+of+1915%E2%80%931916+a+Hundred+Years+Later%3A+Open+Questions+and+Tentative+Answers+in+International+Law&rft.pages=27-104&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-319-78169-3&rft.aulast=Lattanzi&rft.aufirst=Flavia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231020051841/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-armenian-genocide-1915-16-in-depth">"The Armenian Genocide (1915–16): In Depth"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-armenian-genocide-1915-16-in-depth">the original</a> on 20 October 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2020. <q>Although the term genocide was not coined until 1944, most scholars agree that the mass murder of Armenians fits this definition. The CUP government systematically used an emergency military situation to effect a long-term population policy aimed at strengthening Muslim Turkish elements in Anatolia at the expense of the Christian population (primarily Armenians, but also Christian Assyrians). Ottoman, Armenian, US, British, French, German, and Austrian documents from the time reveal that the CUP leadership intentionally targeted the Armenian population of Anatolia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Armenian+Genocide+%281915%E2%80%9316%29%3A+In+Depth&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fthe-armenian-genocide-1915-16-in-depth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrisZe'evi20193–5-271"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrisZe'evi20193–5_271-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorrisZe'evi2019">Morris & Ze'evi 2019</a>, pp. 3–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuny2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Grigor_Suny" title="Ronald Grigor Suny">Suny, Ronald Grigor</a> (2015). <a href="/wiki/They_Can_Live_in_the_Desert_but_Nowhere_Else" title="They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else">"They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else": A History of the Armenian Genocide</a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. xxi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6558-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6558-1"><bdi>978-1-4008-6558-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22They+Can+Live+in+the+Desert+but+Nowhere+Else%22%3A+A+History+of+the+Armenian+Genocide&rft.pages=xxi&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-6558-1&rft.aulast=Suny&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Grigor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPamuk2018" class="citation book cs1">Pamuk, Şevket (2018). Uneven Centuries: Economic Development of Turkey since 1820. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691184982" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691184982"><bdi>978-0691184982</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uneven+Centuries%3A+Economic+Development+of+Turkey+since+1820&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0691184982&rft.aulast=Pamuk&rft.aufirst=%C5%9Eevket&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTravis2006" class="citation book cs1">Travis, Hannibal (December 2006). Native Christians Massacred': The Ottoman Genocide of the Assyrians During World War I. Genocide Studies and Prevention. Vol. 1. pp. 327–371.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Native+Christians+Massacred%27%3A+The+Ottoman+Genocide+of+the+Assyrians+During+World+War+I&rft.series=Genocide+Studies+and+Prevention&rft.pages=327-371&rft.date=2006-12&rft.aulast=Travis&rft.aufirst=Hannibal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LookLex-275"><a href="#cite_ref-LookLex_275-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190727170014/http://lexicorient.com/e.o/assyrian_gc.htm">"Assyrian Genocide"</a>. Lexicorient. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lexicorient.com/e.o/assyrian_gc.htm">the original</a> on 27 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lexicorient&rft.atitle=Assyrian+Genocide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flexicorient.com%2Fe.o%2Fassyrian_gc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZe'eviMorris2020" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dror_Ze%27evi" title="Dror Ze'evi">Ze'evi, Dror</a>; <a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Morris, Benny</a> (2020). "Response to Critique: The thirty-year genocide. Turkey's destruction of its Christian minorities, 1894–1924, by Benny Morris and Dror Ze'evi, Cambridge, MA, and London, Harvard University Press, 2019, 672 pp., USD$35.00 (hardcover), ISBN 9780674916456". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Genocide_Research" title="Journal of Genocide Research">Journal of Genocide Research</a>. 22 (4): 561–566. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623528.2020.1735600">10.1080/14623528.2020.1735600</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216395523">216395523</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=Response+to+Critique%3A+The+thirty-year+genocide.+Turkey%27s+destruction+of+its+Christian+minorities%2C+1894%E2%80%931924%2C+by+Benny+Morris+and+Dror+Ze%27evi%2C+Cambridge%2C+MA%2C+and+London%2C+Harvard+University+Press%2C+2019%2C+672+pp.%2C+USD%2435.00+%28hardcover%29%2C+ISBN+9780674916456&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=561-566&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14623528.2020.1735600&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A216395523%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ze%27evi&rft.aufirst=Dror&rft.au=Morris%2C+Benny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sjöberg-277"><a href="#cite_ref-Sjöberg_277-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSjöberg2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Erik_Sj%C3%B6berg_(historian)" title="Erik Sjöberg (historian)">Sjöberg, Erik</a> (2016). The Making of the Greek Genocide: Contested Memories of the Ottoman Greek Catastrophe. <a href="/wiki/Berghahn_Books" title="Berghahn Books">Berghahn Books</a>. p. 234. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78533-326-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78533-326-2"><bdi>978-1-78533-326-2</bdi></a>. <q>Activists tend to inflate the overall total of Ottoman Greek deaths, from the cautious estimates between 300,000 to 700,000...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Greek+Genocide%3A+Contested+Memories+of+the+Ottoman+Greek+Catastrophe&rft.pages=234&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-78533-326-2&rft.aulast=Sj%C3%B6berg&rft.aufirst=Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2010166-278"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2010166_278-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones2010">Jones 2010</a>, p. 166: "An estimate of the Pontian Greek death toll at all stages of the anti-Christian genocide is about 350,000; for all the Greeks of the Ottoman realm taken together, the toll surely exceeded half a million, and may approach the 900,000 killed that a team of US researchers found in the early postwar period." </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarnava2016" class="citation journal cs1">Varnava, Andrekos (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol10/iss1/13/">"Book Review: Denial of Violence: Ottoman Past, Turkish Present and Collective Violence against the Armenians, 1789-2009"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Genocide_Studies_and_Prevention" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocide Studies and Prevention">Genocide Studies and Prevention</a>. 10 (1): 121–123. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5038%2F1911-9933.10.1.1403">10.5038/1911-9933.10.1.1403</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1911-0359">1911-0359</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genocide+Studies+and+Prevention&rft.atitle=Book+Review%3A+Denial+of+Violence%3A+Ottoman+Past%2C+Turkish+Present+and+Collective+Violence+against+the+Armenians%2C+1789-2009&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=121-123&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5038%2F1911-9933.10.1.1403&rft.issn=1911-0359&rft.aulast=Varnava&rft.aufirst=Andrekos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarcommons.usf.edu%2Fgsp%2Fvol10%2Fiss1%2F13%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarth2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Barth, Boris (2006). Genozid. Völkermord im 20. Jahrhundert. Geschichte, Theorien, Kontroversen [Genocide: Genocide in the 20th Century: History, theories, controversies] (in German). München: <a href="/wiki/C._H._Beck" title="C. H. Beck">C. H. Beck</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-40652-865-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-40652-865-1"><bdi>978-3-40652-865-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genozid.+V%C3%B6lkermord+im+20.+Jahrhundert.+Geschichte%2C+Theorien%2C+Kontroversen&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pub=C.+H.+Beck&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-40652-865-1&rft.aulast=Barth&rft.aufirst=Boris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0kBZBwAAQBAJpgPA163_163]-281"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0kBZBwAAQBAJpgPA163_163]_281-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones2010">Jones 2010</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0kBZBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA163">163</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Meichanetsidis2015-282"><a href="#cite_ref-Meichanetsidis2015_282-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeichanetsidis2015" class="citation journal cs1">Meichanetsidis, Vasileios (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://utpjournals.press/doi/10.3138/gsi.9.1.06">"The Genocide of the Greeks of the Ottoman Empire, 1913–1923: A Comprehensive Overview"</a>. Genocide Studies International. 9 (1): 104–173. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fgsi.9.1.06">10.3138/gsi.9.1.06</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2291-1847">2291-1847</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154870709">154870709</a>. <q>The genocide was committed by two subsequent and chronologically, ideologically, and organically interrelated and interconnected dictatorial and chauvinist regimes: (1) the regime of the CUP, under the notorious triumvirate of the three pashas (Üç Paşalar), Talât, Enver, and Cemal, and (2) the rebel government at Samsun and Ankara, under the authority of the Grand National Assembly (Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi) and Kemal. Although the process had begun before the Balkan Wars, the final and most decisive period started immediately after WWI and ended with the almost total destruction of the Pontic Greeks</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genocide+Studies+International&rft.atitle=The+Genocide+of+the+Greeks+of+the+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1913%E2%80%931923%3A+A+Comprehensive+Overview&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=104-173&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154870709%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2291-1847&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2Fgsi.9.1.06&rft.aulast=Meichanetsidis&rft.aufirst=Vasileios&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Futpjournals.press%2Fdoi%2F10.3138%2Fgsi.9.1.06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisband2017" class="citation book cs1">Weisband, Edward (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8Z43DwAAQBAJ">The Macabresque: Human Violation and Hate in Genocide, Mass Atrocity and Enemy-Making</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 262. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-067789-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-067789-3"><bdi>978-0-19-067789-3</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Macabresque%3A+Human+Violation+and+Hate+in+Genocide%2C+Mass+Atrocity+and+Enemy-Making&rft.pages=262&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-19-067789-3&rft.aulast=Weisband&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8Z43DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawJacobsKajPagano2014" class="citation book cs1">Law I, Jacobs A, Kaj N, Pagano S, Koirala BS (20 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RgZHBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT54">Mediterranean racisms: connections and complexities in the racialization of the Mediterranean region</a>. Basingstoke: Springer. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-26347-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-26347-6"><bdi>978-1-137-26347-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/893607294">893607294</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mediterranean+racisms%3A+connections+and+complexities+in+the+racialization+of+the+Mediterranean+region&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014-10-20&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F893607294&rft.isbn=978-1-137-26347-6&rft.aulast=Law&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Jacobs%2C+Anna&rft.au=Kaj%2C+Nisreen&rft.au=Pagano%2C+Simona&rft.au=Koirala%2C+Bozena+Sojka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRgZHBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeshov1919" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Geshov, Ivan Evstratiev (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=enANAQAAIAAJ&q=massacres%20albanais%20serbe%201913">La genèse de la guerre mondiale: la débâcle de l'alliance balkanique</a> [The Genesis of World War: The Debacle of the Balkan Alliance] (in French). P. Haupt. p. 64. Retrieved 9 August 2023. [as for example that of the Serbian deputy Triša Kaclerovićh, who, in an article published in 1917 by the International Bulletin, affirms that in 1912-1913 120,000 Albanians were massacred by the Serbian army]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+gen%C3%A8se+de+la+guerre+mondiale%3A+la+d%C3%A9b%C3%A2cle+de+l%27alliance+balkanique&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=P.+Haupt&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Geshov&rft.aufirst=Ivan+Evstratiev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DenANAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dmassacres%2520albanais%2520serbe%25201913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRifati2021" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rifati, Fitim (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.balkanjournal.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/JSB-1.-sayi-revize_2-Fitim-Rifati-1.pdf">"Kryengritjet shqiptare në Kosovë si alternativë çlirimi nga sundimi serbo-malazez (1913-1914)"</a> [Albanian uprisings in Kosovo as an alternative to liberation from Serbian-Montenegro rule (1913-1914)] (PDF). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Balkan_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of Balkan Studies (page does not exist)">Journal of Balkan Studies</a> (in Albanian). 1 (1): 84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.51331%2FA004">10.51331/A004</a>. <q>According to Serbian Social Democrat politician Kosta Novakovic, from October 1912 to the end of 1913, the Serbo-Montenegrin regime exterminated more than 120,000 Albanians of all ages, and forcibly expelled more than 50,000 Albanians to the Ottoman Empire and Albania.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Balkan+Studies&rft.atitle=Kryengritjet+shqiptare+n%C3%AB+Kosov%C3%AB+si+alternativ%C3%AB+%C3%A7lirimi+nga+sundimi+serbo-malazez+%281913-1914%29&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=84&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.51331%2FA004&rft.aulast=Rifati&rft.aufirst=Fitim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.balkanjournal.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F12%2FJSB-1.-sayi-revize_2-Fitim-Rifati-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKe" class="citation journal cs1">Ke, Jing. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kppcenter.org/WBPReview2012-2-2-Ke.pdf">"Change the Hostile Other into Ingroup Partner: On the Albanian-Serb Relations"</a> (PDF). Kosovo Public Policy Center: 83. <q>120,000-270,000 Albanians were killed and approximately 250,000 Albanians were expelled between 1912 and 1914.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kosovo+Public+Policy+Center&rft.atitle=Change+the+Hostile+Other+into+Ingroup+Partner%3A+On+the+Albanian-Serb+Relations&rft.pages=83&rft.aulast=Ke&rft.aufirst=Jing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kppcenter.org%2FWBPReview2012-2-2-Ke.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Department_of_State1943" class="citation book cs1">United States Department of State (1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ADhGAQAAMAAJ&q=Serbian+troops+atrocities+1913&pg=PA115">Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States</a>. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 115. Retrieved 2 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Papers+Relating+to+the+Foreign+Relations+of+the+United+States&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1943&rft.au=United+States+Department+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DADhGAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DSerbian%2Btroops%2Batrocities%2B1913%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Golgotha-289"><a href="#cite_ref-Golgotha_289-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120531131757/http://www.albanianhistory.net/texts20_1/AH1913_1.html">"Leo Freundlich: Albania's Golgotha"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albanianhistory.net/texts20_1/AH1913_1.html">the original</a> on 31 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leo+Freundlich%3A+Albania%27s+Golgotha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.albanianhistory.net%2Ftexts20_1%2FAH1913_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cEEmAQAAIAAJ&q=freundlich">Aggression Against Yugoslavia Correspondence</a>. Faculty of Law, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Belgrade" title="University of Belgrade">University of Belgrade</a>. 2000. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-86-80763-91-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-86-80763-91-0"><bdi>978-86-80763-91-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 29 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aggression+Against+Yugoslavia+Correspondence&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Faculty+of+Law%2C+University+of+Belgrade&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-86-80763-91-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcEEmAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dfreundlich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENuhn1989-291">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENuhn1989_291-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENuhn1989_291-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENuhn1989_291-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFNuhn1989">Nuhn 1989</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitaker_Report1985-292"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitaker_Report1985_292-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhitaker_Report1985">Whitaker Report 1985</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-HereroBiblio-293"><a href="#cite_ref-HereroBiblio_293-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoses2008">Moses 2008</a>, p. 296; <a href="#CITEREFSarkin-Hughes2008">Sarkin-Hughes 2008</a>, p. 142; <a href="#CITEREFSchaller2008">Schaller 2008</a>, p. 296; <a href="#CITEREFFriedrichsmeyerLennoxZantop1998">Friedrichsmeyer, Lennox & Zantop 1998</a>, p. 87; <a href="#CITEREFNuhn1989">Nuhn 1989</a>; <a href="#CITEREFHoffmann2007">Hoffmann 2007</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LItBN2keNpQC&pg=PA33">33</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240227003518/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3565938.stm">"Germany admits Namibia genocide"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 14 August 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3565938.stm">the original</a> on 27 February 2024. Retrieved 20 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Germany+admits+Namibia+genocide&rft.date=2004-08-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F3565938.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230924103227/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/aug/16/germany.andrewmeldrum">"German minister says sorry for genocide in Namibia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. 16 August 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/aug/16/germany.andrewmeldrum">the original</a> on 24 September 2023. Retrieved 20 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=German+minister+says+sorry+for+genocide+in+Namibia&rft.date=2004-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2004%2Faug%2F16%2Fgermany.andrewmeldrum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240211213921/http://www.preventgenocide.org/prevent/UNdocs/whitaker/section5.htm">"UN Whitaker Report on Genocide, 1985"</a>. Prevent Genocide International. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.preventgenocide.org/prevent/UNdocs/whitaker/section5.htm">the original</a> on 11 February 2024. <q>paragraphs 14 to 24, pages 5 to 10</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UN+Whitaker+Report+on+Genocide%2C+1985&rft.pub=Prevent+Genocide+International&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.preventgenocide.org%2Fprevent%2FUNdocs%2Fwhitaker%2Fsection5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam200644-297">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam200644_297-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam200644_297-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam200644_297-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFAkçam2006">Akçam 2006</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-Adalian-298"><a href="#cite_ref-Adalian_298-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdalian2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rouben_Paul_Adalian" title="Rouben Paul Adalian">Adalian, Rouben Paul</a> (2010). Historical Dictionary of Armenia (2nd ed.). Lanham, MD: <a href="/wiki/Scarecrow_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarecrow Press">Scarecrow Press</a>. p. 154.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Armenia&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pages=154&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Adalian&rft.aufirst=Rouben+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHovannisian2002" class="citation book cs1">Hovannisian, Richard G. (2002). "Confronting the Armenian Genocide". In <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Totten" title="Samuel Totten">Totten, Samuel</a>; Jacobs, Steven Leonard (eds.). Pioneers of Genocide Studies. New Brunswick: <a href="/wiki/Transaction_Publishers" title="Transaction Publishers">Transaction Publishers</a>. pp. 27–46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-0957-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-0957-3"><bdi>978-1-4128-0957-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Confronting+the+Armenian+Genocide&rft.btitle=Pioneers+of+Genocide+Studies&rft.place=New+Brunswick&rft.pages=27-46&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-0957-3&rft.aulast=Hovannisian&rft.aufirst=Richard+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkçam200642-300"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkçam200642_300-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAkçam2006">Akçam 2006</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406221917/https://www.nytimes.com/1896/12/18/archives/fifty-thousand-orphans-made-so-by-the-turkish-massacres-of.html">"Fifty Thousand Orphans Made So by the Turkish Massacres of Armenians"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 18 December 1896. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30A1FF63B5F1B738DDDA10994DA415B8685F0D3">the original</a> on 6 April 2023. <q>The number of Armenian children under twelve years of age made orphans by the massacres of 1895 is estimated by the missionaries at 50.000</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Fifty+Thousand+Orphans+Made+So+by+the+Turkish+Massacres+of+Armenians&rft.date=1896-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3DF30A1FF63B5F1B738DDDA10994DA415B8685F0D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCleveland2000" class="citation book cs1">Cleveland, William L. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernm00clev/page/119">A History of the Modern Middle East</a> (2nd ed.). Boulder, CO: Westview. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernm00clev/page/119">119</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-3489-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-3489-6"><bdi>0-8133-3489-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.place=Boulder%2C+CO&rft.pages=119&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Westview&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8133-3489-6&rft.aulast=Cleveland&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmodernm00clev%2Fpage%2F119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-angold2006-303"><a href="#cite_ref-angold2006_303-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngold2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Angold, Michael (2006). O'Mahony, Anthony (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vBy7CTYVBeMC">Cambridge History of Christianity</a>. Vol. 5. Eastern Christianity. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 512. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81113-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81113-2"><bdi>978-0-521-81113-2</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+History+of+Christianity&rft.pages=512&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-81113-2&rft.aulast=Angold&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvBy7CTYVBeMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapman2010544-304">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapman2010544_304-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapman2010544_304-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFChapman2010">Chapman 2010</a>, p. 544. </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdhikariCarmichaelJonesKapila2018" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Adhikari" title="Mohamed Adhikari">Adhikari, Mohamed</a>; Carmichael, Cathie; <a href="/wiki/Adam_Jones_(Canadian_scholar)" title="Adam Jones (Canadian scholar)">Jones, Adam</a>; Kapila, Shruti; <a href="/wiki/Norman_Naimark" title="Norman Naimark">Naimark, Norman</a>; Weitz, Eric D. (2018). "Genocide and Global and/or World History: Reflections". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Genocide_Research" title="Journal of Genocide Research">Journal of Genocide Research</a>. 20 (1): 134–153. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623528.2017.1363476">10.1080/14623528.2017.1363476</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:80081680">80081680</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=Genocide+and+Global+and%2For+World+History%3A+Reflections&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=134-153&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14623528.2017.1363476&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A80081680%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Adhikari&rft.aufirst=Mohamed&rft.au=Carmichael%2C+Cathie&rft.au=Jones%2C+Adam&rft.au=Kapila%2C+Shruti&rft.au=Naimark%2C+Norman&rft.au=Weitz%2C+Eric+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGigoux20221–2-306"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGigoux20221–2_306-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGigoux2022">Gigoux 2022</a>, pp. 1–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarambour2019a?-307"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarambour2019a?_307-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarambour2019a">Harambour 2019a</a>, p. ?. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardini1984-308"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardini1984_308-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGardini1984">Gardini 1984</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERay200795-309"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERay200795_309-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRay2007">Ray 2007</a>, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTully2011" class="citation book cs1">Tully, John (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UgOhBwAAQBAJ">The Devil's Milk A Social History of Rubber</a>. <a href="/wiki/Monthly_Review_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Monthly Review Press">Monthly Review Press</a>. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58367-261-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58367-261-7"><bdi>978-1-58367-261-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Devil%27s+Milk+A+Social+History+of+Rubber&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Monthly+Review+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-58367-261-7&rft.aulast=Tully&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUgOhBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUriarteMartínez-Pinzón2019" class="citation book cs1">Uriarte, Javier; Martínez-Pinzón, Felipe, eds. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-nJvEAAAQBAJ">Intimate Frontiers A Literary Geography of the Amazon</a>. <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_University_Press" title="Liverpool University Press">Liverpool University Press</a>. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781786949721" title="Special:BookSources/9781786949721"><bdi>9781786949721</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intimate+Frontiers+A+Literary+Geography+of+the+Amazon&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781786949721&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-nJvEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-United_States._Department_of_State-312">^ <a href="#cite_ref-United_States._Department_of_State_312-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-United_States._Department_of_State_312-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Oy0UAAAAIAAJ">Slavery in Peru: Message from the President of the United States Transmitting Report of the Secretary of State, with Accompanying Papers, Concerning the Alleged Existence of Slavery in Peru</a>. United States. Department of State. 1913. pp. 119, 160.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+in+Peru%3A+Message+from+the+President+of+the+United+States+Transmitting+Report+of+the+Secretary+of+State%2C+with+Accompanying+Papers%2C+Concerning+the+Alleged+Existence+of+Slavery+in+Peru&rft.pages=119%2C+160&rft.pub=United+States.+Department+of+State&rft.date=1913&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOy0UAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardenburg1912" class="citation book cs1">Hardenburg, Walter (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/45204/45204-h/45204-h.htm">The Putumayo, the Devil's Paradise; Travels in the Peruvian Amazon Region and an Account of the Atrocities Committed Upon the Indians Therein</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/T._Fisher_Unwin" title="T. Fisher Unwin">Fisher Unwin</a>. pp. 160, 194, 290. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1372293019" title="Special:BookSources/1372293019"><bdi>1372293019</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Putumayo%2C+the+Devil%27s+Paradise%3B+Travels+in+the+Peruvian+Amazon+Region+and+an+Account+of+the+Atrocities+Committed+Upon+the+Indians+Therein&rft.place=London&rft.pages=160%2C+194%2C+290&rft.pub=Fisher+Unwin&rft.date=1912&rft.isbn=1372293019&rft.aulast=Hardenburg&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F45204%2F45204-h%2F45204-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValcárcel1915" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Valcárcel, Carlos (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9lwc-HLF-lYC">El proceso del Putumayo y sus secretos inauditos</a> [The Putumayo process and its unprecedented secrets] (in Spanish). Centro de Estudios Teológicos de la Amazonía. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9972-9410-9-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-9972-9410-9-2"><bdi>978-9972-9410-9-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+proceso+del+Putumayo+y+sus+secretos+inauditos&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=Centro+de+Estudios+Teol%C3%B3gicos+de+la+Amazon%C3%ADa&rft.date=1915&rft.isbn=978-9972-9410-9-2&rft.aulast=Valc%C3%A1rcel&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9lwc-HLF-lYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Oy0UAAAAIAAJ">Slavery in Peru: Message from the President of the United States Transmitting Report of the Secretary of State, with Accompanying Papers, Concerning the Alleged Existence of Slavery in Peru</a>. United States. <a href="/wiki/Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of State">Department of State</a>. 1913. p. 435.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+in+Peru%3A+Message+from+the+President+of+the+United+States+Transmitting+Report+of+the+Secretary+of+State%2C+with+Accompanying+Papers%2C+Concerning+the+Alleged+Existence+of+Slavery+in+Peru&rft.pages=435&rft.pub=United+States.+Department+of+State&rft.date=1913&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOy0UAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichmond2013">Richmond 2013</a>; <a href="#CITEREFLevene2005">Levene 2005</a>, p. 301: "..anything between 1 and 1.5 million Circassians perished either directly, or indirectly, as a result of the Russian military campaign"; <a href="#CITEREFHuman_Rights_Association2023">Human Rights Association 2023</a>: "Tsarist Russia pursued a policy of total extermination in the east of the Caucasus, in Dagestan and the Chechen-Ingush region, without discriminating between women and children throughout the war. More than one million Circassians were massacred and many more were exiled from their homeland."; <a href="#CITEREFGenel_Komite2014">Genel Komite 2014</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShenfield1999">Shenfield 1999</a>, p. 154: "The number who died in the Circassian catastrophe of the 1860s could hardly, therefore, be less than one million, and may well have been closer to one-and-a-half million"; <a href="#CITEREFRichmond2013">Richmond 2013</a>; <a href="#CITEREFGenel_Komite2014">Genel Komite 2014</a>; <a href="#CITEREFAhmed2013">Ahmed 2013</a>, p. 357: "In the 1860s Russia killed 1.5 million Circassians, half of their population, and expelled the other half from their lands." </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMessenger2023" class="citation journal cs1">Messenger, Evan (6 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ausisjournal.com/2023/12/06/the-circassian-genocide-the-forgotten-tragedy-of-the-first-modern-genocide/#_edn23">"The Circassian Genocide: The Forgotten Tragedy of the First Modern Genocide"</a>. American University: Journal of International Service. <q>The corroboration between both Turkish and Russian documents puts the number of Circassian deaths by military operations and pre-planned massacres between 1.5 – 2 million; ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+University%3A+Journal+of+International+Service&rft.atitle=The+Circassian+Genocide%3A+The+Forgotten+Tragedy+of+the+First+Modern+Genocide&rft.date=2023-12-06&rft.aulast=Messenger&rft.aufirst=Evan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fausisjournal.com%2F2023%2F12%2F06%2Fthe-circassian-genocide-the-forgotten-tragedy-of-the-first-modern-genocide%2F%23_edn23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichmond2013">Richmond 2013</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]; <a href="#CITEREFShenfield1999">Shenfield 1999</a>, p. 154; <a href="#CITEREFKing2008">King 2008</a>; <a href="#CITEREFJones2016">Jones 2016</a>, p. 109 </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> * <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unpo.org/article/1639">"UNPO: The Circassian Genocide"</a>. unpo.org. 2 November 2009. Retrieved 26 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unpo.org&rft.atitle=UNPO%3A+The+Circassian+Genocide&rft.date=2009-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funpo.org%2Farticle%2F1639&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJavakhishvili2012" class="citation web cs1">Javakhishvili, Niko (20 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://justicefornorthcaucasus.info/?p=1251662239">"Coverage of The tragedy public Thought (later half of the 19th century)"</a>. justicefornorthcaucasus.info. <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_State_University" title="Tbilisi State University">Tbilisi State University</a>. Retrieved 1 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=justicefornorthcaucasus.info&rft.atitle=Coverage+of+The+tragedy+public+Thought+%28later+half+of+the+19th+century%29&rft.date=2012-12-20&rft.aulast=Javakhishvili&rft.aufirst=Niko&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjusticefornorthcaucasus.info%2F%3Fp%3D1251662239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120715173723/http://www.elot.ru/main/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1699&Itemid=5">"Postanovleniye Verkhovnogo Soveta K-BSSR ob osuzhdenii genotsida cherkesov ot 7 fevralya 1992 g. N° 977-XII-B" <bdi lang="ru">Постановление Верховного Совета К-БССР об осуждении геноцида черкесов от 7 февраля 1992 г. N° 977-XII-B</bdi></a> [Decree of the Supreme Council of the K-BSSR on the condemnation of the genocide of the Circassians of February 7, 1992 N ° 977-XII-B]. elot.ru. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elot.ru/main/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1699&Itemid=5">the original</a> on 15 July 2012. Retrieved 13 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=elot.ru&rft.atitle=Postanovleniye+Verkhovnogo+Soveta+K-BSSR+ob+osuzhdenii+genotsida+cherkesov+ot+7+fevralya+1992+g.+N%C2%B0+977-XII-B+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%9A-%D0%91%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0+%D0%BE%D0%B1+%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%BE%D1%82+7+%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F+1992+%D0%B3.+N%C2%B0+977-XII-B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elot.ru%2Fmain%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D1699%26Itemid%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zakon.parlament-kbr.ru/searchrun.phtml?idb=1&tipdocu=&ogu1=&sbu1=&dd1=&dd2=&nmu=&nm=&nmi=&nstr=&tx=%E3%E5%ED%EE%F6%E8%E4&klu1=&klu2=0&kl=&klid=&rubu1=&rubu2=0&rub=&txt=&vs=&cpage=1&sort=2">"Postanovleniye Parlamenta Kabardino-Balkarskoy Respubliki ot 12.05.1994 № 21-P-P (ob obrashchenii v Gosdumu s voprosom priznaniya genotsida cherkesov) Nedostupnaya ssylka" <bdi lang="ru">Постановление Парламента Кабардино-Балкарской Республики от 12.05.1994 № 21-П-П (об обращении в Госдуму с вопросом признания геноцида черкесов) Недоступная ссылка</bdi></a> [Decree of the Parliament of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic of May 12, 1994 No. 21-P-P (on applying to the State Duma with the issue of recognizing the genocide of the Circassians) Unavailable link]. parlament-kbr.ru (in Russian). September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=parlament-kbr.ru&rft.atitle=Postanovleniye+Parlamenta+Kabardino-Balkarskoy+Respubliki+ot+12.05.1994+%E2%84%96+21-P-P+%28ob+obrashchenii+v+Gosdumu+s+voprosom+priznaniya+genotsida+cherkesov%29+Nedostupnaya+ssylka+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D1%82+12.05.1994+%E2%84%96+21-%D0%9F-%D0%9F+%28%D0%BE%D0%B1+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B2+%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83+%D1%81+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%29+%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0&rft.date=2021-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzakon.parlament-kbr.ru%2Fsearchrun.phtml%3Fidb%3D1%26tipdocu%3D%26ogu1%3D%26sbu1%3D%26dd1%3D%26dd2%3D%26nmu%3D%26nm%3D%26nmi%3D%26nstr%3D%26tx%3D%25E3%25E5%25ED%25EE%25F6%25E8%25E4%26klu1%3D%26klu2%3D0%26kl%3D%26klid%3D%26rubu1%3D%26rubu2%3D0%26rub%3D%26txt%3D%26vs%3D%26cpage%3D1%26sort%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pravoteka.ru/docs/adygeya_respublika/10470.html">"Постановление ГС — Хасэ Республики Адыгея от 29.04.1996 № 64-1 «Об обращении к Государственной Думе Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации»"</a> [Decree of the State Council - Khase of the Republic of Adygea dated April 29, 1996 No. 64-1 "On Appeal to the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation"]. pravoteka.ru (in Russian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pravoteka.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%93%D0%A1+%E2%80%94+%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8D+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%8F+%D0%BE%D1%82+29.04.1996+%E2%84%96+64-1+%C2%AB%D0%9E%D0%B1+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BA+%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8%C2%BB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pravoteka.ru%2Fdocs%2Fadygeya_respublika%2F10470.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> Sources: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFShenfield1999">Shenfield 1999</a>, pp. 149–162: "The number who died in the Circassian catastrophe of the 1860s could hardly, therefore, have been fewer than one million, and may well have been closer to one-and-a-half million"</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFRichmond2013">Richmond 2013</a></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFKing2008">King 2008</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCataliotti2023" class="citation web cs1">Cataliotti, Joseph (22 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230320101348/https://study.com/learn/lesson/circassian-genocide-overview-facts.html">"Circassian Genocide: Overview & History"</a>. Study.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://study.com/learn/lesson/circassian-genocide-overview-facts.html">the original</a> on 20 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Study.com&rft.atitle=Circassian+Genocide%3A+Overview+%26+History&rft.date=2023-10-22&rft.aulast=Cataliotti&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstudy.com%2Flearn%2Flesson%2Fcircassian-genocide-overview-facts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230822133010/https://ihd.org.tr/en/circassian-genocide-on-its-159th-anniversary-genocide-is-a-crime-against-humanity/">"Circassian Genocide on its 159th Anniversary"</a>. Human Rights Association. 21 May 2023. 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Retrieved 26 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=star.com.tr&rft.atitle=Soyk%C4%B1r%C4%B1m+m%C4%B1%3B+i%C5%9Fte+%C3%87erkes+soyk%C4%B1r%C4%B1m%C4%B1+-+Yazarlar+-+Aziz+%C3%9CSTEL&rft.aulast=Gazetesi&rft.aufirst=Aziz+%C3%9Cstel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.star.com.tr%2Fyazar%2Fsoykirim-mi-3b-iste-cerkes-soykirimi-yazi-724367%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:52-328"><a href="#cite_ref-:52_328-0">^</a> Capobianco, Michael (2012). 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Retrieved 26 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=J%C4%B1neps+Gazetesi&rft.atitle=Velyaminov%2C+Zass+ve+insan+kafas%C4%B1+biriktirme+hobisi&rft.date=2013-09-02&rft.aulast=Gazetesi&rft.aufirst=J%C4%B1neps&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjinepsgazetesi.com%2F2013%2F09%2Fvelyaminov-zass-ve-insan-kafasi-biriktirme-hobisi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichmond2013132-330"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichmond2013132_330-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichmond2013">Richmond 2013</a>, p. 132: "If we assume that Berzhe's middle figure of 50,000 was close to the number who survived to settle in the lowlands, then between 95 percent and 97 percent of all Circassians were killed outright, died during Evdokimov's campaign, or were deported." </li> <li id="cite_note-Circassianworld-331"><a href="#cite_ref-Circassianworld_331-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosser-Owen" class="citation web cs1">Rosser-Owen, Isla. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240229202129/https://www.circassianworld.com/pdf/Isla_Thesis.pdf">"The First Circassian Exodus to the Ottoman Empire (1858–1867), and the Ottoman Response, based on the accounts of Contemporary British Observers"</a> (PDF). 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"A Typology of Genocide". <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Review_of_Modern_Sociology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Review of Modern Sociology (page does not exist)">International Review of Modern Sociology</a>. 5 (2): 201–212 [209]. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41421531">41421531</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Review+of+Modern+Sociology&rft.atitle=A+Typology+of+Genocide&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=201-212+209&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41421531%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Dadrian&rft.aufirst=Vahakn+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones201075-357"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones201075_357-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones2010">Jones 2010</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-358"><a href="#cite_ref-358">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBracey2021" class="citation journal cs1">Bracey, Earnest N. 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"Naming Removal". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvgc629z">Surviving Genocide: Native Nations and the United States from the American Revolution to Bleeding Kansas</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. pp. 363–368 [368]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvgc629z">10.2307/j.ctvgc629z</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21812-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21812-1"><bdi>978-0-300-21812-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvgc629z">j.ctvgc629z</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:166826195">166826195</a>. <q>Overall, then, although the U.S. policy of removal was not intended to kill as many Indians as possible, answering the question of genocide for this particular phase of United States–Indian relations with an absolute "no" too easily dismisses the matter. ... In its outcome and in the means used to gain compliance, the policy had genocidal dimensions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Naming+Removal&rft.btitle=Surviving+Genocide%3A+Native+Nations+and+the+United+States+from+the+American+Revolution+to+Bleeding+Kansas&rft.pages=363-368+368&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctvgc629z&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A166826195%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctvgc629z%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-300-21812-1&rft.aulast=Ostler&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctvgc629z&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-362"><a href="#cite_ref-362">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLutz1995" class="citation thesis cs1">Lutz, Regan A. 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Transmotion. 4 (2): 1– 30 [4]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22024%2FUniKent%2F03%2Ftm.651">10.22024/UniKent/03/tm.651</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transmotion&rft.atitle=There+Is+No+Question+of+American+Indian+Genocide&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1-+30+4&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22024%2FUniKent%2F03%2Ftm.651&rft.aulast=Slocum&rft.aufirst=Melissa+Michal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-375"><a href="#cite_ref-375">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBudhathoki2013" class="citation thesis cs1">Budhathoki, Thir Bahadur (December 2013). 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Genocide and settler society: Frontier violence and stolen indigenous children in Australian History. <a href="/wiki/Berghahn_Books" title="Berghahn Books">Berghahn Books</a>. p. 128.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Genocide+in+Tasmania%3F&rft.btitle=Genocide+and+settler+society%3A+Frontier+violence+and+stolen+indigenous+children+in+Australian+History&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClements20144-379">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClements20144_379-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClements20144_379-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFClements2014">Clements 2014</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGirard2011319–322-380">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGirard2011319–322_380-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGirard2011319–322_380-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGirard2011">Girard 2011</a>, pp. 319–322. </li> <li id="cite_note-381"><a href="#cite_ref-381">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGirard2005" class="citation journal cs1">Girard, Philippe R. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00313220500106196">"Caribbean genocide: racial war in Haiti, 1802–4"</a>. Patterns of Prejudice. 39 (2): 138–161. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00313220500106196">10.1080/00313220500106196</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-322X">0031-322X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145204936">145204936</a>. <q>The Haitian genocide and its historical counterparts [...] The 1804 Haitian genocide</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Patterns+of+Prejudice&rft.atitle=Caribbean+genocide%3A+racial+war+in+Haiti%2C+1802%E2%80%934&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=138-161&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145204936%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0031-322X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00313220500106196&rft.aulast=Girard&rft.aufirst=Philippe+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F00313220500106196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-382"><a href="#cite_ref-382">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinsJones2009" class="citation book cs1">Robins, Nicholas A.; <a href="/wiki/Adam_Jones_(Canadian_scholar)" title="Adam Jones (Canadian scholar)">Jones, Adam</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AX3UCk_PdEwC&pg=PA3">"Introduction: Subaltern Genocide in Theory and Practice."</a>. In Robins, Nicholas A.; <a href="/wiki/Adam_Jones_(Canadian_scholar)" title="Adam Jones (Canadian scholar)">Jones, Adam</a> (eds.). Genocides by the Oppressed: Subaltern Genocide in Theory and Practice. <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253220776" title="Special:BookSources/9780253220776"><bdi>9780253220776</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>. <q>The Great Rebellion and the Haitian slave uprising are two examples of what we refer to as "subaltern genocide": cases in which subaltern actors—those objectively oppressed and disempowered—adopt genocidal strategies to vanquish their[...]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Subaltern+Genocide+in+Theory+and+Practice.&rft.btitle=Genocides+by+the+Oppressed%3A+Subaltern+Genocide+in+Theory+and+Practice&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780253220776&rft.aulast=Robins&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+A.&rft.au=Jones%2C+Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAX3UCk_PdEwC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> – Also stated in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Jones_(Canadian_scholar)" title="Adam Jones (Canadian scholar)">Jones, Adam</a> (26 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=INwyX-ZKsVsC&pg=PA169">"11: "Subaltern genocide: Genocides by the oppressed.""</a>. The Scourge of Genocide: Essays and Reflections. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135047153" title="Special:BookSources/9781135047153"><bdi>9781135047153</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=11%3A+%22Subaltern+genocide%3A+Genocides+by+the+oppressed.%22&rft.btitle=The+Scourge+of+Genocide%3A+Essays+and+Reflections&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-06-26&rft.isbn=9781135047153&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DINwyX-ZKsVsC%26pg%3DPA169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> A contrasting view is given by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaffield2021" class="citation news cs1">Gaffield, Julia (6 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/five-myths/five-myths-about-the-haitian-revolution/2021/08/04/1cf7be4e-f3c1-11eb-a49b-d96f2dac0942_story.html">"Five myths about the Haitian Revolution"</a>. Washington Post. Retrieved 5 October 2024. <q>Anti-colonialism is not genocide.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Five+myths+about+the+Haitian+Revolution&rft.date=2021-08-06&rft.aulast=Gaffield&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Foutlook%2Ffive-myths%2Ffive-myths-about-the-haitian-revolution%2F2021%2F08%2F04%2F1cf7be4e-f3c1-11eb-a49b-d96f2dac0942_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-383"><a href="#cite_ref-383">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosesStone2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._Dirk_Moses" title="A. Dirk Moses">Moses, A. Dirk</a>; Stone, Dan (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pTfdAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA63">Colonialism and Genocide</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-99753-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-99753-5"><bdi>978-1-317-99753-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonialism+and+Genocide&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-317-99753-5&rft.aulast=Moses&rft.aufirst=A.+Dirk&rft.au=Stone%2C+Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpTfdAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-384"><a href="#cite_ref-384">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForde2020" class="citation book cs1">Forde, James (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YfgEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA40">The Early Haitian State and the Question of Political Legitimacy: American and British Representations of Haiti, 1804—1824</a>. Springer. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-52608-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-52608-5"><bdi>978-3-030-52608-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Haitian+State+and+the+Question+of+Political+Legitimacy%3A+American+and+British+Representations+of+Haiti%2C+1804%E2%80%941824&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3-030-52608-5&rft.aulast=Forde&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYfgEEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerdue2005-385">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerdue2005_385-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerdue2005_385-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerdue2005_385-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerdue2005_385-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerdue2005_385-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerdue2005_385-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFPerdue2005">Perdue 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Klimeš2015-386"><a href="#cite_ref-Klimeš2015_386-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlimeš2015" class="citation book cs1">Klimeš, Ondřej (8 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rdcuBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA27">Struggle by the Pen: The Uyghur Discourse of Nation and National Interest, c.1900-1949</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">BRILL</a>. pp. 27–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-28809-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-28809-6"><bdi>978-90-04-28809-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Struggle+by+the+Pen%3A+The+Uyghur+Discourse+of+Nation+and+National+Interest%2C+c.1900-1949&rft.pages=27-&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2015-01-08&rft.isbn=978-90-04-28809-6&rft.aulast=Klime%C5%A1&rft.aufirst=Ond%C5%99ej&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrdcuBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-387"><a href="#cite_ref-387">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillward2007" class="citation book cs1">Millward, James A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA95">Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang</a>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13924-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13924-3"><bdi>978-0-231-13924-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 13 August 2016 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eurasian+Crossroads%3A+A+History+of+Xinjiang&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-231-13924-3&rft.aulast=Millward&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8FVsWq31MtMC%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWei1842-388"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWei1842_388-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWei1842">Wei 1842</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELattimore1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailspivotofasiasinki0000lattpage126_126]-389"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELattimore1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailspivotofasiasinki0000lattpage126_126]_389-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLattimore1950">Lattimore 1950</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pivotofasiasinki0000latt/page/126">126</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke200437-390"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarke200437_390-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClarke2004">Clarke 2004</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoses2008-391"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoses2008_391-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoses2008">Moses 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-HISPANGEN-393">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HISPANGEN_393-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HISPANGEN_393-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HISPANGEN_393-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HISPANGEN_393-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221109235352/https://gsp.yale.edu/case-studies/colonial-genocides-project/hispaniola">"Hispaniola Case Study: Colonial Genocides"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> - Genocide Studies Program. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gsp.yale.edu/case-studies/colonial-genocides-project/hispaniola">the original</a> on 9 November 2022. <q>Date range of image: 1492 to 1514</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hispaniola+Case+Study%3A+Colonial+Genocides&rft.pub=Yale+University+-+Genocide+Studies+Program&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgsp.yale.edu%2Fcase-studies%2Fcolonial-genocides-project%2Fhispaniola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lemkin-USHMM-394"><a href="#cite_ref-Lemkin-USHMM_394-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ushmm.org/confront-genocide/">speakers-and-events/all-speakers-and-events/raphael-lemkin-history-of-genocide-and-colonialism "Raphael Lemkin's History of Genocide and Colonialism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft.atitle=Raphael+Lemkin%27s+History+of+Genocide+and+Colonialism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fconfront-genocide%2F+speakers-and-events%2Fall-speakers-and-events%2Fraphael-lemkin-history-of-genocide-and-colonialism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: Check <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> value (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-395"><a href="#cite_ref-395">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStannard1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Stannard" title="David Stannard">Stannard, David E.</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RzFsODcGjfcC&pg=PA139">American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195085570" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195085570"><bdi>978-0195085570</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Holocaust%3A+The+Conquest+of+the+New+World&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0195085570&rft.aulast=Stannard&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRzFsODcGjfcC%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-otherslaver-396">^ <a href="#cite_ref-otherslaver_396-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-otherslaver_396-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-otherslaver_396-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrever" class="citation news cs1">Trever, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190620020336/https://www.latimes.com/books/jacketcopy/la-ca-jc-native-american-slavery-20160505-snap-story.html">"The new book 'The Other Slavery' will make you rethink American history"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/books/jacketcopy/la-ca-jc-native-american-slavery-20160505-snap-story.html">the original</a> on 20 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=The+new+book+%27The+Other+Slavery%27+will+make+you+rethink+American+history&rft.aulast=Trever&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fbooks%2Fjacketcopy%2Fla-ca-jc-native-american-slavery-20160505-snap-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReséndez2016[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZ2gpCgAAQBAJpgPA17_17]-397"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReséndez2016[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZ2gpCgAAQBAJpgPA17_17]_397-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReséndez2016">Reséndez 2016</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2gpCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA17">17</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHickel201870-398"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHickel201870_398-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHickel2018">Hickel 2018</a>, p. 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-399"><a href="#cite_ref-399">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTatzHiggins2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Tatz" title="Colin Tatz">Tatz, Colin Martin</a>; Higgins, Winton (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N1WaCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA214">The Magnitude of Genocide</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. 214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3161-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3161-4"><bdi>978-1-4408-3161-4</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Magnitude+of+Genocide&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-3161-4&rft.aulast=Tatz&rft.aufirst=Colin+Martin&rft.au=Higgins%2C+Winton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN1WaCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-400"><a href="#cite_ref-400">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson1902" class="citation book cs1">Robertson, John M. (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bAQ_AAAAIAAJ">A Short History of Christianity</a>. London, UK: Watts & Co. p. 254 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Christianity&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=254&rft.pub=Watts+%26+Co.&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbAQ_AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-401"><a href="#cite_ref-401">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarber2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Barber" title="Malcolm Barber">Barber, Malcolm</a> (2010). "The Albigensian Crusade and the Inquisition". In <a href="/wiki/Donald_Bloxham" title="Donald Bloxham">Bloxham, Donald</a>; <a href="/wiki/A._Dirk_Moses" title="A. Dirk Moses">Moses, A. Dirk</a> (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 407. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199232116" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199232116"><bdi>978-0199232116</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Albigensian+Crusade+and+the+Inquisition&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Genocide+Studies&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=407&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0199232116&rft.aulast=Barber&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-402"><a href="#cite_ref-402">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemkin2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Lemkin" title="Raphael Lemkin">Lemkin, Raphael</a> (2012). Jacobs, Steven Leonard (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z9pkney_zw8C&pg=PA71">Lemkin on Genocide</a>. Lanham, Maryland: <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-4526-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-4526-5"><bdi>978-0-7391-4526-5</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lemkin+on+Genocide&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-4526-5&rft.aulast=Lemkin&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ9pkney_zw8C%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-403"><a href="#cite_ref-403">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonassohnBjörnson1998" class="citation book cs1">Jonassohn, Kurt; Björnson, Karin Solveig (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jIxCUXI38zcC&pg=PA50">Genocide and Gross Human Rights Violations: In Comparative Perspective</a>. Piscataway, New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Transaction_Publishers" title="Transaction Publishers">Transaction Publishers</a>. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-2445-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-2445-3"><bdi>978-1-4128-2445-3</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide+and+Gross+Human+Rights+Violations%3A+In+Comparative+Perspective&rft.place=Piscataway%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-2445-3&rft.aulast=Jonassohn&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rft.au=Bj%C3%B6rnson%2C+Karin+Solveig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjIxCUXI38zcC%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Genocide_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliography of Genocide studies">Bibliography of Genocide studies</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2013" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed, Akbar (2013). 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The Blood Telegram: Nixon, Kissinger, and a Forgotten Genocide. <a href="/wiki/Knopf_Doubleday_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Knopf Doubleday Publishing">Knopf Doubleday Publishing</a> Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0385350471" title="Special:BookSources/978-0385350471"><bdi>978-0385350471</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blood+Telegram%3A+Nixon%2C+Kissinger%2C+and+a+Forgotten+Genocide&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0385350471&rft.aulast=Bass&rft.aufirst=Gary+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloxhamMoses2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Bloxham" title="Donald Bloxham">Bloxham, Donald</a>; <a href="/wiki/A._Dirk_Moses" title="A. Dirk Moses">Moses, A. Dirk</a>, eds. (2010). The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies. Oxford, England: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199232116" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199232116"><bdi>978-0199232116</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Genocide+Studies&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0199232116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurga2023" class="citation magazine cs1">Burga, Solcyré (13 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231125022352/https://time.com/6334409/is-whats-happening-gaza-genocide-experts/">"Is What's Happening in Gaza a Genocide? Experts Weigh In"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/6334409/is-whats-happening-gaza-genocide-experts">the original</a> on 25 November 2023. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/south-africas-genocide-case-israel-sets-high-stakes-106055104">the original</a> on 7 January 2024. Retrieved 3 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=South+Africa%27s+genocide+case+against+Israel+sets+up+a+high-stakes+legal+battle+at+the+UN%27s+top+court&rft.date=2024-01-02&rft.aulast=Corder&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FInternational%2FwireStory%2Fsouth-africas-genocide-case-israel-sets-high-stakes-106055104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeMello2013" class="citation book cs1">DeMello, Margo (2013). 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In Ali, Hamid Eltgani (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4BNUBAAAQBAJ">Darfur's Political Economy: A Quest for Development</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-711-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-711-9"><bdi>978-1-85743-711-9</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Energy+development+and+transportation&rft.btitle=Darfur%27s+Political+Economy%3A+A+Quest+for+Development&rft.pages=210&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-85743-711-9&rft.aulast=Elhag&rft.aufirst=Hussein+Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4BNUBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllman2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ellman" title="Michael Ellman">Ellman, Michael</a> (June 2007). 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After the Killing Fields: Lessons from the Cambodian Genocide. Greenwood. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0275985134" title="Special:BookSources/978-0275985134"><bdi>978-0275985134</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+the+Killing+Fields%3A+Lessons+from+the+Cambodian+Genocide&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0275985134&rft.aulast=Etcheson&rft.aufirst=Craig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischel2020" class="citation book cs1">——— (2020) [1999]. Historical Dictionary of the Holocaust (Third ed.). Lanham, MD: <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-3015-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-3015-5"><bdi>978-1-5381-3015-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Holocaust&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-5381-3015-5&rft.aulast=Fischel&rft.aufirst=Jack+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher2014" class="citation book cs1">Fisher, Alan W. (2014). Crimean Tatars. Stanford, California: Hoover Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780817966638" title="Special:BookSources/9780817966638"><bdi>9780817966638</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/76041085">76041085</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/946788279">946788279</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crimean+Tatars&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pub=Hoover+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F946788279&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F76041085&rft.isbn=9780817966638&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Alan+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrey2009" class="citation book cs1">Frey, Rebecca Joyce (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/genocideinternat0000frey/page/83">Genocide and International Justice</a>. <a href="/wiki/Facts_On_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Facts On File">Facts On File</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816073108" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816073108"><bdi>978-0816073108</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide+and+International+Justice&rft.pub=Facts+On+File&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0816073108&rft.aulast=Frey&rft.aufirst=Rebecca+Joyce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgenocideinternat0000frey%2Fpage%2F83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedrichsmeyerLennoxZantop1998" class="citation book cs1">Friedrichsmeyer, Sara L.; Lennox, Sara; Zantop, Susanne M. 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"Restoring the Honour of an Indian Tribe-Rescate de una tribu". <a href="/wiki/Anthropos_(journal)" title="Anthropos (journal)">Anthropos</a>. 79 (4/6): 645–647. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40461884">40461884</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropos&rft.atitle=Restoring+the+Honour+of+an+Indian+Tribe-Rescate+de+una+tribu&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=4%2F6&rft.pages=645-647&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40461884%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gardini&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeiger2012" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Geiger" class="extiw" title="hr:Vladimir Geiger">Geiger, Vladimir Geiger</a> [in Croatian] (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326032734/https://hrcak.srce.hr/103223?lang=en">"Human losses of Croats in World War II and the immediate post-war period caused by the Chetniks (Yugoslav Army in the Fatherland) and the Partizans (People's Liberation Army and the partizan detachment of Yugoslavia/Yugoslav Army) and the Yugoslav Communist authoritities. Numerical indicators"</a>. Revue für Kroatische Geschichte = Revue d'Histoire Croate. VIII (1): 77–121. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/103223?lang=en">the original</a> on 26 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+f%C3%BCr+Kroatische+Geschichte+%3D+Revue+d%27Histoire+Croate&rft.atitle=Human+losses+of+Croats+in+World+War+II+and+the+immediate+post-war+period+caused+by+the+Chetniks+%28Yugoslav+Army+in+the+Fatherland%29+and+the+Partizans+%28People%27s+Liberation+Army+and+the+partizan+detachment+of+Yugoslavia%2FYugoslav+Army%29+and+the+Yugoslav+Communist+authoritities.+Numerical+indicators&rft.volume=VIII&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=77-121&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Geiger&rft.aufirst=Vladimir+Geiger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2F103223%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></ref></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGenel_Komite2014" class="citation web cs1">Genel Komite, HDP (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231018085744/https://hdp.org.tr/en/we-will-not-forget-the-circassian-genocide/8997/">"The Circassian Genocide"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Peoples%27_Democratic_Party_(Turkey)" title="Peoples' Democratic Party (Turkey)">HDP</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hdp.org.tr/en/we-will-not-forget-the-circassian-genocide/8997">the original</a> on 18 October 2023. Retrieved 26 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HDP&rft.atitle=The+Circassian+Genocide&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Genel+Komite&rft.aufirst=HDP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hdp.org.tr%2Fen%2Fwe-will-not-forget-the-circassian-genocide%2F8997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGigoux2022" class="citation journal cs1">Gigoux, Carlos (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240603072157/https://repository.essex.ac.uk/29322/8/CG%20Article.pdf">""Condemned to Disappear": Indigenous Genocide in Tierra del Fuego"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Genocide_Research" title="Journal of Genocide Research">Journal of Genocide Research</a>. 24 (1): 1–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623528.2020.1853359">10.1080/14623528.2020.1853359</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.essex.ac.uk/29322/8/CG%20Article.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=%22Condemned+to+Disappear%22%3A+Indigenous+Genocide+in+Tierra+del+Fuego&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-22&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14623528.2020.1853359&rft.aulast=Gigoux&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.essex.ac.uk%2F29322%2F8%2FCG%2520Article.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGirard2011" class="citation book cs1">Girard, Philippe R. (2011). The Slaves Who Defeated Napoleon: Toussaint Louverture and the Haitian War of Independence 1801–1804. 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Gushee">Gushee, David P.</a> (1 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KiMLn2wnG_gC&q=%22to+destroy+the+Polish+nation+%28and+national+identity%29%22&pg=PA313">"Desecrations: Twentieth-Century Nazi Assaults on Human Life"</a>. The Sacredness of Human Life: Why an Ancient Biblical Vision Is Key to the Key to the World's Future. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 313–314. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4420-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4420-0"><bdi>978-0-8028-4420-0</bdi></a>. 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Lisa Drew Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0020329954" title="Special:BookSources/978-0020329954"><bdi>978-0020329954</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Witness+to+Genocide&rft.pub=Lisa+Drew+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0020329954&rft.aulast=Gutman&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwitnesstogenocid00gutm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamoodur_Rahman_Commission_Report1974" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160816211333/http://www.bangla2000.com/bangladesh/Independence-War/Report-Hamoodur-Rahman/default.shtm">"Part 5: Chapter 2, paragraph 33"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bangla2000.com/Bangladesh/Independence-War/Report-Hamoodur-Rahman/default.shtm">Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report</a>. 1974. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bangla2000.com/Bangladesh/Independence-War/Report-Hamoodur-Rahman/chapter2.shtm">the original</a> on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+5%3A+Chapter+2%2C+paragraph+33&rft.btitle=Hamoodur+Rahman+Commission+Report&rft.date=1974&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangla2000.com%2FBangladesh%2FIndependence-War%2FReport-Hamoodur-Rahman%2Fchapter2.shtm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarambour2019a" class="citation book cs1">Harambour, Alberto (2019a). "'There Cannot be Civilisation and Barbarism on the Island': Civilian-driven Violence and the Genocide of the Selk'nam People of Tierra del Fuego". In <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Adhikari" title="Mohamed Adhikari">Adhikari, Mohamed</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231121153550/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003015550-7/cannot-civilisation-barbarism-island-civilian-driven-violence-genocide-selk-nam-people-tierra-del-fuego1-alberto-harambour">Civilian-Driven Violence and the Genocide of Indigenous Peoples in Settler Societies</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 165–187. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781003015550-7">10.4324/9781003015550-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781003015550" title="Special:BookSources/9781003015550"><bdi>9781003015550</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003015550-7/cannot-civilisation-barbarism-island-civilian-driven-violence-genocide-selk-nam-people-tierra-del-fuego1-alberto-harambour">the original</a> on 21 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27There+Cannot+be+Civilisation+and+Barbarism+on+the+Island%27%3A+Civilian-driven+Violence+and+the+Genocide+of+the+Selk%27nam+People+of+Tierra+del+Fuego&rft.btitle=Civilian-Driven+Violence+and+the+Genocide+of+Indigenous+Peoples+in+Settler+Societies&rft.pages=165-187&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781003015550-7&rft.isbn=9781003015550&rft.aulast=Harambour&rft.aufirst=Alberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fchapters%2Fedit%2F10.4324%2F9781003015550-7%2Fcannot-civilisation-barbarism-island-civilian-driven-violence-genocide-selk-nam-people-tierra-del-fuego1-alberto-harambour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassanManjraLondon2024" class="citation news cs1">Hassan, Fatima; Manjra, Shuaib; London, Leslie (14 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2024/2/14/israels-unrelenting-war-on-gaza-healthcare-requires-urgent-action">"Israel's unrelenting war on Gaza healthcare requires urgent action"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240308170637/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2024/2/14/israels-unrelenting-war-on-gaza-healthcare-requires-urgent-action">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2024. Retrieved 21 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Israel%27s+unrelenting+war+on+Gaza+healthcare+requires+urgent+action&rft.date=2024-02-14&rft.aulast=Hassan&rft.aufirst=Fatima&rft.au=Manjra%2C+Shuaib&rft.au=London%2C+Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fopinions%2F2024%2F2%2F14%2Fisraels-unrelenting-war-on-gaza-healthcare-requires-urgent-action&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeuveline1998" class="citation journal cs1">Heuveline, Patrick (1998). "'Between One and Three Million': Towards the Demographic Reconstruction of a Decade of Cambodian History (1970–79)". Population Studies. 52 (1): 49–65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0032472031000150176">10.1080/0032472031000150176</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2584763">2584763</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11619945">11619945</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Population+Studies&rft.atitle=%27Between+One+and+Three+Million%27%3A+Towards+the+Demographic+Reconstruction+of+a+Decade+of+Cambodian+History+%281970%E2%80%9379%29&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=49-65&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11619945&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2584763%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0032472031000150176&rft.aulast=Heuveline&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeuveline2001" class="citation book cs1">Heuveline, Patrick (2001). "The Demographic Analysis of Mortality in Cambodia". In Reed, Holly E.; Keely, Charles B. (eds.). Forced Migration and Mortality. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Demographic+Analysis+of+Mortality+in+Cambodia&rft.btitle=Forced+Migration+and+Mortality&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=National+Academy+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Heuveline&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHickel2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jason_Hickel" title="Jason Hickel">Hickel, Jason</a> (2018). The Divide: A Brief Guide to Global Inequality and its Solutions. Windmill Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1786090034" title="Special:BookSources/978-1786090034"><bdi>978-1786090034</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Divide%3A+A+Brief+Guide+to+Global+Inequality+and+its+Solutions&rft.pub=Windmill+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1786090034&rft.aulast=Hickel&rft.aufirst=Jason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiltermann2008" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joost_Hiltermann" title="Joost Hiltermann">Hiltermann, Joost</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/1988-anfal-campaign-iraqi-kurdistan.html">"The 1988 Anfal Campaign in Iraqi Kurdistan"</a>. Mass Violence & Resistance. <a href="/wiki/Sciences_Po" title="Sciences Po">Sciences Po</a>. Retrieved 28 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mass+Violence+%26+Resistance&rft.atitle=The+1988+Anfal+Campaign+in+Iraqi+Kurdistan&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Hiltermann&rft.aufirst=Joost&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencespo.fr%2Fmass-violence-war-massacre-resistance%2Fen%2Fdocument%2F1988-anfal-campaign-iraqi-kurdistan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffmann2007" class="citation book cs1">Hoffmann, Anette (2007). Baronian, Marie-Aude; Besser, Stephan; Jansen, Yolande (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LItBN2keNpQC">Diaspora and Memory: Figures of Displacement in Contemporary Literature, Arts and Politics</a>. Amsterdam: Rodopi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-2129-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-420-2129-7"><bdi>978-90-420-2129-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 13 August 2016 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diaspora+and+Memory%3A+Figures+of+Displacement+in+Contemporary+Literature%2C+Arts+and+Politics&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-420-2129-7&rft.aulast=Hoffmann&rft.aufirst=Anette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLItBN2keNpQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuman_Rights_Association2023" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230822133010/https://ihd.org.tr/en/circassian-genocide-on-its-159th-anniversary-genocide-is-a-crime-against-humanity/">"Circassian Genocide on its 159th Anniversary"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Association_(Turkey)" title="Human Rights Association (Turkey)">Human Rights Association</a>. 21 May 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ihd.org.tr/en/circassian-genocide-on-its-159th-anniversary-genocide-is-a-crime-against-humanity/">the original</a> on 22 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Association&rft.atitle=Circassian+Genocide+on+its+159th+Anniversary&rft.date=2023-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fihd.org.tr%2Fen%2Fcircassian-genocide-on-its-159th-anniversary-genocide-is-a-crime-against-humanity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrwin2012" class="citation web cs1">Irwin, Rachel (13 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231227112546/https://iwpr.net/global-voices/genocide-conviction-serb-general-tolimir">"Genocide Conviction for Serb General Tolimir"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_War_and_Peace_Reporting" title="Institute for War and Peace Reporting">Institute for War and Peace Reporting</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iwpr.net/global-voices/genocide-conviction-serb-general-tolimir">the original</a> on 27 December 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Genocide+Conviction+for+Serb+General+Tolimir&rft.pub=Institute+for+War+and+Peace+Reporting&rft.date=2012-12-13&rft.aulast=Irwin&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiwpr.net%2Fglobal-voices%2Fgenocide-conviction-serb-general-tolimir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJahan2013" class="citation book cs1">Jahan, Rounaq (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6XYp-z5aP4MC&q=Hindus&pg=PA249">"Genocide in Bangladesh"</a>. In Totten, Samuel; Parsons, William Spencer (eds.). Centuries of Genocide: Essays and Eyewitness Accounts. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-87191-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-87191-4"><bdi>978-0-415-87191-4</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Genocide+in+Bangladesh&rft.btitle=Centuries+of+Genocide%3A+Essays+and+Eyewitness+Accounts&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-87191-4&rft.aulast=Jahan&rft.aufirst=Rounaq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6XYp-z5aP4MC%26q%3DHindus%26pg%3DPA249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Jones_(Canadian_scholar)" title="Adam Jones (Canadian scholar)">Jones, Adam</a> (2010) [2006]. "The conquest of the Americas". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0kBZBwAAQBAJ">Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction</a> (revised ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-84696-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-84696-4"><bdi>978-0-203-84696-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/672333335">672333335</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+conquest+of+the+Americas&rft.btitle=Genocide%3A+A+Comprehensive+Introduction&rft.place=London&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F672333335&rft.isbn=978-0-203-84696-4&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0kBZBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Jones_(Canadian_scholar)" title="Adam Jones (Canadian scholar)">Jones, Adam</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KC8lDwAAQBAJ&dq=Yevdokimov+circassian+deportations+deaths&pg=PA110">Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-53386-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-53386-3"><bdi>978-1-317-53386-3</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide%3A+A+Comprehensive+Introduction&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-53386-3&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKC8lDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DYevdokimov%2Bcircassian%2Bdeportations%2Bdeaths%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2008" class="citation book cs1">King, Charles (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ghostoffreedomhi0000king">The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517775-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517775-6"><bdi>978-0-19-517775-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ghost+of+Freedom%3A+A+History+of+the+Caucasus&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517775-6&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fghostoffreedomhi0000king&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirmanjRafaat2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kirmanj, Sherko; Rafaat, Aram (2021). "The Kurdish genocide in Iraq: the Security-Anfal and the Identity-Anfal". National Identities. 23 (2): 163–183. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021NatId..23..163K">2021NatId..23..163K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14608944.2020.1746250">10.1080/14608944.2020.1746250</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Identities&rft.atitle=The+Kurdish+genocide+in+Iraq%3A+the+Security-Anfal+and+the+Identity-Anfal&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=163-183&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14608944.2020.1746250&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021NatId..23..163K&rft.aulast=Kirmanj&rft.aufirst=Sherko&rft.au=Rafaat%2C+Aram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulesza2004" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kulesza, Witold (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130603024310/http://www.ceeol.com/aspx/getdocument.aspx?logid=5&id=8FE62A5A-4E75-4752-A284-5B713AF77AAC">"Zbrodnie Wehrmachtu w Polsce – Wrzesien 1939"</a> [Wehrmacht's crimes in Poland – September 1939]. Bulletin of the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_National_Remembrance" title="Institute of National Remembrance">Institute of National Remembrance</a> (in Polish). No. 8–09. pp. 19–30. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ceeol.com/aspx/getdocument.aspx?logid=5&id=8FE62A5A-4E75-4752-A284-5B713AF77AAC">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 June 2013. Retrieved 5 October 2013. <q>...w tych przypadkach, w których polska ludnosc cywilna podjela walke z Wehrmachtem, lecz ujeta przez wroga mordowana byla w egzekucjach poza sama walka, stawala sie ofiara oczywistych zbrodni wojennych. Konstatacja ta opiera sie takze na art. 6 statutu Miedzynarodowego Trybunalu Wojskowego w Norymberdze z 8 sierpnia 1945 r., który w punkcie b jako postaci zbrodni wojennych wskazuje pogwalcenie praw i zwyczajów wojennych przez morderstwa ludnosci cywilnej i jenców wojennych, a takze zabijanie zakladników oraz rozmyslne i bezcelowe burzenie miast, osad i wsi lub niszczenie nieusprawiedliwione wojskowa koniecznoscia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Institute+of+National+Remembrance&rft.atitle=Zbrodnie+Wehrmachtu+w+Polsce+%E2%80%93+Wrzesien+1939&rft.issue=8%E2%80%9309&rft.pages=19-30&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Kulesza&rft.aufirst=Witold&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceeol.com%2Faspx%2Fgetdocument.aspx%3Flogid%3D5%26id%3D8FE62A5A-4E75-4752-A284-5B713AF77AAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLattimore1950" class="citation book cs1">Lattimore, Owen (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pivotofasiasinki0000latt">Pivot of Asia; Sinkiang and the inner Asian frontiers of China and Russia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Little,_Brown_Book_Group" title="Little, Brown Book Group">Little, Brown Book Group</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pivot+of+Asia%3B+Sinkiang+and+the+inner+Asian+frontiers+of+China+and+Russia&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+Book+Group&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Lattimore&rft.aufirst=Owen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpivotofasiasinki0000latt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLegters1992" class="citation book cs1">Legters, Lyman H. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wghp62KBvWYC&pg=PA104">"The American Genocide"</a>. In Lyden, Fremont J. (ed.). Native Americans and Public Policy. Pittsburgh: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh_Press" title="University of Pittsburgh Press">University of Pittsburgh Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822976820" title="Special:BookSources/9780822976820"><bdi>9780822976820</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/555693841">555693841</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+American+Genocide&rft.btitle=Native+Americans+and+Public+Policy&rft.place=Pittsburgh&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F555693841&rft.isbn=9780822976820&rft.aulast=Legters&rft.aufirst=Lyman+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwghp62KBvWYC%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevene2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Levene" title="Mark Levene">Levene, Mark</a> (2005). "6: Declining Powers". Genocide in the Age of the Nation-State. Vol. II: The Rise of the West and the Coming of Genocide. 175 Fifth Avenue, New York NY 10010. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84511-057-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-84511-057-9"><bdi>1-84511-057-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6%3A+Declining+Powers&rft.btitle=Genocide+in+the+Age+of+the+Nation-State&rft.pub=175+Fifth+Avenue%2C+New+York+NY+10010&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-84511-057-9&rft.aulast=Levene&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrisZe'evi2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Morris, Benny</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dror_Ze%27evi" title="Dror Ze'evi">Ze'evi, Dror</a> (2019). <a href="/wiki/The_Thirty-Year_Genocide" title="The Thirty-Year Genocide">The Thirty-Year Genocide: Turkey's Destruction of Its Christian Minorities, 1894–1924</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-91645-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-91645-6"><bdi>978-0-674-91645-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Thirty-Year+Genocide%3A+Turkey%27s+Destruction+of+Its+Christian+Minorities%2C+1894%E2%80%931924&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-674-91645-6&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Benny&rft.au=Ze%27evi%2C+Dror&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoses2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._Dirk_Moses" title="A. Dirk Moses">Moses, A. Dirk</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RBgoNN4MG-YC">Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance in World History</a>. <a href="/wiki/Berghahn_Books" title="Berghahn Books">Berghahn Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1845454524" title="Special:BookSources/978-1845454524"><bdi>978-1845454524</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire%2C+Colony%2C+Genocide%3A+Conquest%2C+Occupation%2C+and+Subaltern+Resistance+in+World+History&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1845454524&rft.aulast=Moses&rft.aufirst=A.+Dirk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRBgoNN4MG-YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaimark2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Naimark" title="Norman Naimark">Naimark, Norman M.</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F3UwF1eqb0AC">Stalin's Genocides</a>. Human Rights and Crimes against Humanity. Vol. 12. Princeton, NJ: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14784-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14784-0"><bdi>978-0-691-14784-0</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%27s+Genocides&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.series=Human+Rights+and+Crimes+against+Humanity&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-691-14784-0&rft.aulast=Naimark&rft.aufirst=Norman+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF3UwF1eqb0AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNekrich1978" class="citation book cs1">Nekrich, Aleksandr (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/punishedpeoplesd0000nekr">The Punished Peoples: The deportation and fate of Soviet minorities at the end of the Second World War</a>. New York: Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393000689" title="Special:BookSources/9780393000689"><bdi>9780393000689</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/77026201">77026201</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Punished+Peoples%3A+The+deportation+and+fate+of+Soviet+minorities+at+the+end+of+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F77026201&rft.isbn=9780393000689&rft.aulast=Nekrich&rft.aufirst=Aleksandr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpunishedpeoplesd0000nekr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNuhn1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nuhn, Walter (1989). Sturm über Südwest. Der Hereroaufstand von 1904 [Storm over Southwest. The Herero Rebellion of 1904] (in German). Koblenz: Bernard & Graefe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7637-5852-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7637-5852-4"><bdi>978-3-7637-5852-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sturm+%C3%BCber+S%C3%BCdwest.+Der+Hereroaufstand+von+1904&rft.place=Koblenz&rft.pub=Bernard+%26+Graefe&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-3-7637-5852-4&rft.aulast=Nuhn&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOhayon2016" class="citation web cs1">Ohayon, Isabelle (13 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/kazakh-famine-beginnings-sedentarization">"The Kazakh Famine: The Beginnings of Sedentarization"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190529051309/https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/kazakh-famine-beginnings-sedentarization">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Kazakh+Famine%3A+The+Beginnings+of+Sedentarization&rft.date=2016-01-13&rft.aulast=Ohayon&rft.aufirst=Isabelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencespo.fr%2Fmass-violence-war-massacre-resistance%2Fen%2Fdocument%2Fkazakh-famine-beginnings-sedentarization&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFØrsted-Jensen2011" class="citation book cs1">Ørsted-Jensen, Robert (2011). Frontier History Revisited – Queensland and the 'History War'. Cooparoo, Brisbane, Qld: Lux Mundi Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781466386822" title="Special:BookSources/9781466386822"><bdi>9781466386822</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frontier+History+Revisited+%E2%80%93+Queensland+and+the+%27History+War%27&rft.place=Cooparoo%2C+Brisbane%2C+Qld&rft.pub=Lux+Mundi+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781466386822&rft.aulast=%C3%98rsted-Jensen&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerdue2005" class="citation book cs1">Perdue, Peter C. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J4L-_cjmSqoC">China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674016842" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674016842"><bdi>978-0674016842</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+Marches+West%3A+The+Qing+Conquest+of+Central+Eurasia&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0674016842&rft.aulast=Perdue&rft.aufirst=Peter+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ4L-_cjmSqoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQutami2023" class="citation journal cs1">Qutami, Loubna (2023). "A Feminist Practice of Bearing Witness to Genocide". <a href="/wiki/Feminist_Studies" title="Feminist Studies">Feminist Studies</a>. 49 (2): 531–533. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Ffem.2023.a915923">10.1353/fem.2023.a915923</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:266441159">266441159</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Feminist+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Feminist+Practice+of+Bearing+Witness+to+Genocide&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=531-533&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Ffem.2023.a915923&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A266441159%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Qutami&rft.aufirst=Loubna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay2007" class="citation book cs1">Ray, Leslie (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HS_rlyC8y8sC&q=Selk%27nam">Language of the Land: The Mapuche in Argentina and Chile</a>. Copenhagen: IWGIA (International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-879156337-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-879156337-9"><bdi>978-879156337-9</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+of+the+Land%3A+The+Mapuche+in+Argentina+and+Chile&rft.place=Copenhagen&rft.pub=IWGIA+%28International+Work+Group+for+Indigenous+Affairs%29&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-879156337-9&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHS_rlyC8y8sC%26q%3DSelk%2527nam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReséndez2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Res%C3%A9ndez" title="Andrés Reséndez">Reséndez, Andrés</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2gpCgAAQBAJ">The Other Slavery: The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America</a>. <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt">Houghton Mifflin Harcourt</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0547640983" title="Special:BookSources/978-0547640983"><bdi>978-0547640983</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Other+Slavery%3A+The+Uncovered+Story+of+Indian+Enslavement+in+America&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0547640983&rft.aulast=Res%C3%A9ndez&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ2gpCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichmond2013" class="citation book cs1">Richmond, Walter (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LHlwZwpA70cC">The Circassian Genocide</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press" title="Rutgers University Press">Rutgers University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-6069-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-6069-4"><bdi>978-0-8135-6069-4</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Circassian+Genocide&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-6069-4&rft.aulast=Richmond&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLHlwZwpA70cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGammer2006" class="citation book cs1">Gammer, Moshe (2006). Lone Wolf and the Bear. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh_Press" title="University of Pittsburgh Press">University of Pittsburgh Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0822958988" title="Special:BookSources/0822958988"><bdi>0822958988</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lone+Wolf+and+the+Bear&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0822958988&rft.aulast=Gammer&rft.aufirst=Moshe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarkin-Hughes2008" class="citation book cs1">Sarkin-Hughes, Jeremy (2008). Colonial Genocide and Reparations Claims in the 21st Century: The Socio-Legal Context of Claims under International Law by the Herero against Germany for Genocide in Namibia, 1904–1908. Westport, Conn.: Praeger Security International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313362569" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313362569"><bdi>978-0313362569</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonial+Genocide+and+Reparations+Claims+in+the+21st+Century%3A+The+Socio-Legal+Context+of+Claims+under+International+Law+by+the+Herero+against+Germany+for+Genocide+in+Namibia%2C+1904%E2%80%931908&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.&rft.pub=Praeger+Security+International&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0313362569&rft.aulast=Sarkin-Hughes&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSathar2023" class="citation journal cs1">Sathar, M. A. (December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7196%2FSAJBL.2023.v16i3.1734">"The war on Gaza. A test of our humanity"</a>. South African Journal of Bioethics and Law. 16 (3): 82–83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7196%2FSAJBL.2023.v16i3.1734">10.7196/SAJBL.2023.v16i3.1734</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+African+Journal+of+Bioethics+and+Law&rft.atitle=The+war+on+Gaza.+A+test+of+our+humanity&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=82-83&rft.date=2023-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7196%2FSAJBL.2023.v16i3.1734&rft.aulast=Sathar&rft.aufirst=M.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.7196%252FSAJBL.2023.v16i3.1734&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaller2008" class="citation book cs1">Schaller, Dominik J. (2008). From Conquest to Genocide: Colonial Rule in German Southwest Africa and German East Africa. NY: <a href="/wiki/Berghahn_Books" title="Berghahn Books">Berghahn Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8454-5452-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8454-5452-4"><bdi>978-1-8454-5452-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Conquest+to+Genocide%3A+Colonial+Rule+in+German+Southwest+Africa+and+German+East+Africa&rft.place=NY&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-8454-5452-4&rft.aulast=Schaller&rft.aufirst=Dominik+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSemerdjian2024" class="citation journal cs1">Semerdjian, Elyse (24 January 2024). "A World Without Civilians". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Genocide_Research" title="Journal of Genocide Research">Journal of Genocide Research</a>: 1–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623528.2024.2306714">10.1080/14623528.2024.2306714</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=A+World+Without+Civilians&rft.pages=1-6&rft.date=2024-01-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14623528.2024.2306714&rft.aulast=Semerdjian&rft.aufirst=Elyse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShawcross1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Shawcross" title="William Shawcross">Shawcross, William</a> (1985). The Quality of Mercy: Cambodia, Holocaust, and Modern Conscience. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0233976914" title="Special:BookSources/978-0233976914"><bdi>978-0233976914</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quality+of+Mercy%3A+Cambodia%2C+Holocaust%2C+and+Modern+Conscience&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0233976914&rft.aulast=Shawcross&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShenfield1999" class="citation book cs1">Shenfield, Stephen D. (1999). "The Circassians: A Forgotten Genocide". In <a href="/wiki/Mark_Levene" title="Mark Levene">Levene, Mark</a>; Roberts, Penny (eds.). The Massacre in History. <a href="/wiki/Berghahn_Books" title="Berghahn Books">Berghahn Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Circassians%3A+A+Forgotten+Genocide&rft.btitle=The+Massacre+in+History&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Shenfield&rft.aufirst=Stephen+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerry2002" class="citation book cs1">Terry, Fiona (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/condemnedtorepea00terr/page/116">Condemned to Repeat?: The Paradox of Humanitarian Action</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801487965" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801487965"><bdi>978-0801487965</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Condemned+to+Repeat%3F%3A+The+Paradox+of+Humanitarian+Action&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0801487965&rft.aulast=Terry&rft.aufirst=Fiona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcondemnedtorepea00terr%2Fpage%2F116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThackrah2008" class="citation book cs1">Thackrah, John Richard (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IwQa3JwHtiIC&pg=PA81">Routledge Companion to Military Conflict since 1945</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-01470-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-01470-7"><bdi>978-0-203-01470-7</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Companion+to+Military+Conflict+since+1945&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-203-01470-7&rft.aulast=Thackrah&rft.aufirst=John+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIwQa3JwHtiIC%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomasevich2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jozo_Tomasevich" title="Jozo Tomasevich">Tomasevich, Jozo</a> (2001). War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration. Vol. 2. San Francisco: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-3615-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-3615-2"><bdi>978-0-8047-3615-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Revolution+in+Yugoslavia%2C+1941%E2%80%931945%3A+Occupation+and+Collaboration&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-3615-2&rft.aulast=Tomasevich&rft.aufirst=Jozo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurits2002" class="citation journal cs1">Turits, Richard Lee (August 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/12744">"A World Destroyed, A Nation Imposed: The 1937 Haitian Massacre in the Dominican Republic"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_American_Historical_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanic American Historical Review">Hispanic American Historical Review</a>. 82 (3): 589–635. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00182168-82-3-589">10.1215/00182168-82-3-589</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143872486">143872486</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170213083211/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/12744">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hispanic+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=A+World+Destroyed%2C+A+Nation+Imposed%3A+The+1937+Haitian+Massacre+in+the+Dominican+Republic&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=589-635&rft.date=2002-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F00182168-82-3-589&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143872486%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Turits&rft.aufirst=Richard+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F12744&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurits2004" class="citation book cs1">Turits, Richard Lee (2004). Foundations of Despotism: Peasants, the Trujillo Regime, and Modernity in Dominican History. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+Despotism%3A+Peasants%2C+the+Trujillo+Regime%2C+and+Modernity+in+Dominican+History&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Turits&rft.aufirst=Richard+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWei1842" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Wei_Yuan" title="Wei Yuan">Wei, Yuan</a> (1842). Shèng wǔ jì <bdi lang="zh">聖武記</bdi> [The Legend of the Sacred Warriors] (in Chinese). Vol. 4. <q>Jì shù shí wàn hù zhōng, xiān dòu sǐzhě shí zhī sì, jì cuàn rù èluósī hāsàkè zhě shí zhī èr, zú jiān yú dàbīng zhě shí zhī sān. Chú fùrú chōng shǎng wài, zhìjīn wéi lái jiàng shòu tún zhī è lǔ tè ruògān hù, biān shè zuǒ lǐng áng jí, cǐwài shù qiān lǐ jiān, wú wǎlá yī zhān zhàng.</q> <bdi lang="zh">計數十萬戶中，先痘死者十之四，繼竄入俄羅斯哈薩克者十之二，卒殲於大兵者十之三。除婦孺充賞外，至今惟來降受屯之厄鲁特若干戶，編設佐領昂吉，此外數千里間，無瓦剌一氊帳。</bdi> [Among the hundreds of thousands of households, four out of ten died of pox first, two out of ten fled into Russian Kazakhs, and three out of ten were killed by the soldiers. In addition to the generous rewards for women and children, so far only a few families from Erut who have come to the camp have set up assistants and leaders Angji. In addition, there is not a single tent with tiles or tiles for thousands of miles.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sh%C3%A8ng+w%C7%94+j%C3%AC+%E8%81%96%E6%AD%A6%E8%A8%98&rft.date=1842&rft.aulast=Wei&rft.aufirst=Yuan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitaker_Report1985" class="citation journal cs1">"Revised and Updated Report on the Question of the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide". <a href="/wiki/Whitaker_Report_(United_Nations)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitaker Report (United Nations)">Whitaker Report</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. 1985. <q>According to the 1985 United Nations' Whitaker Report, some 65,000 Herero (80 percent of the total Herero population), and 10,000 Nama (50% of the total Nama population) were killed between 1904 and 1907</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Whitaker+Report&rft.atitle=Revised+and+Updated+Report+on+the+Question+of+the+Prevention+and+Punishment+of+the+Crime+of+Genocide&rft.date=1985&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2012" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Dianne (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=acctKWKe2LoC">Race, Ethnicity, and Crime</a> (soft cover ed.). Algora Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87586-915-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87586-915-5"><bdi>978-0-87586-915-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race%2C+Ethnicity%2C+and+Crime&rft.edition=soft+cover&rft.pub=Algora+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-87586-915-5&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Dianne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DacctKWKe2LoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+genocides" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">List of genocides at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/genocide" class="extiw" title="wikt:genocide">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Genocide" class="extiw" title="c:Genocide">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Genocide" class="extiw" title="q:Genocide">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Genocide" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Genocide_navbox" title="Template:Genocide navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Genocide_navbox" title="Template talk:Genocide navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Genocide_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Genocide navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Genocide" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">Genocides</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">list by death toll</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Before_1490" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Before_1490" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Before 1490</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Carthage_(Third_Punic_War)#146_BC" title="Siege of Carthage (Third Punic War)">Destruction of Carthage</a> (146 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Vespers" title="Asiatic Vespers">Asiatic Vespers</a> (88 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gauls</a> (50s BCE) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eburones#Genocide_(53–51_BC)" title="Eburones">Eburones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba</a> (132–136)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egica#Legislation" title="Egica">Visigothic Jews under Egica</a> (693)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Ancestral Puebloans</a> (800s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrying_of_the_North" title="Harrying of the North">Harrying of the North</a> (1069–1070)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_under_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Destruction under the Mongol Empire">Mongol conquests</a> (1200s–1360s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade" title="Albigensian Crusade">Cathars</a> (1209–1229)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1311_massacre_of_Mongols_in_the_Delhi_Sultanate" title="1311 massacre of Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate">Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate</a> (1311)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Tamerlane" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Assyria</a> (1393–1394)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Conquest of the Canary Islands">Guanches</a> (1402–1496)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1490_to_1912" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#1490_to_1914" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">1490 to 1912</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno_genocide" title="Taíno genocide">Taíno</a> (1493–1550)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Japanese_colonization_of_Hokkaido" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Ainu</a> (1500s–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Genocide of Indigenous peoples in Brazil">Indigenous peoples in Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_at_the_11th_Parallel" title="Massacre at the 11th Parallel">11th Parallel massacre</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_of_the_Hole" title="Man of the Hole">Tanaru</a> (1970s–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmet_massacre" title="Helmet massacre">Helmet massacre</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akuntsu" title="Akuntsu">Akuntsu</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haximu_massacre" title="Haximu massacre">Haximu</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanomami_humanitarian_crisis" title="Yanomami humanitarian crisis">Yanomami</a> (2019–2023)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaragua_massacre" title="Jaragua massacre">Jaragua massacre</a> (1503)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tenochtitlan" title="Fall of Tenochtitlan">Aztecs</a> (1521)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui_Wars" title="Yaqui Wars">Yaqui</a> (1533–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Kashmiri_Shias" title="Persecution of Kashmiri Shias">Kashmiri Shias</a> (1548–1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Bartholomew%27s_Day_massacre" title="St. Bartholomew's Day massacre">Huguenots</a> (1572)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinago_genocide_of_1626" title="Kalinago genocide of 1626">Kalinago</a> (1626)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamey_Island_Massacre" title="Lamey Island Massacre">Lameyans</a> (1636)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Indigenous peoples in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pequot_War" title="Pequot War">Pequots</a> (1636–1638)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a> (1609–1701) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Ontario" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Huron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_Expedition" title="Sullivan Expedition">Sullivan Expedition</a> (1779)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodhead%27s_Coshocton_expedition" title="Brodhead's Coshocton expedition">Coshocton Expedition</a> (1781)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnadenhutten_massacre" title="Gnadenhutten massacre">Gnadenhutten massacre</a> (1782)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a> (1830–1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a> (1830–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_genocide" title="California genocide">California</a> (1846–1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_War_of_1862" title="Dakota War of 1862">Dakota</a> (1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_Creek_massacre" title="Sand Creek massacre">Sand Creek massacre</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_Indian_murders" title="Osage Indian murders">Osage Indian murders</a> (1918–1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Cultural genocide in the United States">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_and_Murdered_Indigenous_Women" title="Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women">Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples" title="Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples in Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a> (1609–1701) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Ontario" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Huron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beothuk#Genocide" title="Beothuk">Beothuk</a> (1700s–1800s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">Residential school system</a> (1874–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixties_Scoop" title="Sixties Scoop">Sixties Scoop</a> (1951–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_and_Murdered_Indigenous_Women" title="Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women">Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Uprising" title="Khmelnytsky Uprising">Jews in the Cossack Hetmanate</a> (1648–1657)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1740_Batavia_massacre" title="1740 Batavia massacre">1740 Batavia massacre</a> (1740)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Gypsy_Round-up" title="Great Gypsy Round-up">Great Gypsy Round-up</a> (1749)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_genocide" title="Dzungar genocide">Dzungars</a> (1750s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II">Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II</a> (1780–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_genocide" title="Chechen genocide">Chechens</a> (1785–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1804_Haitian_massacre" title="1804 Haitian massacre">French Hatians</a> (1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="Genocide of Indigenous Australians">Indigenous peoples in Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_War" title="Black War">Black War</a> (1825–1832)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_Generations" title="Stolen Generations">Stolen Generations</a> (1869–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_and_Murdered_Indigenous_Women" title="Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women">Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jawazi_massacre" title="Al-Jawazi massacre">al-Jawazi</a> (1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarino_massacre" title="Navarino massacre">Navarino massacre</a> (1821)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tripolitsa" title="Siege of Tripolitsa">Siege of Tripolitsa</a> (1821)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Algeria" title="Pacification of Algeria">Pacification of Algeria</a> (1830–1875) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_El_Ouffia" title="Massacre of El Ouffia">El Ouffia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Salsipuedes" title="Massacre of Salsipuedes">Charrúa</a> (1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moriori_genocide" title="Moriori genocide">Moriori</a> (1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Manchus</a> (1850–1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_genocide" title="Circassian genocide">Circassians</a> (1860s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Desert" title="Conquest of the Desert">Mapuche</a> (1870s–1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putumayo_genocide" title="Putumayo genocide">Indigenous peoples in Putumayo</a> (1879–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrocities_in_the_Congo_Free_State" title="Atrocities in the Congo Free State">Congolese</a> (1885–1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888%E2%80%931893_Hazara_uprisings" class="mw-redirect" title="1888–1893 Hazara uprisings">Hazaras</a> (1888–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selk%27nam_genocide" title="Selk'nam genocide">Selk'nam</a> (1890s–1900s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kuruyuki" title="Battle of Kuruyuki">Ava Guaraní</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamidian_massacres" title="Hamidian massacres">Hamidian massacres</a> (1894–1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herero_and_Nama_genocide" title="Herero and Nama genocide">Herero and Nama</a> (1904–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maji_Maji_Rebellion" title="Maji Maji Rebellion">Ukame</a> (1905–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_during_the_Ottoman_contraction" title="Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction">Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars">Albanians in the Balkan Wars</a> (1912–1913)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1913_to_1945" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(World_War_I_through_World_War_II)" title="Genocides in history (World War I through World War II)">1913 to 1945</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">Late Ottoman genocides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greeks</a> (1913–1922) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_genocide" title="Pontic Greek genocide">Pontic Greeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Thracian_Bulgarians_in_1913" title="Destruction of the Thracian Bulgarians in 1913">Thracian Bulgarians</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrians</a> (1915–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenians</a> (1915–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_genocide_in_Diyarbekir" title="1915 genocide in Diyarbekir">Christians in Diyarbekir</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportations_of_Kurds_(1916%E2%80%931934)" title="Deportations of Kurds (1916–1934)">Kurds</a> (1916–1934)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples_in_Venezuela" title="Genocide of indigenous peoples in Venezuela">Indigenous peoples in Venezuela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pemon_conflict" title="Pemon conflict">Pemon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamerun_campaign" title="Kamerun campaign">Duala</a> (1914–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Kyrgyz</a> (1916–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogroms_during_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Pogroms during the Russian Civil War">Jews during the Russian Civil War</a> (1917–1920) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Russia)" title="White Terror (Russia)">Russian White Terror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Cossackization" title="De-Cossackization">Cossacks</a> (1919–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Hungary)" title="White Terror (Hungary)">Hungarian White Terror</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_the_Ingrian_Finns" title="Genocide of the Ingrian Finns">Ingrian Finns</a> (1920s–1930s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kant%C5%8D_Massacre" title="Kantō Massacre">Kantō Massacre</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napalp%C3%AD_massacre" title="Napalpí massacre">Napalpí massacre</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinder_der_Landstrasse" title="Kinder der Landstrasse">Kinder der Landstrasse</a> (1926–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_genocide" title="Libyan genocide">Libyan Arabs</a> (1929–1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_famine_of_1930%E2%80%931933" title="Kazakh famine of 1930–1933">Kazakhs</a> (1930–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Matanza" title="La Matanza">La Matanza</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a> (1932–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simele_massacre" title="Simele massacre">Simele massacre</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Holocaust" title="Romani Holocaust">Romani Holocaust</a> (1935–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Spain)" title="White Terror (Spain)">Spanish White Terror</a> (1936–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Operation_of_the_NKVD" title="Polish Operation of the NKVD">Polish Operation</a> (1937–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsley_massacre" title="Parsley massacre">Parsley massacre</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a> (1937–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a> (1939–1945) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_war_crimes_in_occupied_Poland_during_World_War_II" title="Nazi war crimes in occupied Poland during World War II">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ostland" title="Reichskommissariat Ostland">Baltic lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_Solution_of_the_Czech_Question" title="Final Solution of the Czech Question">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Ukraine" title="The Holocaust in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Alls_policy" title="Three Alls policy">Three Alls policy</a> (1940–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">German atrocities committed against Soviet POWs</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Serbs in Croatia</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetnik_war_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="Chetnik war crimes in World War II">Muslims and Croats in Serbia</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanshitou_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanshitou Massacre">Nanshitou Massacre</a> (1942–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Poles_in_Volhynia_and_Eastern_Galicia" title="Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia">Volhynian and Eastern Galician Poles</a> (1943–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Chechens_and_Ingush" title="Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush">Chechens and Ingush</a> (1944–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Crimean_Tatars" title="Deportation of the Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a> (1944–1948)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1946_to_1999" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(1946_to_1999)" title="Genocides in history (1946 to 1999)">1946 to 1999</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_massacres" title="Hyderabad massacres">Hyderabadi Muslims</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples_in_Paraguay" title="Genocide of Indigenous peoples in Paraguay">Indigenous peoples in Paraguay</a> (1956–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_genocide" title="Guatemalan genocide">Maya</a> (1962–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Arabs_during_the_Zanzibar_Revolution" title="Massacre of Arabs during the Zanzibar Revolution">Arab and Indian Zanzibaris</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_anti-Igbo_pogrom" title="1966 anti-Igbo pogrom">1966 anti-Igbo pogrom</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(1946_to_1999)#Biafra_(1966–1970)" title="Genocides in history (1946 to 1999)">Biafra</a> (1966–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Feyli_Kurds_under_Saddam_Hussein" title="Persecution of Feyli Kurds under Saddam Hussein">Feyli Kurds</a> (1970–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_genocide" title="Bangladesh genocide">Bangladesh</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(1946_to_1999)#Idi_Amin's_regime" title="Genocides in history (1946 to 1999)">Acholi and Lango</a> (1972–1979)</li> <li>Burundi <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ikiza" title="Ikiza">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_ethnic_violence_in_Burundi" title="1993 ethnic violence in Burundi">1993</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor_genocide" title="East Timor genocide">East Timor</a> (1974–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian</a> (1975–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Hill_Tracts_conflict" title="Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict">Jummas</a> (1977–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(1946_to_1999)#Bush_War_(1981–1985)" title="Genocides in history (1946 to 1999)">Baganda</a> (1981–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabra_and_Shatila_massacre" title="Sabra and Shatila massacre">Sabra and Shatila massacre</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_genocide" title="Tamil genocide">Sri Lankan Tamils</a> (1983–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gukurahundi" title="Gukurahundi">Gukurahundi</a> (1983–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedoon#Kuwait" title="Bedoon">Kuwaiti Bedoon</a> (1985–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anfal_campaign" title="Anfal campaign">Anfal</a> (1986–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_genocide" title="Isaaq genocide">Isaaq</a> (1987–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Population_Program" title="National Population Program">National Population Program</a> (1987–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amhara_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Amhara genocide">Amhara</a> (1990–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draining_of_the_Mesopotamian_Marshes" title="Draining of the Mesopotamian Marshes">Ahwaris</a> (1991–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide" title="Bosnian genocide">Bosnian</a> (1992–1995) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Srebrenica_massacre" title="Srebrenica massacre">Srebrenica massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Hutus_during_the_First_Congo_War" title="Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War">Hutus during the First Congo War</a> (1996–1997)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="21st_century" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(21st_century)" title="Genocides in history (21st century)">21st century</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effacer_le_tableau" title="Effacer le tableau">Effacer le tableau</a> (2002–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darfur_genocide" title="Darfur genocide">Darfur</a> (2003–) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masalit_massacres_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Masalit massacres (2023–present)">Masalit massacres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_in_Tigray" title="Genocide in Tigray">Tigrayans, Kunamas, and Irobs</a> (2003–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Kaduna_genocide" title="Southern Kaduna genocide">Southern Kaduna</a> (2011–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen_genocide" title="Iraqi Turkmen genocide">Iraqi Turkmen</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidi_genocide" title="Yazidi genocide">Yazidis</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Shias_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Persecution of Shias by the Islamic State">Shias under ISIS</a> (2014–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Persecution of Christians by the Islamic State">Christians under ISIS</a> (2014–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide" title="Rohingya genocide">Rohingya</a> (2017–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Anod_conflict_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Las Anod conflict (2023–present)">Dhulbahante</a> (2023–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_genocide" title="Gaza genocide">Gaza Strip</a> (2023–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autogenocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Autogenocide">Autogenocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocide#Genocide" title="Ecocide">Ecocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androcide" title="Androcide">Androcide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_genocide" title="Transgender genocide">Transgender genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples" title="Genocide of indigenous peoples">Genocide of indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memoricide" title="Memoricide">Memoricide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policide" title="Policide">Policide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_cleansing_of_population#Politicide" title="Political cleansing of population">Politicide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classicide" title="Classicide">Classicide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eliticide" title="Eliticide">Eliticide</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarian_genocide" title="Utilitarian genocide">Utilitarian genocide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_march" title="Death march">Death marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_squad" title="Death squad">Death squades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_adoption" title="Forced adoption">Forced adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_assimilation" title="Forced assimilation">Forced assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incitement_to_genocide" title="Incitement to genocide">Incitement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocidal_massacre" title="Genocidal massacre">Massacres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_Fields" title="Killing Fields">Killing Fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogroms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_killing" title="Mass killing">Mass killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocidal_rape" title="Genocidal rape">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">Settler colonialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">Denial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">The Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trivialization" title="Holocaust trivialization">Trivialization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_denial" title="Armenian genocide denial">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Denial of the genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide_denial" title="Bosnian genocide denial">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide_denial" title="Rwandan genocide denial">Rwandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor_denial" title="Holodomor denial">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide_denial" title="Cambodian genocide denial">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_atrocities_against_Indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial of atrocities against Indigenous peoples">Indigenous</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_definitions" title="Genocide definitions">Definitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Holocaust" title="Names of the Holocaust">Names of the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Terminology of the Armenian genocide">Terminology of the Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Holocaust_terminology" title="Category:Holocaust terminology">Holocaust terminology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parties_to_the_Genocide_Convention#Municipal_laws" title="List of parties to the Genocide Convention">Genocide law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_prevention" title="Genocide prevention">Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_genocide_on_youth" title="Effects of genocide on youth">Effects on young survivors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_recognition_politics" title="Genocide recognition politics">Politics of recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_justification" title="Genocide justification">Justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_killings_under_communist_regimes" title="Mass killings under communist regimes">Mass killings under communist regimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_mass_killings" title="Anti-communist mass killings">Anti-communist mass killings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal proceedings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Holocaust_trials_(1943–2022)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Holocaust_trials" title="Category:Holocaust trials">Holocaust trials</a> (1943–2022)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krasnodar_Trial" title="Krasnodar Trial">Krasnodar trial</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharkov_Trial" title="Kharkov Trial">Kharkov trial</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89puration_l%C3%A9gale" title="Épuration légale">Épuration légale</a> (1944–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_trials" title="Majdanek trials">Majdanek trials</a> (1944–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_trials" title="Chełmno trials">Chełmno trials</a> (1945–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dachau_trials" title="Dachau trials">Dachau trials</a> (1945–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belsen_trials" title="Belsen trials">Belsen trials</a> (1945–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_trials" title="Euthanasia trials">Euthanasia trials</a> (1945–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trial</a> (1945–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk_Trial" title="Minsk Trial">Minsk trial</a> (1945–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga_Trial" title="Riga Trial">Riga trial</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stutthof_trials" title="Stutthof trials">Stutthof trials</a> (1946–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_Romanian_war_crime_trials" title="Post–World War II Romanian war crime trials">Post–World War II Romanian war crime trials</a> (1946–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_National_Tribunal" title="Supreme National Tribunal">Supreme National Tribunal</a> (1946–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Ravensbr%C3%BCck_trials" title="Hamburg Ravensbrück trials">Hamburg Ravensbrück trials</a> (1946–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsequent_Nuremberg_trials" title="Subsequent Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg Military Tribunals</a> (1946–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Erich_von_Manstein" title="Trial of Erich von Manstein">Erich von Manstein</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulm_Einsatzkommando_trial" title="Ulm Einsatzkommando trial">Ulm Einsatzkommando trial</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_trials_in_Soviet_Estonia" title="War crimes trials in Soviet Estonia">War crimes trials in Soviet Estonia</a> (1961–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eichmann_trial" title="Eichmann trial">Eichmann trial</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belzec_trial" title="Belzec trial">Belzec trial</a> (1963–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Auschwitz_trials" title="Frankfurt Auschwitz trials">Frankfurt Auschwitz trials</a> (1963–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treblinka_trials" title="Treblinka trials">Treblinka trials</a> (1964–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobibor_trial" title="Sobibor trial">Sobibor trial</a> (1965–1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_Fedorenko#Soviet_trial_and_execution" title="Feodor Fedorenko">Fedorenko trial</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Finta#War_crimes_prosecution" title="Imre Finta">Finta trial</a> (1994)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="20th_century" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">20th century</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Mile_Budak" title="Trial of Mile Budak">Budak trial</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">International Military Tribunal for the Far East</a> (1946–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Mihailovi%C4%87_et_al." title="Trial of Mihailović et al.">Belgrade Process</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_War_Crimes_Tribunal" title="Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal">Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal</a> (1946–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide_case" title="Bosnian genocide case">Bosnian genocide case</a> (1993–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a> (1993–2017) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Trial of Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a> (2002–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Radovan_Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Trial of Radovan Karadžić">Radovan Karadžić</a> (2008–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Ratko_Mladi%C4%87" title="Trial of Ratko Mladić">Ratko Mladić</a> (2011–2017)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trials_of_the_Derg_members" title="Trials of the Derg members">Trials of the Derg members</a> (1994–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda" title="International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda">International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda</a> (1994–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge_Tribunal" title="Khmer Rouge Tribunal">Khmer Rouge Tribunal</a> (1997–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93Serbia_genocide_case" title="Croatia–Serbia genocide case">Croatia–Serbia genocide case</a> (1999–2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="21st_century" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">21st century</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Darfur" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur">International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur</a> (2005–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Peoples%27_Tribunal_on_Sri_Lanka" title="Permanent Peoples' Tribunal on Sri Lanka">Permanent Peoples' Tribunal on Sri Lanka</a> (2010–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Crimes_Tribunal_(Bangladesh)" title="International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)">International Crimes Tribunal of Bangladesh</a> (2012–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide_case" title="Rohingya genocide case">Rohingya genocide case</a> (2019–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Tribunal" title="Uyghur Tribunal">Uyghur Tribunal</a> (2020–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Ukraine" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine">International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine</a> (2022–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_v._Russian_Federation_(2022)" title="Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2022)">Ukraine v. Russian Federation</a> (2022–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%27s_genocide_case_against_Israel" title="South Africa's genocide case against Israel">South Africa v. Israel</a> (2023–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_for_Children_International_%E2%80%93_Palestine_et_al_v._Biden_et_al" title="Defense for Children International – Palestine et al v. Biden et al">Defense for Children International – Palestine et al v. Biden et al</a> (2023–2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_v._Germany" title="Nicaragua v. Germany">Nicaragua v. Germany</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lists_of_massacres" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lightblue;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Massacres" title="Template:Massacres"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Massacres" title="Template talk:Massacres"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Massacres" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Massacres"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lists_of_massacres" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists of <a href="/wiki/Massacre" title="Massacre">massacres</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:lightblue;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_at_sea" title="List of massacres at sea">List of massacres at sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightblue;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">By past country or territory</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_killings_and_massacres_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="List of killings and massacres in Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Ottoman_Syria" title="List of massacres in Ottoman Syria">Ottoman Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Ottoman_Bulgaria" title="List of massacres in Ottoman Bulgaria">Ottoman Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Roman_Judea" title="List of massacres in Roman Judea">Roman Judea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of massacres in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Yugoslavia" title="List of massacres in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightblue;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">By country or territory</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Afghanistan" title="List of massacres in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Albania" title="List of massacres in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Algeria" title="List of massacres in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Argentina" title="List of massacres in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Australia" title="List of massacres in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Azerbaijan" title="List of massacres in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Bangladesh" title="List of massacres in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Belarus" title="List of massacres in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Belgium" title="List of massacres in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Bolivia" title="List of massacres in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_the_Bosnian_War" title="List of massacres in the Bosnian War">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Brazil" title="List of massacres in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Burundi" title="List of massacres in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Canada" title="List of massacres in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Chile" title="List of massacres in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_China" title="List of massacres in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Colombia" title="List of massacres in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_the_Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="List of massacres in the Croatian War of Independence">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Cyprus" title="List of massacres in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="List of massacres in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of massacres in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="List of massacres in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_East_Timor" title="List of massacres in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Egypt" title="List of massacres in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_El_Salvador" title="List of massacres in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Ethiopia" title="List of massacres in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Finland" title="List of massacres in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_France" title="List of massacres in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Germany" title="List of massacres in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Greece" title="List of massacres in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Great_Britain" title="List of massacres in Great Britain">Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Guatemala" title="List of massacres in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Guinean_protests" title="2009 Guinean protests">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Guyana" title="List of massacres in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Haiti" title="List of massacres in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Hungary" title="List of massacres in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slaying_of_the_Spaniards" title="Slaying of the Spaniards">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_India" title="List of massacres in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Indonesia" title="List of massacres in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Iran" title="List of massacres in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Iraq" title="List of massacres in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Ireland" title="List of massacres in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Israel" title="List of massacres in Israel">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Jerusalem" title="List of massacres in Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Italy" title="List of massacres in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Jamaica" title="List of massacres in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Japan" title="List of massacres in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Kenya" title="List of massacres in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Latvia" title="List of massacres in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Lebanon" title="List of massacres in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Libya" title="List of massacres in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Lithuania" title="List of massacres in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Mali" title="List of massacres in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Malaysia" title="List of massacres in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Mexico" title="List of massacres in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Myanmar" title="List of massacres in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Nepal" title="List of massacres in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_New_Zealand" title="List of massacres in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Nigeria" title="List of massacres in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_North_Korea" title="List of massacres in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_North_Macedonia" title="List of massacres in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Pakistan" title="List of massacres in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_the_Palestinian_territories" title="List of massacres in the Palestinian territories">Palestinian territories</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_massacres_in_Palestine" title="Lists of massacres in Palestine">List of Palestine lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Peru" title="List of massacres in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_the_Philippines" title="List of massacres in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Poland" title="List of massacres in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Puerto_Rico" title="List of massacres in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Romania" title="List of massacres in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Russia" title="List of massacres in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Rwanda" title="List of massacres in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="List of massacres in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Serbia" title="List of massacres in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Singapore" title="List of massacres in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Slovakia" title="List of massacres in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Slovenia" title="List of massacres in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_the_Solomon_Islands" title="List of massacres in the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_South_Africa" title="List of massacres in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_South_Korea" title="List of massacres in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Sudan" title="List of massacres in Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Spain" title="List of massacres in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of massacres in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Sudan" title="List of massacres in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Syria" title="List of massacres in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Taiwan" title="List of massacres in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Thailand" title="List of massacres in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Turkey" title="List of massacres in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Uganda" title="List of massacres in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Ukraine" title="List of massacres in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_the_United_States" title="List of massacres in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Venezuela" title="List of massacres in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Vietnam" title="List of massacres in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Yemen" title="List of massacres in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightblue;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">By war</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killings_and_massacres_during_the_1948_Palestine_war" title="Killings and massacres during the 1948 Palestine war">1948 Palestine war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_during_the_Algerian_Civil_War" title="List of massacres during the Algerian Civil War">Algerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_the_Bosnian_War" title="List of massacres in the Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_the_Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="List of massacres in the Croatian War of Independence">Croatian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_the_Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="List of massacres in the Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_the_Finnish_Civil_War" title="List of massacres in the Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_the_Kosovo_War" class="mw-redirect" title="List of massacres in the Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_in_the_course_of_the_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Massacres in the course of the Nagorno-Karabakh War">Nagorno-Karabakh conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_engagements_during_the_Sudanese_civil_war_(2023%E2%80%93present)#Massacres" title="List of engagements during the Sudanese civil war (2023–present)">Sudanese civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="List of massacres during the Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_during_the_Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="List of massacres during the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_I_massacres" title="Category:World War I massacres">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II_massacres" title="Category:World War II massacres">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mass_executions_and_massacres_in_Yugoslavia_during_World_War_II" title="List of mass executions and massacres in Yugoslavia during World War II">WWII in Yugoslavia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightblue;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">By group</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_of_Armenians" title="List of massacres of Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_of_Azerbaijanis" title="List of massacres of Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_against_Hazaras" title="List of massacres against Hazaras">Hazara people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="List of massacres of Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_of_Nizari_Ismailis" title="List of massacres of Nizari Ismailis">Nizari Ismailis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_against_Palestinians" class="mw-redirect" title="List of massacres against Palestinians">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_of_Turkish_people" title="List of massacres of Turkish people">Turkish people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightblue;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">List of genocides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:lightblue;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Massacres" title="Category:Massacres">Massacres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Massacres_by_country" title="Category:Massacres by country">Massacres by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Massacres_by_year" title="Category:Massacres by year">Massacres by year</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_genocides&oldid=1259658928">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_genocides&oldid=1259658928</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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Template:Cite_web"," 6.96% 329.106 67 Template:Cite_news"," 6.94% 327.747 12 Template:Bulleted_list"," 3.18% 150.223 107 Template:Nts"," 3.07% 145.171 1 Template:Genocide_sidebar"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"3.318","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20485124,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAdalian2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdhikari2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdhikariCarmichaelJonesKapila2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdlerQuillen2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhmed2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhmed2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhmida2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhmida2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAkçam2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlbarenga2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllworth1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllworthColumbia_University_Center_for_the_Study_of_Central_Asia1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlpher2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndriewsky2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAngold2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnon1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAsenap2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaban2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaldryMcKeonMcDougal\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBankiPawlikowski2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarber2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarron2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarth2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBartov2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBass2013a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBasso2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBauer1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeeston2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBennett2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenz1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenz2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerenbaum2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBidlackLomagin2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBijakLubman2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlakeley2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBloxhamMoses2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBowserWordShaw2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBracey2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBracher1970\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBryant2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuckleyRubleHofmann2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBudhathoki2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurga2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurke2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCEH1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCadeau2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalic2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCallimachi2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCambeira1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCardoza2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCataliotti2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChanturiya2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChapman2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCherryOrla-Bukowska2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarke2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClements2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClements2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCleveland2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConversa2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorder2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoyne2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCömert2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDadrian1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavisSolomon2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDawidowicz2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeMello2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDi-Capua2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoran2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuggan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuggan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDummett2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunlop\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEl-Affendi2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElhag2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllis-Petersen2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllman2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEtcheson2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvansØrsted–Jensen2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEzimet2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFassin2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFenelonTrafzer2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeroz\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFischel2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisher2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisk2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForde2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoster2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrench1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrey2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedrichsmeyerLennoxZantop1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFurberLower2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaffield2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGallopin2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGammer2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGardini1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGazetesi\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGazetesi2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeiger2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGenel_Komite2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerlach2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeshov1919\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGessen2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibbons\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGigoux2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGirard2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGirard2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlantz2001\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGoldman2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGonzalez2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraham-Harrison2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrynevych2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuha-SapirDegomme2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuichaoua2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGushee2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGutman1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHRC2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamoodur_Rahman_Commission_Report1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHancock,_Ian2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarambour2019a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHardenburg1912\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarff1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHassanManjraLondon2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayesRoth2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerf2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeuveline1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeuveline2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHickel2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHill2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHiltermann2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoare2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoffmann2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoughtaling2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHovannisian2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuman_Rights_Association2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunt2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuynhChinSpiegel2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIbrahim2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIbrahim2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIgnác2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIngiriis2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIrwin2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJahan2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJamshidi2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJavakhishvili2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJefferson1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonassohnBjörnson1998\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJones2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJournal2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKapeliouk1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKe\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeefe2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhadderHaq2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhatibMcKeeYusuf2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKiernan2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKiernanLowerNaimarkStraus2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirmanjRafaat2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlemenčičŽagar2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlimeš2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnell2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKopelGallantEisen2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrasman2023\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKruegerKrueger2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKulesza2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuper2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuperman2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLabottKopan2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLakhani2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLandau2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLattanzi2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLattimore1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaw2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawJacobsKajPagano2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeaningSollomAustin1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLegters1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLemarchand2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLemkin2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevene2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevene2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewy2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindley2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLutz1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacBrideAsmalBercussonFalk1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacDonald2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadley\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalcolm1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalkin2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalsin2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMann2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaria_Cristina_Fumagalli2015\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMartin_Rogers2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMassoudFick2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMburuUnited_Nations_Office_of_the_High_Commissioner_for_Human_RightsUnited_Nations_Development_Programme_Somalia_Country_Office2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDoom2020\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMcKay2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKennaPratt2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeichanetsidis2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeierhenrich2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMessenger2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichaelSmithLowe2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillward2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilton1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinges1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorrisZe\u0026#039;evi2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorska2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoses2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoses2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMosesStone2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMullin2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaimark2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaimark2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNarea2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNekrich1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNiewykNicosia2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNolen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNuhn1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOhayon2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOman2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOstler2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalmer1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPamuk2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPappé2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaulino2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPayaslian\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeifer2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPenketh2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerdue2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiecuch2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPress1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProthero2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuandt2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQutami2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR._C.2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRashedShortDocker2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRay2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRedžić2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReeves2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReséndez2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReydams2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReynolds2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRhodes2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichmond2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiep2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRifati2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobertson1902\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobertson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinsJones2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenberg1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosser-Owen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoth2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRozenasZhukov2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRubenstein\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRubinstein2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRummel1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRummel1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRummel2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalih2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamudzi2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamuel2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarkin-Hughes2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSathar2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchaller2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSebag-Montefiore2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSegal2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSegalDaniele2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSemerdjian2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSenguptaFountain2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeshadri2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaw2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShawcross1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShenfield1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiazon2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiddiquiNajjar2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiegl2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSjöberg2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlocum2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnyder2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSpencer2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStannard1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStier2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStone2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStone2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStraus2015\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFStrickland1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSultany2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuny2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTagayAyhanCataniSchnyder2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTatz2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTatzHiggins2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTekle1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTennantTurpel1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTerry2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThackrah2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTomasevich2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTottenBartrop2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTravis2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrever\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTully2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurits2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurits2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_States_Census1930\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_States_Department_of_State1943\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUriarteMartínez-Pinzón2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValcárcel1915\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVarnava2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVarshalomidzeMotamedi2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVihavainenSchrey-Vasara2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWei1842\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeisband2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitaker_Report1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhyte2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWood\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYemelianova2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYeomans2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZakaria2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZe\u0026#039;eviMorris2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZwierzchowskiTabeau2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFØrsted-Jensen2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÜngör2024\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 3,\n [\"Bulleted list\"] = 12,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 183,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 78,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 67,\n [\"Cite periodical\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 87,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"Efn\"] = 7,\n [\"Emdash\"] = 2,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Genocide navbox\"] = 1,\n [\"Genocide sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 45,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 7,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Massacres\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 3,\n [\"Nts\"] = 107,\n [\"Ntsh\"] = 25,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Pb\"] = 6,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"R\"] = 18,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 10,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 85,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 3,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Slink\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 6,\n [\"Subject bar\"] = 2,\n [\"Table alignment\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Oxford spelling\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","740","22.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","280","8.3"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","260","7.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","260","7.7"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","160","4.8"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","140","4.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","140","4.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","120","3.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","80","2.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","80","2.4"],["[others]","1100","32.7"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6bb4bcc5b5-t2b5s","timestamp":"20241127141421","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script 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