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id="toc-Later_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Later developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Yaqui+Wars%22">"Yaqui Wars"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Yaqui+Wars%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Yaqui+Wars%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Yaqui+Wars%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Yaqui+Wars%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Yaqui+Wars%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 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.stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Yaqui Wars</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Indian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Indian Wars">Mexican Indian Wars</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">American Indian Wars</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Uprising_of_Yaqui_Indians_Remington_1896.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Uprising_of_Yaqui_Indians_Remington_1896.jpg/300px-Uprising_of_Yaqui_Indians_Remington_1896.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="361" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Uprising_of_Yaqui_Indians_Remington_1896.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="488" /></a></span><br /><i>Uprising of the Yaqui Indians – Yaqui Warriors in Retreat</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Remington" title="Frederic Remington">Frederic Remington</a>, 1896.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>1533–1929<sup id="cite_ref-GuerraDelYaqui_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GuerraDelYaqui-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Mexican/United States victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Royal_Banner_of_the_Crown_of_Castille_%28Habsburg_Style%29.svg/23px-Royal_Banner_of_the_Crown_of_Castille_%28Habsburg_Style%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Royal_Banner_of_the_Crown_of_Castille_%28Habsburg_Style%29.svg/35px-Royal_Banner_of_the_Crown_of_Castille_%28Habsburg_Style%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Royal_Banner_of_the_Crown_of_Castille_%28Habsburg_Style%29.svg/45px-Royal_Banner_of_the_Crown_of_Castille_%28Habsburg_Style%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Crown of Castile</a><br />(1533–1716)<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a><br />(1716–1821)<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mexico_%281916%E2%80%931934%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281916%E2%80%931934%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mexico_%281916%E2%80%931934%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281916%E2%80%931934%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mexico_%281916%E2%80%931934%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281916%E2%80%931934%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a><br />(1821–1929)<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (1896–1918)</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Pascua_Yaqui_Tribe_of_Arizona.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_the_Pascua_Yaqui_Tribe_of_Arizona.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Pascua_Yaqui_Tribe_of_Arizona.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_the_Pascua_Yaqui_Tribe_of_Arizona.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Pascua_Yaqui_Tribe_of_Arizona.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_the_Pascua_Yaqui_Tribe_of_Arizona.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Pascua_Yaqui_Tribe_of_Arizona.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="540" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Yaqui_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaqui people">Yaqui</a><br /> <b>Yaqui Allies:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayo_people" title="Mayo people">Mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opata_people" title="Opata people">Opata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pima_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pima people">Pima</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mexico_%281916%E2%80%931934%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281916%E2%80%931934%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mexico_%281916%E2%80%931934%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281916%E2%80%931934%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mexico_%281916%E2%80%931934%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281916%E2%80%931934%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lorenzo_Torres&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lorenzo Torres (page does not exist)">Lorenzo Torres</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mexico_%281916%E2%80%931934%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281916%E2%80%931934%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mexico_%281916%E2%80%931934%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281916%E2%80%931934%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mexico_%281916%E2%80%931934%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281916%E2%80%931934%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alvaro_Obregon" class="mw-redirect" title="Alvaro Obregon">Alvaro Obregon</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mexico_%281916%E2%80%931934%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281916%E2%80%931934%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mexico_%281916%E2%80%931934%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281916%E2%80%931934%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mexico_%281916%E2%80%931934%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281916%E2%80%931934%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafael_Iz%C3%A1bal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rafael Izábal (page does not exist)">Rafael Izábal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wounded_in_action" title="Wounded in action">WIA</a>)<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mexico_%281916%E2%80%931934%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281916%E2%80%931934%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mexico_%281916%E2%80%931934%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281916%E2%80%931934%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mexico_%281916%E2%80%931934%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281916%E2%80%931934%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Kosterlitsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilio Kosterlitsky">Emilio Kosterlitsky</a> </p> <br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wheaton" title="Frank Wheaton">Frank Wheaton</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_H.L._Ryder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederick H.L. Ryder (page does not exist)">Frederick H.L. Ryder</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Pascua_Yaqui_Tribe_of_Arizona.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_the_Pascua_Yaqui_Tribe_of_Arizona.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Pascua_Yaqui_Tribe_of_Arizona.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_the_Pascua_Yaqui_Tribe_of_Arizona.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Pascua_Yaqui_Tribe_of_Arizona.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_the_Pascua_Yaqui_Tribe_of_Arizona.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Pascua_Yaqui_Tribe_of_Arizona.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="540" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Juan_Banderas" title="Juan Banderas">Juan Banderas</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Pascua_Yaqui_Tribe_of_Arizona.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_the_Pascua_Yaqui_Tribe_of_Arizona.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Pascua_Yaqui_Tribe_of_Arizona.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_the_Pascua_Yaqui_Tribe_of_Arizona.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Pascua_Yaqui_Tribe_of_Arizona.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_the_Pascua_Yaqui_Tribe_of_Arizona.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Pascua_Yaqui_Tribe_of_Arizona.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="540" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Cajem%C3%A9" title="Cajemé">José Maria Leiva Peres</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Pascua_Yaqui_Tribe_of_Arizona.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_the_Pascua_Yaqui_Tribe_of_Arizona.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Pascua_Yaqui_Tribe_of_Arizona.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_the_Pascua_Yaqui_Tribe_of_Arizona.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Pascua_Yaqui_Tribe_of_Arizona.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_the_Pascua_Yaqui_Tribe_of_Arizona.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Pascua_Yaqui_Tribe_of_Arizona.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="540" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Tetabiate" title="Tetabiate">Juan Maldonado</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Pascua_Yaqui_Tribe_of_Arizona.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_the_Pascua_Yaqui_Tribe_of_Arizona.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Pascua_Yaqui_Tribe_of_Arizona.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_the_Pascua_Yaqui_Tribe_of_Arizona.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Pascua_Yaqui_Tribe_of_Arizona.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_the_Pascua_Yaqui_Tribe_of_Arizona.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Pascua_Yaqui_Tribe_of_Arizona.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="540" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Teresa_Urrea" title="Teresa Urrea">Teresa Urrea</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Yaqui_Wars" title="Template:Campaignbox Yaqui Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Yaqui_Wars" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Yaqui Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Yaqui_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Yaqui Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Yaqui_Wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yaqui Wars</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%ADcam_Massacre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vícam Massacre (page does not exist)">Vícam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_El_A%C3%B1il&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of El Añil (page does not exist)">El Añil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_de_los_R%C3%ADos" title="Revolución de los Ríos">Revolución de los Ríos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui_Uprising" title="Yaqui Uprising">Nogales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mazocoba" title="Battle of Mazocoba">Mazocoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bear_Valley" title="Battle of Bear Valley">Bear Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cerro_del_Gallo" title="Battle of Cerro del Gallo">Cerro del Gallo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Yaqui Wars</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were a series of <a href="/wiki/Armed_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed conflict">armed conflicts</a> between <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a>, and its successor state, the <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> Republic, against the <a href="/wiki/Yaqui_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaqui people">Yaqui</a> <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Natives</a>. The period began in 1533 and lasted until 1929. The Yaqui Wars, along with the <a href="/wiki/Caste_War_of_Yucatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Caste War of Yucatan">Caste War</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Maya_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya people">Maya</a>, were the last conflicts of the centuries long <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Indian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Indian Wars">Mexican Indian Wars</a>. Over the course of nearly 400 years, the Spanish and the Mexicans repeatedly launched military campaigns into Yaqui territory which resulted in several serious battles and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_massacres" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian massacres">massacres</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GuerraDelYaqui_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GuerraDelYaqui-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EdithYaqui_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EdithYaqui-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wars">Wars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yaqui_Wars&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_century">18th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yaqui_Wars&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cause of the conflicts was like many of the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Indian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a>. In 1684, the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">colonists</a> in the present day Mexican state of <a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a> discovered <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Yaqui" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio Yaqui">Rio Yaqui Valley</a>. Following this, the Spanish gradually began settling on Yaqui land, and by 1740, the natives were ready to resist. Some minor conflicts from before dated back to 1533<sup id="cite_ref-GuerraDelYaqui_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GuerraDelYaqui-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in 1740 the Yaqui united with the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Mayo_people" title="Mayo people">Mayo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opata_people" title="Opata people">Opata</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pima_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pima people">Pima</a> tribes and successfully drove the colonists out by 1742.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Juan_Banderas">Juan Banderas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yaqui_Wars&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Juan Banderas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">Mexican War of Independence</a> from Spain (1810–1821) the Yaqui did not participate on either side. It was when <a href="/wiki/Occidente_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Occidente State">Occidente</a> passed a law in 1825 making the Yaqui its citizens and subjecting them to taxes that the Yaqui decided to go to war, since they had not previously been subjected to taxes. The first fighting was at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rahum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rahum (page does not exist)">Rahum</a>. The movement was encouraged by Pedro Leyva, a Catholic priest and took the Virgin of Guadalupe as its symbol. The Yaqui coalesced around <a href="/wiki/Juan_Banderas" title="Juan Banderas">Juan Banderas</a> as their leader. Juan Banderas was a noted Yaqui leader, who after receiving visions in 1825, attempted to unite the Yaqui and other nearby tribal groups, including the <a href="/wiki/Opata_people" title="Opata people">Opata</a>, Lower Pima (<a href="/wiki/Pima_Bajo_people" title="Pima Bajo people">Pima Bajo</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Mayo_people" title="Mayo people">Mayo</a>, under the banner of the Virgin of Guadalupe. Banderas successfully challenged Mexican rule in Sonora and Sinaloa between 1825 and 1832. Occidente was so affected by the war that the capital was moved from <a href="/wiki/Cosala" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosala">Cosala</a> to <a href="/wiki/El_Fuerte,_Sinaloa" title="El Fuerte, Sinaloa">Fuerte</a>. In 1827 Banderas' forces were defeated by Mexicans in the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Hermosillo" title="Hermosillo">Hermosillo</a>. This defeat was partly due to the Yaquis having primarily bows and arrows, while the Mexicans had guns. After this defeat, Banderas negotiated a peace with Occidente, in which he was granted pardon, and recognized as a captain-general of the Yaqui, and was given a salary.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1828 the office of captain-general was abolished, and Occidente government reasserted its right to tax the Yaqui, as well as proposing a plan for allotting the Yaqui lands. In 1832 Banderas renewed the war against the Mexican authorities, in cooperation with Dolores Gutiérrez, a chief of the <a href="/wiki/Opata_people" title="Opata people">Opata people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mexican forces captured Banderas and other <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indian</a> leaders after the defeat of Banderas' forces at the battle of Soyopa, Sonora, in December, 1832. In 1833 Banderas and Gutiérrez, along with 10 others, were executed in January 1833. Banderas remained a powerful and admired symbol of Yaqui resistance to foreign domination.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mid-19th_century_resistance">Mid-19th century resistance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yaqui_Wars&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mid-19th century resistance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some warriors fled from their occupied pueblos along the Rio Yaqui and continued fighting in the Sierra Vakatetteve. In 1834 Yaquis at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Torim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Torim (page does not exist)">Torim</a> tried to drive the Mexican settlers from that location. The Mexican forces in this fighting were led by a Yaqui, Juan Ignacio Juscamea. Juscamea continued to cooperate with the Mexican government until 1840 when he was killed by anti-Mexican Yaquis in fighting at Horcasitas.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1830s and 1840s the Yaqui often allied with Manuel María Gándara, a former conservative governor of Sonora, in his struggle against <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Urrea" title="José de Urrea">José de Urrea</a> for control of <a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a>. In 1838 this led to Urrea capturing the coastal salt deposits of the Yaqui and transferring them to state control.<sup id="cite_ref-Spicer_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spicer-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1857 Gándara was removed from power by <a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Pesqueira" title="Ignacio Pesqueira">Ignacio Pesqueira</a>. The Yaqui under the leadership of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mateo_Marquin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mateo Marquin (page does not exist)">Mateo Marquin</a>, also known as <b>Jose Maria Barquin</b>, were among the chief allies of Gándara in his attempt to regain control of <a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a>. Initially most of the fighting was in the <a href="/wiki/Guaymas" title="Guaymas">Guaymas</a> River valley. However, in 1858 <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3corit" title="Cócorit">Cócorit</a> became a point of violence. The Mayos joined the Yaqui in waging war against the Mexican government, and destroyed <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz,_Sonora" title="Santa Cruz, Sonora">Santa Cruz, Sonora</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Spicer_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spicer-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1860, bands of Yaqui and Mayo insurgents, some 1,000 or 1,200 strong, marched towards Guaymas, burning and leveling Mexican settlements as they advanced. The citizens of Guaymas fortified the town, declaring a state of siege, and armed 350 men in its defense. The Prefect of Guaymas dispatched a courier to the Governor at Hermosillo, demanding additional aid. </p><p>The dispatch reached Hermosillo on the 31st of August. Governor Pesquiera, with a force of sixty horse and eighty infantry, promptly left Hermosillo. He intended to travel to El Cachora to gather an additional 300 troops, but the Yaqui ambushed him and his troops en route at Jacalitos, a small village about forty-two miles from Hermosillo. </p><p>The inexperienced Mexican troops fled the battle, leaving Pesquiera and General Angel Trias of Chihuahua, who accompanied Pesquiera, with some eight or ten of the body guard to face 600 well armed Yaqui. Pesquiera and Angel Trias eventually succeeded in escaping and joined the forces at El Cachora.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following this defeat, Pesqueira invaded Mayo and Yaqui territory in 1862, and forced them to accept peace terms. The peace was negotiated at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Torim,_Sonora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Torim, Sonora (page does not exist)">Torim, Sonora</a>. The terms of the peace allowed a pardon to the leaders of the Yaqui, but required a military post to be established at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agua_Caliente,_Sonora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agua Caliente, Sonora (page does not exist)">Agua Caliente, Sonora</a>, for the Mexicans to control the actions of the Yaqui.<sup id="cite_ref-Spicer_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spicer-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_French_Intervention">Second French Intervention</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yaqui_Wars&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Second French Intervention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the French victory over Pesqueira at <a href="/wiki/Guaymas" title="Guaymas">Guaymas</a> in 1865, the Yaqui allied with the French in fighting the Mexicans. Mateo Marquin publicly expressed support for the French. <a href="/wiki/Refugio_T%C3%A1nori" title="Refugio Tánori">Refugio Tánori</a>, a leader of the Opata, also allied with the French. These native allies of the French took control of <a href="/wiki/Alamos,_Sonora" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamos, Sonora">Alamos, Sonora</a>, and drove Pesquira from his base at <a href="/wiki/Ures" title="Ures">Ures</a>. In 1868, with the withdrawal of the French, Pesqueira appointed pro-Mexican Yaqui to administer the Yaqui towns, but in <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1cum" title="Bácum">Bácum</a> the Yaqui killed this official.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pesqueira then appointed Garcia Morales to lead a campaign against the Yaqui. In 1868, 600 Yaqui surrendered at <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3corit" title="Cócorit">Cócorit</a>. The Mexicans held 400 Yaqui in a church, and when they felt the Yaqui were not being cooperative enough, fired artillery on the church causing a fire that killed 120 men, women and children, an incident that came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Bacum_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacum massacre">Bacum massacre</a>. This was representative of the harsh military attacks on the Yaqui, who accepted peace terms to avoid continued massacres.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Affairs such as this drove many of the natives to <a href="/wiki/Pascua_Yaqui" class="mw-redirect" title="Pascua Yaqui">emigrate</a>, while others were deported by the Mexicans or <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">enslaved</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-manataka_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manataka-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cajemé"><span id="Cajem.C3.A9"></span>Cajemé</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yaqui_Wars&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cajemé"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cajem%C3%A9" title="Cajemé">Cajemé</a></div> <p>In 1874 Pesqueira appointed <a href="/wiki/Cajem%C3%A9" title="Cajemé">Cajemé</a> as alcalde-mayor of all the towns of both the Yaqui and Mayo. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_J._Pesqueira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José J. Pesqueira (page does not exist)">José J. Pesqueira</a>, son of the current governor, was designated successor to the governor. This caused an attempt to violently appoint a new governor, which Pesqueira reacted to by attacking Cajemé and his people. From <a href="/w/index.php?title=Medano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medano (page does not exist)">Medano</a>, Pesqueira attacked a large number of Yaqui residents, killing Yaqui just because they were present, and pillaging their farms and ranches.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1876 the Yaqui leader <a href="/wiki/Cajem%C3%A9" title="Cajemé">José Maria Leyba Peres</a>, or Cajemé, established a small independent republic in Sonora. By then there were only about 4,000 undefeated Yaqui, and they attempted to defend their county by building the fortification called <a href="/w/index.php?title=El_A%C3%B1il&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El Añil (page does not exist)">El Añil</a> (The Indigo). El Añil was located near the village of <a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADcam" title="Vícam">Vícam</a>, in the middle of a thick forest and on the left bank of the Yaqui river. The fortification consisted of a wide moat. Food and livestock were stockpiled within the fortification, and to assure a source of water, there was a large trench to the river. There was also a wooden stockade with walls made of thick trunks of trees placed side by side, and woven with branches providing an enclosure where the 4000 Yaqui people were protected.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Agustin Ortiz, whose brother Carlos was then the governor of Sonora, led an attack from <a href="/wiki/Navojoa" title="Navojoa">Navojoa</a> to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Capetemaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capetemaya (page does not exist)">Capetemaya</a> in 1882, with the intention of capturing Cajemé. Cajemé was wounded in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Capetemaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Capetemaya (page does not exist)">Battle of Capetemaya</a>, but the forces of Ortiz were routed. Fighting in the Mayo territories continued until 1884 when they agreed submitted to Mexican authority. However, Cajemé continued to insist on his independence. </p><p>In 1885 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Loreto_Molino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Loreto Molino (page does not exist)">Loreto Molino</a>, a Yaqui who had previously been one of Cajemé's chief lieutenants or teniente-general, led a raid from <a href="/wiki/Guaymas" title="Guaymas">Guaymas</a> against Cajemé's home. The house was burned down, but Cajemé was in the south at the time and thus survived the attack.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The repercussions of this raid, which was sanctioned by the local Mexican government, led to a resumption of full-scale war between the Yaqui and the Mexican government. In March 1886, three columns, each about 1,200 strong, were set in motion against the Yaquis. Every Mexican town or point of importance was fortified and garrisoned to resist any hostile Yaqui forces. The <a href="/wiki/Mitrailleuse" title="Mitrailleuse">mitrailleuse</a> is reported to have been used by the Mexican Federal Forces against the well organized Yaqui forces. Three of them were used, with two mitrailleuse under the command of the forces of Generals Leiva and Marcos Carillo, and one under the command of General Camano<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May, 1886, the Mexican army began a concentrated series of military campaigns against the main Yaqui fortress of El Añil. General Carrillo, with 1,200 soldiers, initially attacked El Añil in a fierce battle to dislodge the indigenous Yaqui forces. General <a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Mart%C3%ADnez_(general)" title="Ángel Martínez (general)">Ángel Martínez</a> brought up an additional 1,500 Mexican soldiers, and concentrated his forces to finish the campaign with a decisive blow. El Añil was captured on May 12, 1886. Only a few Yaqui soldiers escaped by fleeing deep into the mountains, leaving 200 dead, and some 2,000 people, consisting primarily of the elderly, children, and the sick. The losses of the Mexican forces were 10 officers and 59 troops.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the battle, the people living in the villages of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Huiribis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huiribis (page does not exist)">Huiribis</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huiribis" class="extiw" title="es:Huiribis">es</a>]</span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B3tam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pótam (page does not exist)">Pótam</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3tam" class="extiw" title="es:Pótam">es</a>]</span>, Bacum, Cócorit were amnestied by the Mexican government, in return for giving up their weapons. In return, the people in the villages were given clothes and food. The bulk of the remaining Yaqui soldiers were now unable to make war directly on Mexican military forces, so hid in the mountains, while being persecuted and systematically decimated. At this point, Cajemé sent a note to General Juan Hernández saying" </p> <blockquote><p>"<i>Desde luego nos someteremos todos a la obediencia del gobierno, bajo la condición de que dentro de 15 días se retiren todas sus fuerzas que están en el río Yaqui para Guaymas y Hermosillo, de no hacerlo así, pueden ustedes obrar de manera que les convenga; yo, en unión de mi nación, estoy dispuesto a hacer hasta la última defensa.</i>"</p></blockquote> <blockquote><p>"<i>We will all submit in obedience to government, under the condition that within 15 days [the government will] withdraw all their forces at the Rio Yaqui to Guaymas and Hermosillo. Failing to do so, you can act in a way that suits them [the government]. I, together with my nation, am willing to continue [fighting] until the last defense.</i>"</p></blockquote> <p>Nearly one year later, Cajemé was captured in the village of San José de Guaymas, about 10 miles outside of the Port of <a href="/wiki/Guaymas" title="Guaymas">Guaymas</a>. Cajemé was eventually transported to the mouth of the Yaqui River, and paraded through many of the Yaqui villages to show that he had been captured. On April 23, 1887, Cajemé was executed at Tres Cruces de Chumampaco. Juan Maldonado took Cajemé's place, and continued a <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla war">guerrilla war</a> in the Sierra del Bacatete. The Yaqui towns along the Rio Yaqui became mostly deserted, with many of the inhabitants fleeing into the surrounding mountains, and to other states in Mexico, including Chihuahua and Sinaloa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yaqui_Uprising,_1896"><span id="Yaqui_Uprising.2C_1896"></span>Yaqui Uprising, 1896</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yaqui_Wars&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Yaqui Uprising, 1896"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yaqui_Uprising" title="Yaqui Uprising">Yaqui Uprising</a></div> <p>In February 1896 an event known as the <a href="/wiki/Yaqui_Uprising" title="Yaqui Uprising">Yaqui Uprising</a> began after the Mexican <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">revolutionary</a> <a href="/wiki/Lauro_Aguirre" title="Lauro Aguirre">Lauro Aguirre</a> drafted a <a href="/wiki/Plans_in_Mexican_history" title="Plans in Mexican history">plan</a> to overthrow the government of <a href="/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz" title="Porfirio Díaz">Porfirio Díaz</a>. Aguirre and his men were able to convince several Yaqui and Pima natives to join in the revolt so on August 12 a combined force of no less than seventy men attacked the <a href="/wiki/Customs_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Customs house">customs house</a> at <a href="/wiki/Nogales,_Sonora" class="mw-redirect" title="Nogales, Sonora">Nogales</a>, Sonora. A battle then ensued which left at least three people dead and many more wounded. During the fight a group of American <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militia</a> formed in the adjoining town of <a href="/wiki/Nogales,_Arizona" title="Nogales, Arizona">Nogales</a>, Arizona and they assisted the Mexican defenders in repelling the rebels' attack. Ultimately the Yaquis and the others were obliged to withdraw from the area, ending the uprising and leading to a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> operation to track the hostiles. Two companies of the <a href="/wiki/24th_Infantry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="24th Infantry Regiment">24th Infantry Regiment</a> were assigned to hunt the rebels who were being pursued by troops of the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Army" title="Mexican Army">Mexican Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">Colonel</a> <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Kosterlitsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilio Kosterlitsky">Emilio Kosterlitsky</a>. However, the rebels got away, some escaped to Arizona. In 1897 a <a href="/wiki/Peace_treaty" title="Peace treaty">peace treaty</a> was signed in Ortiz between the Yaquis and the Mexican government. Nevertheless, in 1899 another serious outbreak of hostilities began and it led to the bloody <a href="/wiki/Mazocoba_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazocoba Massacre">Mazocoba Massacre</a> of 1900, in which several hundred natives were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-manataka_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manataka-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manuel Balbás wrote in <i>Recuerdos del Yaqui</i> how some Yaquis at Mazocoba survived combat, but chose to take their own life, either with their own weapons or by jumping from cliffs, rather than surrender to the enemy. One event in which a young woman who had been hiding but was discovered, without a tear in her eyes, "approached the body of her loved one, knelt a moment, bowed slightly, and perhaps for a last time looked at the face of the beloved, and arose at once, quickly running like a gazelle toward the precipice, and without a moment's hesitation, plunged into the abyss."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was at this point in time, in the late 1890s and early years of the 1900s, that a large number of Yaqui people began traveling north to settle in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> around <a href="/wiki/Tucson" class="mw-redirect" title="Tucson">Tucson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, and into parts of Texas, including the El Paso area, as well as the Lubbock area, where a group of Yaqui refugees had settled years earlier. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_developments">Later developments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yaqui_Wars&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Later developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_group_of_Yaqui_Indians_at_the_surrender_and_signing_of_peace_treaty_at_Ortiz,_Mexico,_ca.1910_(CHS-2523).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/A_group_of_Yaqui_Indians_at_the_surrender_and_signing_of_peace_treaty_at_Ortiz%2C_Mexico%2C_ca.1910_%28CHS-2523%29.jpg/220px-A_group_of_Yaqui_Indians_at_the_surrender_and_signing_of_peace_treaty_at_Ortiz%2C_Mexico%2C_ca.1910_%28CHS-2523%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/A_group_of_Yaqui_Indians_at_the_surrender_and_signing_of_peace_treaty_at_Ortiz%2C_Mexico%2C_ca.1910_%28CHS-2523%29.jpg/330px-A_group_of_Yaqui_Indians_at_the_surrender_and_signing_of_peace_treaty_at_Ortiz%2C_Mexico%2C_ca.1910_%28CHS-2523%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/A_group_of_Yaqui_Indians_at_the_surrender_and_signing_of_peace_treaty_at_Ortiz%2C_Mexico%2C_ca.1910_%28CHS-2523%29.jpg/440px-A_group_of_Yaqui_Indians_at_the_surrender_and_signing_of_peace_treaty_at_Ortiz%2C_Mexico%2C_ca.1910_%28CHS-2523%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5690" data-file-height="4273" /></a><figcaption>a group of Yaqui Indians at the surrender and signing of peace treaty at Ortiz, Mexico, ca.1910. Two Mexicans stand near three Indians in the foreground.</figcaption></figure> <p>Around this time Porfirio Díaz began advocating for a solution to the Yaqui wars. By 1903 the decision was made to deport both the peaceful and rebellious Yaqui natives to the <a href="/wiki/Yucatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Yucatan">Yucatan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a>. Meanwhile, from 1904 to 1909, the Mexican <a href="/wiki/Governor" title="Governor">governor</a> of Sonora, Rafael Izábal, led "organized manhunts" in which about 8,000 to 15,000 Yaquis were taken prisoner and "virtually enslaved".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>15,000 to 60,000 Yaquis perished in deportations in 1900 through 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> in 1910, Yaqui warriors joined all of the armies of the major rebel factions. They also began resettling their ancestral lands along the Rio Yaqui. In 1911, Díaz was exiled and President <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Madero" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Madero">Francisco Madero</a> took office. He is said to have promised the Yaqui people compensation for their losses but by 1920, when the main phase of the war ended, the promises were forgotten. By 1916, Mexican <a href="/wiki/General" class="mw-redirect" title="General">generals</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Obreg%C3%B3n" title="Álvaro Obregón">Álvaro Obregón</a>, began establishing <a href="/wiki/Estate_(law)" title="Estate (law)">estates</a> on Yaqui land during the revolution and this led to renewed hostilities between the natives and the military.<sup id="cite_ref-manataka_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manataka-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was during this period of the conflict that the United States Army fought the last <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bear_Valley" title="Battle of Bear Valley">battle</a> of the <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">American Indian Wars</a>. In January 1918, a small group of about thirty natives were intercepted by <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Soldiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffalo Soldiers">Buffalo Soldiers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/10th_Cavalry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="10th Cavalry Regiment (United States)">10th Cavalry</a>, just across the international border, near <a href="/wiki/Arivaca,_Arizona" title="Arivaca, Arizona">Arivaca</a>, Arizona. In the thirty-minute skirmish that followed, the Yaqui commander was killed and a handful of others were taken prisoner. The last major engagement of the Yaqui Wars came almost ten years later in what is called "The Yaqui Revolt of 1926–1928." The battle began in April 1927 at Cerro del Gallo (Hill of the Rooster. Yaqui name: <i>Totoi-ta-kuse'epo</i>). On April 28, 1927, the Los Angeles Times<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reported that Mexican Federal Troops had captured 415 Yaquis, including 26 men, 214 women, and 175 children. It was reported in the Mexican newspaper <a href="/wiki/El_Universal_(Mexico_City)" title="El Universal (Mexico City)">El Universal</a> that because the Yaqui had withdrawn in the mountains, the Mexican Federal Staff had decided to undertake a major offensive against them. Operations would be directed by General Obregón, assisted by General Manzo.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to another report published on October 5, 1927, 12,000 "federales" were soon to present in the state of Sonora, equipped with 8mm machine guns, airplanes and poison gas.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 2, 1927, the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a> reported that General Francisco R. Manzo, Commander of the federal forces in Sonora, had informed President Calles that he expected the Yaqui chieftain, Luis Matius, would soon surrender after holding out in the Bacatete Mountains for more than a year.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After that, some minor warfare continued into 1929 but the violence was quelled mainly by bombings from the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Air_Force" title="Mexican Air Force">Mexican Air Force</a>. The Mexican Army also established posts at all of the Yaqui settlements. This action prevented future conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-GuerraDelYaqui_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GuerraDelYaqui-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EdithYaqui_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EdithYaqui-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-manataka_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manataka-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yaqui_Wars&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cajeme2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Yaqui warrior Cajemé in April 1887, taken at the time of his arrest by Mexican authorities."><img alt="The Yaqui warrior Cajemé in April 1887, taken at the time of his arrest by Mexican authorities." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Cajeme2.jpg/88px-Cajeme2.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Cajeme2.jpg/132px-Cajeme2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Cajeme2.jpg/176px-Cajeme2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Yaqui warrior Cajemé in April 1887, taken at the time of his arrest by Mexican authorities.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cajem%C3%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cajemé under arrest at Guaymas in April 1887."><img alt="Cajemé under arrest at Guaymas in April 1887." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Cajem%C3%A9.jpg/70px-Cajem%C3%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Cajem%C3%A9.jpg/106px-Cajem%C3%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Cajem%C3%A9.jpg/141px-Cajem%C3%A9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="282" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cajemé under arrest at Guaymas in April 1887.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anastacio_Cuca_1887.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Yaqui leader Anastacio Cuca in May 1887."><img alt="The Yaqui leader Anastacio Cuca in May 1887." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Anastacio_Cuca_1887.jpg/88px-Anastacio_Cuca_1887.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Anastacio_Cuca_1887.jpg/131px-Anastacio_Cuca_1887.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Anastacio_Cuca_1887.jpg/175px-Anastacio_Cuca_1887.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1087" data-file-height="1488" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Yaqui leader Anastacio Cuca in May 1887.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tres_Cruces_de_Chumampaco.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tres Cruces de Chumampaco in 1895, where Cajemé was killed."><img alt="Tres Cruces de Chumampaco in 1895, where Cajemé was killed." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7d/Tres_Cruces_de_Chumampaco.jpg/120px-Tres_Cruces_de_Chumampaco.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7d/Tres_Cruces_de_Chumampaco.jpg/180px-Tres_Cruces_de_Chumampaco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7d/Tres_Cruces_de_Chumampaco.jpg/240px-Tres_Cruces_de_Chumampaco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tres Cruces de Chumampaco in 1895, where Cajemé was killed.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yaqui_indians.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yaqui people, c. 1910."><img alt="Yaqui people, c. 1910." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Yaqui_indians.jpg/92px-Yaqui_indians.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Yaqui_indians.jpg/138px-Yaqui_indians.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Yaqui_indians.jpg/184px-Yaqui_indians.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3832" data-file-height="4992" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Yaqui people, c. 1910.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Obregon_and_yaqui_staff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="General Álvaro Obregón and his staff of Yaquis, sometime between 1910 and 1915."><img alt="General Álvaro Obregón and his staff of Yaquis, sometime between 1910 and 1915." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Obregon_and_yaqui_staff.jpg/88px-Obregon_and_yaqui_staff.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Obregon_and_yaqui_staff.jpg/132px-Obregon_and_yaqui_staff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Obregon_and_yaqui_staff.jpg/176px-Obregon_and_yaqui_staff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="471" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">General Álvaro Obregón and his staff of Yaquis, sometime between 1910 and 1915.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_group_of_more_than_30_Yaqui_Indian_prisoners_being_escorted_away_by_Mexican_soldiers,_Mexico,_ca.1910_(CHS-1520).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A group of more than 30 Yaqui Indian prisoners being escorted away by Mexican soldiers, Mexico, c. 1910"><img alt="A group of more than 30 Yaqui Indian prisoners being escorted away by Mexican soldiers, Mexico, c. 1910" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/A_group_of_more_than_30_Yaqui_Indian_prisoners_being_escorted_away_by_Mexican_soldiers%2C_Mexico%2C_ca.1910_%28CHS-1520%29.jpg/120px-A_group_of_more_than_30_Yaqui_Indian_prisoners_being_escorted_away_by_Mexican_soldiers%2C_Mexico%2C_ca.1910_%28CHS-1520%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/A_group_of_more_than_30_Yaqui_Indian_prisoners_being_escorted_away_by_Mexican_soldiers%2C_Mexico%2C_ca.1910_%28CHS-1520%29.jpg/180px-A_group_of_more_than_30_Yaqui_Indian_prisoners_being_escorted_away_by_Mexican_soldiers%2C_Mexico%2C_ca.1910_%28CHS-1520%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/A_group_of_more_than_30_Yaqui_Indian_prisoners_being_escorted_away_by_Mexican_soldiers%2C_Mexico%2C_ca.1910_%28CHS-1520%29.jpg/240px-A_group_of_more_than_30_Yaqui_Indian_prisoners_being_escorted_away_by_Mexican_soldiers%2C_Mexico%2C_ca.1910_%28CHS-1520%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4921" data-file-height="3697" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A group of more than 30 Yaqui Indian prisoners being escorted away by Mexican soldiers, Mexico, c. 1910</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_group_of_more_than_30_women_and_children_Yaqui_Indian_prisoners_under_guard,_Guaymas,_Mexico,_ca.1910_(CHS-1512).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A group of more than 30 women and children Yaqui Indian prisoners under guard, Guaymas, Mexico, c. 1910"><img alt="A group of more than 30 women and children Yaqui Indian prisoners under guard, Guaymas, Mexico, c. 1910" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/A_group_of_more_than_30_women_and_children_Yaqui_Indian_prisoners_under_guard%2C_Guaymas%2C_Mexico%2C_ca.1910_%28CHS-1512%29.jpg/120px-A_group_of_more_than_30_women_and_children_Yaqui_Indian_prisoners_under_guard%2C_Guaymas%2C_Mexico%2C_ca.1910_%28CHS-1512%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/A_group_of_more_than_30_women_and_children_Yaqui_Indian_prisoners_under_guard%2C_Guaymas%2C_Mexico%2C_ca.1910_%28CHS-1512%29.jpg/180px-A_group_of_more_than_30_women_and_children_Yaqui_Indian_prisoners_under_guard%2C_Guaymas%2C_Mexico%2C_ca.1910_%28CHS-1512%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/A_group_of_more_than_30_women_and_children_Yaqui_Indian_prisoners_under_guard%2C_Guaymas%2C_Mexico%2C_ca.1910_%28CHS-1512%29.jpg/240px-A_group_of_more_than_30_women_and_children_Yaqui_Indian_prisoners_under_guard%2C_Guaymas%2C_Mexico%2C_ca.1910_%28CHS-1512%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5062" data-file-height="3945" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A group of more than 30 women and children Yaqui Indian prisoners under guard, Guaymas, Mexico, c. 1910</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_group_of_Yaqui_Indians,_including_Chief_Talaviate,_at_the_surrender_and_signing_of_peace_treaty_at_Ortiz,_Mexico,_ca.1910_(CHS-2525).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A group of Yaqui Indians, including Chief Talaviate, at the surrender and signing of peace treaty at Ortiz, Mexico, c. 1910"><img alt="A group of Yaqui Indians, including Chief Talaviate, at the surrender and signing of peace treaty at Ortiz, Mexico, c. 1910" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/A_group_of_Yaqui_Indians%2C_including_Chief_Talaviate%2C_at_the_surrender_and_signing_of_peace_treaty_at_Ortiz%2C_Mexico%2C_ca.1910_%28CHS-2525%29.jpg/91px-A_group_of_Yaqui_Indians%2C_including_Chief_Talaviate%2C_at_the_surrender_and_signing_of_peace_treaty_at_Ortiz%2C_Mexico%2C_ca.1910_%28CHS-2525%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/A_group_of_Yaqui_Indians%2C_including_Chief_Talaviate%2C_at_the_surrender_and_signing_of_peace_treaty_at_Ortiz%2C_Mexico%2C_ca.1910_%28CHS-2525%29.jpg/137px-A_group_of_Yaqui_Indians%2C_including_Chief_Talaviate%2C_at_the_surrender_and_signing_of_peace_treaty_at_Ortiz%2C_Mexico%2C_ca.1910_%28CHS-2525%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/A_group_of_Yaqui_Indians%2C_including_Chief_Talaviate%2C_at_the_surrender_and_signing_of_peace_treaty_at_Ortiz%2C_Mexico%2C_ca.1910_%28CHS-2525%29.jpg/183px-A_group_of_Yaqui_Indians%2C_including_Chief_Talaviate%2C_at_the_surrender_and_signing_of_peace_treaty_at_Ortiz%2C_Mexico%2C_ca.1910_%28CHS-2525%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4352" data-file-height="5709" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A group of Yaqui Indians, including Chief Talaviate, at the surrender and signing of peace treaty at Ortiz, Mexico, c. 1910</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yaqui_Wars&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pascua_Yaqui_Tribe" title="Pascua Yaqui Tribe">Pascua Yaqui Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Band_of_Yaqui_Indians" title="Texas Band of Yaqui Indians">Texas Band of Yaqui Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renegade_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Renegade period">Renegade period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache-Mexico_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache-Mexico Wars">Mexican Apache Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche-Mexico_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Comanche-Mexico War">Mexican Comanche Wars</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yaqui_Wars&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Yaqui Wars</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Yaqui+Wars">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Yaqui+Wars&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-GuerraDelYaqui-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GuerraDelYaqui_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GuerraDelYaqui_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GuerraDelYaqui_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GuerraDelYaqui_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_del_Yaqui" class="extiw" title="es:Guerra del Yaqui">es:Guerra del Yaqui</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1">"Orientation – Yaqui". <i>everyculture.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=everyculture.com&rft.atitle=Orientation+%E2%80%93+Yaqui&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYaqui+Wars" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#cite_web_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EdithYaqui-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EdithYaqui_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EdithYaqui_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040307200103/http://www.lasculturas.com/aa/vs_EdithYaqui.htm">"Yaqui history: A Short History"</a>. <i>www.lasculturas.com</i>. Archived from the original on 2004-03-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lasculturas.com&rft.atitle=Yaqui+history%3A+A+Short+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lasculturas.com%2Faa%2Fvs_EdithYaqui.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYaqui+Wars" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeredith1975" class="citation journal cs1">Meredith, John D. (1975). "The Yaqui Rebellion of 1740: A Jesuit Account and Its Implications". <i>Ethnohistory</i>. <b>22</b> (3): 222–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F481032">10.2307/481032</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/481032">481032</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnohistory&rft.atitle=The+Yaqui+Rebellion+of+1740%3A+A+Jesuit+Account+and+Its+Implications&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=222-61&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F481032&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F481032%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Meredith&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYaqui+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward H. Spicer, <i>Cycles of Conquest</i> (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1962) pp. 60–61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spicer, <i>Cycles of Conquest</i>, p. 62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Miller, Mark Edwin (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nativeamericanen0000prit/page/655">"Banderas, Juan de la Cruz"</a>. In Johansen, Bruce E.; Pritzker, Barry M. (eds.). <i>Encyclopedia of American Indian History</i>. Vol. 3. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, Inc. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nativeamericanen0000prit/page/655">655</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195138979" title="Special:BookSources/9780195138979"><bdi>9780195138979</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Banderas%2C+Juan+de+la+Cruz&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+American+Indian+History&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pages=655&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780195138979&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Mark+Edwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnativeamericanen0000prit%2Fpage%2F655&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYaqui+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spicer, <i>Cycles of Conquest</i>, p. 64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spicer-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spicer_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spicer_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spicer_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Spicer, <i>Cycles of Conquest</i>, p. 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SDU18601008.2.14&srpos=3&e=--1860---1860--en--20--1--txt-txIN-hermosillo+yaquis-----">"From Sonora: The Correspondent of the <i>Bulietin</i> [Official State newspaper of Sonora]"</a>. <i>Sacramento Daily Union, Volume 20, Number 2974</i>. 8 October 1860<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 3,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sacramento+Daily+Union%2C+Volume+20%2C+Number+2974&rft.atitle=From+Sonora%3A+The+Correspondent+of+the+Bulietin+%5BOfficial+State+newspaper+of+Sonora%5D&rft.date=1860-10-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdnc.ucr.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fcdnc%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3DSDU18601008.2.14%26srpos%3D3%26e%3D--1860---1860--en--20--1--txt-txIN-hermosillo%2Byaquis-----&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYaqui+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spicer, <i>Cycles of Conquest</i>, p. 66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spicer, <i>Cycles of Conquest</i>, p. 67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-manataka-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-manataka_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-manataka_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-manataka_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-manataka_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110929010350/http://www.manataka.org/page129.html">"A Short History of the Yaqui Indians by Edith te Wechel"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manataka.org/page129.html">the original</a> on 2011-09-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-09-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+the+Yaqui+Indians+by+Edith+te+Wechel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manataka.org%2Fpage129.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYaqui+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spicer, <i>Cycles of Conquest</i>, p. 68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Troncoso (<a href="/wiki/Francisco_del_Paso_y_Troncoso" title="Francisco del Paso y Troncoso"><i>Francisco de Borja del Paso y Troncoso</i></a>), pp. 117–24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spicer, <i>Cycles of Conquest</i>, p. 71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. H. Bancroft, <i>History of Mexico</i>, Vol. VI, p. 462. (The History Company, San Francisco, 1888)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Troncoso, pp. 124–29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garcia, pp. 173–76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruiz, pp. 97–117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/urrea-teresa">"TSHA | Urrea, Teresa"</a>. <i>www.tshaonline.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.tshaonline.org&rft.atitle=TSHA+%26%23124%3B+Urrea%2C+Teresa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tshaonline.org%2Fhandbook%2Fentries%2Furrea-teresa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYaqui+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson, pp. 664–65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garza, pp. 40–41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://net.lib.byu.edu/~rdh7/wwi/comment/huachuca/HI1-01.htm">"Huachuca Illustrated, vol 1, 1993: Fort Huachuca: The Traditional Home of the Buffalo Soldier"</a>. <i>net.lib.byu.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=net.lib.byu.edu&rft.atitle=Huachuca+Illustrated%2C+vol+1%2C+1993%3A+Fort+Huachuca%3A+The+Traditional+Home+of+the+Buffalo+Soldier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnet.lib.byu.edu%2F~rdh7%2Fwwi%2Fcomment%2Fhuachuca%2FHI1-01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYaqui+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manuel Balbás, <i>Recuerdos del Yaqui: Principales Episodios Durante la Campaña de 1899 a 1901</i> (Mexico City: Sociedad de Edition y Liberia Franco Americana, 1927) p. 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRummel" class="citation web cs1">Rummel, Rudolph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.TAB11.1.GIF">"Mexican Democide Line 57"</a>. <i>Hawaii.edu Power Kills</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hawaii.edu+Power+Kills&rft.atitle=Mexican+Democide+Line+57&rft.aulast=Rummel&rft.aufirst=Rudolph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hawaii.edu%2Fpowerkills%2FSOD.TAB11.1.GIF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYaqui+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Mexico Troops Capture 415 in War on Yaquis". <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. Los Angeles, California. April 28, 1927. p. A-1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Mexico+Troops+Capture+415+in+War+on+Yaquis&rft.pages=A-1&rft.date=1927-04-28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYaqui+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">El Universal, September 28, 1927</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">El Universal, October 05, 1927</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Surrender Due in Yaqui Strife: Leader Expected to Accept Mexican Terms Today," Los Angeles Times, October 2, 1927.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2199&dat=19270930&id=4vBQAAAAIBAJ&pg=4557,5078147">"Yaqui War Near End: Final Chapter of Century of Strife May be Written with Chief's Surrender"</a>. Lawrence Daily Journal-World. September 30, 1927<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Yaqui+War+Near+End%3A+Final+Chapter+of+Century+of+Strife+May+be+Written+with+Chief%27s+Surrender&rft.date=1927-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D2199%26dat%3D19270930%26id%3D4vBQAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D4557%2C5078147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYaqui+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yaqui_Wars&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcia1981" class="citation book cs1">Garcia, Mario T. (1981). <i>Desert Immigrants: The Mexicans of El Paso, 1880–1920</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-02520-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-02520-0"><bdi>978-0-300-02520-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Desert+Immigrants%3A+The+Mexicans+of+El+Paso%2C+1880%E2%80%931920&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-300-02520-0&rft.aulast=Garcia&rft.aufirst=Mario+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYaqui+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarza1994" class="citation book cs1">Garza, Hedda (1994). <i>Latinas: Hispanic women in the United States</i>. University of New Mexico Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-2360-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-2360-6"><bdi>978-0-8263-2360-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latinas%3A+Hispanic+women+in+the+United+States&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8263-2360-6&rft.aulast=Garza&rft.aufirst=Hedda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYaqui+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonClarence_A._Bickford1896" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Alfred S.; Clarence A. Bickford (1896). <i>The Cyclopedic review of current history, Volume 6</i>. Garretson, Cox & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cyclopedic+review+of+current+history%2C+Volume+6&rft.pub=Garretson%2C+Cox+%26+Co&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Alfred+S.&rft.au=Clarence+A.+Bickford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYaqui+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuizVirginia_Sánchez_Korrol2005" class="citation book cs1">Ruiz, Vicki; Virginia Sánchez Korrol (2005). <i>Latina legacies: identity, biography, and community</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515399-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515399-6"><bdi>978-0-19-515399-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latina+legacies%3A+identity%2C+biography%2C+and+community&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-515399-6&rft.aulast=Ruiz&rft.aufirst=Vicki&rft.au=Virginia+S%C3%A1nchez+Korrol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYaqui+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Taibo II, P. I. (2013). <i>Yaquis: Historia de una guerra popular y de un genocidio en México</i>. Grupo Planeta Spain.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTroncoso1905" class="citation book cs1">Troncoso, Francisco P. (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdigital.dgb.uanl.mx/la/1080012546/1080012546.html"><i>Las guerras con las Tribus Yaqui y Mayo del estado de Sonora, Mexico</i></a>. Mexico: Tipografia del departamento de estado mayor.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Las+guerras+con+las+Tribus+Yaqui+y+Mayo+del+estado+de+Sonora%2C+Mexico&rft.place=Mexico&rft.pub=Tipografia+del+departamento+de+estado+mayor.&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Troncoso&rft.aufirst=Francisco+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdigital.dgb.uanl.mx%2Fla%2F1080012546%2F1080012546.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYaqui+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yaqui_Wars&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" 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America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Executive_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Executive Power">Supreme Executive Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Republic" title="First Mexican Republic">First Mexican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_attempts_to_reconquer_Mexico" title="Spanish attempts to reconquer Mexico">Spanish reconquest attempts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centralist_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Centralist Republic of Mexico">Centralist Republic of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Texas Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastry_War" title="Pastry War">Pastry War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Federal_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Second Federal Republic of Mexico">Second Mexican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Reforma" title="La Reforma">La Reforma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico" title="Second French intervention in Mexico">Second French intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second Mexican Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restored_Republic_(Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restored Republic (Mexico)">Restored Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_War_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Caste War of Yucatán">Caste War</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yaqui Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porfiriato" title="Porfiriato">Porfiriato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_the_Mexican_Revolution" title="United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution">Second American intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristero_War" title="Cristero War">Cristero War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximato" title="Maximato">Maximato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_Revolutionary_Party" title="Institutional Revolutionary Party">Institutional Revolutionary Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_miracle" title="Mexican miracle">Mexican miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_D%C3%A9cada_Perdida" class="mw-redirect" title="La Década Perdida">Lost Decade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_peso_crisis" title="Mexican peso crisis">Peso crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiapas_conflict" title="Chiapas conflict">Chiapas conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_drug_war" title="Mexican drug war">War on drugs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mexico" title="Geography of Mexico">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_Mexico" title="Borders of Mexico">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Mexico" title="List of cities in Mexico">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Mexico" title="Climate of Mexico">Climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Mexico" title="Climate change in Mexico">Climate change</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Mexico" title="List of earthquakes in Mexico">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Mexico">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="List of extreme points of Mexico">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_Mexico" title="Forests of Mexico">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Mexico" title="List of islands of Mexico">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Mexico" title="List of lakes of Mexico">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_areas_of_Mexico" title="Metropolitan areas of Mexico">Metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_Mexico" title="List of mountain peaks of Mexico">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_natural_areas_of_Mexico" title="Protected natural areas of Mexico">Protected natural areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Mexico" title="List of rivers of Mexico">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_of_Mexico" title="List of states of Mexico">States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Mexico" title="Municipalities of Mexico">Municipalities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_Mexico" title="Territories of Mexico">Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Mexico" title="Territorial evolution of Mexico">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Mexico" title="Time in Mexico">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_tropical_cyclone_rainfall_climatology" title="Mexico tropical cyclone rainfall climatology">Tropical cyclone rainfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Mexico" title="List of volcanoes in Mexico">Volcanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Water resources in Mexico">Water resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Mexico" title="Wildlife of Mexico">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mexico" title="Politics of Mexico">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Mexico" title="Administrative divisions of Mexico">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Union" title="Congress of the Union">Congress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Republic_(Mexico)" title="Senate of the Republic (Mexico)">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Mexico)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)">Chamber of Deputies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Mexico" title="Constitution of Mexico">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Mexico" title="Elections in Mexico">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_Mexico" title="Federal government of Mexico">Federal government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Mexico" title="Foreign relations of Mexico">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Armed_Forces" title="Mexican Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Mexico" title="List of political parties in Mexico">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Mexico" title="Cabinet of Mexico">Cabinet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_state_legislatures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Mexican state legislatures">State legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Justice_of_the_Nation" title="Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation">Supreme Court</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Mexico" title="Law of Mexico">Law</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Mexico" title="Abortion in Mexico">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent_in_Mexico" title="Age of consent in Mexico">Age of consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Mexico" title="Human rights in Mexico">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Mexico" title="Intersex rights in Mexico">Intersex rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Mexico" title="Law enforcement in Mexico">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Mexico">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Mexico" title="Same-sex marriage in Mexico">Same-sex marriage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mexico" title="Economy of Mexico">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Mexico" title="Agriculture in Mexico">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Mexico" title="Automotive industry in Mexico">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico" title="Bank of Mexico">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Mexico" title="List of companies of Mexico">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Mexico" title="Economic history of Mexico">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Mexico" title="Energy in Mexico">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Mexico" title="Renewable energy in Mexico">Renewable energy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolsa_Institucional_de_Valores" title="Bolsa Institucional de Valores">Institutional stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation_in_Mexico" title="Irrigation in Mexico">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_labor_law" title="Mexican labor law">Labor law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_Mexico" title="Land reform in Mexico">Land reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Mexico" title="Manufacturing in Mexico">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Stock_Exchange" title="Mexican Stock Exchange">National stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Mexico" title="Oil reserves in Mexico">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_Pension_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico Pension Plan">Pension system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_peso" title="Mexican peso">Peso <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Mexico" title="Petroleum industry in Mexico">Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Mexico" title="History of science and technology in Mexico">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_states_by_GDP" title="List of Mexican states by GDP">States by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_states_by_unemployment" title="List of Mexican states by unemployment">States by unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Mexico">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Mexico" title="Tourism in Mexico">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Mexico" title="Transportation in Mexico">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity_in_Mexico" title="Water scarcity in Mexico">Water scarcity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Mexico" title="Category:Society of Mexico">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Mexico" title="Corruption in Mexico">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Mexico" title="Censorship in Mexico">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Mexico" title="Crime in Mexico">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Mexico" title="Demographics of Mexico">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Mexico" title="Education in Mexico">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_flags" title="List of Mexican flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Mexico" title="Healthcare in Mexico">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Mexico" title="Immigration to Mexico">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_states_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Mexican states by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_nationality_law" title="Mexican nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexicans" title="Mexicans">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" title="Indigenous peoples of Mexico">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mexico" title="Women in Mexico">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Mexico" title="Poverty in Mexico">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Mexico" title="Public holidays in Mexico">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_states_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Mexican states by Human Development Index">States by HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Mexico" title="Smoking in Mexico"> Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Mexico" title="Water supply and sanitation in Mexico">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oportunidades" title="Oportunidades">Welfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Mexico" title="Culture of Mexico">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Mexico" title="Architecture of Mexico">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_art" title="Mexican art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Mexico" title="Cinema of Mexico">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_cuisine" title="Mexican cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_wine" title="Mexican wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folktales_of_Mexico" title="Folktales of Mexico">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_handcrafts_and_folk_art" title="Mexican handcrafts and folk art">Handcrafts and folk art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mexico" title="Languages of Mexico">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_literature" title="Mexican literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Monuments_of_Mexico" title="National Monuments of Mexico">Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mexico" title="Music of Mexico">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Mexico" title="National symbols of Mexico">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_Mexico" title="Radio in Mexico">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mexico" title="Religion in Mexico">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Our Lady of Guadalupe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Mexico" title="Sport in Mexico">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Mexico" title="Television in Mexico">Television</a></li> <li><a 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