CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Mediterranean basin - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"ff0a2997-45c8-4aad-91d2-6c5580ca0b20","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Mediterranean_basin","wgTitle":"Mediterranean basin","wgCurRevisionId":1268772854,"wgRevisionId":1268772854,"wgArticleId":2454408,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles needing additional references from October 2013","All articles needing additional references","All accuracy disputes","Articles with disputed statements from February 2016","Commons category link is locally defined","CS1 errors: periodical ignored","Mediterranean basin","Drainage basins of the Mediterranean Sea","Environment of the Mediterranean", "Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub","Palearctic realm","Palearctic ecoregions","Natural history of Europe","Levant","Floristic regions","Regions of Europe","Geography of North Africa","Geography of Europe","Geography of West Asia","Geography of the Middle East","Regions of Africa"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Mediterranean_basin","wgRelevantArticleId":2454408,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Mediterranean_Basin","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby": true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Mediterranean_basin","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q72499","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready", "jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.13"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mediterranean_Basin_Hotspot_2005_Print.tif/lossy-page1-1200px-Mediterranean_Basin_Hotspot_2005_Print.tif.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="687"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mediterranean_Basin_Hotspot_2005_Print.tif/lossy-page1-800px-Mediterranean_Basin_Hotspot_2005_Print.tif.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="458"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mediterranean_Basin_Hotspot_2005_Print.tif/lossy-page1-640px-Mediterranean_Basin_Hotspot_2005_Print.tif.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="366"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Mediterranean basin - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_basin"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_basin&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_basin"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Mediterranean_basin rootpage-Mediterranean_basin skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Mediterranean+basin" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Mediterranean+basin" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Mediterranean+basin" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Mediterranean+basin" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geology_and_paleoclimatology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology_and_paleoclimatology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geology and paleoclimatology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology_and_paleoclimatology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Flora and fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecoregions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecoregions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ecoregions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecoregions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mediterranean basin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 64 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittelmeerraum" title="Mittelmeerraum – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Mittelmeerraum" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7" title="حوض البحر الأبيض المتوسط – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حوض البحر الأبيض المتوسط" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuenca_del_Mediterraneu" title="Cuenca del Mediterraneu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cuenca del Mediterraneu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aral%C4%B1q_d%C9%99nizi_h%C3%B6vz%C9%99si" title="Aralıq dənizi hövzəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aralıq dənizi hövzəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%93-tiong-h%C3%A1i_i%C3%A2n-ho%C4%81%E2%81%BF" title="Tē-tiong-hái iân-hoāⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tē-tiong-hái iân-hoāⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%E2%80%99%D0%B5" title="Міжземнамор’е – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Міжземнамор’е" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%E2%80%99%D0%B5" title="Міжземнамор’е – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Міжземнамор’е" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="भूमध्य बेसिन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="भूमध्य बेसिन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Средиземноморие – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Средиземноморие" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sredozemlje" title="Sredozemlje – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sredozemlje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conca_del_Mediterrani" title="Conca del Mediterrani – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Conca del Mediterrani" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C5%99edomo%C5%99%C3%AD" title="Středomoří – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Středomoří" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middelhavslandene" title="Middelhavslandene – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Middelhavslandene" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittelmeerraum" title="Mittelmeerraum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mittelmeerraum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahemere_piirkond" title="Vahemere piirkond – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vahemere piirkond" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B5%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Λεκάνη της Μεσογείου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λεκάνη της Μεσογείου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuenca_del_Mediterr%C3%A1neo" title="Cuenca del Mediterráneo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cuenca del Mediterráneo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediteranea_regiono" title="Mediteranea regiono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mediteranea regiono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterraneoko_arroa" title="Mediterraneoko arroa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mediterraneoko arroa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B6%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87" title="حوضه مدیترانه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حوضه مدیترانه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C3%B0jar%C3%B0arhavslondini" title="Miðjarðarhavslondini – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Miðjarðarhavslondini" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassin_m%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9en" title="Bassin méditerranéen – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bassin méditerranéen" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conca_do_Mediterr%C3%A1neo" title="Conca do Mediterráneo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Conca do Mediterráneo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EC%A4%91%ED%95%B4_%EB%B6%84%EC%A7%80" title="지중해 분지 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지중해 분지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="भूमध्य द्रोणी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भूमध्य द्रोणी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sredozemlje" title="Sredozemlje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sredozemlje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesisir_Laut_Tengah" title="Pesisir Laut Tengah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pesisir Laut Tengah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%C3%A6%D1%85%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%C3%A6%D1%83%D1%8B_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%8B_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Зæххастæуы денджызы регион – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Зæххастæуы денджызы регион" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacino_del_Mediterraneo" title="Bacino del Mediterraneo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bacino del Mediterraneo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%92%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9F" title="אגן הים התיכון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אגן הים התיכון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%A6%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ხმელთაშუაზღვისპირეთი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ხმელთაშუაზღვისპირეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BA_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8B" title="Жер ортолук деңиз аймагы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жер ортолук деңиз аймагы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basin_mediteraneo" title="Basin mediteraneo – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Basin mediteraneo" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterr%C3%A1n_fl%C3%B3rater%C3%BClet" title="Mediterrán flóraterület – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mediterrán flóraterület" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7" title="منطقة حوض البحر المتوسط – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="منطقة حوض البحر المتوسط" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lembangan_Mediterranean" title="Lembangan Mediterranean – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lembangan Mediterranean" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middellandse_Zeegebied" title="Middellandse Zeegebied – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Middellandse Zeegebied" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7%E7%9B%86%E5%9C%B0" title="地中海盆地 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="地中海盆地" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacino_d%22o_Mediterraneo" title="Bacino d"o Mediterraneo – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Bacino d"o Mediterraneo" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middelhavslandene" title="Middelhavslandene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Middelhavslandene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middelhavsland" title="Middelhavsland – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Middelhavsland" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacin_Mediterran%C3%A8u" title="Bacin Mediterranèu – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bacin Mediterranèu" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%CA%BBrta_dengizbo%CA%BByi_o%CA%BBlkasi" title="Oʻrta dengizboʻyi oʻlkasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Oʻrta dengizboʻyi oʻlkasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strefa_%C5%9Br%C3%B3dziemnomorska" title="Strefa śródziemnomorska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Strefa śródziemnomorska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacia_do_Mediterr%C3%A2neo" title="Bacia do Mediterrâneo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bacia do Mediterrâneo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_mediteran%C4%83" title="Zona mediterană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Zona mediterană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F" title="Середоморя – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Середоморя" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5" title="Средиземноморье – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Средиземноморье" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_region" title="Mediterranean region – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mediterranean region" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stredomorie_(Stredozemn%C3%A9_more)" title="Stredomorie (Stredozemné more) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Stredomorie (Stredozemné more)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sredozemlje" title="Sredozemlje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sredozemlje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%99%D0%B5" title="Средоземље – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Средоземље" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sredozemlje" title="Sredozemlje – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sredozemlje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4limeren_alue" title="Välimeren alue – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Välimeren alue" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medelhavsland" title="Medelhavsland – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Medelhavsland" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehiyon_ng_Mediteraneo" title="Rehiyon ng Mediteraneo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Rehiyon ng Mediteraneo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="மத்தியதரைக் கடல் பிராந்தியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மத்தியதரைக் கடல் பிராந்தியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D2%A3%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Урта диңгез буйлары – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Урта диңгез буйлары" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99" title="บริเวณเมดิเตอร์เรเนียน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บริเวณเมดิเตอร์เรเนียน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akdeniz_Havzas%C4%B1" title="Akdeniz Havzası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Akdeniz Havzası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%27%D1%8F" title="Середземномор'я – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Середземномор'я" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%81_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="بحیرہ روم طاس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بحیرہ روم طاس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7%E7%9B%86%E5%9C%B0" title="地中海盆地 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="地中海盆地" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7%E7%9B%86%E5%9C%B0" title="地中海盆地 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="地中海盆地" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q72499#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Mediterranean_basin" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_basin&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_basin&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_basin&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_basin&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Mediterranean_basin" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Mediterranean_basin" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_basin&oldid=1268772854" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_basin&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Mediterranean_basin&id=1268772854&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMediterranean_basin"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMediterranean_basin"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Mediterranean_basin&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_basin&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mediterranean_Sea_Basin" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q72499" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_Basin&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean Basin</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Region of lands around the Mediterranean Sea that have a Mediterranean climate</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Mediterranean region" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_region_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Mediterranean region (disambiguation)">Mediterranean region (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the drainage basin of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea#Hydrography" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Mediterranean_basin" title="Special:EditPage/Mediterranean basin">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Mediterranean+basin%22">"Mediterranean basin"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Mediterranean+basin%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Mediterranean+basin%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Mediterranean+basin%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Mediterranean+basin%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Mediterranean+basin%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mediterranean_Basin_Hotspot_2005_Print.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mediterranean_Basin_Hotspot_2005_Print.tif/lossy-page1-350px-Mediterranean_Basin_Hotspot_2005_Print.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mediterranean_Basin_Hotspot_2005_Print.tif/lossy-page1-525px-Mediterranean_Basin_Hotspot_2005_Print.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mediterranean_Basin_Hotspot_2005_Print.tif/lossy-page1-700px-Mediterranean_Basin_Hotspot_2005_Print.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="458" /></a><figcaption>Physical and political map of the Mediterranean basin</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">biogeography</a>, the <b>Mediterranean basin</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">MED</span>-ih-tə-<span style="font-size:90%">RAY</span>-nee-ən</i></a>), also known as the <b>Mediterranean region</b> or sometimes <b>Mediterranea</b>, is the region of lands around the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> that have mostly a <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a>, with mild to cool, rainy <a href="/wiki/Winter" title="Winter">winters</a> and warm to hot, dry <a href="/wiki/Summer" title="Summer">summers</a>, which supports characteristic <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_forests,_woodlands,_and_scrub" title="Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub">Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub</a> vegetation. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_basin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen_World_Map_(Mediterranean_Sea_area_only).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Koppen_World_Map_%28Mediterranean_Sea_area_only%29.png/350px-Koppen_World_Map_%28Mediterranean_Sea_area_only%29.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Koppen_World_Map_%28Mediterranean_Sea_area_only%29.png/525px-Koppen_World_Map_%28Mediterranean_Sea_area_only%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Koppen_World_Map_%28Mediterranean_Sea_area_only%29.png/700px-Koppen_World_Map_%28Mediterranean_Sea_area_only%29.png 2x" data-file-width="769" data-file-height="260" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen–Geiger</a>-based map of the areas surrounding the Mediterranean Sea. Based on the work of M. C. Peel, B. L. Finlayson and T. A. McMahon at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Melbourne" title="University of Melbourne">University of Melbourne</a>. For a full legend, see <i><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:K%C3%B6ppen-Geiger_legend" class="extiw" title="commons:Template:Köppen-Geiger legend">Legend of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification</a></i> on the Wikimedia Commons. <hr /> <span style="display:inline-block;width:10em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FE0000; color:black;"> </span> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FE9695; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Desert_climate" title="Desert climate">Desert climate</a></span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid transparent;"> </span> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F5A301; color:black;"> </span> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFDB63; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">Semi-arid climate</a></span><br /> <span style="display:inline-block;width:10em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFFF00; color:black;"> </span> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C6C700; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a></span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid transparent;"> </span> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C6FF4E; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">Humid subtropical climate</a></span><br /> <span style="display:inline-block;width:10em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#66FF33; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">Oceanic climate</a></span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00FFFF; color:black;"> </span> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#38C7FF; color:black;"> </span> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF00FE; color:black;"> </span> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C600C7; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">Humid continental climate</a></span><br /> <span style="display:inline-block;width:10em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#007E7D; color:white;"> </span> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#963295; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Subarctic_climate" title="Subarctic climate">Subarctic climate</a></span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#B2B2B2; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">Tundra</a></span><br /> </figcaption></figure> <p>The Mediterranean basin covers portions of three continents: <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. It is distinct from the <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basin</a>, which extends much further south and north due to major rivers ending in the Mediterranean Sea, such as the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Rhône">Rhône</a>. Conversely, the Mediterranean basin includes regions not in the drainage basin (<a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>). </p><p>It has a varied and contrasting topography. The Mediterranean region offers an ever-changing landscape of high mountains, rocky shores, impenetrable scrub, semi-arid steppes, coastal wetlands, sandy beaches and a myriad of islands of various shapes and sizes dotted amidst the clear blue sea. Contrary to the classic sandy beach images portrayed in most tourist brochures, the Mediterranean is surprisingly hilly. Mountains can be seen from almost anywhere.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By definition, the Mediterranean basin extends from <a href="/wiki/Macaronesia" title="Macaronesia">Macaronesia</a> in the west, to the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> in the east, although some places may or may not be included depending on the view, as is the case with Macaronesia: some definitions only include the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others include the whole Macaronesia (with the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The northern portion of the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> region of north-western Africa has a Mediterranean climate, separated from the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara Desert</a>, which extends across <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, by the <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Mountains" title="Atlas Mountains">Atlas Mountains</a>. In the eastern Mediterranean the Sahara extends to the southern shore of the Mediterranean, with the exception of the northern fringe of the peninsula of <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a> in <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, which has a dry Mediterranean climate. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>, it covers the western and southern portions of the <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolian Peninsula</a>, as far as <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but excluding the temperate-climate mountains of central Turkey. It includes the Mediterranean <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> at the eastern end of the Mediterranean, bounded on the east and south by the <a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian</a> deserts. </p><p>Europe lies to the north of the Mediterranean. The European portion of the Mediterranean basin loosely corresponds to <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern Europe</a>. The three large Southern European peninsulas, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_peninsula" title="Italian peninsula">Apennine Peninsula</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan Peninsula</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>, extend into and comprise much of the Mediterranean-climate zone. A system of folded mountains, including the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a> dividing <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> from <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> dividing <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> from <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dinaric_Alps" title="Dinaric Alps">Dinaric Alps</a> along the eastern <a href="/wiki/Adriatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Adriatic">Adriatic</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Mountains" title="Balkan Mountains">Balkan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rila" title="Rila">Rila</a>-<a href="/wiki/Rhodope_Mountains" title="Rhodope Mountains">Rhodope</a> mountains of the Balkan Peninsula divide the Mediterranean from the temperate climate regions of <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">North-western</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western</a> Europe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology_and_paleoclimatology">Geology and paleoclimatology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_basin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geology and paleoclimatology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Mediterranean basin was shaped by the ancient collision of the northward-moving African–Arabian continent with the stable Eurasian continent. As Africa–Arabia moved north, it closed the former <a href="/wiki/Tethys_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Tethys Sea">Tethys Sea</a>, which formerly separated Eurasia from the ancient super continent of <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a>, of which Africa was part. At about the same time, 170 mya in the <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> period, a small Neotethys ocean basin formed shortly before the Tethys Sea was closed at the eastern end. The collision pushed up a vast system of mountains, extending from the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a> in Spain to the <a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. This episode of mountain building, known as the <a href="/wiki/Alpine_orogeny" title="Alpine orogeny">Alpine orogeny</a>, occurred mostly during the <a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene</a> (34 to 23 million years ago (<a href="/wiki/Mya_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mya (unit)">mya</a>)) and <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> (23 to 5.3 mya) epochs. The Neotethys became larger during these collisions and associated folding and subduction. </p><p>About 6 mya during the late Miocene, the Mediterranean was closed at its western end by drifting Africa, which caused the entire sea to evaporate. There followed several (debated) episodes of sea drawdown and re-flooding known as the <a href="/wiki/Messinian_Salinity_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Messinian Salinity Crisis">Messinian Salinity Crisis</a>, which ended when the Atlantic last re-flooded the basin at the end of the Miocene.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent research has suggested that a desiccation-flooding cycle may have repeated several times <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during the last 630,000 years of the Miocene epoch, which could explain several events of large amounts of salt deposition. Recent studies, however, show that repeated desiccation and re-flooding is unlikely from a <a href="/wiki/Geodynamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Geodynamic">geodynamic</a> point of view.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GCV_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GCV-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The end of the Miocene also marked a change in the Mediterranean basin's climate. Fossil evidence shows that the Mediterranean basin had a relatively humid subtropical climate with summer rainfall during the Miocene, which supported <a href="/wiki/Laurel_forest" title="Laurel forest">laurel forests</a>. The shift to a Mediterranean climate occurred within the last 3.2–2.8 million years, during the <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a> epoch, as summer rainfall decreased. The subtropical laurel forests retreated, although they persisted on the islands of <a href="/wiki/Macaronesia" title="Macaronesia">Macaronesia</a> off the Atlantic coast of Iberia and North Africa, and the present Mediterranean vegetation evolved, dominated by coniferous trees and <a href="/wiki/Sclerophyllous" class="mw-redirect" title="Sclerophyllous">sclerophyllous</a> trees and shrubs, with small, hard, waxy leaves that prevent moisture loss in the dry summers. Much of these forests and shrublands have been altered beyond recognition by thousands of years of human habitation. There are now very few relatively intact natural areas in what was once a heavily wooded region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_basin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Flora and fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Environment_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Category:Environment of the Mediterranean">Category:Environment of the Mediterranean</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Phytogeography" title="Phytogeography">Phytogeographically</a>, the Mediterranean basin together with the nearby Atlantic coast, the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_woodlands_and_forests" title="Mediterranean woodlands and forests">Mediterranean woodlands and forests</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_dry_woodlands_and_steppe" title="Mediterranean dry woodlands and steppe">Mediterranean dry woodlands and steppe</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> coast of northeastern <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, the southern coast of <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> between <a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feodosiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Feodosiya">Feodosiya</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> and the Black Sea coast between <a href="/wiki/Anapa" title="Anapa">Anapa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuapse" title="Tuapse">Tuapse</a> in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> forms the <i>Mediterranean floristic region</i>, which belongs to the Tethyan Subkingdom of the <a href="/wiki/Boreal_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Boreal Kingdom">Boreal Kingdom</a> and is enclosed between the <a href="/wiki/Circumboreal_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumboreal region">Circumboreal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irano-Turanian_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Irano-Turanian region">Irano-Turanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saharo-Arabian_region" title="Saharo-Arabian region">Saharo-Arabian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macaronesian_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Macaronesian region">Macaronesian</a> <a href="/wiki/Phytochorion" title="Phytochorion">floristic regions</a>. </p><p>The Mediterranean region was first proposed by German botanist <a href="/wiki/August_Grisebach" title="August Grisebach">August Grisebach</a> in the late 19th century. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Monotypic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotypic">monotypic</a> <a href="/wiki/Drosophyllaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Drosophyllaceae">Drosophyllaceae</a>, recently segregated from <a href="/wiki/Droseraceae" title="Droseraceae">Droseraceae</a>, is the only plant family <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> to the region. Among the endemic plant genera are:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (February 2016)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Mediterranean_basin#Dubious" title="Talk:Mediterranean basin">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 14em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anagyris" title="Anagyris">Anagyris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Andryala" title="Andryala">Andryala</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aphyllanthes" title="Aphyllanthes">Aphyllanthes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Argania" class="mw-redirect" title="Argania">Argania</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Argantoniella" class="mw-redirect" title="Argantoniella">Argantoniella</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bellardia_trixago" title="Bellardia trixago">Bellardia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Biserrula" title="Biserrula">Biserrula</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bivonaea" title="Bivonaea">Bivonaea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bolanthus" title="Bolanthus">Bolanthus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boleum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boleum (page does not exist)">Boleum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Callicotome&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Callicotome (page does not exist)">Callicotome</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ceratocapnos" title="Ceratocapnos">Ceratocapnos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ceratonia" title="Ceratonia">Ceratonia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chamaerops" title="Chamaerops">Chamaerops</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chronanthus" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronanthus">Chronanthus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cladanthus" title="Cladanthus">Cladanthus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coridothymus" class="mw-redirect" title="Coridothymus">Coridothymus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Didesmus" title="Didesmus">Didesmus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorystoechas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dorystoechas (page does not exist)">Dorystoechas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Drosophyllum" title="Drosophyllum">Drosophyllum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euzomodendron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Euzomodendron (page does not exist)">Euzomodendron</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Fedia">Fedia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guiraoa" title="Guiraoa">Guiraoa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gyrocarion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gyrocarion (page does not exist)">Gyrocarion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Helicodiceros" title="Helicodiceros">Helicodiceros</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hermodactylus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermodactylus">Hermodactylus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hutera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hutera (page does not exist)">Hutera</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hymenocarpus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hymenocarpus (page does not exist)">Hymenocarpus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ionopsidium" title="Ionopsidium">Ionopsidium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lafuentea" title="Lafuentea">Lafuentea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lagoecia" title="Lagoecia">Lagoecia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leuzea" class="mw-redirect" title="Leuzea">Leuzea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lycocarpus" title="Lycocarpus">Lycocarpus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malope" title="Malope">Malope</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Morisia" title="Morisia">Morisia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ortegia" title="Ortegia">Ortegia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Petromarula" title="Petromarula">Petromarula</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phillyrea" title="Phillyrea">Phillyrea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Preslia" title="Preslia">Preslia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Putoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Putoria">Putoria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rothmaleria" title="Rothmaleria">Rothmaleria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosmarinus" title="Rosmarinus">Rosmarinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rupicapnos" title="Rupicapnos">Rupicapnos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Santolina" title="Santolina">Santolina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Staehelina" title="Staehelina">Staehelina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Soleirolia" title="Soleirolia">Soleirolia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spartium" title="Spartium">Spartium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tetraclinis" title="Tetraclinis">Tetraclinis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trachelium_(plant)" title="Trachelium (plant)">Trachelium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tremastelma" class="mw-redirect" title="Tremastelma">Tremastelma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Triplachne" title="Triplachne">Triplachne</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vella_(plant)" title="Vella (plant)">Vella</a></i></li></ul> </div> <p>The genera <i><a href="/wiki/Aubrieta" title="Aubrieta">Aubrieta</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sesamoides" title="Sesamoides">Sesamoides</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cynara" title="Cynara">Cynara</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dracunculus_(plant)" title="Dracunculus (plant)">Dracunculus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Arisarum" title="Arisarum">Arisarum</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Biarum" title="Biarum">Biarum</a></i> are nearly endemic. Among the endemic species prominent in the Mediterranean vegetation are the <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleppo pine">Aleppo pine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stone_pine" title="Stone pine">stone pine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_cypress" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean cypress">Mediterranean cypress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bay_laurel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay laurel">bay laurel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oriental_sweetgum" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental sweetgum">Oriental sweetgum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quercus_ilex" title="Quercus ilex">holm oak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kermes_oak" class="mw-redirect" title="Kermes oak">kermes oak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arbutus_unedo" title="Arbutus unedo">strawberry tree</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_strawberry_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek strawberry tree">Greek strawberry tree</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pistacia_lentiscus" title="Pistacia lentiscus">mastic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terebinth" class="mw-redirect" title="Terebinth">terebinth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_myrtle" class="mw-redirect" title="Common myrtle">common myrtle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oleander" class="mw-redirect" title="Oleander">oleander</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Acanthus_mollis" title="Acanthus mollis">Acanthus mollis</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Vitex_agnus-castus" title="Vitex agnus-castus">Vitex agnus-castus</a></i>. Moreover, many plant <a href="/wiki/Taxa" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxa">taxa</a> are shared with one of the four neighboring floristic regions only. According to different versions of <a href="/wiki/Armen_Takhtajan" title="Armen Takhtajan">Armen Takhtajan</a>'s delineation, the Mediterranean region is further subdivided into seven to nine <a href="/wiki/Floristic_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Floristic province">floristic provinces</a>: Southwestern Mediterranean (or Southern Moroccan and Southwestern Mediterranean), Ibero-Balearian (or Iberian and Balearian), Liguro-Tyrrhenian, Adriatic, <a href="/wiki/East_Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="East Mediterranean">East Mediterranean</a>, South Mediterranean and Crimeo-Novorossiysk.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mediterranean basin is the largest of the world's five <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_forests,_woodlands,_and_scrub" title="Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub">Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub</a> regions. It is home to a number of plant communities, which vary with rainfall, elevation, latitude, and soil. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scrubland" class="mw-redirect" title="Scrubland">Scrublands</a> occur in the driest areas, especially areas near the seacoast where wind and salt spray are frequent. Low, soft-leaved scrublands around the Mediterranean are known as <i>garrigar</i> in <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Garrigue" title="Garrigue">garrigue</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <i>phrygana</i> in <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, <i>tomillares</i> in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, and <i>batha</i> in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrubland" title="Shrubland">Shrublands</a> are dense thickets of evergreen sclerophyll <a href="/wiki/Shrubs" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrubs">shrubs</a> and small trees and are the most common plant community around the Mediterranean. Mediterranean shrublands are known as <i><a href="/wiki/Maquis_shrubland" title="Maquis shrubland">màquia</a></i> in Catalan, <i><a href="/wiki/Macchia" class="mw-redirect" title="Macchia">macchia</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Maquis_shrubland" title="Maquis shrubland">maquis</a></i> in French, and "<a href="/wiki/Matorral" title="Matorral">matorral</a>" in Spanish. In some places, shrublands are the mature vegetation type, and in other places the result of the degradation of former forest or woodland by logging or <a href="/wiki/Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">overgrazing</a>, or disturbance by major fires.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">Savannas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grasslands</a> occur around the Mediterranean, usually dominated by annual <a href="/wiki/Grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Grass">grasses</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodland" title="Woodland">Woodlands</a> are usually dominated by <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a>, mixed with other sclerophyll and coniferous trees.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">Forests</a> are distinct from woodlands in having a closed canopy, and occur in the areas of highest rainfall and in <a href="/wiki/Riparian" class="mw-redirect" title="Riparian">riparian</a> zones along rivers and streams where they receive summer water. Mediterranean forests are generally composed of evergreen trees, predominantly oak and pine. At higher elevations Mediterranean forests transition to mixed broadleaf and tall conifer forests similar to temperate zone forests.</li></ul> <p>The Mediterranean basin is home to considerable <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>, including 22,500 <a href="/wiki/Endemic_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic (ecology)">endemic</a> <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">vascular plant</a> <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>. <a href="/wiki/Conservation_International" title="Conservation International">Conservation International</a> designates the region as a <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_hotspot" title="Biodiversity hotspot">biodiversity hotspot</a>, because of its rich biodiversity and its threatened status. The Mediterranean basin has an area of 2,085,292 km<sup>2</sup>, of which only 98,009 km<sup>2</sup> remains undisturbed. </p><p>Endangered <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> of the Mediterranean basin include the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_monk_seal" title="Mediterranean monk seal">Mediterranean monk seal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Barbary_macaque" title="Barbary macaque">Barbary macaque</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_lynx" title="Iberian lynx">Iberian lynx</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecoregions">Ecoregions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_basin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ecoregions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The WWF identifies 22 <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_forests,_woodlands,_and_scrub" title="Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub">Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub</a> ecoregions in the Mediterranean basin, most of which featuring <a href="/wiki/Sclerophyll" title="Sclerophyll">sclerophyll</a> plant species: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_and_Western_Turkey_sclerophyllous_and_mixed_forests" title="Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests">Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_conifer_and_deciduous_mixed_forests" title="Anatolian conifer and deciduous mixed forests">Anatolian conifer and deciduous mixed forests</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands_dry_woodlands_and_forests" title="Canary Islands dry woodlands and forests">Canary Islands dry woodlands and forests</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_montane_broadleaf_and_mixed_forests" title="Corsican montane broadleaf and mixed forests">Corsican montane broadleaf and mixed forests</a> (<a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crete_Mediterranean_forests" title="Crete Mediterranean forests">Crete Mediterranean forests</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Mediterranean_forests" title="Cyprus Mediterranean forests">Cyprus Mediterranean forests</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean_conifer%E2%80%93sclerophyllous%E2%80%93broadleaf_forests" title="Eastern Mediterranean conifer–sclerophyllous–broadleaf forests">Eastern Mediterranean conifer–sclerophyllous–broadleaf forests</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_conifer_forests" title="Iberian conifer forests">Iberian conifer forests</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_sclerophyllous_and_semi-deciduous_forests" title="Iberian sclerophyllous and semi-deciduous forests">Iberian sclerophyllous and semi-deciduous forests</a> (<a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_deciduous_forests" title="Illyrian deciduous forests">Illyrian deciduous forests</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_sclerophyllous_and_semi-deciduous_forests" title="Italian sclerophyllous and semi-deciduous forests">Italian sclerophyllous and semi-deciduous forests</a> (<a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_acacia%E2%80%93argania_dry_woodlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean acacia–argania dry woodlands">Mediterranean acacia–argania dry woodlands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_dry_woodlands_and_steppe" title="Mediterranean dry woodlands and steppe">Mediterranean dry woodlands and steppe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_woodlands_and_forests" title="Mediterranean woodlands and forests">Mediterranean woodlands and forests</a> (<a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Spain_and_Southern_France_Mediterranean_forests" title="Northeastern Spain and Southern France Mediterranean forests">Northeastern Spain and Southern France Mediterranean forests</a> (<a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Iberian_montane_forests" title="Northwest Iberian montane forests">Northwest Iberian montane forests</a> (<a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindus_Mountains_mixed_forests" title="Pindus Mountains mixed forests">Pindus Mountains mixed forests</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Apennine_mixed_montane_forests" title="South Apennine mixed montane forests">South Apennine mixed montane forests</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Iberian_shrubs_and_woodlands" title="Southeastern Iberian shrubs and woodlands">Southeastern Iberian shrubs and woodlands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Anatolian_montane_conifer_and_deciduous_forests" title="Southern Anatolian montane conifer and deciduous forests">Southern Anatolian montane conifer and deciduous forests</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Iberian_Mediterranean_sclerophyllous_and_mixed_forests" title="Southwest Iberian Mediterranean sclerophyllous and mixed forests">Southwest Iberian Mediterranean sclerophyllous and mixed forests</a> (<a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian%E2%80%93Adriatic_sclerophyllous_and_mixed_forests" title="Tyrrhenian–Adriatic sclerophyllous and mixed forests">Tyrrhenian–Adriatic sclerophyllous and mixed forests</a> (<a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>)</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mediterranean_forests,_woodlands,_and_scrub_(Palearctic).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Mediterranean_forests%2C_woodlands%2C_and_scrub_%28Palearctic%29.svg/600px-Mediterranean_forests%2C_woodlands%2C_and_scrub_%28Palearctic%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Mediterranean_forests%2C_woodlands%2C_and_scrub_%28Palearctic%29.svg/900px-Mediterranean_forests%2C_woodlands%2C_and_scrub_%28Palearctic%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Mediterranean_forests%2C_woodlands%2C_and_scrub_%28Palearctic%29.svg/1200px-Mediterranean_forests%2C_woodlands%2C_and_scrub_%28Palearctic%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2443" data-file-height="1005" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Mediterranean basin's ecoregions. <b>1201</b>: Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests. <b>1202</b>: Anatolian conifer and deciduous mixed forests. <b>1203</b>: Canary Islands dry woodlands and forests. <b>1204</b>: Corsican montane broadleaf and mixed forests. <b>1205</b>: Crete Mediterranean forests. <b>1206</b>: Cyprus Mediterranean forests. <b>1207</b>: Eastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forests. <b>1208</b>: Iberian conifer forests. <b>1209</b>: Iberian sclerophyllous and semi-deciduous forests. <b>1210</b>: Illyrian deciduous forests. <b>1211</b>: Italian sclerophyllous and semi-deciduous forests. <b>1212</b>: Mediterranean acacia-argania dry woodlands and succulent thickets. <b>1213</b>: Mediterranean dry woodlands and steppe. <b>1214</b>: Mediterranean woodlands and forests. <b>1215</b>: Northeastern Spain and Southern France Mediterranean forests. <b>1216</b>: Northwest Iberian montane forests. <b>1217</b>: Pindus Mountains mixed forests. <b>1218</b>: South Apeninne mixed montane forests. <b>1219</b>: Southeastern Iberian shrubs and woodlands. <b>1220</b>: Southern Anatolian montane conifer and deciduous forests. <b>1221</b>: Southwest Iberian Mediterranean sclerophyllous and mixed forests. <b>1222</b>: Tyrrhenian-Adriatic sclerophyllous and mixed forests.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_basin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Mediterranean_region" title="History of the Mediterranean region">History of the Mediterranean region</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthals</a> inhabited western Asia and the non-glaciated portions of Europe starting about 230,000 years ago. Modern humans <a href="/wiki/Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans" title="Recent African origin of modern humans">moved</a> into western Asia from Africa less than 100,000 years ago. Modern humans, known as <a href="/wiki/Cro-Magnon" title="Cro-Magnon">Cro-Magnons</a>, moved into Europe approximately 50–40,000 years ago. </p><p>The most recent glacial period, the <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_glaciation" title="Wisconsin glaciation">Wisconsin glaciation</a> (<a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrm_glaciation" title="Würm glaciation">Würm</a> in Southern European contexts), reached its <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">maximum extent</a> approximately 21,000 years ago, and ended approximately 12,000 years ago. A warm period, known as the <a href="/wiki/Holocene_climatic_optimum" title="Holocene climatic optimum">Holocene climatic optimum</a>, followed the ice age. </p><p>Food crops, including <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chickpea" title="Chickpea">chickpeas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">olives</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goats</a>, were <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">domesticated</a> in the eastern Mediterranean in the <a href="/wiki/9th_millennium_BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="9th millennium BCE">9th millennium BCE</a>, which allowed for the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">establishment of agricultural settlements</a>. Near Eastern crops spread to southeastern Europe in the <a href="/wiki/7th_millennium_BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="7th millennium BCE">7th millennium BCE</a>. <a href="/wiki/Poppy" title="Poppy">Poppy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">oats</a> were domesticated in Europe from the 6th to the 3rd millennium BCE. Agricultural settlements spread around the Mediterranean basin. <a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">Megaliths</a> were constructed in Europe from 4500 – 1500 BCE. </p><p>A strengthening of the summer <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> 9000–7000 years ago increased rainfall across the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a>, which became a <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grassland</a>, with lakes, rivers, and wetlands. After a period of climatic instability, the Sahara settled into a desert state by the <a href="/wiki/4th_millennium_BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="4th millennium BCE">4th millennium BCE</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_basin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the earliest modern studies of the Mediterranean was <a href="/wiki/Fernand_Braudel" title="Fernand Braudel">Fernand Braudel</a>'s <i>La Méditerranéee et le monde méditerranéen à l époque de Philippe II</i> (The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II), published in 1949. <a href="/wiki/S.D._Goitein" class="mw-redirect" title="S.D. Goitein">S.D. Goitein</a>'s multivolume study of the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Geniza" title="Cairo Geniza">Cairo Geniza</a> documents was another important contribution in the area of Mediterranean Jewish culture.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_basin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Mediterranean cuisine">Mediterranean cuisine</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">Wheat</a> is the dominant grain grown around the Mediterranean basin. <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">Pulses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">vegetables</a> are also grown. The characteristic tree crop is the <a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">olive</a>. <a href="/wiki/Figs" class="mw-redirect" title="Figs">Figs</a> are another important fruit tree, and <a href="/wiki/Citrus" title="Citrus">citrus</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Lemon" title="Lemon">lemons</a>, are grown where irrigation is present. <a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">Grapes</a> are an important <a href="/wiki/Vine" title="Vine">vine</a> crop, grown for fruit and to make <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">Rice</a> and summer vegetables are grown in irrigated areas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_basin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mediterranean" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Mediterranean" title="Indo-Mediterranean">Indo-Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_zones_of_the_Mediterranean_region" title="Life zones of the Mediterranean region">Life zones of the Mediterranean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_categories_in_viticulture##Mediterranean_climates" title="Climate categories in viticulture">Mediterranean wine climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistrals" title="Mistrals">MISTRALS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanclean_flood" title="Zanclean flood">Zanclean flood</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_basin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/info/pubs/docs/biogeos/Mediterranean.pdf"><i>Natura 2000 in the Mediterranean Region</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. European Commission of the European Union. 2009. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-79-11587-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-79-11587-5"><bdi>978-92-79-11587-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170919022729/http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/info/pubs/docs/biogeos/Mediterranean.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on September 19, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 6,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Natura+2000+in+the+Mediterranean+Region&rft.pub=European+Commission+of+the+European+Union&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-92-79-11587-5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fenvironment%2Fnature%2Finfo%2Fpubs%2Fdocs%2Fbiogeos%2FMediterranean.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+basin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HlekD2kK0dAC&q=mediterranean+basin&pg=PP6"><i>The Status and Distribution of Reptiles and Amphibians of the Mediterranean Basin</i></a>. Neil Cox, Janice Chanson, Simon Stuart. 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-0912-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-0912-3"><bdi>978-2-8317-0912-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230526213913/https://books.google.com/books?id=HlekD2kK0dAC&q=mediterranean+basin&pg=PP6">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Status+and+Distribution+of+Reptiles+and+Amphibians+of+the+Mediterranean+Basin&rft.pub=Neil+Cox%2C+Janice+Chanson%2C+Simon+Stuart&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-2-8317-0912-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHlekD2kK0dAC%26q%3Dmediterranean%2Bbasin%26pg%3DPP6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+basin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cepf.net/our-work/biodiversity-hotspots/mediterranean-basin">"Mediterranean Basin"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CEPF" class="mw-redirect" title="CEPF">CEPF</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220624055723/https://www.cepf.net/our-work/biodiversity-hotspots/mediterranean-basin/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mediterranean+Basin&rft.pub=CEPF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cepf.net%2Four-work%2Fbiodiversity-hotspots%2Fmediterranean-basin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+basin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHegazy,_AhmadLovett-Doust,_Jonathan2016" class="citation book cs1">Hegazy, Ahmad; Lovett-Doust, Jonathan (2016). "2.18 Iraq". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DifRCwAAQBAJ"><i>Plant Ecology in the Middle East</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-107874-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-107874-3"><bdi>978-0-19-107874-3</bdi></a>. <q>the Eastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forest ecoregion, which extends slightly into Iraq</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2.18+Iraq&rft.btitle=Plant+Ecology+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-107874-3&rft.au=Hegazy%2C+Ahmad&rft.au=Lovett-Doust%2C+Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDifRCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+basin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._KrijgsmanA._R._FortuinbF._J._HilgencF._J._Sierrod2001" class="citation journal cs1">W. Krijgsman; A. R. Fortuinb; F. J. Hilgenc; F. J. Sierrod (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/1874/1632/1/Krijgsman01.pdf">"Astrochronology for the Messinian Sorbas basin (SE Spain) and orbital (precessional) forcing for evaporite cyclicity"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_Geology_(journal)" title="Sedimentary Geology (journal)">Sedimentary Geology</a></i>. <b>140</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">43–</span>60. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001SedG..140...43K">2001SedG..140...43K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0037-0738%2800%2900171-8">10.1016/S0037-0738(00)00171-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1874%2F1632">1874/1632</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240101150300/https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/1632/Krijgsman01.pdf;jsessionid=EB9895C5447EC3BC0694C40094EE6BBE?sequence=1">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-01-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-04-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sedimentary+Geology&rft.atitle=Astrochronology+for+the+Messinian+Sorbas+basin+%28SE+Spain%29+and+orbital+%28precessional%29+forcing+for+evaporite+cyclicity&rft.volume=140&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1874%2F1632&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0037-0738%2800%2900171-8&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001SedG..140...43K&rft.au=W.+Krijgsman&rft.au=A.+R.+Fortuinb&rft.au=F.+J.+Hilgenc&rft.au=F.+J.+Sierrod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdspace.library.uu.nl%2Fbitstream%2F1874%2F1632%2F1%2FKrijgsman01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+basin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGargani_J.,_Rigollet_C.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Gargani J., Rigollet C. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2007GL029885">"Mediterranean Sea level variations during the Messinian Salinity Crisis"</a>. <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>. <b>34</b> (L10405): L10405. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007GeoRL..3410405G">2007GeoRL..3410405G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2007GL029885">10.1029/2007GL029885</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=Mediterranean+Sea+level+variations+during+the+Messinian+Salinity+Crisis.&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=L10405&rft.pages=L10405&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2007GL029885&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007GeoRL..3410405G&rft.au=Gargani+J.%2C+Rigollet+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1029%252F2007GL029885&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+basin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGargani_J.Moretti_I.Letouzey_J.2008" class="citation journal cs1">Gargani J.; Moretti I.; Letouzey J. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00357241/file/2007GL032494.pdf">"Evaporite accumulation during the Messinian Salinity Crisis : The Suez Rift Case"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>. <b>35</b> (2): L02401. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008GeoRL..35.2401G">2008GeoRL..35.2401G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2007gl032494">10.1029/2007gl032494</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129573384">129573384</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507122326/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00357241/file/2007GL032494.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-05-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=Evaporite+accumulation+during+the+Messinian+Salinity+Crisis+%3A+The+Suez+Rift+Case.&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=L02401&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129573384%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2007gl032494&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008GeoRL..35.2401G&rft.au=Gargani+J.&rft.au=Moretti+I.&rft.au=Letouzey+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhal-00357241%2Ffile%2F2007GL032494.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+basin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovers2009" class="citation journal cs1">Govers, Rob (1 February 2009). "Choking the Mediterranean to dehydration: The Messinian salinity crisis". <i>Geology</i>. <b>37</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">167–</span>170. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Geo....37..167G">2009Geo....37..167G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2FG25141A.1">10.1130/G25141A.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0091-7613">0091-7613</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geology&rft.atitle=Choking+the+Mediterranean+to+dehydration%3A+The+Messinian+salinity+crisis&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E167-%3C%2Fspan%3E170&rft.date=2009-02-01&rft.issn=0091-7613&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2FG25141A.1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Geo....37..167G&rft.aulast=Govers&rft.aufirst=Rob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+basin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GCV-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GCV_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcia-CastellanosVillaseñor2011" class="citation journal cs1">Garcia-Castellanos, D.; Villaseñor, A. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/uc?id=0B_xuyENh5ksFN2MwYWE5YjUtNzNkOS00OGZlLWFkMDYtOWMxYTViYjRiZjc0&export=download&hl=en">"Messinian salinity crisis regulated by competing tectonics and erosion at the Gibraltar Arc"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>480</b> (7377): <span class="nowrap">359–</span>63. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Natur.480..359G">2011Natur.480..359G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature10651">10.1038/nature10651</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22170684">22170684</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205227033">205227033</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121110135708/https://docs.google.com/uc?id=0B_xuyENh5ksFN2MwYWE5YjUtNzNkOS00OGZlLWFkMDYtOWMxYTViYjRiZjc0&export=download&hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-11-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-15</span></span> – via sites.google.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Messinian+salinity+crisis+regulated+by+competing+tectonics+and+erosion+at+the+Gibraltar+Arc.&rft.volume=480&rft.issue=7377&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E359-%3C%2Fspan%3E63&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature10651&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205227033%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22170684&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011Natur.480..359G&rft.aulast=Garcia-Castellanos&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Villase%C3%B1or%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.google.com%2Fuc%3Fid%3D0B_xuyENh5ksFN2MwYWE5YjUtNzNkOS00OGZlLWFkMDYtOWMxYTViYjRiZjc0%26export%3Ddownload%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+basin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFТахтаджян" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Тахтаджян, А. Л. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080616085106/http://zr.molbiol.ru/i_flor_susha_i_b.html">"Флористические деления суши и океана"</a>. <i>Древнесредиземноморское подцарство</i> (in Russian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zr.molbiol.ru/i_flor_susha_i_b.html#reg_6">the original</a> on 2008-06-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE&rft.atitle=%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%81%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0&rft.aulast=%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8F%D0%BD&rft.aufirst=%D0%90.+%D0%9B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzr.molbiol.ru%2Fi_flor_susha_i_b.html%23reg_6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+basin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWacks2019" class="citation book cs1">Wacks, David A. (2019). <i>Medieval Iberian Crusade Fiction and the Mediterranean World</i>. University of Toronto Press. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Iberian+Crusade+Fiction+and+the+Mediterranean+World&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Wacks&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+basin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_basin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAttenborough,_David1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Attenborough" title="David Attenborough">Attenborough, David</a> (1987). <i>The First Eden: The Mediterranean world and man</i>. <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, MA: Little Brown and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Eden%3A+The+Mediterranean+world+and+man&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pub=Little+Brown+and+Company&rft.date=1987&rft.au=Attenborough%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+basin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Borutta, Manuel, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/manuel-borutta-mediterraneum?set_language=en&-C=">Mediterraneum</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieg-ego.eu/">EGO - European History Online</a>, Mainz: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieg-mainz.de/likecms/index.php">Institute of European History</a>, 2021, retrieved: March 8, 2021.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDallman,_Peter_F.1998" class="citation book cs1">Dallman, Peter F. (1998). <i>Plant Life in the World's Mediterranean Climates</i>. <a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley, California</a>: University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plant+Life+in+the+World%27s+Mediterranean+Climates&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Dallman%2C+Peter+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+basin" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuc1984" class="citation journal cs1">Suc, J.-P. (1984). "Origin and evolution of the Mediterranean vegetation and climate in Europe". <i>Nature</i>. <b>307</b> (5950): <span class="nowrap">429–</span>432. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984Natur.307..429S">1984Natur.307..429S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F307429a0">10.1038/307429a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4318726">4318726</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Origin+and+evolution+of+the+Mediterranean+vegetation+and+climate+in+Europe&rft.volume=307&rft.issue=5950&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E429-%3C%2Fspan%3E432&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4318726%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F307429a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1984Natur.307..429S&rft.aulast=Suc&rft.aufirst=J.-P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+basin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner,_Horst-Günter2011" class="citation book cs1">Wagner, Horst-Günter (2011). <i>Mittelmeerraum, Geography, History, Economy</i>. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-534-23179-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-534-23179-9"><bdi>978-3-534-23179-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mittelmeerraum%2C+Geography%2C+History%2C+Economy&rft.place=Darmstadt&rft.pub=Wissenschaftliche+Buchgesellschaft&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-534-23179-9&rft.au=Wagner%2C+Horst-G%C3%BCnter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+basin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_basin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051123034655/http://www.biodiversityhotspots.org/xp/Hotspots/mediterranean/">Mediterranean Basin biodiversity hotspot (Conservation International)</a> (archived 23 November 2005)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uv.es/jgpausas/papers/Pausas-2008-IJWF_disaster.pdf">Are wildfires a disaster in the Mediterranean basin? – A review</a> (PDF)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uv.es/jgpausas/medtrees/">MedTrees: Trees and large shrubs of the Mediterranean Basin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medecc.org/">Mediterranean Experts on Climate and environmental Change (MedECC)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Earth&#039;s_primary_regions_and_subregions550" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_the_world" title="Template:Regions of the world"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regions_of_the_world" title="Template talk:Regions of the world"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regions_of_the_world" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regions of the world"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Earth&#039;s_primary_regions_and_subregions550" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s primary <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme" title="United Nations geoscheme">regions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subregion" title="Subregion">subregions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World" title="World">Worlds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab World">Arab World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_Under" title="Down Under">Down Under</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-world_model" title="Three-world model">Three/Four Worlds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_World" title="First World">First World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_World" title="Second World">Second World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_World" title="Fourth World">Fourth World</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hemispheres_of_Earth" title="Hemispheres of Earth">Hemispheres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hemisphere" title="Eastern Hemisphere">Eastern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_and_water_hemispheres" title="Land and water hemispheres">Land Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_and_water_hemispheres" title="Land and water hemispheres">Water Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landmass" title="Landmass">Landmasses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" title="Afro-Eurasia">Africa-Eurasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Submerged_continent" title="Submerged continent">submerged</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plates">Tectonic plates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">Continents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Saharan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctica" title="East Antarctica">East Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Plateau" title="Antarctic Plateau">Antarctic Plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transantarctic_Mountains" title="Transantarctic Mountains">Transantarctic Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Antarctica" title="West Antarctica">West Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asia–Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aralkum_Desert" title="Aralkum Desert">Aralkum Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Asia" title="Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Asia" title="Greater Central Asia">Greater Central Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Northeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Asia" title="Pacific Asia">Pacific Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_(region)" title="Ural (region)">Ural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_states" title="Himalayan states">Himalayan states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of South Asia">Subregions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Peninsula" title="Scandinavian Peninsula">Scandinavian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">South-eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">South-western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Europe" title="Atlantic Europe">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic-speaking Europe">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance-speaking Europe">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(Americas)" title="Middle America (Americas)">Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_America" title="Northern America">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt" title="Bible Belt">Bible Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_states" title="Mountain states">Mountain states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_South_Central_states" title="West South Central states">West South Central United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mexico" title="Northern Mexico">Northern Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-America" title="Anglo-America">Anglo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_America" title="French America">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibero-America" title="Ibero-America">Ibero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_America" title="Portuguese America">Portuguese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Mainland Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Oceania" title="Near Oceania">Near Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote Oceania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Basin_(sedimentary_basin)" title="Amazon Basin (sedimentary basin)">Amazon Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon Rainforest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Community" title="Andean Community">Andean States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Highlands" title="Brazilian Highlands">Brazilian Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_South_America" title="Caribbean South America">Caribbean South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Guianas" title="The Guianas">The Guianas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cone" title="Southern Cone">Southern Cone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands" title="Lists of islands">Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Africa" title="List of islands of Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands_of_the_Americas" title="Lists of islands of the Americas">America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_North_America" title="List of islands of North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Central_America" title="List of islands of Central America">Central America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_South_America" title="List of islands of South America">South America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Europe" title="List of islands of Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_area" title="List of European islands by area">by area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_population" title="List of European islands by population">by population</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Australia" title="List of islands of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_New_Zealand" title="List of islands of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Arctic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Atlantic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Baltic_Sea" title="List of islands in the Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Black_Sea" title="List of islands in the Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Irish_Sea" title="List of islands in the Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Mediterranean" title="List of islands in the Mediterranean">Mediterranean Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Adriatic" title="List of islands in the Adriatic">Adriatic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Aegean_Islands" title="List of Aegean Islands">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Sea</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Persian_Gulf" title="List of islands in the Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_East_China_Sea" title="List of islands in the East China Sea">East China Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_South_China_Sea" title="List of islands in the South China Sea">South China Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Southern Ocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Oceans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Convergence" title="Antarctic Convergence">Antarctic Convergence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_Trench" title="Mariana Trench">Mariana Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean#World_Ocean" title="Ocean">World Ocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">waterbodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes" title="List of lakes">Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_lakes" title="Lists of lakes">lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rivers" title="Lists of rivers">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seas_on_Earth" title="List of seas on Earth">Seas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Rim_regions" title="Category:Rim regions">Rim</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Rim">Atlantic Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Mediterranean" title="Indo-Mediterranean">Indo-Mediterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Ocean Rim">Indian Ocean Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Rim">Mediterranean Rim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Rim" title="Pacific Rim">Pacific Rim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polar_regions_of_Earth" title="Polar regions of Earth">Polar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Global_regions" title="Category:Global regions">Global</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_East" title="Global East">Global East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Geographical_Pivot_of_History#The_Heartland" title="The Geographical Pivot of History">Global Heartland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">Global North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Global Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Northwest" title="Global Northwest">Global Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">Global South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Southeast" title="Global Southeast">Global Southeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Southwest" title="Global Southwest">Global Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Global West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Continents_of_Earth" title="Template:Continents of Earth">Continents of Earth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_seas" title="Template:List of seas">List of seas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Earth" title="Template:Earth">Physical Earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Floristic_regions_of_the_world271" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Floristic_regions" title="Template:Floristic regions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Floristic_regions" title="Template talk:Floristic regions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Floristic_regions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Floristic regions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Floristic_regions_of_the_world271" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Phytochorion" title="Phytochorion">Floristic regions</a> of the <a href="/wiki/World" title="World">world</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boreal_kingdom" title="Boreal kingdom">Holarctic kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circumboreal_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumboreal region">Circumboreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Asiatic_region" title="Eastern Asiatic region">Eastern Asiatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Atlantic_region" title="North American Atlantic region">North American Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_floristic_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocky Mountain floristic region">Rocky Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macaronesia" title="Macaronesia">Macaronesian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saharo-Arabian_region" title="Saharo-Arabian region">Saharo-Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytochorion#VIII._Irano-Turanian_region" title="Phytochorion">Irano-Turanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrean_region" title="Madrean region">Madrean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paleotropical_kingdom" title="Paleotropical kingdom">Paleotropical kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guineo-Congolian_region" title="Guineo-Congolian region">Guineo-Congolian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usambara-Zululand_region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Usambara-Zululand region (page does not exist)">Usambara-Zululand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudano-Zambezian_region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sudano-Zambezian region (page does not exist)">Sudano-Zambezian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karoo-Namib_region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karoo-Namib region (page does not exist)">Karoo-Namib</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Helena_and_Ascension_Region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St. Helena and Ascension Region (page does not exist)">St. Helena and Ascension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoregions_of_Madagascar" title="Ecoregions of Madagascar">Madagascan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian region">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochinese_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochinese region">Indochinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malesia" title="Malesia">Malesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuasia" title="Papuasia">Papuasian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fijian_region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fijian region (page does not exist)">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polynesian_region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polynesian region (page does not exist)">Polynesian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hawaiian region (page does not exist)">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocaledonian_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Neocaledonian region">Neocaledonian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neotropical_realm" title="Neotropical realm">Neotropical kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_floristic_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean floristic region">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Region_of_the_Guayana_Highlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Region of the Guayana Highlands">Guayana Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazonian region">Amazonian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brazilian region (page does not exist)">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andean_floristic_region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andean floristic region (page does not exist)">Andean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cape_floristic_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape floristic region">South African kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_floristic_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape floristic region">Cape</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian kingdom">Australian kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_Australian_region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northeast Australian region (page does not exist)">Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Australian_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest Australian region">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eremaean_province" title="Eremaean province">Central Australian or Eremaean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_floristic_kingdom" title="Antarctic floristic kingdom">Antarctic kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fernandezian_region" title="Fernandezian region">Fernandezian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chile-Patagonian_region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chile-Patagonian region (page does not exist)">Chile-Patagonian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Region_of_the_South_Subantarctic_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Region of the South Subantarctic Islands (page does not exist)">South Subantarctic Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neozeylandic_region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neozeylandic region (page does not exist)">Neozeylandic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72499#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1595" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72499#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1595" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72499#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/240341731">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4074900-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85083230">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Méditerranée (région)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932344d">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Méditerranée (région)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932344d">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Středozemní moře (oblast)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge128587&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/75kmlfjr0lr0pxn">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007563017705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027237664">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_basin&oldid=1268772854">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_basin&oldid=1268772854</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mediterranean_basin" title="Category:Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean basin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Drainage_basins_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea" title="Category:Drainage basins of the Mediterranean Sea">Drainage basins of the Mediterranean Sea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environment_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Category:Environment of the Mediterranean">Environment of the Mediterranean</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mediterranean_forests,_woodlands,_and_scrub" title="Category:Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub">Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Palearctic_realm" title="Category:Palearctic realm">Palearctic realm</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Palearctic_ecoregions" title="Category:Palearctic ecoregions">Palearctic ecoregions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_history_of_Europe" title="Category:Natural history of Europe">Natural history of Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Levant" title="Category:Levant">Levant</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Floristic_regions" title="Category:Floristic regions">Floristic regions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Regions_of_Europe" title="Category:Regions of Europe">Regions of Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_North_Africa" title="Category:Geography of North Africa">Geography of North Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Europe" title="Category:Geography of Europe">Geography of Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_West_Asia" title="Category:Geography of West Asia">Geography of West Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_the_Middle_East" title="Category:Geography of the Middle East">Geography of the Middle East</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Regions_of_Africa" title="Category:Regions of Africa">Regions of Africa</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Russian-language_sources_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)">CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_October_2013" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from October 2013">Articles needing additional references from October 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_accuracy_disputes" title="Category:All accuracy disputes">All accuracy disputes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_disputed_statements_from_February_2016" title="Category:Articles with disputed statements from February 2016">Articles with disputed statements from February 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_locally_defined" title="Category:Commons category link is locally defined">Commons category link is locally defined</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_periodical_ignored" title="Category:CS1 errors: periodical ignored">CS1 errors: periodical ignored</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 11 January 2025, at 13:27<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_basin&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mediterranean basin</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>64 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5ff46d65cd-n6bzm","wgBackendResponseTime":142,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.594","walltime":"0.815","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3145,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":132907,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3026,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":7,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":87479,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 634.854 1 -total"," 21.94% 139.284 1 Template:Reflist"," 15.27% 96.921 7 Template:Cite_book"," 15.14% 96.102 1 Template:Commons_category"," 14.84% 94.218 1 Template:Sister_project"," 14.59% 92.611 1 Template:Side_box"," 14.15% 89.853 4 Template:Navbox"," 13.33% 84.608 1 Template:Regions_of_the_world"," 9.45% 59.969 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.99% 50.697 1 Template:More_citations_needed"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.330","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8726471,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5ff46d65cd-vfvbq","timestamp":"20250123224503","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Mediterranean basin","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mediterranean_basin","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q72499","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q72499","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-08-14T20:48:48Z","dateModified":"2025-01-11T13:27:16Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/51\/Mediterranean_Basin_Hotspot_2005_Print.tif","headline":"loosely defined region of lands around the Mediterranean Sea"}</script> </body> </html>