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[o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div 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vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Indo-European_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indo-European_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Indo-European languages </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Indo-European_languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Indo-European languages subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Indo-European_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Germanic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germanic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Germanic </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Germanic_(Scandinavian)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Germanic_(Scandinavian)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.5 North Germanic (Scandinavian) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Germanic_(Scandinavian)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limburgish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limburgish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.6 Limburgish </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limburgish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Romance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slavic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Slavic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Others </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-Indo-European_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-Indo-European_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Non-Indo-European languages </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Non-Indo-European_languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Non-Indo-European languages subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Non-Indo-European_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Turkic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Turkic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uralic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uralic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Uralic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uralic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Others </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sign_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sign_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Sign languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sign_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_standardization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_standardization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History of standardization </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_standardization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History of standardization subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_standardization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language_and_identity,_standardization_processes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_and_identity,_standardization_processes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Language and identity, standardization processes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_and_identity,_standardization_processes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lingua_franca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lingua_franca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Lingua franca </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lingua_franca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linguistic_minorities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linguistic_minorities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Linguistic minorities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linguistic_minorities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scripts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scripts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Scripts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scripts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 European Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 List of languages </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle List of languages subsection </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Languages_spoken_in_Armenia,_Azerbaijan,_Cyprus,_Georgia,_and_Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages_spoken_in_Armenia,_Azerbaijan,_Cyprus,_Georgia,_and_Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Languages spoken in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Cyprus, Georgia, and Turkey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages_spoken_in_Armenia,_Azerbaijan,_Cyprus,_Georgia,_and_Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immigrant_communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigrant_communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Immigrant communities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigrant_communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Languages of Europe</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" > 44 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="لغات أوروبا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغات أوروبا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_d%27Europa" title="Llingües d'Europa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües d'Europa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="ইউরোপের ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইউরোপের ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Европейски езици – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Европейски езици" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezho%C3%B9_Europa" title="Yezhoù Europa – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezhoù Europa" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_d%27Europa" title="Llengües d'Europa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengües d'Europa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_pinulongan_sa_Uropa" title="Mga pinulongan sa Uropa – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Mga pinulongan sa Uropa" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazyky_v_Evrop%C4%9B" title="Jazyky v Evropě – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jazyky v Evropě" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_de_Europa" title="Lenguas de Europa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas de Europa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingvoj_de_E%C5%ADropo" title="Lingvoj de Eŭropo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lingvoj de Eŭropo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europako_hizkuntzak" title="Europako hizkuntzak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Europako hizkuntzak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7" title="زبان‌های اروپا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌های اروپا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_en_Europe" title="Langues en Europe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues en Europe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_fan_talen_yn_Jeropa" title="List fan talen yn Jeropa – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="List fan talen yn Jeropa" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87hengaghyn_yn_Oarpey" title="Çhengaghyn yn Oarpey – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Çhengaghyn yn Oarpey" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_de_Europa" title="Linguas de Europa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linguas de Europa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%9F%BD%EC%9D%98_%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4" title="유럽의 언어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유럽의 언어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezici_u_Europi" title="Jezici u Europi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jezici u Europi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_di_Eropa" title="Bahasa di Eropa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa di Eropa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_parlate_in_Europa" title="Lingue parlate in Europa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue parlate in Europa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AAn_Ewropay%C3%AA" title="Zimanên Ewropayê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanên Ewropayê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Јазици во Европа – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јазици во Европа" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_ao_Eor%C3%B4pa" title="Fiteny ao Eorôpa – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny ao Eorôpa" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%8E%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9E%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A4_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%A1" title="ꯏꯎꯔꯣꯞꯀꯤ ꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯏꯎꯔꯣꯞꯀꯤ ꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europese_talen" title="Europese talen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Europese talen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%83%91%E3%81%AE%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E" title="ヨーロッパの言語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヨーロッパの言語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%BE_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%BA_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="یورپ دیاں بولیاں – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یورپ دیاں بولیاں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_w_Europie" title="Języki w Europie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki w Europie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_da_Europa" title="Línguas da Europa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Línguas da Europa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbile_Europei" title="Limbile Europei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limbile Europei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_europeicas" title="Linguas europeicas – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Linguas europeicas" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbas_de_s%27Europa" title="Limbas de s'Europa – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limbas de s'Europa" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuh%C3%ABt_e_Evrop%C3%ABs" title="Gjuhët e Evropës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuhët e Evropës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Languages_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Languages of Europe">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Languages+of+Europe%22">"Languages of Europe"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Languages+of+Europe%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Languages+of+Europe%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Languages+of+Europe%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Languages+of+Europe%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Languages+of+Europe%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (July 2019) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Languages_of_Europe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="color-coded map of most languages used throughout Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Languages_of_Europe.svg/500px-Languages_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Languages_of_Europe.svg/750px-Languages_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Languages_of_Europe.svg/1000px-Languages_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3070" data-file-height="1990" /></a><figcaption>A color-coded map of most languages used throughout Europe</figcaption></figure> There are over 250 languages indigenous to Europe, and most belong to the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_language_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European language family">Indo-European language family</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-2">[2]</a> Out of a <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Europe" title="Demographics of Europe">total European population</a> of 744 million as of 2018, some 94% are native speakers of an Indo-European language. The three largest phyla of the Indo-European language family in Europe are <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a>; they have more than 200 million speakers each, and together account for close to 90% of Europeans. Smaller phyla of Indo-European found in Europe include <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 13 million), <a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 4.5 million), <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 7.5 million), <a href="/wiki/Celtic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic language">Celtic</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 4 million), and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 4 million). <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a>, though a large subfamily of Indo-European, has a relatively small number of languages in Europe, and a small number of speakers (<a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1.5 million). However, a number of Indo-Aryan languages not native to Europe are spoken in Europe today.<a href="#cite_note-:1-2">[2]</a> Of the approximately 45 million Europeans speaking non-Indo-European languages, most speak languages within either the <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> families. Still smaller groups — such as <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a> (<a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">language isolate</a>), <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 0.5 million), and various <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">languages of the Caucasus</a> — account for less than 1% of the European population among them. Immigration has added sizeable communities of speakers of African and Asian languages, amounting to about 4% of the population,<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-3">[3]</a> with <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> being the most widely spoken of them. Five languages have more than 50 million native speakers in Europe: <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>. Russian is the most-spoken <a href="/wiki/Native_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Native language">native language</a> in Europe,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> and English has the largest number of speakers in total, including some 200 million speakers of <a href="/wiki/English_as_a_second_or_foreign_language" title="English as a second or foreign language">English as a second or foreign language</a>. (See <a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Europe" title="English language in Europe">English language in Europe</a>.) <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indo-European_languages">Indo-European languages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Europe&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Indo-European languages">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indo-European_languages" title="List of Indo-European languages">List of Indo-European languages</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European language family</a> is descended from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a>, which is believed to have been spoken thousands of years ago. Early speakers of Indo-European daughter languages most likely expanded into Europe with the incipient <a href="/wiki/European_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="European Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, around 4,000 years ago (<a href="/wiki/Bell-Beaker_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell-Beaker culture">Bell-Beaker culture</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germanic">Germanic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Europe&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Germanic">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Germanic_languages_in_Europe.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Germanic_languages_in_Europe.png/300px-Germanic_languages_in_Europe.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Germanic_languages_in_Europe.png/450px-Germanic_languages_in_Europe.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Germanic_languages_in_Europe.png/600px-Germanic_languages_in_Europe.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="857" /></a><figcaption> The present-day distribution of the Germanic languages in Europe:<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> North Germanic languages <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a></div> West Germanic Languages <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/High_German" class="mw-redirect" title="High German">High German</a></div> Dots indicate areas where <a href="/wiki/Multilingualism" title="Multilingualism">multilingualism</a> is common.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a> make up the predominant language family in Western, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>. It is estimated that over 500 million Europeans are speakers of Germanic languages[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>], the largest groups being <a href="/wiki/German-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="German-speaking Europe">German</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 95 million), <a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Europe" title="English language in Europe">English</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 400 million)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>], <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 24 million), <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 10 million), <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 6 million), <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 5 million)<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limburgish" title="Limburgish">Limburgish</a> (c. 1.3 million).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] There are two extant major sub-divisions: <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic</a>. A third group, <a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East Germanic</a>, is now extinct; the only known surviving East Germanic texts are written in the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic language</a>. West Germanic is divided into <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo-Frisian</a> (including <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>), <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Low_Franconian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Franconian languages">Low Franconian</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>) and <a href="/wiki/High_German" class="mw-redirect" title="High German">High German</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a>).<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anglo-Frisian">Anglo-Frisian</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Europe&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Anglo-Frisian">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo-Frisian languages</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Europe" title="English language in Europe">English language in Europe</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo-Frisian language family</a> is now mostly represented by <a href="/wiki/Anglic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglic languages">English (Anglic)</a>, descended from the <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English language</a> spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, the main language of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and the most widespread language in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>, also spoken as a <a href="/wiki/European_English" class="mw-redirect" title="European English">second or third language by many Europeans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a>, spoken in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a>, recognized by some as a language and by others as a dialect of English.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> (Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scots-Gaelic</a> of the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Others">Celtic language family</a>.)</li></ul> The <a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian languages</a> are spoken by about 400,000 (as of 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Europe&action=edit">[update]</a>) <a href="/wiki/Frisians" title="Frisians">Frisians</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> who live on the southern coast of the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. These languages include <a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_languages" title="West Frisian languages">West Frisian</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_language" title="East Frisian language">East Frisian</a> (of which the only surviving dialect is <a href="/wiki/Saterlandic" class="mw-redirect" title="Saterlandic">Saterlandic</a>) and <a href="/wiki/North_Frisian_language" title="North Frisian language">North Frisian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dutch">Dutch</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Europe&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dutch">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language#Europe" title="Dutch language">Dutch-speaking Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch language</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Low_Franconian" title="Low Franconian">Low Franconian</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> is spoken throughout the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, the northern half of <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Nord-Pas_de_Calais" class="mw-redirect" title="Nord-Pas de Calais">Nord-Pas de Calais</a> region of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. The traditional dialects of the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Rhine_region" title="Lower Rhine region">Lower Rhine</a> region of Germany are linguistically more closely related to Dutch than to modern German. In Belgian and French contexts, Dutch is sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/Flemish_dialects" title="Flemish dialects">Flemish</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dutch_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch dialects">Dutch dialects</a> are numerous and varied.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="German">German</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Europe&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: German">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_German_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of German speakers">Geographical distribution of German speakers</a></div> <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> is spoken throughout <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a>, much of <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> (including the northeast areas bordering on Germany and Austria), northern <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a>), <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, the <a href="/wiki/East_Cantons_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="East Cantons of Belgium">East Cantons of Belgium</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine">Lorraine</a> regions of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> There are several groups of German dialects: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_German" class="mw-redirect" title="High German">High German</a> includes several dialect families: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_German" title="Central German">Central German</a> dialects, spoken in central Germany and including <a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish" title="Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Franconian" class="mw-redirect" title="High Franconian">High Franconian</a>, a family of transitional dialects between Central and Upper High German</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_German" title="Upper German">Upper German</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swiss_German" title="Swiss German">Swiss German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Jewish language</a> developed in Germany and Eastern Europe. It shares many features of High German dialects and <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Low_German"><a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a></h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Europe&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Low German">edit</a>]</div> Low German is spoken in various regions throughout Northern Germany and the northern and eastern parts of the Netherlands. It is an official language in Germany[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. It may be separated into <a href="/wiki/West_Low_German" class="mw-redirect" title="West Low German">West Low German</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Low_German" title="East Low German">East Low German</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="North_Germanic_(Scandinavian)">North Germanic (Scandinavian)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Europe&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: North Germanic (Scandinavian)">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic languages</a> are spoken in <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a> and include <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>), <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>), <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>), <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>), <a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Elfdalian" title="Elfdalian">Elfdalian</a> (in a small part of central Sweden).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] English has a long history of contact with Scandinavian languages, given the immigration of Scandinavians early in the history of Britain, and shares various features with the Scandinavian languages.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Even so, especially Dutch and Swedish, but also Danish and Norwegian, have strong vocabulary connections to the <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Limburgish">Limburgish</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Europe&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Limburgish">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Limburgish" title="Limburgish">Limburgish</a> (also called Limburgan, Limburgian, or Limburgic) Is a <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="West Germanic">West Germanic</a> language spoken in the province of <a href="/wiki/Limburg_(Netherlands)" title="Limburg (Netherlands)">Limburg</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> and neighboring regions of <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. It is distinct from German and Dutch, but originates from areas near where both are spoken.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romance">Romance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Europe&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Romance">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic languages</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Latins" title="Latins">Latins</a></div><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romance_20c_en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Romance_20c_en.png/300px-Romance_20c_en.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Romance_20c_en.png/450px-Romance_20c_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Romance_20c_en.png/600px-Romance_20c_en.png 2x" data-file-width="3331" data-file-height="2348" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of the Romance languages, 20th century</figcaption></figure> Roughly 215 million Europeans (primarily in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western</a> Europe) are native speakers of <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>, the largest groups including:[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 72 million), <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 65 million), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 40 million), <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 24 million), <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 10 million), <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 7 million), <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 5 million, also subsumed under Italian), <a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 4 million), <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2 million), <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1 million),<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lubello-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 500,000), besides numerous smaller communities. The Romance languages evolved from varieties of <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> spoken in the various parts of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> in <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">Late Antiquity</a>. <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> was itself part of the (otherwise extinct) <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a> branch of Indo-European.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Romance languages are divided phylogenetically into <a href="/wiki/Italo-Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Italo-Western">Italo-Western</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Romance">Eastern Romance</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a>. The Romance-speaking area of Europe is occasionally referred to as <a href="/wiki/Latins#Latin_peoples_and_regions" title="Latins">Latin Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Italo-Western can be further broken down into the <a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-Dalmatian languages</a> (sometimes grouped with Eastern Romance), including the Tuscan-derived <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> and numerous <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">local Romance languages in Italy</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_language" title="Dalmatian language">Dalmatian</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western Romance languages</a>. The Western Romance languages in turn separate into the <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance languages</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">Langues d'oïl</a> such as <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, the Francoprovencalic languages <a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Franco-Provençal">Arpitan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Faetar_language" title="Faetar language">Faetar</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rhaeto-Romance_languages" title="Rhaeto-Romance languages">Rhaeto-Romance languages</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_languages" title="Gallo-Italic languages">Gallo-Italic languages</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Occitano-Romance_languages" title="Occitano-Romance languages">Occitano-Romance languages</a>, grouped with either Gallo-Romance or East Iberian, including Occitanic languages such as <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Gardiol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a>, grouped in with either Occitano-Romance or West Iberian, and finally the <a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages" title="West Iberian languages">West Iberian languages</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Astur-Leonese_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Astur-Leonese languages">Astur-Leonese languages</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Galician-Portuguese" class="mw-redirect" title="Galician-Portuguese">Galician-Portuguese languages</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Castilian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Castilian languages">Castilian languages</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slavic">Slavic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Europe&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Slavic">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slavic_europe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Slavic_europe.svg/300px-Slavic_europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Slavic_europe.svg/450px-Slavic_europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Slavic_europe.svg/600px-Slavic_europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>Political map of Europe with countries where the national language is Slavic: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  West Slavic languages</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  East Slavic languages</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  South Slavic languages</div></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a> are spoken in large areas of Southern, Central and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>. An estimated 315 million people speak a Slavic language,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> the largest groups being <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 110 million in <a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a> and adjacent parts of Eastern Europe, Russian forming the largest linguistic community in Europe), <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 40 million<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 33 million<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 18 million<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 11 million<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 8 million<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 5 million<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a> (c. 3.7 million<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2.3 million<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1.6 million<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a>). Phylogenetically, Slavic is divided into three subgroups:<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic</a> includes <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polabian_language" title="Polabian language">Polabian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Sorbian_language" title="Lower Sorbian language">Lower Sorbian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Sorbian_language" title="Upper Sorbian language">Upper Sorbian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silesian_language" title="Silesian language">Silesian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kashubian_language" title="Kashubian language">Kashubian</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic</a> includes <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_language" title="Ruthenian language">Ruthenian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a> includes <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a> in the southwest and <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic" title="Church Slavonic">Church Slavonic</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical language">liturgical language</a>) in the southeast, each with numerous distinctive dialects. South Slavic languages constitute a <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum#South_Slavic_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a> where standard Slovene, Macedonian and Bulgarian are each based on a distinct dialect, whereas <a href="/wiki/Pluricentric_language" title="Pluricentric language">pluricentric</a> Serbo-Croatian boasts four <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutually intelligible</a> <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_standard_Bosnian,_Croatian,_Montenegrin_and_Serbian" title="Comparison of standard Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian">national standard varieties</a> all based on a single dialect, <a href="/wiki/Shtokavian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Shtokavian dialect">Shtokavian</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Europe&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Others">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 13 million) is the official language of <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, and there are Greek-speaking enclaves in <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Greek_diaspora" title="Greek diaspora">Greek communities</a> around the world. Dialects of modern Greek that originate from <a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic Greek</a> (through <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a>) are <a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Greek" title="Cappadocian Greek">Cappadocian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek">Pontic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cretan_Greek" title="Cretan Greek">Cretan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Greek" title="Cypriot Greek">Cypriot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katharevousa" title="Katharevousa">Katharevousa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yevanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Yevanic">Yevanic</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek-Bovesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek-Bovesian">Italiot Greek</a> is, debatably, a <a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a> dialect of Greek. It is spoken in southern Italy only, in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Reggio_Calabria" title="Province of Reggio Calabria">southern Calabria</a> region (as <a href="/wiki/Greek-Bovesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek-Bovesian">Grecanic</a>)<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Salento" title="Salento">Salento</a> region (as <a href="/wiki/Griko" class="mw-redirect" title="Griko">Griko</a>). It was studied by the German linguist <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Rohlfs" title="Gerhard Rohlfs">Gerhard Rohlfs</a> during the 1930s and 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakonian_language" title="Tsakonian language">Tsakonian</a> is a Doric dialect of the Greek language spoken in the lower <a href="/wiki/Arcadia_(regional_unit)" title="Arcadia (regional unit)">Arcadia</a> region of the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a> around the village of <a href="/wiki/Leonidio" title="Leonidio">Leonidio</a><a href="#cite_note-Dansby_2020_f130-41">[41]</a></li></ul></li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baltic_languages.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Baltic_languages.png/200px-Baltic_languages.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Baltic_languages.png/300px-Baltic_languages.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Baltic_languages.png/400px-Baltic_languages.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption>Historic distribution of the Baltic languages in the Baltic (simplified)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic languages</a> are spoken in <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3 million), <a href="/wiki/Samogitian_language" title="Samogitian language">Samogitian</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1.5 million), <a href="/wiki/Latgalian_language" title="Latgalian language">Latgalian</a>). Samogitian and Latgalian used to be considered dialects of Lithuanian and Latvian respectively.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <ul><li>There are also several extinct Baltic languages, including: <a href="/wiki/Curonian_language" title="Curonian language">Curonian</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Pronk_2017-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vaba_2014-43">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Galindian_language" title="Galindian language">Galindian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Prussian_language" title="Old Prussian language">Old Prussian</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Nomachi_2019-44">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Selonian_language" title="Selonian language">Selonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semigallian_language" title="Semigallian language">Semigallian</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Mažiulis_1999_w528-45">[45]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sudovian_language" title="Sudovian language">Sudovian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Szatkowski_2022-46">[46]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 7.5 million) has two major dialects, <a href="/wiki/Tosk_Albanian" title="Tosk Albanian">Tosk Albanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gheg_Albanian" title="Gheg Albanian">Gheg Albanian</a>. It is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, neighboring <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>. It is also widely spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_diaspora" title="Albanian diaspora">Albanian diaspora</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 7 million) has two major forms, <a href="/wiki/Western_Armenian" title="Western Armenian">Western Armenian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenian" title="Eastern Armenian">Eastern Armenian</a>. It is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samtskhe-Javakheti" class="mw-redirect" title="Samtskhe-Javakheti">Samtskhe-Javakheti</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>, also <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>. It is also widely spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Diaspora">Armenian Diaspora</a>. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>There are six living <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a>, spoken in areas of northwestern Europe dubbed the "<a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a>". All six are members of the <a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languages" title="Insular Celtic languages">Insular Celtic</a> family, which in turn is divided into: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic family</a>: <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 462,000<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 500<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 206,000<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic family</a>: <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1.7 million<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic language">Scottish Gaelic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 57,400<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a> (<a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a>, 1,660<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Continental_Celtic_languages" title="Continental Celtic languages">Continental Celtic languages</a> had previously been spoken across Europe from Iberia and Gaul to Asia Minor, but became extinct in the first millennium CE.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></dd></dl> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a> have one major representative: <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1.5 million speakers), introduced in Europe during the late medieval period. Lacking a nation state, Romani is spoken as a minority language throughout Europe.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a> in Europe are natively represented in the North Caucasus, notably with <a href="/wiki/Ossetic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ossetic language">Ossetian</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 600,000).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-Indo-European_languages">Non-Indo-European languages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Europe&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Non-Indo-European languages">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkic">Turkic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Europe&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Turkic">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carte_peuples_turcs.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Carte_peuples_turcs.png/340px-Carte_peuples_turcs.png" decoding="async" width="340" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Carte_peuples_turcs.png/510px-Carte_peuples_turcs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Carte_peuples_turcs.png/680px-Carte_peuples_turcs.png 2x" data-file-width="1690" data-file-height="1036" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of Turkic languages in Eurasia</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_languages" title="Oghuz languages">Oghuz languages</a> in Europe include <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, spoken in <a href="/wiki/East_Thrace" title="East Thrace">East Thrace</a> and by immigrant communities; <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a> is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Northeast Azerbaijan</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gagauz_language" title="Gagauz language">Gagauz</a> is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Gagauzia" title="Gagauzia">Gagauzia</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak languages</a> in Europe include <a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a>, which is spoken mainly in <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a>; <a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a>, which is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir</a>, which is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkortostan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachay-Balkar language">Karachay-Balkar</a>, which is spoken in the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a>, which is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Northwest Kazakhstan</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghur_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Oghur languages">Oghur languages</a> were historically indigenous to much of Eastern Europe; however, most of them are extinct today, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a>, which is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Chuvashia" title="Chuvashia">Chuvashia</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uralic">Uralic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Europe&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Uralic">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic languages</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uralic_languages_(_ALL_LANGUAGES_).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Uralic_languages_%28_ALL_LANGUAGES_%29.png/271px-Uralic_languages_%28_ALL_LANGUAGES_%29.png" decoding="async" width="271" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Uralic_languages_%28_ALL_LANGUAGES_%29.png/407px-Uralic_languages_%28_ALL_LANGUAGES_%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Uralic_languages_%28_ALL_LANGUAGES_%29.png/542px-Uralic_languages_%28_ALL_LANGUAGES_%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1141" data-file-height="906" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of Uralic languages in Eurasia</figcaption></figure> Uralic language family is native to northern Eurasia. <a href="/wiki/Finnic_languages" title="Finnic languages">Finnic languages</a> include <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 5 million) and <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1 million), as well as smaller languages such as <a href="/wiki/Kven_language" title="Kven language">Kven</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 8,000). Other languages of the <a href="/wiki/Finno-Permic" class="mw-redirect" title="Finno-Permic">Finno-Permic</a> branch of the family include e.g. <a href="/wiki/Mari_language" title="Mari language">Mari</a> (c. 400,000), and the <a href="/wiki/Sami_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami languages">Sami languages</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 30,000).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Ugric" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugric">Ugric</a> branch of the language family is represented in Europe by the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian language</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 13 million), historically introduced with the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin" title="Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin">Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin</a> of the 9th century.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Samoyedic <a href="/wiki/Nenets_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nenets language">Nenets language</a> is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Nenets_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Nenets Autonomous Okrug">Nenets Autonomous Okrug</a> of Russia, located in the far northeastern corner of Europe (as <a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Europe#Mainland_Europe" title="Extreme points of Europe">delimited</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a>).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others_2">Others</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Europe&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Others">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Non-Indo_European_nations_in_Europe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Non-Indo_European_nations_in_Europe.svg/270px-Non-Indo_European_nations_in_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Non-Indo_European_nations_in_Europe.svg/405px-Non-Indo_European_nations_in_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Non-Indo_European_nations_in_Europe.svg/540px-Non-Indo_European_nations_in_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1148" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Map of countries where most people's native language is not Indo-European</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque language</a> (or Euskara, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 750,000) is a <a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">language isolate</a> and the ancestral language of the <a href="/wiki/Basque_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque people">Basque people</a> who inhabit the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(greater_region)" title="Basque Country (greater region)">Basque Country</a>, a region in the western <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a> mountains mostly in northeastern <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and partly in southwestern <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> of about 3 million inhabitants, where it is spoken fluently by about 750,000 and understood by more than 1.5 million people. Basque is directly related to <a href="/wiki/Aquitanian_language" title="Aquitanian language">ancient Aquitanian</a>, and it is likely that an early form of the Basque language was present in Western Europe before the arrival of the Indo-European languages in the area in the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasian_languages" title="North Caucasian languages">North Caucasian languages</a> is a geographical blanket term for two unrelated <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language families</a> spoken chiefly in the north <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>—the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian</a> family (including <a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_language" title="Abkhaz language">Abkhaz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language" title="Adyghe language">Circassian</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian</a> family, spoken mainly in the border area of the southern <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ingushetia" title="Ingushetia">Ingushetia</a>).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalmyk language">Kalmyk</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic language</a>, spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Kalmykia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Kalmykia">Republic of Kalmykia</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a>. Its speakers entered the Volga region in the early 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian languages</a> (also known as Southwest Caucasian languages), the most common of which is <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3.5 million), others being <a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_language" title="Mingrelian language">Mingrelian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Svan_language" title="Svan language">Svan</a>, spoken mainly in the Caucasus and Anatolia.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 500,000) is a <a href="/wiki/Semitic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Semitic language">Semitic language</a> with <a href="/wiki/Romance_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance language">Romance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germanic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic language">Germanic</a> influences, spoken in <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> It is based on <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sicilian Arabic">Sicilian Arabic</a>, with influences from <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> and, more recently, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>. It is the only Semitic language whose <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard form</a> is written in <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>. It is also the second smallest official language of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> in terms of speakers (after Irish), and the only official Semitic language within the EU.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Maronite_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cypriot Maronite Arabic">Cypriot Maronite Arabic</a> (also known as Cypriot Arabic) is a <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">variety of Arabic</a> spoken by <a href="/wiki/Maronite" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronite">Maronites</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>. Most speakers live in <a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a>, but others are in the communities of <a href="/wiki/Kormakiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Kormakiti">Kormakiti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limassol" title="Limassol">Lemesos</a>. Brought to the island by Maronites fleeing <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> over 700 years ago, this variety of Arabic has been influenced by <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> in both <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vocabulary" title="Vocabulary">vocabulary</a>, while retaining certain unusually archaic features in other respects.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Aramaic">Eastern Aramaic</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic language</a> is spoken by <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian</a> communities in the Caucasus and southern Russia who fled the <a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian Genocide</a> during World War I, and also by Assyrian communities in the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_diaspora" title="Assyrian diaspora">Assyrian diaspora</a> in other parts of Europe.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sign_languages">Sign languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Europe&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sign languages">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_sign_languages#Europe" title="List of sign languages">List of sign languages § Europe</a></div> Several dozen manual languages exist across Europe, with the most widespread sign language family being the <a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Francosign languages</a>, with its languages found in countries from <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberia</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Baltics" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltics">Baltics</a>. Accurate historical information of sign and tactile languages is difficult to come by, with folk histories noting the existence signing communities across Europe hundreds of years ago. <a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British Sign Language (BSL)</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language" title="French Sign Language">French Sign Language (LSF)</a> are probably the oldest confirmed, continuously used sign languages. Alongside <a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language" title="German Sign Language">German Sign Language (DGS)</a> according to <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a>, these three have the most numbers of signers, though very few institutions take appropriate statistics on contemporary signing populations, making legitimate data hard to find.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Notably, few European sign languages have overt connections with the local majority/oral languages, aside from standard <a href="/wiki/Language_contact" title="Language contact">language contact</a> and <a href="/wiki/Borrowing_(linguistics)" title="Borrowing (linguistics)">borrowing</a>, meaning grammatically the sign languages and the oral languages of Europe are quite distinct from one another. Due to (visual/aural) modality differences, most sign languages are named for the larger ethnic nation in which they are spoken, plus the words "sign language", rendering what is spoken across much of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Wallonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romandy" title="Romandy">Romandy</a> as <a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language" title="French Sign Language">French Sign Language</a> or <a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language" title="French Sign Language">LSF</a> for: langue des signes française.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Recognition of non-oral languages varies widely from region to region.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Some countries afford legal recognition, even to official on a state level, whereas others continue to be actively suppressed.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Though "there is a widespread belief—among both Deaf people and sign language linguists—that there are sign language families,"<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> the actual relationship between sign languages is difficult to ascertain. Concepts and methods used in historical linguistics to describe language families for written and spoken languages are not easily mapped onto signed languages.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Some of the current understandings of sign language relationships, however, provide some reasonable estimates about potential sign language families: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Francosign</a> languages, such as <a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language" title="French Sign Language">LSF</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">ASL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Sign_Language" title="Dutch Sign Language">Dutch Sign Language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Sign_Language" title="Flemish Sign Language">Flemish Sign Language</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Sign_Language" title="Italian Sign Language">Italian Sign Language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BANZSL" title="BANZSL">BANZSL</a> languages, including <a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British Sign Language (BSL)</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Sign_Language" title="New Zealand Sign Language">New Zealand Sign Language (NZSL)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auslan" title="Auslan">Australian Sign Language (Auslan)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Sign_Language" title="Swedish Sign Language">Swedish Sign Language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></li> <li>Isolate languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Sign_Language" title="Albanian Sign Language">Albanian Sign Language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Sign_Language" title="Armenian Sign Language">Armenian Sign Language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Sign_Language" title="Caucasian Sign Language">Caucasian Sign Language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sign_Language" title="Spanish Sign Language">Spanish Sign Language (LSE)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Sign_Language" title="Turkish Sign Language">Turkish Sign Language (TİD)</a>, and perhaps <a href="/wiki/Ghardaia_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghardaia Sign Language">Ghardaia Sign Language</a>.</li> <li>Many other sign languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sign_Language" title="Irish Sign Language">Irish Sign Language (ISL)</a>, have unclear origins.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_standardization">History of standardization</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Europe&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: History of standardization">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe#History" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">Ethnic groups in Europe § History</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">Vernacular</a>, and <a href="/wiki/De_vulgari_eloquentia" title="De vulgari eloquentia">De vulgari eloquentia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_and_identity,_standardization_processes">Language and identity, standardization processes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Europe&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Language and identity, standardization processes">edit</a>]</div> In the Middle Ages the two most important defining elements of Europe were Christianitas and Latinitas.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The earliest dictionaries were glossaries: more or less structured lists of lexical pairs (in alphabetical order or according to conceptual fields). The Latin-German (Latin-Bavarian) <a href="/wiki/Abrogans" title="Abrogans">Abrogans</a> was among the first. A new wave of <a href="/wiki/Lexicography" title="Lexicography">lexicography</a> can be seen from the late 15th century onwards (after the introduction of the printing press, with the growing interest in standardisation of languages).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The concept of the <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation state</a> began to emerge in the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a>. Nations adopted particular dialects as their national language. This, together with improved communications, led to official efforts to standardise the <a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national language</a>, and a number of language academies were established: 1582 <a href="/wiki/Accademia_della_Crusca" title="Accademia della Crusca">Accademia della Crusca</a> in Florence, 1617 <a href="/wiki/Fruchtbringende_Gesellschaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruchtbringende Gesellschaft">Fruchtbringende Gesellschaft</a> in Weimar, 1635 <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie française">Académie française</a> in Paris, 1713 <a href="/wiki/Real_Academia_Espa%C3%B1ola" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Academia Española">Real Academia Española</a> in Madrid. Language became increasingly linked to nation as opposed to culture, and was also used to promote religious and ethnic identity: e.g. different <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations" title="Bible translations">Bible translations</a> in the same language for Catholics and Protestants.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The first languages whose standardisation was promoted included Italian (<a href="/wiki/Questione_della_lingua" title="Questione della lingua">questione della lingua</a>: Modern Tuscan/Florentine vs. Old Tuscan/Florentine vs. Venetian → Modern Florentine + archaic Tuscan + Upper Italian), French (the standard is based on Parisian), English (the standard is based on the London dialect) and (High) German (based on the dialects of the chancellery of Meissen in Saxony, Middle German, and the chancellery of Prague in Bohemia ("Common German")). But several other nations also began to develop a standard variety in the 16th century.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lingua_franca">Lingua franca</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Europe&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Lingua franca">edit</a>]</div> Europe has had a number of languages that were considered <a href="/wiki/Linguae_francae" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguae francae">linguae francae</a> over some ranges for some periods according to some historians. Typically in the rise of a national language the new language becomes a lingua franca to peoples in the range of the future nation until the consolidation and unification phases. If the nation becomes internationally influential, its language may become a lingua franca among nations that speak their own national languages. Europe has had no lingua franca ranging over its entire territory spoken by all or most of its populations during any historical period. Some linguae francae of past and present over some of its regions for some of its populations are: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Classical Greek</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Basin</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Athenian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Athenian Empire">Athenian Empire</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a>, being replaced by <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire</a> and other parts of the Balkans south of the <a href="/wiki/Jire%C4%8Dek_Line" title="Jireček Line">Jireček Line</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late Latin</a> among the uneducated and educated populations respectively of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> and the states that followed it in the same range no later than 900 AD; <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Latin" title="Renaissance Latin">Renaissance Latin</a> among the educated populations of western, northern, central and part of eastern Europe until the rise of the national languages in that range, beginning with the first language academy in Italy in 1582/83; <a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a> written only in scholarly and scientific contexts by a small minority of the educated population at scattered locations over all of Europe; <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">ecclesiastical Latin</a>, in spoken and written contexts of liturgy and church administration only, over the range of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Lingua_Franca" title="Mediterranean Lingua Franca">Lingua Franca</a> or Sabir, the original of the name, an Italian-based <a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">pidgin</a> language of mixed origins used by maritime commercial interests around the Mediterranean in the Middle Ages and early Modern Age.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> in continental western European countries and in the <a href="/wiki/Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">Crusader states</a>.<a href="#cite_note-calvet175-176-73">[73]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>, mainly during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles IV</a> (14th century) but also during other periods of Bohemian control over the Holy Roman Empire.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Low_German" title="Middle Low German">Middle Low German</a>, around the 14th–16th century, during the heyday of the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a>, mainly in Northeastern Europe across the Baltic Sea.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> as Castilian in Spain and <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> from the times of <a href="/wiki/The_Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="The Catholic Monarchs">the Catholic Monarchs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Columbus</a>, c. 1492; that is, after the <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a>, until established as a national language in the times of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>, c. 1648; subsequently multinational in all nations in or formerly in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, due to the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> (16th–18th centuries).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> due to the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_fashion" title="Italian fashion">fashion industry</a> and the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic church">Roman Catholic church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> from the golden age under <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu" title="Cardinal Richelieu">Cardinal Richelieu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> c. 1648; i.e., after the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>, in France and the <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a>, until established as the national language during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> of 1789 and subsequently multinational in all nations in or formerly in the various <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French Empires</a>.<a href="#cite_note-calvet175-176-73">[73]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> in Northern, Central, and Eastern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> in <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> until its consolidation as a national language in the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> and the rise of <a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a>; subsequently internationally under the various states in or formerly in the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>; globally since the victories of the predominantly English speaking countries (<a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, and others) and their allies in the two world wars ending in 1918 (<a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>) and 1945 (<a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>) and the subsequent rise of the United States as a <a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">superpower</a> and major <a href="/wiki/United_States#Culture" title="United States">cultural influence</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> in the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> including <a href="/wiki/Northern_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Asia">Northern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linguistic_minorities">Linguistic minorities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Europe&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Linguistic minorities">edit</a>]</div> Historical attitudes towards linguistic diversity are illustrated by two French laws: the <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_of_Villers-Cotter%C3%AAts" title="Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts">Ordonnance de Villers-Cotterêts</a> (1539), which said that every document in France should be written in French (neither in Latin nor in Occitan) and the <a href="/wiki/Toubon_Law" title="Toubon Law">Loi Toubon</a> (1994), which aimed to eliminate anglicisms from official documents. States and populations within a state have often resorted to war to settle their differences. There have been attempts to prevent such hostilities: two such initiatives were promoted by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>, founded in 1949, which affirms the right of minority language speakers to use their language fully and freely.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> The Council of Europe is committed to protecting linguistic diversity. Currently all European countries except <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> have signed the <a href="/wiki/Framework_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_National_Minorities" title="Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities">Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> have signed it, but have not ratified it; this framework entered into force in 1998. Another European treaty, the <a href="/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages" title="European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages">European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages</a>, was adopted in 1992 under the auspices of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>: it entered into force in 1998, and while it is legally binding for 24 countries, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> have chosen to sign without ratifying the convention.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scripts">Scripts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Europe&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Scripts">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scripts_of_European_national_languages.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Scripts_of_European_national_languages.png/320px-Scripts_of_European_national_languages.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Scripts_of_European_national_languages.png/480px-Scripts_of_European_national_languages.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Scripts_of_European_national_languages.png/640px-Scripts_of_European_national_languages.png 2x" data-file-width="1189" data-file-height="969" /></a><figcaption>Alphabets used in European national languages: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> & <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin</a> & <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Georgian_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian script">Georgian</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Armenian_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian script">Armenian</a></div></figcaption></figure> The main scripts used in Europe today are the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> was derived from the <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician alphabet</a>, and Latin was derived from the Greek via the <a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Italic alphabet">Old Italic alphabet</a>. In the Early Middle Ages, <a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a> was used in Ireland and <a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">runes</a> (derived from Old Italic script) in Scandinavia. Both were replaced in general use by the Latin alphabet by the Late Middle Ages. The Cyrillic script was derived from the Greek with the first texts appearing around 940 AD.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Antiqua%E2%80%93Fraktur_dispute" title="Antiqua–Fraktur dispute">Antiqua–Fraktur dispute</a></div> Around 1900 there were mainly two typeface variants of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> used in Europe: <a href="/wiki/Antiqua_(typeface_class)" title="Antiqua (typeface class)">Antiqua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a>. Fraktur was used most for German, Estonian, Latvian, Norwegian and Danish whereas Antiqua was used for Italian, Spanish, French, Polish, Portuguese, English, Romanian, Swedish and Finnish. The Fraktur variant was banned by <a href="/wiki/Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler</a> in 1941, having been described as "<a href="/wiki/Schwabacher" title="Schwabacher">Schwabacher</a> Jewish letters".<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Other scripts have historically been in use in Europe, including Phoenician, from which modern Latin letters descend, Ancient <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a> on Egyptian artefacts traded during Antiquity, various runic systems used in Northern Europe preceding Christianisation, and Arabic during the era of the Ottoman Empire.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Hungarian alphabet">Hungarian rovás</a> was used by the Hungarian people in the early Middle Ages, but it was gradually replaced with the Latin-based Hungarian alphabet when Hungary became a kingdom, though it was revived in the 20th century and has certain marginal, but growing area of usage since then.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Union">European Union</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Europe&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: European Union">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_European_Union" title="Languages of the European Union">Languages of the European Union</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (as of 2021) had 27 member states accounting for a population of 447 million, or about 60% of the population of Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Pop2022-83">[83]</a> The European Union has designated by agreement with the member states 24 languages as "official and working": Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Irish, Italian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Maltese, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Slovak, Slovenian, Spanish and Swedish.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> This designation provides member states with two "entitlements": the member state may communicate with the EU in any of the designated languages, and view "EU regulations and other legislative documents" in that language.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> The European Union and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> have been collaborating in education of member populations in languages for "the promotion of plurilingualism" among EU member states.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> The joint document, "<a href="/wiki/Common_European_Framework_of_Reference_for_Languages" title="Common European Framework of Reference for Languages">Common European Framework of Reference for Languages</a>: Learning, Teaching, Assessment (CEFR)", is an educational standard defining "the competencies necessary for communication" and related knowledge for the benefit of educators in setting up educational programs. In a 2005 independent survey requested by the EU's <a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_Education_and_Culture_(European_Commission)" class="mw-redirect" title="Directorate-General for Education and Culture (European Commission)">Directorate-General for Education and Culture</a> regarding the extent to which major European languages were spoken in member states. The results were published in a 2006 document, "Europeans and Their Languages", or "Eurobarometer 243". In this study, statistically relevant[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">Do you mean "significant"?</a>] samples of the population in each country were asked to fill out a survey form concerning the languages that they spoke with sufficient competency "to be able to have a conversation".<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_languages">List of languages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Europe&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: List of languages">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_European_languages_by_number_of_speakers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of European languages by number of speakers">List of European languages by number of speakers</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_languages_in_Europe" title="List of endangered languages in Europe">List of endangered languages in Europe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_languages_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="List of extinct languages of Europe">List of extinct languages of Europe</a></div> The following is a table of European languages. The number of speakers as a first or second language (L1 and L2 speakers) listed are speakers in Europe only;<a href="#cite_note-88">[nb 1]</a> see <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers">list of languages by number of native speakers</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_total_number_of_speakers" title="List of languages by total number of speakers">list of languages by total number of speakers</a> for global estimates on numbers of speakers.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The list is intended to include any language variety with an <a href="/wiki/ISO_639" title="ISO 639">ISO 639</a> code. However, it omits sign languages. Because the ISO-639-2 and ISO-639-3 codes have different definitions, this means that some communities of speakers may be listed more than once. For instance, speakers of <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a> are listed both under "Bavarian" (ISO-639-3 code bar) as well as under "German" (ISO-639-2 code de).<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Name </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/ISO-639" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO-639">ISO- 639</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">Classification </th> <th colspan="2">Speakers in Europe </th> <th colspan="2">Official status </th></tr> <tr> <th data-sort-type="number" style="width:90pt;">Native </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Total </th> <th>National<a href="#cite_note-90">[nb 2]</a> </th> <th>Regional </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Abaza_language" title="Abaza language">Abaza</a></td> <td>abq</td> <td>Northwest Caucasian, Abazgi</td> <td>49,800<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Cherkessia" title="Karachay-Cherkessia">Karachay-Cherkessia</a> (Russia) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a></td> <td>ady</td> <td>Northwest Caucasian, Circassian</td> <td>117,500<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adygea" title="Adygea">Adygea</a> (Russia) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aghul_language" title="Aghul language">Aghul</a></td> <td>agx</td> <td>Northeast Caucasian, Lezgic</td> <td>29,300<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a> (Russia) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Akhvakh_language" title="Akhvakh language">Akhvakh</a></td> <td>akv</td> <td>Northeast Caucasian, Avar–Andic</td> <td>210<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> (Shqip) <a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbëresh">Arbëresh</a> <a href="/wiki/Arvanitika" title="Arvanitika">Arvanitika</a> </td> <td>sq</td> <td>Indo-European</td> <td>5,367,000<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> 5,877,100<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> (Balkans)</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a><a href="#cite_note-Kosovo-97">[nb 3]</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, Arbëresh dialect: <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a>,<a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molise" title="Molise">Molise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basilicata" title="Basilicata">Basilicata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abruzzo" title="Abruzzo">Abruzzo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a> <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ulcinj_Municipality" title="Ulcinj Municipality">Ulcinj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuzi_Municipality" title="Tuzi Municipality">Tuzi</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Andi_language" title="Andi language">Andi</a></td> <td>ani</td> <td>Northeast Caucasian, Avar–Andic</td> <td>5,800<a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a></td> <td>an</td> <td>Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian</td> <td>25,000<a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a></td> <td>55,000<a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a></td> <td></td> <td>Northern <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a> (Spain)<a href="#cite_note-Not_Official-102">[nb 4]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Archi_language" title="Archi language">Archi</a></td> <td>acq</td> <td>Northeast Caucasian, Lezgic</td> <td>970<a href="#cite_note-103">[99]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a></td> <td>rup</td> <td>Indo-European, Romance, Eastern</td> <td>114,000<a href="#cite_note-104">[100]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kru%C5%A1evo" title="Kruševo">Kruševo</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asturian_language" title="Asturian language">Asturian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Astur-Leonese_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Astur-Leonese languages">Astur-Leonese</a>)</td> <td>ast</td> <td>Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian</td> <td>351,791<a href="#cite_note-ehu.eus-105">[101]</a></td> <td>641,502<a href="#cite_note-ehu.eus-105">[101]</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asturias" title="Asturias">Asturias</a><a href="#cite_note-Not_Official-102">[nb 4]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Avar_language" title="Avar language">Avar</a></td> <td>av</td> <td>Northeast Caucasian, Avar–Andic</td> <td>760,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a> (Russia) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></td> <td>az</td> <td>Turkic, Oghuz</td> <td>500,000<a href="#cite_note-106">[102]</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a> (Russia) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bagvalal_language" title="Bagvalal language">Bagvalal</a></td> <td>kva</td> <td>Northeast Caucasian, Avar–Andic</td> <td>1,500<a href="#cite_note-107">[103]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir</a></td> <td>ba</td> <td>Turkic, Kipchak</td> <td>1,221,000<a href="#cite_note-108">[104]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkortostan</a> (Russia) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a></td> <td>eu</td> <td>Basque</td> <td>750,000<a href="#cite_note-109">[105]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(greater_region)" title="Basque Country (greater region)">Basque Country</a>: <a href="/wiki/Basque_Autonomous_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque Autonomous Community">Basque Autonomous Community</a>, <a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a> (Spain), <a href="/wiki/Communaut%C3%A9_d%27agglom%C3%A9ration_du_Pays_Basque" title="Communauté d'agglomération du Pays Basque">French Basque Country</a> (France)<a href="#cite_note-Not_Official-102">[nb 4]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a></td> <td>bar</td> <td>Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Upper, Bavarian</td> <td>14,000,000<a href="#cite_note-110">[106]</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> (as <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a></td> <td>be</td> <td>Indo-European, Slavic, East</td> <td>3,300,000<a href="#cite_note-111">[107]</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bezhta_language" title="Bezhta language">Bezhta</a></td> <td>kap</td> <td>Northeast Caucasian, Tsezic</td> <td>6,800<a href="#cite_note-112">[108]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a></td> <td>bs</td> <td>Indo-European, Slavic, South, Western, Serbo-Croatian</td> <td>2,500,000<a href="#cite_note-113">[109]</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a><a href="#cite_note-Kosovo-97">[nb 3]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Botlikh_language" title="Botlikh language">Botlikh</a></td> <td>bph</td> <td>Northeast Caucasian, Avar–Andic</td> <td>210<a href="#cite_note-114">[110]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a></td> <td>br</td> <td>Indo-European, Celtic, Brittonic</td> <td>206,000<a href="#cite_note-115">[111]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>None, de facto status in <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> (France) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a></td> <td>bg</td> <td>Indo-European, Slavic, South, Eastern</td> <td>7,800,000<a href="#cite_note-116">[112]</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a> (Greece) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a></td> <td>ca</td> <td>Indo-European, Romance, Western, Occitano-Romance</td> <td>4,000,000<a href="#cite_note-117">[113]</a></td> <td>10,000,000<a href="#cite_note-118">[114]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a> (Spain), <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> (Spain), <a href="/wiki/Valencian_Community" title="Valencian Community">Valencian Community</a> (Spain), easternmost <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a> (Spain)<a href="#cite_note-Not_Official-102">[nb 4]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Orientales" title="Pyrénées-Orientales">Pyrénées-Orientales</a> (France)<a href="#cite_note-Not_Official-102">[nb 4]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alghero" title="Alghero">Alghero</a> (Italy) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chamalal_language" title="Chamalal language">Chamalal</a></td> <td>cji</td> <td>Northeast Caucasian, Avar–Andic</td> <td>500<a href="#cite_note-119">[115]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a></td> <td>ce</td> <td>Northeast Caucasian, Nakh</td> <td>1,400,000<a href="#cite_note-120">[116]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a> & <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a> (Russia) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a></td> <td>cv</td> <td>Turkic, Oghur</td> <td>1,100,000<a href="#cite_note-121">[117]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chuvashia" title="Chuvashia">Chuvashia</a> (Russia) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_language" title="Cimbrian language">Cimbrian</a></td> <td>cim</td> <td>Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Upper, Bavarian</td> <td>400<a href="#cite_note-122">[118]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a></td> <td>kw</td> <td>Indo-European, Celtic, Brittonic</td> <td>563<a href="#cite_note-123">[119]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> (United Kingdom)<a href="#cite_note-Not_Official-102">[nb 4]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Corsican_language" title="Corsican language">Corsican</a></td> <td>co</td> <td>Indo-European, Romance, Italo-Dalmatian</td> <td>30,000<a href="#cite_note-Corsican-124">[120]</a></td> <td>125,000<a href="#cite_note-Corsican-124">[120]</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a> (France), <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> (Italy) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a></td> <td>crh</td> <td>Turkic, Kipchak</td> <td>480,000<a href="#cite_note-125">[121]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> (Ukraine) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a></td> <td>hr</td> <td>Indo-European, Slavic, South, Western, Serbo-Croatian</td> <td>5,600,000<a href="#cite_note-126">[122]</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Burgenland" title="Burgenland">Burgenland</a> (Austria), <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a></td> <td>cs</td> <td>Indo-European, Slavic, West, Czech–Slovak</td> <td>10,600,000<a href="#cite_note-127">[123]</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a></td> <td>da</td> <td>Indo-European, Germanic, North</td> <td>5,500,000<a href="#cite_note-128">[124]</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a> (Denmark), <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> (Germany)<a href="#cite_note-129">[125]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dargwa_language" title="Dargwa language">Dargwa</a></td> <td>dar</td> <td>Northeast Caucasian, Dargin</td> <td>490,000<a href="#cite_note-130">[126]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a> (Russia) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></td> <td>nl</td> <td>Indo-European, Germanic, West, Low Franconian</td> <td>22,000,000<a href="#cite_note-131">[127]</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elfdalian" title="Elfdalian">Elfdalian</a></td> <td>ovd</td> <td>Indo-European, Germanic, North</td> <td>2000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Emilian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian dialects">Emilian</a></td> <td>egl</td> <td>Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Italic</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td> <td>en</td> <td>Indo-European, Germanic, West, Anglo-Frisian, Anglic</td> <td>63,000,000<a href="#cite_note-132">[128]</a></td> <td>260,000,000<a href="#cite_note-EU2012-133">[129]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Erzya_language" title="Erzya language">Erzya</a></td> <td>myv</td> <td>Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Mordvinic</td> <td>120,000<a href="#cite_note-134">[130]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mordovia" title="Mordovia">Mordovia</a> (Russia) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a></td> <td>et</td> <td>Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic</td> <td>1,165,400<a href="#cite_note-135">[131]</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Extremaduran_language" title="Extremaduran language">Extremaduran</a></td> <td>ext</td> <td>Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian</td> <td>200,000<a href="#cite_note-136">[132]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fala_language" title="Fala language">Fala</a></td> <td>fax</td> <td>Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian</td> <td>11,000<a href="#cite_note-137">[133]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a></td> <td>fo</td> <td>Indo-European, Germanic, North</td> <td>66,150<a href="#cite_note-138">[134]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a> (Denmark) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a></td> <td>fi</td> <td>Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic</td> <td>5,400,000<a href="#cite_note-139">[135]</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Karelia" title="Republic of Karelia">Republic of Karelia</a> (Russia) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Provençal language">Franco-Provençal (Arpitan)</a></td> <td>frp</td> <td>Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Romance</td> <td>140,000<a href="#cite_note-140">[136]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley" title="Aosta Valley">Aosta Valley</a> (Italy) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></td> <td>fr</td> <td>Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Romance, Oïl</td> <td>81,000,000<a href="#cite_note-141">[137]</a></td> <td>210,000,000<a href="#cite_note-EU2012-133">[129]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley" title="Aosta Valley">Aosta Valley</a><a href="#cite_note-statut-142">[138]</a> (Italy) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian</a></td> <td>fry frr stq</td> <td>Indo-European, Germanic, West, Anglo-Frisian</td> <td>470,000<a href="#cite_note-143">[139]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Friesland" title="Friesland">Friesland</a> (Netherlands), <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> (Germany)<a href="#cite_note-144">[140]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Friulan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Friulan language">Friulan</a></td> <td>fur</td> <td>Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Italic</td> <td>600,000<a href="#cite_note-145">[141]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Friuli" title="Friuli">Friuli</a> (Italy) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_language" title="Gagauz language">Gagauz</a></td> <td>gag</td> <td>Turkic, Oghuz</td> <td>140,000<a href="#cite_note-146">[142]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gagauzia" title="Gagauzia">Gagauzia</a> (Moldova) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a></td> <td>gl</td> <td>Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian</td> <td>2,400,000<a href="#cite_note-147">[143]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a> (Spain), <a href="/wiki/Eo-Navia_(comarca)" title="Eo-Navia (comarca)">Eo-Navia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Asturias" title="Asturias">Asturias</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Not_Official-102">[nb 4]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bierzo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bierzo">Bierzo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Province_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Province of León">Province of León</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Not_Official-102">[nb 4]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanabria_(comarca)" title="Sanabria (comarca)">Western Sanabria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Province_of_Zamora" title="Province of Zamora">Province of Zamora</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Not_Official-102">[nb 4]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></td> <td>de</td> <td>Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German</td> <td>97,000,000<a href="#cite_note-148">[144]</a></td> <td>170,000,000<a href="#cite_note-EU2012-133">[129]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a>,<a href="#cite_note-149">[145]</a> <a href="/wiki/Friuli-Venezia_Giulia" title="Friuli-Venezia Giulia">Friuli-Venezia Giulia</a><a href="#cite_note-regione.fvg.it-150">[146]</a> (Italy) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Godoberi_language" title="Godoberi language">Godoberi</a></td> <td>gin</td> <td>Northeast Caucasian, Avar–Andic</td> <td>130<a href="#cite_note-151">[147]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></td> <td>el</td> <td>Indo-European, Hellenic</td> <td>13,500,000<a href="#cite_note-152">[148]</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> (Finiq, Dropull) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hinuq_language" title="Hinuq language">Hinuq</a></td> <td>gin</td> <td>Northeast Caucasian, Tsezic</td> <td>350<a href="#cite_note-153">[149]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a></td> <td>hu</td> <td>Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Ugric</td> <td>13,000,000<a href="#cite_note-154">[150]</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Burgenland" title="Burgenland">Burgenland</a> (Austria), <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a> (Serbia), <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zakarpattia_Oblast" title="Zakarpattia Oblast">Subcarpathia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>), <a href="/wiki/Prekmurje" title="Prekmurje">Prekmurje</a>, (<a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hunzib_language" title="Hunzib language">Hunzib</a></td> <td>bph</td> <td>Northeast Caucasian, Tsezic</td> <td>1,400<a href="#cite_note-155">[151]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a></td> <td>is</td> <td>Indo-European, Germanic, North</td> <td>330,000<a href="#cite_note-156">[152]</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ingrian_language" title="Ingrian language">Ingrian</a></td> <td>izh</td> <td>Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic</td> <td>120<a href="#cite_note-157">[153]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ingush_language" title="Ingush language">Ingush</a></td> <td>inh</td> <td>Northeast Caucasian, Nakh</td> <td>300,000<a href="#cite_note-158">[154]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ingushetia" title="Ingushetia">Ingushetia</a> (Russia) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></td> <td>ga</td> <td>Indo-European, Celtic, Goidelic</td> <td>240,000<a href="#cite_note-159">[155]</a></td> <td>2,000,000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (United Kingdom) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Istriot_language" title="Istriot language">Istriot</a></td> <td>ist</td> <td>Indo-European, Romance</td> <td>900<a href="#cite_note-160">[156]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_language" title="Istro-Romanian language">Istro-Romanian</a></td> <td>ruo</td> <td>Indo-European, Romance, Eastern</td> <td>1,100<a href="#cite_note-161">[157]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></td> <td>it</td> <td>Indo-European, Romance, Italo-Dalmatian</td> <td>65,000,000<a href="#cite_note-162">[158]</a></td> <td>82,000,000<a href="#cite_note-EU2012-133">[129]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Istria_County" title="Istria County">Istria County</a> (Croatia), <a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Istria" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenian Istria">Slovenian Istria</a> (Slovenia) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></td> <td>itk</td> <td>Indo-European, Romance, Italo-Dalmatian</td> <td>250<a href="#cite_note-163">[159]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish (Ladino)</a></td> <td>lad</td> <td>Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian</td> <td>320,000<a href="#cite_note-164">[160]</a></td> <td>few<a href="#cite_note-165">[161]</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a><a href="#cite_note-Not_Official-102">[nb 4]</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a><a href="#cite_note-Not_Official-102">[nb 4]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kabardian_language" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian</a></td> <td>kbd</td> <td>Northwest Caucasian, Circassian</td> <td>530,000<a href="#cite_note-166">[162]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kabardino-Balkaria" title="Kabardino-Balkaria">Kabardino-Balkaria</a> & <a href="/wiki/Karachay-Cherkessia" title="Karachay-Cherkessia">Karachay-Cherkessia</a> (Russia) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaitag_language" title="Kaitag language">Kaitag</a></td> <td>xdq</td> <td>Northeast Caucasian, Dargin</td> <td>30,000<a href="#cite_note-167">[163]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Oirat" title="Kalmyk Oirat">Kalmyk</a></td> <td>xal</td> <td>Mongolic</td> <td>80,500<a href="#cite_note-168">[164]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalmykia" title="Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a> (Russia) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Karata_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Karata language">Karata</a></td> <td>kpt</td> <td>Northeast Caucasian, Avar–Andic</td> <td>260<a href="#cite_note-169">[165]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Karelian_language" title="Karelian language">Karelian</a></td> <td>krl</td> <td>Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic</td> <td>36,000<a href="#cite_note-170">[166]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Karelia" title="Republic of Karelia">Republic of Karelia</a> (Russia) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachay-Balkar language">Karachay-Balkar</a></td> <td>krc</td> <td>Turkic, Kipchak</td> <td>300,000<a href="#cite_note-171">[167]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kabardino-Balkaria" title="Kabardino-Balkaria">Kabardino-Balkaria</a> & <a href="/wiki/Karachay-Cherkessia" title="Karachay-Cherkessia">Karachay-Cherkessia</a> (Russia) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kashubian_language" title="Kashubian language">Kashubian</a></td> <td>csb</td> <td>Indo-European, Slavic, West, Lechitic</td> <td>50,000<a href="#cite_note-172">[168]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></td> <td>kk</td> <td>Turkic, Kipchak</td> <td>1,000,000<a href="#cite_note-173">[169]</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Oblast" title="Astrakhan Oblast">Astrakhan Oblast</a> (Russia) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Khwarshi_language" title="Khwarshi language">Khwarshi</a></td> <td>khv</td> <td>Northeast Caucasian, Tsezic</td> <td>1,700<a href="#cite_note-174">[170]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Komi_language" title="Komi language">Komi</a></td> <td>kv</td> <td>Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Permic</td> <td>220,000<a href="#cite_note-175">[171]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Komi_Republic" title="Komi Republic">Komi Republic</a> (Russia) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kubachi_language" title="Kubachi language">Kubachi</a></td> <td>ugh</td> <td>Northeast Caucasian, Dargin</td> <td>7,000<a href="#cite_note-176">[172]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></td> <td>kum</td> <td>Turkic, Kipchak</td> <td>450,000<a href="#cite_note-177">[173]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a> (Russia) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kven_language" title="Kven language">Kven</a></td> <td>fkv</td> <td>Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic</td> <td>2000-8000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lak_language" title="Lak language">Lak</a></td> <td>lbe</td> <td>Northeast Caucasian, Lak</td> <td>152,050<a href="#cite_note-178">[174]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a> (Russia) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a></td> <td>la</td> <td>Indo-European, Italic, Latino-Faliscan</td> <td>extinct</td> <td>few<a href="#cite_note-179">[175]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a></td> <td>lv</td> <td>Indo-European, Baltic</td> <td>1,750,000<a href="#cite_note-180">[176]</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lezgin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lezgin language">Lezgin</a></td> <td>lez</td> <td>Northeast Caucasian, Lezgic</td> <td>397,000<a href="#cite_note-181">[177]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a> (Russia) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_(Romance_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligurian (Romance language)">Ligurian</a></td> <td>lij</td> <td>Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Italic</td> <td>500,000<a href="#cite_note-182">[178]</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_dialect" title="Monégasque dialect">Monégasque dialect</a> is the "national language")</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a> (Italy), <a href="/wiki/Carloforte" title="Carloforte">Carloforte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calasetta" title="Calasetta">Calasetta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, Italy)<a href="#cite_note-sardegna-183">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-sardegna2-184">[180]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Limburgish" title="Limburgish">Limburgish</a></td> <td>li lim</td> <td>Indo-European, Germanic, West, Low Franconian</td> <td>1,300,000 (2001)<a href="#cite_note-185">[181]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Limburg_(Belgium)" title="Limburg (Belgium)">Limburg</a> (Belgium), <a href="/wiki/Limburg_(Netherlands)" title="Limburg (Netherlands)">Limburg</a> (Netherlands) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a></td> <td>lt</td> <td>Indo-European, Baltic</td> <td>3,000,000<a href="#cite_note-186">[182]</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian</a></td> <td>liv</td> <td>Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic</td> <td>1<a href="#cite_note-187">[183]</a></td> <td>210<a href="#cite_note-188">[184]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a><a href="#cite_note-Not_Official-102">[nb 4]</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a></td> <td>lmo</td> <td>Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Italic</td> <td>3,600,000<a href="#cite_note-189">[185]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a> (Italy) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German (Low Saxon)</a></td> <td>nds wep</td> <td>Indo-European, Germanic, West</td> <td>1,000,000<a href="#cite_note-nds-190">[186]</a></td> <td>2,600,000<a href="#cite_note-nds-190">[186]</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> (Germany)<a href="#cite_note-191">[187]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ludic_language" title="Ludic language">Ludic</a></td> <td>lud</td> <td>Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic</td> <td>300<a href="#cite_note-192">[188]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish" title="Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a></td> <td>lb</td> <td>Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German</td> <td>336,000<a href="#cite_note-ltz-193">[189]</a></td> <td>386,000<a href="#cite_note-ltz-193">[189]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Wallonia</a> (Belgium) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></td> <td>mk</td> <td>Indo-European, Slavic, South, Eastern</td> <td>1,400,000<a href="#cite_note-194">[190]</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/East_Franconian_German" title="East Franconian German">Mainfränkisch</a></td> <td>vmf</td> <td>Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Upper</td> <td>4,900,000<a href="#cite_note-195">[191]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a></td> <td>mt</td> <td>Semitic, Arabic</td> <td>520,000<a href="#cite_note-196">[192]</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a></td> <td>gv</td> <td>Indo-European, Celtic, Goidelic</td> <td>230<a href="#cite_note-197">[193]</a></td> <td>2,300<a href="#cite_note-198">[194]</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mari_language" title="Mari language">Mari</a></td> <td>chm mhr mrj</td> <td>Uralic, Finno-Ugric</td> <td>500,000<a href="#cite_note-199">[195]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mari_El" title="Mari El">Mari El</a> (Russia) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language" title="Megleno-Romanian language">Megleno-Romanian</a></td> <td>ruq</td> <td>Indo-European, Romance, Eastern</td> <td>3,000<a href="#cite_note-200">[196]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Minderico_language" title="Minderico language">Minderico</a></td> <td>drc</td> <td>Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian</td> <td>500<a href="#cite_note-201">[197]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mirandese_language" title="Mirandese language">Mirandese</a></td> <td>mwl</td> <td>Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian</td> <td>15,000<a href="#cite_note-202">[198]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Miranda_do_Douro" title="Miranda do Douro">Miranda do Douro</a> (Portugal) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Moksha_language" title="Moksha language">Moksha</a></td> <td>mdf</td> <td>Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Mordvinic</td> <td>2,000<a href="#cite_note-203">[199]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mordovia" title="Mordovia">Mordovia</a> (Russia) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin</a></td> <td>cnr</td> <td>Indo-European, Slavic, South, Western, Serbo-Croatian</td> <td>240,700<a href="#cite_note-204">[200]</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Neapolitan</a></td> <td>nap</td> <td>Indo-European, Romance, Italo-Dalmatian</td> <td>5,700,000<a href="#cite_note-205">[201]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a> (Italy)<a href="#cite_note-206">[202]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nenets_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nenets language">Nenets</a></td> <td>yrk</td> <td>Uralic, Samoyedic</td> <td>4,000<a href="#cite_note-207">[203]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nenets_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Nenets Autonomous Okrug">Nenets Autonomous Okrug</a> (Russia) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nogai_language" title="Nogai language">Nogai</a></td> <td>nog</td> <td>Turkic, Kipchak</td> <td>87,000<a href="#cite_note-208">[204]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a> (Russia) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a></td> <td>nrf</td> <td>Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Romance, Oïl</td> <td>50,000<a href="#cite_note-209">[205]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a> (United Kingdom), <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a> (United Kingdom) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a></td> <td>no</td> <td>Indo-European, Germanic, North</td> <td>5,200,000<a href="#cite_note-210">[206]</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a></td> <td>oc</td> <td>Indo-European, Romance, Western, Occitano-Romance</td> <td>500,000<a href="#cite_note-211">[207]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> (Spain)<a href="#cite_note-Aranese-212">[nb 5]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</a></td> <td>os</td> <td>Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Eastern</td> <td>450,000<a href="#cite_note-213">[208]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Ossetia-Alania" class="mw-redirect" title="North Ossetia-Alania">North Ossetia-Alania</a> (Russia), <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Palatine_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatine German language">Palatinate German</a></td> <td>pfl</td> <td>Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Central</td> <td>1,000,000<a href="#cite_note-214">[209]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picard</a></td> <td>pcd</td> <td>Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Romance, Oïl</td> <td>200,000<a href="#cite_note-215">[210]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Wallonia</a> (Belgium) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a></td> <td>pms</td> <td>Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Italic</td> <td>1,600,000<a href="#cite_note-216">[211]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a> (Italy)<a href="#cite_note-217">[212]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a></td> <td>pl</td> <td>Indo-European, Slavic, West, Lechitic</td> <td>38,500,000<a href="#cite_note-218">[213]</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></td> <td>pt</td> <td>Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian</td> <td>10,000,000<a href="#cite_note-219">[214]</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhaeto-Romance_languages" title="Rhaeto-Romance languages">Rhaeto-Romance</a></td> <td>fur lld roh</td> <td>Indo-European, Romance, Western</td> <td>370,000<a href="#cite_note-220">[215]</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a> <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Belluno" title="Province of Belluno">Belluno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friuli-Venezia_Giulia" title="Friuli-Venezia Giulia">Friuli-Venezia Giulia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a>,<a href="#cite_note-221">[216]</a> & <a href="/wiki/Trentino" title="Trentino">Trentino</a> (Italy) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_language" title="Ripuarian language">Ripuarian (Platt)</a></td> <td>ksh</td> <td>Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Central</td> <td>900,000<a href="#cite_note-222">[217]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Romagnol_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Romagnol dialects">Romagnol</a></td> <td>rgn</td> <td>Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Italic</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></td> <td>rom</td> <td>Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Western</td> <td>1,500,000<a href="#cite_note-223">[218]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a><a href="#cite_note-Kosovo-97">[nb 3]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[219]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a></td> <td>ro</td> <td>Indo-European, Romance, Eastern</td> <td>24,000,000<a href="#cite_note-225">[220]</a></td> <td>28,000,000<a href="#cite_note-28mil-226">[221]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a> (Greece), <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a> (Serbia) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></td> <td>ru</td> <td>Indo-European, Slavic, East</td> <td>106,000,000<a href="#cite_note-rus-227">[222]</a></td> <td>160,000,000<a href="#cite_note-rus-227">[222]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a> (Greece), <a href="/wiki/Gagauzia" title="Gagauzia">Gagauzia</a> (Moldova), <a href="/wiki/Administrative-Territorial_Units_of_the_Left_Bank_of_the_Dniester" title="Administrative-Territorial Units of the Left Bank of the Dniester">Left Bank of the Dniester</a> (Moldova), <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn</a></td> <td>rue</td> <td>Indo-European, Slavic, East</td> <td>70,000<a href="#cite_note-228">[223]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rutul_language" title="Rutul language">Rutul</a></td> <td>rut</td> <td>Northeast Caucasian, Lezgic</td> <td>36,400<a href="#cite_note-229">[224]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a> (Russia) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sami_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami languages">Sami</a></td> <td>se</td> <td>Uralic, Finno-Ugric</td> <td>23,000<a href="#cite_note-230">[225]</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a></td> <td>sc</td> <td>Indo-European, Romance</td> <td>1,350,000<a href="#cite_note-231">[226]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> (Italy) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a></td> <td>sco</td> <td>Indo-European, Germanic, West, Anglo-Frisian, Anglic</td> <td>110,000<a href="#cite_note-232">[227]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> (United Kingdom), <a href="/wiki/County_Donegal" title="County Donegal">County Donegal</a> (Republic of Ireland), <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (United Kingdom) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></td> <td>gd</td> <td>Indo-European, Celtic, Goidelic</td> <td>57,000<a href="#cite_note-233">[228]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> (United Kingdom) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a></td> <td>sr</td> <td>Indo-European, Slavic, South, Western, Serbo-Croatian</td> <td>9,000,000<a href="#cite_note-234">[229]</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a><a href="#cite_note-Kosovo-97">[nb 3]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a> (Greece), <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a></td> <td>scn</td> <td>Indo-European, Romance, Italo-Dalmatian</td> <td>4,700,000<a href="#cite_note-235">[230]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> (Italy) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Silesian_language" title="Silesian language">Silesian</a></td> <td>szl</td> <td>Indo-European, Slavic, West, Lechitic</td> <td>522,000<a href="#cite_note-236">[231]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Silesian_German" title="Silesian German">Silesian German</a></td> <td>sli</td> <td>Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Central</td> <td>11,000<a href="#cite_note-237">[232]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a></td> <td>sk</td> <td>Indo-European, Slavic, West, Czech–Slovak</td> <td>5,200,000<a href="#cite_note-238">[233]</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a> (Serbia), <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a></td> <td>sl</td> <td>Indo-European, Slavic, South, Western</td> <td>2,100,000<a href="#cite_note-239">[234]</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Friuli-Venezia_Giulia" title="Friuli-Venezia Giulia">Friuli-Venezia Giulia</a><a href="#cite_note-regione.fvg.it-150">[146]</a> (Italy) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sorbian_languages" title="Sorbian languages">Sorbian (Wendish)</a></td> <td>wen</td> <td>Indo-European, Slavic, West</td> <td>20,000<a href="#cite_note-240">[235]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a> & <a href="/wiki/Sachsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Sachsen">Sachsen</a> (Germany)<a href="#cite_note-241">[236]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></td> <td>es</td> <td>Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian</td> <td>47,000,000<a href="#cite_note-242">[237]</a></td> <td>76,000,000<a href="#cite_note-EU2012-133">[129]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> (United Kingdom) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Swabian_German" title="Swabian German">Swabian German</a></td> <td>swg</td> <td>Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Upper, Alemannic</td> <td>820,000<a href="#cite_note-243">[238]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a></td> <td>sv</td> <td>Indo-European, Germanic, North</td> <td>11,100,000<a href="#cite_note-sv-244">[239]</a></td> <td>13,280,000<a href="#cite_note-sv-244">[239]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Swiss_German" title="Swiss German">Swiss German</a></td> <td>gsw</td> <td>Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Upper, Alemannic</td> <td>5,000,000<a href="#cite_note-245">[240]</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> (as <a href="/wiki/German-speaking_Switzerland" title="German-speaking Switzerland">German</a>)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tabasaran_language" title="Tabasaran language">Tabasaran</a></td> <td>tab</td> <td>Northeast Caucasian, Lezgic</td> <td>126,900<a href="#cite_note-246">[241]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a> (Russia) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tat_language_(Caucasus)" title="Tat language (Caucasus)">Tat</a></td> <td>ttt</td> <td>Indo-European, Iranian, Western</td> <td>30,000<a href="#cite_note-247">[242]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a> (Russia) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></td> <td>tt</td> <td>Turkic, Kipchak</td> <td>4,300,000<a href="#cite_note-248">[243]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a> (Russia) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tindi_language" title="Tindi language">Tindi</a></td> <td>tin</td> <td>Northeast Caucasian, Avar–Andic</td> <td>2,200<a href="#cite_note-249">[244]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tsez_language" title="Tsez language">Tsez</a></td> <td>ddo</td> <td>Northeast Caucasian, Tsezic</td> <td>13,000<a href="#cite_note-250">[245]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></td> <td>tr</td> <td>Turkic, Oghuz</td> <td>15,752,673<a href="#cite_note-251">[246]</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_language" title="Udmurt language">Udmurt</a></td> <td>udm</td> <td>Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Permic</td> <td>340,000<a href="#cite_note-252">[247]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Udmurtia" title="Udmurtia">Udmurtia</a> (Russia) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></td> <td>uk</td> <td>Indo-European, Slavic, East</td> <td>32,600,000<a href="#cite_note-253">[248]</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Administrative-Territorial_Units_of_the_Left_Bank_of_the_Dniester" title="Administrative-Territorial Units of the Left Bank of the Dniester">Left Bank of the Dniester</a> (Moldova) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Upper_Saxon_German" title="Upper Saxon German">Upper Saxon</a></td> <td>sxu</td> <td>Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Central</td> <td>2,000,000<a href="#cite_note-254">[249]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Veps_language" title="Veps language">Vepsian</a></td> <td>vep</td> <td>Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic</td> <td>1,640<a href="#cite_note-255">[250]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Karelia" title="Republic of Karelia">Republic of Karelia</a> (Russia) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a></td> <td>vec</td> <td>Indo-European, Romance, Italo-Dalmatian</td> <td>3,800,000<a href="#cite_note-256">[251]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a> (Italy)<a href="#cite_note-257">[252]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5ro_language" title="Võro language">Võro</a></td> <td>vro</td> <td>Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic</td> <td>87,000<a href="#cite_note-258">[253]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5ru_County" title="Võru County">Võru County</a> (Estonia) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Votic_language" title="Votic language">Votic</a></td> <td>vot</td> <td>Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic</td> <td>21<a href="#cite_note-259">[254]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a></td> <td>wa</td> <td>Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Romance, Oïl</td> <td>600,000<a href="#cite_note-260">[255]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Wallonia</a> (Belgium) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Walser_German" title="Walser German">Walser German</a></td> <td>wae</td> <td>Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Upper, Alemannic</td> <td>20,000<a href="#cite_note-261">[256]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></td> <td>cy</td> <td>Indo-European, Celtic, Brittonic</td> <td>562,000<a href="#cite_note-262">[257]</a></td> <td>750,000</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> (United Kingdom) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wymysorys_language" title="Wymysorys language">Wymysorys</a></td> <td>wym</td> <td>Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German</td> <td>70<a href="#cite_note-263">[258]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yenish_language" title="Yenish language">Yenish</a></td> <td>yec</td> <td>Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German</td> <td>16,000<a href="#cite_note-264">[259]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a><a href="#cite_note-Not_Official-102">[nb 4]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a></td> <td>yi</td> <td>Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German</td> <td>600,000<a href="#cite_note-265">[260]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a><a href="#cite_note-Not_Official-102">[nb 4]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a><a href="#cite_note-Not_Official-102">[nb 4]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a><a href="#cite_note-Not_Official-102">[nb 4]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a><a href="#cite_note-Not_Official-102">[nb 4]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a><a href="#cite_note-Not_Official-102">[nb 4]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a><a href="#cite_note-Not_Official-102">[nb 4]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zeelandic" title="Zeelandic">Zeelandic</a></td> <td>zea</td> <td>Indo-European, Germanic, West, Low Franconian</td> <td>220,000<a href="#cite_note-266">[261]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages_spoken_in_Armenia,_Azerbaijan,_Cyprus,_Georgia,_and_Turkey">Languages spoken in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Cyprus, Georgia, and Turkey</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Europe&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Languages spoken in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Cyprus, Georgia, and Turkey">edit</a>]</div> There <a href="/wiki/Definition_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Definition of Europe">are various definitions of Europe</a>, which may or may not include all or parts of Turkey, Cyprus, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia. For convenience, the languages and associated statistics for all five of these countries are grouped together on this page, as they are usually presented at a national, rather than subnational, level. <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Name </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/ISO-639" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO-639">ISO- 639</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">Classification </th> <th colspan="2">Speakers in expanded geopolitical Europe </th> <th colspan="2">Official status </th></tr> <tr> <th data-sort-="" style="width:90pt;">L1 </th> <th data-sort-type="number">L1+L2 </th> <th>National<a href="#cite_note-267">[nb 6]</a> </th> <th>Regional </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_language" title="Abkhaz language">Abkhaz</a></td> <td>ab</td> <td>Northwest Caucasian, Abazgi</td> <td>Abkhazia/Georgia:<a href="#cite_note-268">[262]</a> 191,000<a href="#cite_note-269">[263]</a> Turkey: 44,000<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-270">[264]</a></td> <td></td> <td>Abkhazia</td> <td>Abkhazia </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a> (West Circassian)</td> <td>ady</td> <td>Northwest Caucasian, Circassian</td> <td>Turkey: 316,000<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-270">[264]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></td> <td>sq</td> <td>Indo-European, Albanian</td> <td>Turkey: 66,000 (Tosk)<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-270">[264]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a></td> <td>ar</td> <td>Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, West</td> <td>Turkey: 2,437,000 Not counting post-2014 Syrian refugees<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-270">[264]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></td> <td>hy</td> <td>Indo-European, Armenian</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>: 3 million<a href="#cite_note-:4-271">[265]</a> Azerbaijan: 145,000 [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Georgia: around 0.2 million ethnic Armenians (Abkhazia: 44,870<a href="#cite_note-272">[266]</a>) Turkey: 61,000<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-270">[264]</a> Cyprus: 668<a href="#cite_note-CoE_2014-273">[267]</a>: 3 </td> <td></td> <td>Armenia Azerbaijan</td> <td>Cyprus </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></td> <td>az</td> <td>Turkic, Oghuz</td> <td>Azerbaijan 9 million[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-274">[268]</a> Turkey: 540,000<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-270">[264]</a> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> 0.2 million</td> <td></td> <td>Azerbaijan</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bats_language" title="Bats language">Batsbi</a></td> <td>bbl</td> <td>Northeast Caucasian, Nakh</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>: 500<a href="#cite_note-275">[269]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>]</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a></td> <td>bg</td> <td>Indo-European, Slavic, South</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>: 351,000<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-270">[264]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a></td> <td>crh</td> <td>Turkic, Kipchak</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>: 100,000<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-270">[264]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a></td> <td>ka</td> <td>Kartvelian, Karto-Zan</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>: 3,224,696<a href="#cite_note-GeorgiaCensus-276">[270]</a> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>: 151,000<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-270">[264]</a> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>: 9,192 ethnic Georgians<a href="#cite_note-Azer2009-277">[271]</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></td> <td>el</td> <td>Indo-European, Hellenic</td> <td>Cyprus: 679,883<a href="#cite_note-Euromosaic-278">[272]</a>: 2.2  Turkey: 3,600<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-270">[264]</a></td> <td></td> <td>Cyprus</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Juhuri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Juhuri language">Juhuri</a></td> <td>jdt</td> <td>Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Southwest</td> <td>Azerbaijan: 24,000 (1989)<a href="#cite_note-279">[273]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>]</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a></td> <td>kur</td> <td>Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Northwest</td> <td>Turkey: 15 million<a href="#cite_note-pop-280">[274]</a> Azerbaijan: 9,000[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji">Kurmanji</a></td> <td>kmr</td> <td>Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Northwest</td> <td>Turkey: 8.13 million<a href="#cite_note-281">[275]</a> Armenia: 33,509<a href="#cite_note-armstat.am-282">[276]</a> Georgia: 14,000 [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Armenia </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Laz_language" title="Laz language">Laz</a></td> <td>lzz</td> <td>Kartvelian, Karto-Zan, Zan</td> <td>Turkey: 20,000<a href="#cite_note-laz_ethnologue-283">[277]</a> Georgia: 2,000<a href="#cite_note-laz_ethnologue-283">[277]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language" title="Megleno-Romanian language">Megleno-Romanian</a></td> <td>ruq</td> <td>Indo-European, Italic, Romance, East</td> <td>Turkey: 4–5,000<a href="#cite_note-284">[278]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_language" title="Mingrelian language">Mingrelian</a></td> <td>xmf</td> <td>Kartvelian, Karto-Zan, Zan</td> <td>Georgia (including Abkhazia): 344,000<a href="#cite_note-285">[279]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontic Greek language">Pontic Greek</a></td> <td>pnt</td> <td>Indo-European, Hellenic</td> <td>Turkey: greater than 5,000<a href="#cite_note-Özkan-286">[280]</a> Armenia: 900 ethnic <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Greeks" title="Caucasus Greeks">Caucasus Greeks</a><a href="#cite_note-287">[281]</a> Georgia: 5,689 <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Greeks" title="Caucasus Greeks">Caucasus Greeks</a><a href="#cite_note-GeorgiaCensus-276">[270]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari language</a></td> <td>rom, dmt</td> <td>Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indic</td> <td>Turkey: 500,000<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-270">[264]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></td> <td>ru</td> <td>Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic</td> <td>Armenia: 15,000<a href="#cite_note-demoscope251-288">[282]</a> Azerbaijan: 250,000<a href="#cite_note-demoscope251-288">[282]</a> Georgia: 130,000<a href="#cite_note-demoscope251-288">[282]</a></td> <td>Armenia: about 0.9 million<a href="#cite_note-demoscope329-289">[283]</a> Azerbaijan: about 2.6 million<a href="#cite_note-demoscope329-289">[283]</a> Georgia: about 1 million<a href="#cite_note-demoscope329-289">[283]</a> Cyprus: 20,984<a href="#cite_note-290">[284]</a></td> <td>Abkhazia South Ossetia</td> <td>Armenia Azerbaijan </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Svan_language" title="Svan language">Svan</a></td> <td>sva</td> <td>Kartvelian, Svan</td> <td>Georgia (incl. Abkhazia): 30,000<a href="#cite_note-291">[285]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tat_language_(Caucasus)" title="Tat language (Caucasus)">Tat</a></td> <td>ttt</td> <td>Indo-European, Indo-Aryan, Iranian, Southwest</td> <td>Azerbaijan: 10,000<a href="#cite_note-John_M._Clifton_2005-292">[286]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>]</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></td> <td>tr</td> <td>Turkic, Oghuz</td> <td>Turkey: 66,850,000<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-270">[264]</a> Cyprus: 1,405<a href="#cite_note-Census_2011-293">[287]</a> + 265,100 in the North<a href="#cite_note-census2006-294">[288]</a></td> <td></td> <td>Turkey Cyprus Northern Cyprus</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zaza_language" title="Zaza language">Zazaki</a></td> <td>zza</td> <td>Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Northwest</td> <td>Turkey: 3–4 million (2009)<a href="#cite_note-295">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-296">[290]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Immigrant_communities">Immigrant communities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Europe&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Immigrant communities">edit</a>]</div> Recent (post–1945) <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Europe" title="Immigration to Europe">immigration to Europe</a> introduced substantial communities of speakers of non-European languages.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-3">[3]</a> The largest such communities include <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> speakers (see <a href="/wiki/Arabs_in_Europe" title="Arabs in Europe">Arabs in Europe</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> speakers (beyond <a href="/wiki/European_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="European Turkey">European Turkey</a> and the historical sphere of influence of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Europe" title="Turks in Europe">Turks in Europe</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Cole_2011_loc=367-297">[291]</a> <a href="/wiki/Armenian_diaspora" title="Armenian diaspora">Armenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a> have diaspora communities of <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1–2,000,000 each. The various <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">languages of Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">languages of India</a> form numerous smaller diaspora communities. <dl><dt>List of the largest immigrant languages</dt></dl> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>ISO 639</th> <th>Classification</th> <th>Native</th> <th>Ethnic diaspora </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a></td> <td>ar</td> <td>Afro-Asiatic, Semitic</td> <td>5,000,000<a href="#cite_note-298">[292]</a></td> <td>Unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></td> <td>tr</td> <td>Turkic, Oghuz</td> <td>3,000,000<a href="#cite_note-299">[293]</a></td> <td>7,000,000<a href="#cite_note-300">[294]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></td> <td>hy</td> <td>Indo-European</td> <td>1,000,000<a href="#cite_note-Armenian_L1-301">[295]</a></td> <td>3,000,000<a href="#cite_note-302">[296]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a></td> <td>ku</td> <td>Indo-European, Iranian, Western</td> <td>600,000<a href="#cite_note-303">[297]</a></td> <td>1,000,000<a href="#cite_note-304">[298]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>-<a href="/wiki/Sylheti_language" title="Sylheti language">Sylheti</a></td> <td>bn syl</td> <td>Indo-European, Indo-Aryan</td> <td>600,000<a href="#cite_note-305">[299]</a></td> <td>1,000,000<a href="#cite_note-306">[300]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></td> <td>az</td> <td>Turkic, Oghuz</td> <td>500,000<a href="#cite_note-307">[301]</a></td> <td>700,000<a href="#cite_note-308">[302]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kabyle_language" title="Kabyle language">Kabyle</a></td> <td>kab</td> <td>Afro-Asiatic, Berber</td> <td>500,000<a href="#cite_note-309">[303]</a></td> <td>1,000,000<a href="#cite_note-310">[304]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></td> <td>zh</td> <td>Sino-Tibetan, Sinitic</td> <td>300,000<a href="#cite_note-311">[305]</a></td> <td>2,000,000<a href="#cite_note-312">[306]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></td> <td>ur</td> <td>Indo-European, Indo-Aryan</td> <td>300,000<a href="#cite_note-313">[307]</a></td> <td>1,800,000<a href="#cite_note-314">[308]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a></td> <td>uz</td> <td>Turkic, Karluk</td> <td>300,000<a href="#cite_note-315">[309]</a></td> <td>2,000,000<a href="#cite_note-316">[310]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></td> <td>fa</td> <td>Indo-European, Iranian, Western</td> <td>300,000<a href="#cite_note-317">[311]</a></td> <td>400,000<a href="#cite_note-318">[312]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></td> <td>pa</td> <td>Indo-European, Indo-Aryan</td> <td>300,000<a href="#cite_note-319">[313]</a></td> <td>700,000<a href="#cite_note-320">[314]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></td> <td>gu</td> <td>Indo-European, Indo-Aryan</td> <td>200,000<a href="#cite_note-321">[315]</a></td> <td>600,000<a href="#cite_note-322">[316]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></td> <td>ta</td> <td>Dravidian</td> <td>200,000<a href="#cite_note-323">[317]</a></td> <td>500,000<a href="#cite_note-324">[318]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a></td> <td>so</td> <td>Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic</td> <td>200,000<a href="#cite_note-325">[319]</a></td> <td>400,000<a href="#cite_note-326">[320]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Europe&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Language" title="Portal:Language">Language portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">Ethnic groups in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurolinguistics" title="Eurolinguistics">Eurolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Day_of_Languages" title="European Day of Languages">European Day of Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_East_and_Latin_West" title="Greek East and Latin West">Greek East and Latin West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_languages_in_Europe" title="List of endangered languages in Europe">List of endangered languages in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilingual_countries_and_regions_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Multilingual countries and regions of Europe">List of multilingual countries and regions of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Average_European" title="Standard Average European">Standard Average European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travellingua" title="Travellingua">Travellingua</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Europe&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> "Europe" is taken as a geographical term, <a href="/wiki/Definition_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Definition of Europe">defined</a> by the conventional <a href="/wiki/Europe-Asia_boundary" class="mw-redirect" title="Europe-Asia boundary">Europe-Asia boundary</a> along the Caucasus and the Urals. Estimates for populations geographically in Europe are given for <a href="/wiki/Transcontinental_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcontinental countries">transcontinental countries</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a>, defined as <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> member states and observer states. 'Recognised minority language' status is not included. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kosovo-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kosovo_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kosovo_97-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kosovo_97-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kosovo_97-3">d</a> The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Kosovo">Republic of Kosovo</a> is a <a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Kosovo" title="International recognition of Kosovo">partially recognized state</a> (recognized by 111 out of 193 UN member states as of 2017). </li> <li id="cite_note-Not_Official-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Not_Official_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Not_Official_102-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Not_Official_102-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Not_Official_102-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Not_Official_102-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Not_Official_102-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Not_Official_102-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Not_Official_102-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Not_Official_102-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Not_Official_102-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Not_Official_102-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Not_Official_102-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Not_Official_102-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Not_Official_102-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Not_Official_102-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Not_Official_102-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Not_Official_102-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Not_Official_102-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Not_Official_102-18">s</a> Recognized and protected, but not official. </li> <li id="cite_note-Aranese-212"><a href="#cite_ref-Aranese_212-0">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Aranese_dialect" title="Aranese dialect">Aranese dialect</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Val_d%27Aran" title="Val d'Aran">Val d'Aran</a> county. </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a>, defined as <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> member states and observer states. 'Recognised minority language' status is not included. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Europe&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/statistics/#area">"Ethnologue: Statistics"</a>. 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Sustainable Multilingualism. 17 (1): 1–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fsm-2020-0011">10.2478/sm-2020-0011</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:227129146">227129146</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sustainable+Multilingualism&rft.atitle=The+Objective+and+Subjective+Ethnolinguistic+Vitality+of+West+Frisian%3A+Promotion+and+Perception+of+a+Minority+Language+in+the+Netherlands&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-25&rft.date=2020-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2478%2Fsm-2020-0011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A227129146%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kuipers-Zandberg&rft.aufirst=Helga&rft.au=Kircher%2C+Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2478%252Fsm-2020-0011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinter2022" class="citation cs2">Winter, Christoph (21 December 2022), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/linguistics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.001.0001/acrefore-9780199384655-e-938">"Frisian"</a>, Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199384655.013.938">10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.938</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938465-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938465-5"><bdi>978-0-19-938465-5</bdi></a>, retrieved 21 May 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Frisian&rft.btitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+Linguistics&rft.date=2022-12-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199384655.013.938&rft.isbn=978-0-19-938465-5&rft.aulast=Winter&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Flinguistics%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199384655.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780199384655-e-938&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Dutch-language">"Dutch language | Definition, Origin, History, Countries, Examples, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. www.britannica.com. 15 December 2023. Retrieved 23 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Dutch+language+%7C+Definition%2C+Origin%2C+History%2C+Countries%2C+Examples%2C+%26+Facts+%7C+Britannica&rft.date=2023-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FDutch-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/deu/">"German, Standard | Ethnologue Free"</a>. Ethnologue (Free All). 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ScienceDaily. Retrieved 6 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ScienceDaily&rft.atitle=Linguist+makes+sensational+claim%3A+English+is+a+Scandinavian+language&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2012%2F11%2F121127094111.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nordics.info/show/artikel/linguistic-variety-in-the-nordic-region">"Linguistic variety in the Nordics"</a>. nordics.info. 21 February 2019. Retrieved 6 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nordics.info&rft.atitle=Linguistic+variety+in+the+Nordics&rft.date=2019-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnordics.info%2Fshow%2Fartikel%2Flinguistic-variety-in-the-nordic-region&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGooskensKürschnerHeuven2021" class="citation journal cs1">Gooskens, Charlotte; Kürschner, Sebastian; Heuven, Vincent J. van (4 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0332586521000111">"The role of loanwords in the intelligibility of written Danish among Swedes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Journal_of_Linguistics" title="Nordic Journal of Linguistics">Nordic Journal of Linguistics</a>. 45 (1): 4–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0332586521000111">10.1017/S0332586521000111</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1887%2F3205273">1887/3205273</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0332-5865">0332-5865</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nordic+Journal+of+Linguistics&rft.atitle=The+role+of+loanwords+in+the+intelligibility+of+written+Danish+among+Swedes&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4-29&rft.date=2021-08-04&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1887%2F3205273&rft.issn=0332-5865&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0332586521000111&rft.aulast=Gooskens&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rft.au=K%C3%BCrschner%2C+Sebastian&rft.au=Heuven%2C+Vincent+J.+van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0332586521000111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGooskensvan_HeuvenGolubovićSchüppert2018" class="citation journal cs1">Gooskens, Charlotte; van Heuven, Vincent J.; Golubović, Jelena; Schüppert, Anja; Swarte, Femke; Voigt, Stefanie (3 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14790718.2017.1350185">"Mutual intelligibility between closely related languages in Europe"</a>. International Journal of Multilingualism. 15 (2): 169–193. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14790718.2017.1350185">10.1080/14790718.2017.1350185</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1887%2F79190">1887/79190</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1479-0718">1479-0718</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Multilingualism&rft.atitle=Mutual+intelligibility+between+closely+related+languages+in+Europe&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=169-193&rft.date=2018-04-03&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1887%2F79190&rft.issn=1479-0718&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14790718.2017.1350185&rft.aulast=Gooskens&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rft.au=van+Heuven%2C+Vincent+J.&rft.au=Golubovi%C4%87%2C+Jelena&rft.au=Sch%C3%BCppert%2C+Anja&rft.au=Swarte%2C+Femke&rft.au=Voigt%2C+Stefanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F14790718.2017.1350185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://limburgs.org/en/limburgish/">"Limburgish- Limburgse taal & Limburgs dialect | Limburgs.org"</a>. Limbörgse Academie. Retrieved 23 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Limb%C3%B6rgse+Academie&rft.atitle=Limburgish-+Limburgse+taal+%26+Limburgs+dialect+%7C+Limburgs.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flimburgs.org%2Fen%2Flimburgish%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTi_AlkireCarol_Rosen2010" class="citation book cs1">Ti Alkire; Carol Rosen (2010). Romance languages: a Historical Introduction. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Romance+languages%3A+a+Historical+Introduction&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Ti+Alkire&rft.au=Carol+Rosen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lubello-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Lubello_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSergio_Lubello2016" class="citation book cs1">Sergio Lubello (2016). Manuale Di Linguistica Italiana, Manuals of Romance linguistics. De Gruyter. p. 499.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manuale+Di+Linguistica+Italiana%2C+Manuals+of+Romance+linguistics&rft.pages=499&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2016&rft.au=Sergio+Lubello&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> This includes all of the varieties of Sardinian, written with any <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Limba_Sarda_Comuna" title="Limba Sarda Comuna">LSC</a>, used for all of Sardinian, or the <a href="/wiki/Logudorese_Sardinian" title="Logudorese Sardinian">Logudorese</a>, Nugorese and <a href="/wiki/Campidanese_Sardinian" title="Campidanese Sardinian">Campidanese</a> orthographies, only used for some dialects of it) but does not include <a href="/wiki/Gallurese" title="Gallurese">Gallurese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sassarese_language" title="Sassarese language">Sassarese</a>, that even though they have sometimes been included in a supposed Sardinian "macro-language" are actually considered by all Sardinian linguists two different transitional languages between Sardinian and <a href="/wiki/Corsican_language" title="Corsican language">Corsican</a> (or, in the case of Gallurese, are sometimes classified as a variant of Corsican). For Gallurese: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maxia-mail.doomby.com/medias/files/atti-def-2015.compressed.pdf">ATTI DEL II CONVEGNO INTERNAZIONALE DI STUDI Ciurrata di la Linga Gadduresa, 2014</a>, for Sassarese: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaxia2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Maxia, Mauro (2010). Studi sardo-corsi. Dialettologia e storia della lingua tra le due isole (in Italian). Sassari: Taphros. p. 58. <q>La tesi che individua nel sassarese una base essenzialmente toscana deve essere riesaminata alla luce delle cospicue migrazioni corse che fin dall'età giudicale interessarono soprattutto il nord della Sardegna. In effetti, che il settentrione della Sardegna, almeno dalla metà del Quattrocento, fosse interessato da un forte presenza corsa si può desumere da diversi punti di osservazione. Una delle prove più evidenti è costituita dall'espressa citazione che di questo fenomeno fa il cap. 42 del secondo libro degli Statuti del comune di Sassari, il quale fu aggiunto nel 1435 o subito dopo. Se si tiene conto di questa massiccia presenza corsa e del fatto che la presenza pisana nel regno di Logudoro cessò definitivamente entro il Duecento, l'origine del fondo toscano non andrà attribuita a un influsso diretto del pisano antico ma del corso che rappresenta, esso stesso, una conseguenza dell'antica toscanizzazione della Corsica</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studi+sardo-corsi.+Dialettologia+e+storia+della+lingua+tra+le+due+isole&rft.place=Sassari&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Taphros&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Maxia&rft.aufirst=Mauro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988">). They are legally considered two different languages by the Sardinian Regional Government too (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAutonomous_Region_of_Sardinia1997" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Autonomous Region of Sardinia (15 October 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210301195804/http://www.regione.sardegna.it/j/v/86?v=9&c=72&s=1&file=1997026">"Legge Regionale 15 ottobre 1997, n. 26"</a> (in Italian). pp. Art. 2, paragraph 4. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regione.sardegna.it/j/v/86?v=9&c=72&s=1&file=1997026">the original</a> on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 16 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Legge+Regionale+15+ottobre+1997%2C+n.+26&rft.pages=Art.+2%2C+paragraph+4&rft.date=1997-10-15&rft.au=Autonomous+Region+of+Sardinia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.regione.sardegna.it%2Fj%2Fv%2F86%3Fv%3D9%26c%3D72%26s%3D1%26file%3D1997026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988">). </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedmanPerez-Perdomo2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_M._Friedman" title="Lawrence M. Friedman">Friedman, Lawrence</a>; Perez-Perdomo, Rogelio (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wEMUKyPTE9AC&q=%22latin+europe%22">Legal Culture in the Age of Globalization: Latin America and Latin Europe</a>. Stanford University Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-6695-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-6695-9"><bdi>0-8047-6695-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legal+Culture+in+the+Age+of+Globalization%3A+Latin+America+and+Latin+Europe&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8047-6695-9&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft.au=Perez-Perdomo%2C+Rogelio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwEMUKyPTE9AC%26q%3D%2522latin%2Beurope%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Slavic-languages">"Slavic languages | List, Definition, Origin, Map, Tree, History, & Number of Speakers | Britannica"</a>. www.britannica.com. 2 November 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Slavic+languages+%7C+List%2C+Definition%2C+Origin%2C+Map%2C+Tree%2C+History%2C+%26+Number+of+Speakers+%7C+Britannica&rft.date=2023-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FSlavic-languages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pol">Polish</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (27th ed., 2024) <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ukr">Ukrainian</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (27th ed., 2024) <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/hbs">Serbo-Croatian</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (27th ed., 2024) <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ces">Czech</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (27th ed., 2024) <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/bul">Bulgarian</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (27th ed., 2024) <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/slk">Slovak</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (27th ed., 2024) <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/bel">Belarusian</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (27th ed., 2024) <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/slv">Slovene</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (27th ed., 2024) <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Macedonian-language">"Macedonian Language"</a>. Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 12 January 2024. Retrieved 24 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Macedonian+Language&rft.date=2024-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FMacedonian-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/subgroup/4249/">"Slavic | Ethnologue Free"</a>. Ethnologue (Free All). Retrieved 22 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue+%28Free+All%29&rft.atitle=Slavic+%7C+Ethnologue+Free&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fsubgroup%2F4249%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> F. Violi, Lessico Grecanico-Italiano-Grecanico, Apodiafàzzi, <a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Reggio Calabria</a>, 1997. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Paolo Martino, L'isola grecanica dell'Aspromonte. Aspetti sociolinguistici, 1980. Risultati di un'inchiesta del 1977 </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Filippo Violi, Storia degli studi e della letteratura popolare grecanica, C.S.E. Bova (<a href="/wiki/Province_of_Reggio_Calabria" title="Province of Reggio Calabria">RC</a>), 1992 </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Filippo Condemi, Grammatica Grecanica, Coop. Contezza, <a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Reggio Calabria</a>, 1987; </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/magazine/lingua_italiana/speciali/minoranze/Romano.html">"In Salento e Calabria le voci della minoranza linguistica greca"</a>. Treccani, l'Enciclopedia italiana.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Treccani%2C+l%27Enciclopedia+italiana&rft.atitle=In+Salento+e+Calabria+le+voci+della+minoranza+linguistica+greca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fmagazine%2Flingua_italiana%2Fspeciali%2Fminoranze%2FRomano.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerhard_RohlfsSalvatore_Sicuro" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gerhard Rohlfs; Salvatore Sicuro. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1130000797628384384">"Grammatica storica dei dialetti italogreci"</a>. (No Title) (in Italian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240420152930/https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1130000797628384384">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2024. Retrieved 8 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%28No+Title%29&rft.atitle=Grammatica+storica+dei+dialetti+italogreci&rft.au=Gerhard+Rohlfs&rft.au=Salvatore+Sicuro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcir.nii.ac.jp%2Fcrid%2F1130000797628384384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dansby_2020_f130-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Dansby_2020_f130_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDansby2020" class="citation web cs1">Dansby, Angela (16 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20201215-the-last-speakers-of-ancient-sparta">"The last speakers of ancient Sparta"</a>. BBC Home. Retrieved 6 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Home&rft.atitle=The+last+speakers+of+ancient+Sparta&rft.date=2020-12-16&rft.aulast=Dansby&rft.aufirst=Angela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ftravel%2Farticle%2F20201215-the-last-speakers-of-ancient-sparta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pronk_2017-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Pronk_2017_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPronk2017" class="citation book cs1">Pronk, Tijmen (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/35480576">USQUE AD RADICES Indo-European studies in honour of Birgit Anette Olsen: Curonian accentuation</a>. Copenhagen, Denmark: Museum Tusculanum Press. p. 659. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788763545761" title="Special:BookSources/9788763545761"><bdi>9788763545761</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=USQUE+AD+RADICES+Indo-European+studies+in+honour+of+Birgit+Anette+Olsen%3A+Curonian+accentuation&rft.place=Copenhagen%2C+Denmark&rft.pages=659&rft.pub=Museum+Tusculanum+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9788763545761&rft.aulast=Pronk&rft.aufirst=Tijmen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F35480576&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vaba_2014-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Vaba_2014_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaba2014" class="citation journal cs1">Vaba, Lembit (July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286371765">"Curonian linguistic elements in Livonian"</a>. 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Routledge. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-26774-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-26774-1"><bdi>978-1-136-26774-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Managing+Ethnic+Diversity+in+Russia&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-05-07&rft.isbn=978-1-136-26774-1&rft.aulast=Protsyk&rft.aufirst=Oleh&rft.au=Harzl%2C+Benedikt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfMFE-OYR3dkC%26dq%3D%2522European%2BCharter%2Bfor%2BRegional%2Bor%2BMinority%2522%2B%25221998%2522%2B%2522russia%2522%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssembly2006" class="citation book cs1">Assembly, Council of Europe: Parliamentary (8 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wKonXLgCTLQC&dq=%22European+Charter+for+Regional+or+Minority%22+%221998%22+%22moldova%22&pg=PA235">Documents: working papers, 2006 ordinary session (first part), 23 -27 January 2006, Vol. 1: Documents 10711, 10712, 10715-10769</a>. Council of Europe. p. 235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-871-5932-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-871-5932-8"><bdi>978-92-871-5932-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Documents%3A+working+papers%2C+2006+ordinary+session+%28first+part%29%2C+23+-27+January+2006%2C+Vol.+1%3A+Documents+10711%2C+10712%2C+10715-10769&rft.pages=235&rft.pub=Council+of+Europe&rft.date=2006-11-08&rft.isbn=978-92-871-5932-8&rft.aulast=Assembly&rft.aufirst=Council+of+Europe%3A+Parliamentary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwKonXLgCTLQC%26dq%3D%2522European%2BCharter%2Bfor%2BRegional%2Bor%2BMinority%2522%2B%25221998%2522%2B%2522moldova%2522%26pg%3DPA235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDimitrov2023" class="citation web cs1">Dimitrov, Bogoya (19 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.eui.eu/library/cyrillic-alphabet/">"Book Exhibition Dedicated to the Day of the Cyrillic Alphabet"</a>. The EUI Library Blog. Retrieved 16 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+EUI+Library+Blog&rft.atitle=Book+Exhibition+Dedicated+to+the+Day+of+the+Cyrillic+Alphabet&rft.date=2023-05-19&rft.aulast=Dimitrov&rft.aufirst=Bogoya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.eui.eu%2Flibrary%2Fcyrillic-alphabet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ligaturix.de/bormann.htm">Facsimile of Bormann's Memorandum (in German)</a> The memorandum itself is typed in Antiqua, but the <a href="/wiki/NSDAP" class="mw-redirect" title="NSDAP">NSDAP</a> <a href="/wiki/Letterhead" title="Letterhead">letterhead</a> is printed in Fraktur. "For general attention, on behalf of the Führer, I make the following announcement: It is wrong to regard or to describe the so‑called Gothic script as a German script. In reality, the so‑called Gothic script consists of Schwabach Jew letters. Just as they later took control of the newspapers, upon the introduction of printing the Jews residing in Germany took control of the printing presses and thus in Germany the Schwabach Jew letters were forcefully introduced. Today the Führer, talking with Herr Reichsleiter Amann and Herr Book Publisher Adolf Müller, has decided that in the future the Antiqua script is to be described as normal script. All printed materials are to be gradually converted to this normal script. As soon as is feasible in terms of textbooks, only the normal script will be taught in village and state schools. The use of the Schwabach Jew letters by officials will in future cease; appointment certifications for functionaries, street signs, and so forth will in future be produced only in normal script. On behalf of the Führer, Herr Reichsleiter Amann will in future convert those newspapers and periodicals that already have foreign distribution, or whose foreign distribution is desired, to normal script". </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGleichgewicht2020" class="citation web cs1">Gleichgewicht, Daniel (30 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://neweasterneurope.eu/2020/04/30/new-illiberalism-and-the-old-hungarian-alphabet/">"New illiberalism and the old Hungarian alphabet"</a>. New Eastern Europe. Retrieved 16 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Eastern+Europe&rft.atitle=New+illiberalism+and+the+old+Hungarian+alphabet&rft.date=2020-04-30&rft.aulast=Gleichgewicht&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fneweasterneurope.eu%2F2020%2F04%2F30%2Fnew-illiberalism-and-the-old-hungarian-alphabet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pop2022-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Pop2022_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/TPS00001/bookmark/table?lang=en&bookmarkId=6ef61f16-dadc-42b1-a6ce-3ddfda4727e8">"Population on 1 January"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a>. Retrieved 27 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eurostat&rft.atitle=Population+on+1+January&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Fdatabrowser%2Fview%2FTPS00001%2Fbookmark%2Ftable%3Flang%3Den%26bookmarkId%3D6ef61f16-dadc-42b1-a6ce-3ddfda4727e8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/languages/policy/linguistic-diversity/official-languages-eu_en.htm">"Languages Policy: Linguistic diversity: Official languages of the EU"</a>. European Commission, European Union. 4 June 2009. Retrieved 9 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Languages+Policy%3A+Linguistic+diversity%3A+Official+languages+of+the+EU&rft.pub=European+Commission%2C+European+Union&rft.date=2009-06-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Flanguages%2Fpolicy%2Flinguistic-diversity%2Fofficial-languages-eu_en.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090202112407/http://ec.europa.eu/education/languages/languages-of-europe/doc135_en.htm">"Languages of Europe: Official EU languages"</a>. European Commission, European Union. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/education/languages/languages-of-europe/doc135_en.htm">the original</a> on 2 February 2009. Retrieved 5 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Languages+of+Europe%3A+Official+EU+languages&rft.pub=European+Commission%2C+European+Union&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feducation%2Flanguages%2Flanguages-of-europe%2Fdoc135_en.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091030205032/http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/linguistic/CADRE_EN.asp">"Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment (CEFR)"</a>. Council of Europe. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coe.int/T/DG4/Linguistic/CADRE_EN.asp">the original</a> on 30 October 2009. Retrieved 5 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Common+European+Framework+of+Reference+for+Languages%3A+Learning%2C+Teaching%2C+Assessment+%28CEFR%29&rft.pub=Council+of+Europe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coe.int%2FT%2FDG4%2FLinguistic%2FCADRE_EN.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_en.pdf">"Europeans and Their Languages"</a> (PDF). European Commission. 2006. p. 8. Retrieved 5 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Europeans+and+Their+Languages&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=European+Commission&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fpublic_opinion%2Farchives%2Febs%2Febs_243_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/about/relationships">"Relationships to other parts of ISO 639 | ISO 639-3"</a>. iso639-3.sil.org. Retrieved 18 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iso639-3.sil.org&rft.atitle=Relationships+to+other+parts+of+ISO+639+%7C+ISO+639-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiso639-3.sil.org%2Fabout%2Frelationships&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/abq/">Abaza</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/ady/">Adyghe </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/agx/">Aghul</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/akv/">Akhvakh</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/sqi/">Albanian</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/sqi">"Albanian"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a>. Retrieved 12 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Albanian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fsqi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> Population total of all languages of the Albanian <a href="/wiki/ISO_639_macrolanguage" title="ISO 639 macrolanguage">macrolanguage</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090806193843/http://www.consiglioregionale.calabria.it/upload/testicoordinati/LR%2015-2003%28TC%29.doc">"Norme per la tutela e la valorizzazione della lingua e del patrimonio culturale delle minoranze linguistiche e storiche di Calabria"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.consiglioregionale.calabria.it/upload/testicoordinati/LR%2015-2003%28TC%29.doc">the original</a> on 6 August 2009. Retrieved 25 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Norme+per+la+tutela+e+la+valorizzazione+della+lingua+e+del+patrimonio+culturale+delle+minoranze+linguistiche+e+storiche+di+Calabria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.consiglioregionale.calabria.it%2Fupload%2Ftesticoordinati%2FLR%252015-2003%2528TC%2529.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/ani/">Andi</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://zaguan.unizar.es/record/60448">https://zaguan.unizar.es/record/60448</a> Report about Census of population 2011 of Aragonese Sociolinguistics Seminar and University of Zaragoza </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150101002219/http://www.aragondigital.es/noticia.asp?notid=126286">"Más de 50.000 personas hablan aragonés"</a>. Aragón Digital. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historico.aragondigital.es/noticia.asp?notid=126286">the original</a> on 1 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arag%C3%B3n+Digital&rft.atitle=M%C3%A1s+de+50.000+personas+hablan+aragon%C3%A9s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistorico.aragondigital.es%2Fnoticia.asp%3Fnotid%3D126286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/acq/">Archi</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/rup/">Aromanian </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-ehu.eus-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ehu.eus_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ehu.eus_105-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ehu.eus/documents/1457190/1547454/Avance+III+Encuesta+Sociolling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica+Asturias.pdf/aba19c6f-4dab-470c-8a33-157248373072">III Sociolinguistic Study of Asturias (2017)</a>. Euskobarometro. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> c. 130,000 in Dagestan. In addition, there are about 0.5 million speakers in immigrant communities in Russia, see <a href="#Immigrant_communities">#Immigrant communities</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/aze/">Azerbaijani </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/kva/">Bagvalal</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/bak/">Bashkort </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> (in French) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mintzaira.fr/fileadmin/documents/Aktualitateak/015_VI_ENQUETE_PB__Fr.pdf">VI° Enquête Sociolinguistique en Euskal herria (Communauté Autonome d'Euskadi, Navarre et Pays Basque Nord)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180821114111/http://www.mintzaira.fr/fileadmin/documents/Aktualitateak/015_VI_ENQUETE_PB__Fr.pdf">Archived</a> 21 August 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (2016). </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <a href="/wiki/German_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="German dialect">German dialect</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/bar/">Bavarian</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/bel/">Belarusian </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/kap/">Bezhta</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/bos/">Bosnian</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/bph/">Botlikh</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/bre/">Breton</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/bul/">Bulgarian </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/cat/">"Catalan"</a>. 19 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catalan&rft.date=2019-11-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2F18%2Flanguage%2Fcat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.iec.cat/cruscat/publicacions/informe/">"Informe sobre la Situació de la Llengua Catalana | Xarxa CRUSCAT. Coneixements, usos i representacions del català"</a>. blogs.iec.cat.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=blogs.iec.cat&rft.atitle=Informe+sobre+la+Situaci%C3%B3+de+la+Llengua+Catalana+%26%23124%3B+Xarxa+CRUSCAT.+Coneixements%2C+usos+i+representacions+del+catal%C3%A0.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.iec.cat%2Fcruscat%2Fpublicacions%2Finforme%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/cji/">Chamalal</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/che/">Chechen </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/chv/">Chuvash </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <a href="/wiki/German_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="German dialect">German dialect</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/cim/">Cimbrian</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS024/editions/2021/versions/3">"Main language (detailed)"</a>. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 31 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.atitle=Main+language+%28detailed%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fdatasets%2FTS024%2Feditions%2F2021%2Fversions%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> (UK 2021 Census) </li> <li id="cite_note-Corsican-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Corsican_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Corsican_124-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/cos/">Corsican </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/crh/">Crimean Tatar </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/hrv/">Croatian </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/ces/">Czech </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/dan/">Danish </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> recognized as official language in Nordfriesland, Schleswig-Flensburg, Flensburg and Rendsburg-Eckernförde (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexsoft.de/cgi-bin/lexsoft/justizportal_nrw.cgi?xid=148815,381">§ 82b LVwG</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/dar/">Dargwa</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/nld/">Dutch </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/eng/">English </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-EU2012-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EU2012_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EU2012_133-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EU2012_133-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EU2012_133-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EU2012_133-4">e</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_en.pdf">Europeans and their Languages</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160106183351/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_en.pdf">Archived</a> 6 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_anx_en.pdf">Data for EU27</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130429224902/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_anx_en.pdf">Archived</a> 29 April 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, published in 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/myv/">Erzya</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/est/">Estonian </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/ext/">Extremaduran</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/fax/">Fala</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/fao/">Faroese </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/fin/">Finnish </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/frp/">Franco-Provençal</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/fra/">French </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-statut-142"><a href="#cite_ref-statut_142-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111104223214/http://www.regione.vda.it/amministrazione/autonomia/statutospeciale/titolo6_f.asp">Le Statut spécial de la Vallée d'Aoste, Article 38, Title VI</a>. Region Vallée d'Aoste. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regione.vda.it/amministrazione/autonomia/statutospeciale/titolo6_f.asp">the original</a> on 4 November 2011. Retrieved 2 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Statut+sp%C3%A9cial+de+la+Vall%C3%A9e+d%27Aoste%2C+Article+38%2C+Title+VI&rft.pub=Region+Vall%C3%A9e+d%27Aoste&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.regione.vda.it%2Famministrazione%2Fautonomia%2Fstatutospeciale%2Ftitolo6_f.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/fry/">Frisian</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> recognized as official language in the Nordfriesland district and in Helgoland (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexsoft.de/cgi-bin/lexsoft/justizportal_nrw.cgi?xid=148815,381">§ 82b LVwG</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> e18|fur|Friulan </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/gag/">Gagauz</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/glg/">Galician </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> includes: bar <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a>, cim <a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_language" title="Cimbrian language">Cimbrian</a>, ksh <a href="/wiki/Colognian_dialect" title="Colognian dialect">Kölsch</a>, sli <a href="/wiki/Silesian_German" title="Silesian German">Lower Silesian</a>, vmf <a href="/wiki/East_Franconian_German" title="East Franconian German">Mainfränkisch</a>, pfl <a href="/wiki/Palatine_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatine German language">Palatinate German</a>, swg <a href="/wiki/Swabian_German" title="Swabian German">Swabian German</a>, gsw <a href="/wiki/Swiss_German" title="Swiss German">Swiss German</a>, sxu <a href="/wiki/Upper_Saxon_German" title="Upper Saxon German">Upper Saxon</a>, wae <a href="/wiki/Walser_German" title="Walser German">Walser German</a>, wep <a href="/wiki/Westphalian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Westphalian language">Westphalian</a>, wym <a href="/wiki/Wymysorys_language" title="Wymysorys language">Wymysorys</a>, yec <a href="/wiki/Yenish_language" title="Yenish language">Yenish</a>, yid <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>; see <a href="/wiki/German_dialects" title="German dialects">German dialects</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regione.taa.it/normativa/statuto_speciale.pdf">Statuto Speciale Per Il Trentino-Alto Adige</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181126033052/http://www.regione.taa.it/normativa/statuto_speciale.pdf">Archived</a> 26 November 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (1972), Art. 99–101. </li> <li id="cite_note-regione.fvg.it-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-regione.fvg.it_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-regione.fvg.it_150-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.regione.fvg.it/rafvg/cms/RAFVG/cultura-sport/patrimonio-culturale/comunita-linguistiche/FOGLIA7/">"Official website of the Autonomous Region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+website+of+the+Autonomous+Region+of+Friuli-Venezia+Giulia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.regione.fvg.it%2Frafvg%2Fcms%2FRAFVG%2Fcultura-sport%2Fpatrimonio-culturale%2Fcomunita-linguistiche%2FFOGLIA7%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/gdo/">Godoberi</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> 11 million in Greece, out of 13.4 million in total. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/ell/">Greek </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/gin/">Hinuq</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/hun/">Hungarian </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/huz/">Hunzib</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/isl/">Icelandic </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/izh/">Ingrian </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/inh/">Ingush </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/gle/">Irish </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/ist/">Istriot </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/ruo/">Istro-Romanian </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/ita/">Italian </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/itk/">Judeo-Italian </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/lad/">Judaeo-Spanish</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <a href="/wiki/SIL_Ethnologue" class="mw-redirect" title="SIL Ethnologue">SIL Ethnologue</a>: "Not the dominant language for most. Formerly the main language of Sephardic Jewry. Used in literary and music contexts." ca. 100k speakers in total, most of them in Israel, small communities in the Balkans, Greece, Turkey and in Spain. </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/kbd/">Kabardian </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/xdq/">Kaitag</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/xal/">Oirat</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/kpt/">Karata</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/krl/">Karelian</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/krc/">Karachay-Balkar</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/csb/">Kashubian </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> About 10 million in Kazakhstan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/kaz/">Kazakh </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required). <a href="/wiki/Border_between_Europe_and_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Border between Europe and Asia">Technically</a>, the westernmost portions of Kazakhstan (<a href="/wiki/Atyrau_Region" title="Atyrau Region">Atyrau Region</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Kazakhstan_Region" title="West Kazakhstan Region">West Kazakhstan Region</a>) are in Europe, with a total population of less than one million. </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/khv/">Khwarshi</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> 220,000 native speakers out of an ethnic population of 550,000. Combines Komi-Permyak (koi) with 65,000 speakers and Komi-Zyrian (kpv) with 156,000 speakers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/kom/">Komi</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/ugh/">Kubachi</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211006173252/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/per-itog/tab6.xls">"2010 Russian Census"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/per-itog/tab6.xls">the original</a> on 6 October 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2010+Russian+Census&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gks.ru%2Ffree_doc%2Fnew_site%2Fpopulation%2Fdemo%2Fper-itog%2Ftab6.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/lbe/">Lak</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Latin" title="Contemporary Latin">Contemporary Latin</a>: People fluent in Latin as a second language are probably in the dozens, not hundreds. <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Foster_(Latinist)" title="Reginald Foster (Latinist)">Reginald Foster</a> (as of 2013) estimated "no more than 100" according to Robin Banerji, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-21412604">Pope resignation: Who speaks Latin these days?</a>, BBC News, 12 February 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/lav/">Latvian </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/lez/">Lezgic</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/lij/">Ligurian</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-sardegna-183"><a href="#cite_ref-sardegna_183-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210226213750/http://www.regione.sardegna.it/j/v/86?v=9&c=72&file=1997026">"Legge Regionale 15 ottobre 1997, n. 26"</a>. Regione autonoma della Sardegna – Regione Autònoma de Sardigna. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regione.sardegna.it/j/v/86?v=9&c=72&file=1997026">the original</a> on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Legge+Regionale+15+ottobre+1997%2C+n.+26&rft.pub=Regione+autonoma+della+Sardegna+%E2%80%93+Regione+Aut%C3%B2noma+de+Sardigna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.regione.sardegna.it%2Fj%2Fv%2F86%3Fv%3D9%26c%3D72%26file%3D1997026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sardegna2-184"><a href="#cite_ref-sardegna2_184-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190305131152/http://www.regione.sardegna.it/j/v/2604?s=374982&v=2&c=93175&t=1&anno=">"Legge Regionale 3 Luglio 2018, n. 22"</a>. Regione autonoma della Sardegna – Regione Autònoma de Sardigna. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regione.sardegna.it/j/v/2604?s=374982&v=2&c=93175&t=1&anno=">the original</a> on 5 March 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Legge+Regionale+3+Luglio+2018%2C+n.+22&rft.pub=Regione+autonoma+della+Sardegna+%E2%80%93+Regione+Aut%C3%B2noma+de+Sardigna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.regione.sardegna.it%2Fj%2Fv%2F2604%3Fs%3D374982%26v%3D2%26c%3D93175%26t%3D1%26anno%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/archive-redirect">"Redirected"</a>. Ethnologue. 19 November 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Redirected&rft.date=2019-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Farchive-redirect&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/lit/">Lithuanian </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lsm.lv/raksts/dzive--stils/vecaki-un-berni/kuldalaps-zeltaberns--izdota-libiesu-valodas-gramata-berniem-un-vecakiem.a478524/">""Kūldaläpš. Zeltabērns" – izdota lībiešu valodas grāmata bērniem un vecākiem"</a>. Latvijas Sabiedriskie Mediji (LSM.lv). 18 October 2022. Retrieved 22 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22K%C5%ABldal%C3%A4p%C5%A1.+Zeltab%C4%93rns%22+%E2%80%93+izdota+l%C4%ABbie%C5%A1u+valodas+gr%C4%81mata+b%C4%93rniem+un+vec%C4%81kiem&rft.pub=Latvijas+Sabiedriskie+Mediji+%28LSM.lv%29&rft.date=2022-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lsm.lv%2Fraksts%2Fdzive--stils%2Fvecaki-un-berni%2Fkuldalaps-zeltaberns--izdota-libiesu-valodas-gramata-berniem-un-vecakiem.a478524%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140202235047/http://www.livones.net/valoda/?raksts=8701">"LĪBIEŠU VALODAS SITUĀCIJA"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livones.net/valoda/?raksts=8701">the original</a> on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 19 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L%C4%AABIE%C5%A0U+VALODAS+SITU%C4%80CIJA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livones.net%2Fvaloda%2F%3Fraksts%3D8701&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/lmo/">Lombard </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-nds-190">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nds_190-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nds_190-1">b</a> 2.6 million cited as estimate of all Germans who speak Platt "well or very well" (including L2; 4.3 million cited as the number of all speakers including those with "moderate" knowledge) in 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taz.de/1/archiv/print-archiv/printressorts/digi-artikel/?ressort=ra&dig=2009%2F02%2F21%2Fa0171&cHash=e05509f6d9/">Heute in Bremen. „Ohne Zweifel gefährdet"</a>. Frerk Möller im Interview, taz, 21. Februar 2009. However, Wirrer (1998) described Low German as "moribund".Jan Wirrer: Zum Status des Niederdeutschen. In: Zeitschrift für Germanistische Linguistik. 26, 1998, S. 309. The number of native speakers is unknown, estimated at 1 million by SIL Ethnologue. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/nds/">Low German</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/wep/">Westphalian</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> The question whether Low German should be considered as subsumed under "German" as the official language of Germany has a complicated legal history. In the wake of the ratification of the <a href="/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages" title="European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages">European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages</a> (1998), Schleswig-Holstein has explicitly recognized Low German as a regional language with official status (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexsoft.de/cgi-bin/lexsoft/justizportal_nrw.cgi?xid=148815,381">§ 82b LVwG</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/lud/">Ludic</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-ltz-193">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ltz_193-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ltz_193-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/ltz/">Luxembourgish </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/mkd/">Macedonian </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <a href="/wiki/German_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="German dialect">German dialect</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/vmf/">Main-Franconian</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/mlt/">Maltese </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/glv/">Manx </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitehead2015" class="citation web cs1">Whitehead, Sarah (2 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/education/2015/apr/02/how-manx-language-came-back-from-dead-isle-of-man">"How the Manx language came back from the dead"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Theguardian.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Theguardian.com">theguardian.com</a>. Retrieved 4 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theguardian.com&rft.atitle=How+the+Manx+language+came+back+from+the+dead&rft.date=2015-04-02&rft.aulast=Whitehead&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Feducation%2F2015%2Fapr%2F02%2Fhow-manx-language-came-back-from-dead-isle-of-man&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/chm/">Mari </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/ruq/">Megleno-Romanian </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/drc/">Minderico</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/mwl/">Mirandese </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/mdf/">Moksha</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/country/ME/languages">"Montenegro"</a>. Ethnologue. Retrieved 29 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Montenegro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fcountry%2FME%2Flanguages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/nap/">Neapolitan </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> In 2008, law was passed by the Region of Campania, stating that the Neapolitan language was to be legally protected. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727043316/http://www.denaro.it/VisArticolo.aspx?IdArt=548026">"Tutela del dialetto, primo via libera al Ddl campano"</a>. Il Denaro (in Italian). 15 October 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.denaro.it/VisArticolo.aspx?IdArt=548026">the original</a> on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 22 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Il+Denaro&rft.atitle=Tutela+del+dialetto%2C+primo+via+libera+al+Ddl+campano&rft.date=2008-10-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.denaro.it%2FVisArticolo.aspx%3FIdArt%3D548026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> total 22,000 native speakers (2010 Russian census) out of an ethnic population of 44,000. Most of these are in Siberia, with about 8,000 ethnic Nenets in European Russia (2010 census, mostly in <a href="/wiki/Nenets_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Nenets Autonomous Okrug">Nenets Autonomous Okrug</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/nog/">Nogai</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/nrf/">Jèrriais </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/nor">"Norwegian"</a>. Ethnologue. Retrieved 6 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Norwegian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fnor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/oci/">Occitan</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required). Includes Auvergnat, Gascon, Languedocien, Limousin, Provençal, Vivaro-Alpine. Most native speakers are in France; their number is unknown, as varieties of Occitan are treated as French dialects with no official status. </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> Total 570,000, of which 450,000 in the Russian Federation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/oss/">Ossetian</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <a href="/wiki/German_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="German dialect">German dialect</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/pfl/">Palatinate German</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/pcd/">Picard </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/pms/">Piedmontese </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> Piedmontese was recognised as Piedmont's regional language by the regional parliament in 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.consiglioregionale.piemonte.it/mzodgint/jsp/AttoSelezionato.jsp?ATTO=61118">Motion 1118 in the Piedmontese Regional Parliament, Approvazione da parte del Senato del Disegno di Legge che tutela le minoranze linguistiche sul territorio nazionale – Approfondimenti, approved unanimously on 15 December 1999</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gioventurapiemonteisa.net/wp-content/uploads/2007/05/odg1118.pdf">Text of motion 1118 in the Piedmontese Regional Parliament, Consiglio Regionale del Piemonte, Ordine del Giorno 1118</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/pol/">Polish </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/por/">Portuguese </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> Includes <a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/fur/">Friulian</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/lld/">Ladin </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/roh/">Romansch </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regione.taa.it/normativa/statuto_speciale.pdf">Statuto Speciale Per Il Trentino-Alto Adige</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181126033052/http://www.regione.taa.it/normativa/statuto_speciale.pdf">Archived</a> 26 November 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (1972), Art. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <a href="/wiki/German_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="German dialect">German dialect</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/ksh/">Kölsch</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/rmn/">Romani, Balkan</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/rml/">Romani, Baltic</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/rmc/">Romani, Carpathian</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/rmf/">Romani, Finnish</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/rmo/">Romani, Sinte</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/rmy/">Romani, Vlax </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/rmw/">Romani, Welsh</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kosovo" title="Constitution of Kosovo">Constitution of Kosovo</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kushtetutakosoves.info/repository/docs/Constitution.of.the.Republic.of.Kosovo.pdf">p. 8</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011113028/http://www.kushtetutakosoves.info/repository/docs/Constitution.of.the.Republic.of.Kosovo.pdf">Archived</a> 11 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/ron/">Romanian </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-28mil-226"><a href="#cite_ref-28mil_226-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141029141605/http://unilat.org/DPEL/Promotion/L_Odyssee_des_langues/Roumain/ro">"Româna"</a>. unilat.org (in Romanian). <a href="/wiki/Latin_Union" title="Latin Union">Latin Union</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unilat.org/DPEL/Promotion/L_Odyssee_des_langues/Roumain/ro">the original</a> on 29 October 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unilat.org&rft.atitle=Rom%C3%A2na&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funilat.org%2FDPEL%2FPromotion%2FL_Odyssee_des_langues%2FRoumain%2Fro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rus-227">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rus_227-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rus_227-1">b</a> L1: 119 million in the Russian Federation (of which c. 83 million in <a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a>), 14.3 million in Ukraine, 6.67 million in Belarus, 0.67 million in Latvia, 0.38 million in Estonia, 0.38 million in Moldova. L1+L2: c. 100 million in European Russia, 39 million in Ukraine, 7 million in Belarus, 7 million in Poland, 2 million in Latvia, c. 2 million in the European portion of Kazakhstan, 1.8 million in Moldova, 1.1 million in Estonia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/rus/">Russian</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required). </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/rue/">Rusyn</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/rut/">Rutul</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> mostly <a href="/wiki/Northern_Sami" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Sami">Northern Sami</a> (sma), ca. 20,000 speakers; smaller communities of <a href="/wiki/Lule_Sami" class="mw-redirect" title="Lule Sami">Lule Sami</a> (smj, c. 2,000 speakers) and other variants. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/sme/">Northern Sami</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/smj/">Lule Sami</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/sma/">Southern Sami</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/sjd/">Kildin Sami</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/sms/">Skolt Sami</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/smn/">Inari Sami</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required). </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> AA. VV. Calendario Atlante De Agostini 2017, Novara, Istituto Geografico De Agostini, 2016, p. 230 </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/sco/">Scots </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/gla/">Gaelic, Scottish </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/srp/">Serbian </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/scn/">Sicilian </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/19/language/szl/">Silesian </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (19th ed., 2016) <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <a href="/wiki/German_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="German dialect">German dialect</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/sli/">Lower Silesian</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/slk/">Slovak </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/slv/">Slovene </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/hsb/">Sorbian, Upper </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> GVG § 184 Satz 2; VwVfGBbg § 23 Abs. 5; SächsSorbG § 9, right to use Sorbian in communication with the authorities guaranteed for the "Sorbian settlement area" (Sorbisches Siedlungsgebiet, <a href="/wiki/Lusatia" title="Lusatia">Lusatia</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/spa/">Spanish </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <a href="/wiki/German_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="German dialect">German dialect</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/swg/">Swabian German</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-sv-244">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sv_244-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sv_244-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/swe/">Swedish </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <a href="/wiki/German_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="German dialect">German dialect</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/swg/">Swiss German</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/tab/">Tabassaran </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/ttt/">Tat</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/jdt/">Judeo-Tat</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) 2,000 speakers in the Russian Federation according to the 2010 census (including <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judeo-Tat</a>). About 28,000 speakers in Azerbaijan; most speakers live along or just north of the Caucasus ridge (and are thus technically in Europe), with some also settling just south of the Caucasus ridge, in the <a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/tat/">Tatar</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/tin/">Tindi</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/ddi/">Tsez</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> c. 12 million in <a href="/wiki/European_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="European Turkey">European Turkey</a>, 0.6 million in Bulgaria, 0.6 million in Cyprus and Northern Cyprus; and 2,679,765 L1 speakers in other countries in Europe according to a <a href="/wiki/Eurobarometer" title="Eurobarometer">Eurobarometer</a> survey in 2012: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://languageknowledge.eu/languages/turkish">https://languageknowledge.eu/languages/turkish</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/udm/">Udmurt</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/ukr/">Ukrainian </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <a href="/wiki/German_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="German dialect">German dialect</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/sxu/">Upper Saxon German</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> Russian Census 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/vep/">Veps</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/vec/">Venetian </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> A motion to recognise Venetian as an official regional language has been approved by the <a href="/wiki/Regional_Council_of_Veneto" title="Regional Council of Veneto">Regional Council of Veneto</a> in 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240526190947/https://www.webcitation.org/6ILc8Mb9J?url=http://www.consiglioveneto.it/crvportal/leggi/2007/07lr0008.html%3FnumLegge=8">"Consiglio Regionale Veneto – Leggi Regionali"</a>. Consiglioveneto.it. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.consiglioveneto.it/crvportal/leggi/2007/07lr0008.html?numLegge=8&annoLegge=2007&tipoLegge=Alr">the original</a> on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 6 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consiglio+Regionale+Veneto+%E2%80%93+Leggi+Regionali&rft.pub=Consiglioveneto.it&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.consiglioveneto.it%2Fcrvportal%2Fleggi%2F2007%2F07lr0008.html%3FnumLegge%3D8%26annoLegge%3D2007%26tipoLegge%3DAlr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/vro/">Võro </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200124160257/http://rosstat.gov.ru/vpn_popul">"Итоги Всероссийской переписи населения 2020 года. Таблица 6. Население по родному языку"</a> [Results of the All-Russian population census 2020. Table 6. population according to native language.]. rosstat.gov.ru. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rosstat.gov.ru/vpn_popul">the original</a> on 24 January 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rosstat.gov.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%98%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8+%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+2020+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.+%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0+6.+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%83.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frosstat.gov.ru%2Fvpn_popul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/wln/">Walloon </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Highest_Alemannic" class="mw-redirect" title="Highest Alemannic">Highest Alemannic</a> dialects, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/wae/">Walser German</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/cym/">Welsh </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> Moribund German dialect spoken in <a href="/wiki/Wilamowice" title="Wilamowice">Wilamowice</a>, Poland. 70 speakers recorded in 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/wym/">Wymysorys</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/yec/">Yenish</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> Total population estimated at 1.5 million as of 1991, of which c. 40% in Ukraine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/yid/">Yiddish </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/ydd/">Eastern Yiddish </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/yih/">Western Yiddish </a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/zea/">Zeelandic</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> Abkhazia is a de facto state recognized by Russia and a handful of other states, but considered by Georgia to be ruling over a Georgian region </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/abk/">Abkhazian</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis-270">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_270-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_270-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_270-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_270-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_270-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_270-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_270-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_270-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_270-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_270-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_270-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_270-11">l</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2009" class="citation web cs1">Lewis, M. Paul, ed. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100707065422/http://www.ethnologue.org/show_country.asp?name=TRA">"Ethnologue report for Turkey (Asia)"</a>. Ethnologue: Languages of the World. SIL International. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.org/show_country.asp?name=TRA">the original</a> on 7 July 2010. Retrieved 8 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue%3A+Languages+of+the+World&rft.atitle=Ethnologue+report+for+Turkey+%28Asia%29&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.org%2Fshow_country.asp%3Fname%3DTRA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-271"><a href="#cite_ref-:4_271-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.armstat.am/file/article/1._bajin_5_583-664.pdf">"Armenian 2011 census data, chapter 5"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Armenian+2011+census+data%2C+chapter+5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.armstat.am%2Ffile%2Farticle%2F1._bajin_5_583-664.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru/rnabkhazia.html">"Ethno-Caucasus – Население Кавказа – Республика Абхазия – Население Абхазии"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethno-Caucasus+%E2%80%93+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0+%E2%80%93+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F+%E2%80%93+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru%2Frnabkhazia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CoE_2014-273"><a href="#cite_ref-CoE_2014_273-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCouncil_of_Europe2014" class="citation report cs1">Council of Europe (16 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/education/minlang/Report/PeriodicalReports/CyprusPR4_en.pdf">European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. Fourth periodical presented to the Secretary General of the Council of Europe in accordance with Article 15 of the Charter. CYPRUS</a> (PDF) (Report).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=European+Charter+for+Regional+or+Minority+Languages.+Fourth+periodical+presented+to+the+Secretary+General+of+the+Council+of+Europe+in+accordance+with+Article+15+of+the+Charter.+CYPRUS&rft.date=2014-01-16&rft.au=Council+of+Europe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coe.int%2Ft%2Fdg4%2Feducation%2Fminlang%2FReport%2FPeriodicalReports%2FCyprusPR4_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> Azeri community in Dagestan excluded </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/en/atlasmap/language-id-1041.html">"UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger"</a>. www.unesco.org. Retrieved 17 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unesco.org&rft.atitle=UNESCO+Atlas+of+the+World%27s+Languages+in+danger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fculture%2Flanguages-atlas%2Fen%2Fatlasmap%2Flanguage-id-1041.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GeorgiaCensus-276">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GeorgiaCensus_276-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GeorgiaCensus_276-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205175903/http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf">"2014 Georgian census"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2014+Georgian+census&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeostat.ge%2Fcms%2Fsite_images%2F_files%2Fenglish%2Fpopulation%2FCensus_release_ENG_2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Azer2009-277"><a href="#cite_ref-Azer2009_277-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azstat.org/statinfo/demoqraphic/en/AP_/1_5.xls">Censuses of Republic of Azerbaijan 1979, 1989, 1999, 2009</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121130101713/http://www.azstat.org/statinfo/demoqraphic/en/AP_/1_5.xls">Archived</a> 30 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Euromosaic-278"><a href="#cite_ref-Euromosaic_278-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/languages/documents/cy_en.pdf">"Cyprus"</a> (PDF). Euromosaic III. Retrieved 3 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Euromosaic+III&rft.atitle=Cyprus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Flanguages%2Fdocuments%2Fcy_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230922172424/http://tedsnet.de/georgien/Azer.html">"Ethnologue: Azerbaijan"</a>. Tedsnet.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tedsnet.de/georgien/Azer.html">the original</a> on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 3 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnologue%3A+Azerbaijan&rft.pub=Tedsnet.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tedsnet.de%2Fgeorgien%2FAzer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pop-280"><a href="#cite_ref-pop_280-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/SIL_Ethnologue" class="mw-redirect" title="SIL Ethnologue">SIL Ethnologue</a> gives estimates, broken down by dialect group, totalling 31 million, but with the caveat of "Very provisional figures for Northern Kurdish speaker population". Ethnologue estimates for dialect groups: Northern: 20.2M (undated; 15M in Turkey for 2009), Central: 6.75M (2009), Southern: 3M (2000), Laki: 1M (2000). The Swedish <a href="/wiki/Nationalencyklopedin" title="Nationalencyklopedin">Nationalencyklopedin</a> listed Kurdish in its "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), citing an estimate of 20.6 million native speakers. </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOzekSaglamGooskens2021" class="citation journal cs1">Ozek, Fatih; Saglam, Bilgit; Gooskens, Charlotte (1 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fapplirev-2020-0151">"Mutual intelligibility of a Kurmanji and a Zazaki dialect spoken in the province of Elazığ, Turkey"</a>. Applied Linguistics Review. 14 (5). De Gruyter academic publishing: 1411–1449. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fapplirev-2020-0151">10.1515/applirev-2020-0151</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244782650">244782650</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Linguistics+Review&rft.atitle=Mutual+intelligibility+of+a+Kurmanji+and+a+Zazaki+dialect+spoken+in+the+province+of+Elaz%C4%B1%C4%9F%2C+Turkey&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1411-1449&rft.date=2021-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fapplirev-2020-0151&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A244782650%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ozek&rft.aufirst=Fatih&rft.au=Saglam%2C+Bilgit&rft.au=Gooskens%2C+Charlotte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1515%252Fapplirev-2020-0151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-armstat.am-282"><a href="#cite_ref-armstat.am_282-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://armstat.am/file/article/sv_03_13a_520.pdf">"Article"</a> (PDF). armstat.am.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=armstat.am&rft.atitle=Article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farmstat.am%2Ffile%2Farticle%2Fsv_03_13a_520.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-laz_ethnologue-283">^ <a href="#cite_ref-laz_ethnologue_283-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-laz_ethnologue_283-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=lzz">"Laz"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Laz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fshow_language.asp%3Fcode%3Dlzz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Thede_Kahl" title="Thede Kahl">Thede Kahl</a> (2006): The islamisation of the Meglen Vlachs (Megleno-Romanians): The village of Nânti (Nótia) and the "Nântinets" in present-day Turkey, Nationalities Papers, 34:01, p80-81: "Assuming that nearly the total population of Nânti emigrated, then the number of emigrants must have been around 4,000. If the reported number of people living there today is added, the whole Meglen Vlachs population is c. 5,000. Although that number is only a rough estimate and may be exaggerated by the individual interviewees, it might correspond to reality." </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://endangeredlanguages.com/lang/10906">"Endangered Languages Project: Mingrelian"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Endangered+Languages+Project%3A+Mingrelian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fendangeredlanguages.com%2Flang%2F10906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Özkan-286"><a href="#cite_ref-Özkan_286-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÖzkan2013" class="citation journal cs1">Özkan, Hakan (2013). "The Pontic Greek spoken by Muslims in the villages of Beşköy in the province of present-day Trabzon". Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies. 37 (1): 130–150. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2F0307013112z.00000000023">10.1179/0307013112z.00000000023</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Byzantine+and+Modern+Greek+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Pontic+Greek+spoken+by+Muslims+in+the+villages+of+Be%C5%9Fk%C3%B6y+in+the+province+of+present-day+Trabzon&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=130-150&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2F0307013112z.00000000023&rft.aulast=%C3%96zkan&rft.aufirst=Hakan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://armstat.am/file/article/sv_03_13a_520.pdf">"2011 Armenian Census"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2011+Armenian+Census&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farmstat.am%2Ffile%2Farticle%2Fsv_03_13a_520.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-demoscope251-288">^ <a href="#cite_ref-demoscope251_288-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-demoscope251_288-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-demoscope251_288-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2006/0251/tema01.php"><bdi lang="ru">Падение статуса русского языка на постсоветском пространстве</bdi></a>. Demoscope.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161025204352/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2006/0251/tema01.php">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5&rft.pub=Demoscope.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdemoscope.ru%2Fweekly%2F2006%2F0251%2Ftema01.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-demoscope329-289">^ <a href="#cite_ref-demoscope329_289-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-demoscope329_289-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-demoscope329_289-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2008/0329/tema03.php"><bdi lang="ru">Русскоязычие распространено не только там, где живут русские</bdi></a>. demoscope.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161023011719/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2008/0329/tema03.php">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=demoscope.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE+%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%2C+%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B5+%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%82+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdemoscope.ru%2Fweekly%2F2008%2F0329%2Ftema03.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/All/548284B11BF2A3B1C2257A06003204B2?OpenDocument&print"><bdi lang="el">Στατιστική Υπηρεσία – Πληθυσμός και Κοινωνικές Συνθήκες – Απογραφή Πληθυσμού – Ανακοινώσεις – Αποτελέσματα Απογραφής Πληθυσμού, 2011</bdi></a> (in Greek). Demoscope.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130507080606/http://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/All/548284B11BF2A3B1C2257A06003204B2?OpenDocument&print">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE+%CE%A5%CF%80%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1+%E2%80%93+%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%B8%CF%85%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9+%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82+%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B8%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%82+%E2%80%93+%CE%91%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AE+%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%B8%CF%85%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%8D+%E2%80%93+%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%8E%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82+%E2%80%93+%CE%91%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%AD%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1+%CE%91%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AE%CF%82+%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%B8%CF%85%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%8D%2C+2011&rft.pub=Demoscope.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mof.gov.cy%2Fmof%2Fcystat%2Fstatistics.nsf%2FAll%2F548284B11BF2A3B1C2257A06003204B2%3FOpenDocument%26print&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3042">"Endangered Languages Project: Svan"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Endangered+Languages+Project%3A+Svan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fendangeredlanguages.com%2Flang%2F3042&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-John_M._Clifton_2005-292"><a href="#cite_ref-John_M._Clifton_2005_292-0">^</a> John M. Clifton, Gabriela Deckinga, Laura Lucht, Calvin Tiessen, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.487.2395&rep=rep1&type=pdf">"Sociolinguistic Situation of the Tat and Mountain Jews in Azerbaijan,"</a> In Clifton, ed., Studies in Languages of Azerbaijan, vol. 2 (Azerbaijan & St Petersburg, Russia: Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan & SIL International 2005). Page 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-Census_2011-293"><a href="#cite_ref-Census_2011_293-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Population enumerated by age, sex, language spoken and district (1.10.2011) (sheet D1A)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/All/8B96E149FE049F49C2257AD90055559F/$file/POP_CEN_11-POP_FOREIGN_LANG-EN-140613.xls?OpenElement">Population – Country of Birth, Citizenship Category, Country of Citizenship, Language, 2011</a>. CYstat. June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Population+enumerated+by+age%2C+sex%2C+language+spoken+and+district+%281.10.2011%29+%28sheet+D1A%29&rft.btitle=Population+%E2%80%93+Country+of+Birth%2C+Citizenship+Category%2C+Country+of+Citizenship%2C+Language%2C+2011&rft.pub=CYstat&rft.date=2013-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mof.gov.cy%2Fmof%2Fcystat%2Fstatistics.nsf%2FAll%2F8B96E149FE049F49C2257AD90055559F%2F%24file%2FPOP_CEN_11-POP_FOREIGN_LANG-EN-140613.xls%3FOpenElement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-census2006-294"><a href="#cite_ref-census2006_294-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116120824/http://nufussayimi.devplan.org/Census%202006.pdf">"Census.XLS"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nufussayimi.devplan.org/Census%202006.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 14 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census.XLS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnufussayimi.devplan.org%2FCensus%25202006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linguistlist.org/multitree/">"Multitree | The LINGUIST List"</a>. linguistlist.org. Retrieved 20 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=linguistlist.org&rft.atitle=Multitree+%26%23124%3B+The+LINGUIST+List&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinguistlist.org%2Fmultitree%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/zaza1246">"Glottolog 4.5 - Zaza"</a>. glottolog.org. Retrieved 21 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=glottolog.org&rft.atitle=Glottolog+4.5+-+Zaza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Fzaza1246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cole_2011_loc=367-297"><a href="#cite_ref-Cole_2011_loc=367_297-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole2011" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Cole" title="Jeffrey Cole">Cole, Jeffrey</a> (2011), Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, p. 367, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-302-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-302-6"><bdi>978-1-59884-302-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Groups+of+Europe%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=367&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-302-6&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/country/FR">France</a>: 4,000,000, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/country/DE">Germany</a>: 500k (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/country/ES">Spain</a>: 200k <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/country/GB">UK</a>: 159k (2011 census) </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/country/DE">Germany</a>: 1,510k, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/country/FR">France</a>: 444k, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/country/NL">Netherlands</a>: 388k, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/country/AT">Austria</a>: 197k, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/country/RU">Russia</a>: 146k, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/country/GB">UK</a>: 99k, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/country/CH">Switzerland</a>: 44k, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/country/SE">Sweden</a>: 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Europe" title="Turks in Europe">Turks in Europe</a>: only counting recent (post-Ottoman era) immigration: <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Germany" title="Turks in Germany">Germany</a>: 4,000,000, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_France" title="Turks in France">France</a>: 1,000,000, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks in the United Kingdom">UK</a>: 500,000, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_the_Netherlands" title="Turks in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a>: 500,000, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Austria" title="Turks in Austria">Austria</a>: 400,000, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Switzerland" title="Turks in Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Sweden" title="Turks in Sweden">Sweden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Russia" title="Turks in Russia">Russia</a>: 200,000 each. </li> <li id="cite_note-Armenian_L1-301"><a href="#cite_ref-Armenian_L1_301-0">^</a> 830k <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Russia#Migrant_languages" title="Languages of Russia">in Russia</a> (2010 census), 100k in Ukraine (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/hye/">SIL Ethnologue 2015</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> 2,000,000 <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Russia" title="Armenians in Russia">Armenians in Russia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_France" title="Armenians in France">France</a> 750k, <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Ukraine" title="Armenians in Ukraine">Ukraine</a> 100k, <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Germany" title="Armenians in Germany">Germany</a> 100k, <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Greece" title="Armenians in Greece">Greece</a> 60-80k, <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Spain" title="Armenians in Spain">Spain</a> 40k, <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Belgium" title="Armenians in Belgium">Belgium</a> 30k, <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Armenians in the Czech Republic">Czechia</a> 12k, <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Sweden" title="Armenians in Sweden">Sweden</a> 12k, <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Bulgaria" title="Armenians in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> 10-22k, <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Belarus" title="Armenians in Belarus">Belarus</a> 8k, <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Austria" title="Armenians in Austria">Austria</a> 6k, <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Poland" title="Armenians in Poland">Poland</a> 3-50k, <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Hungary" title="Armenians in Hungary">Hungary</a> 3-30k, <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Netherlands" title="Armenians in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a> 3-9k, <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Switzerland" title="Armenians in Switzerland">Switzerland</a> 3-5k, <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenians in Cyprus">Cyprus</a> 3k, <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Moldova" title="Armenians in Moldova">Moldova</a> 1-3k, <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Armenians in the United Kingdom">UK</a> 1-2k. </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/country/DE">Germany</a>: 541k </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_population" title="Kurdish population">Kurdish population</a>: mostly <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Germany" title="Kurds in Germany">Kurds in Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_France" title="Kurds in France">Kurds in France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Sweden" title="Kurds in Sweden">Kurds in Sweden</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> Sylheti: 300k in the UK, Bengali: 221k in the UK. </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> see <a href="/wiki/British_Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Indian">British Indian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_diaspora" title="Bangladeshi diaspora">Bangladeshi diaspora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali diaspora">Bengali diaspora</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> 515k <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Russia#Migrant_languages" title="Languages of Russia">in Russia</a> (2010 census) </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_diaspora" title="Azerbaijani diaspora">Azerbaijani diaspora</a>: Russia 600k, Ukraine 45k, not counting 400,000 in Azerbaijan's <a href="/wiki/Quba-Khachmaz_economic_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Quba-Khachmaz economic region">Quba-Khachmaz Region</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shabran_District" title="Shabran District">Shabran District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khachmaz_District" title="Khachmaz District">Khachmaz District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quba_District_(Azerbaijan)" title="Quba District (Azerbaijan)">Quba District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qusar_District" title="Qusar District">Qusar District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siazan_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Siazan District">Siyazan District</a>) technically in Europe (being north of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> watershed). </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/country/FR">France</a>: 500k </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Kabyle_people" title="Kabyle people">Kabyle people</a> in France: 1,000,000. </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> Germany 120k, Russia: 70k, UK 66k, Spain 20k. </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Overseas Chinese</a>: France 700,000, UK: 500,000, Russia: 300,000, Italy: 300,000, Germany: 200,000, Spain: 100,000. </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Languages of the United Kingdom">UK</a>: 269k (2011 census). </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_diaspora" title="Pakistani diaspora">Pakistani diaspora</a>, the majority <a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_the_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistanis in the UK">Pakistanis in the UK</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> Russia: 274k (2010 census) </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> see <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks_in_Russia" title="Uzbeks in Russia">Uzbeks in Russia</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> UK: 76k, Sweden: 74k, Germany: 72k, France 40k. </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Iranian_diaspora" title="Iranian diaspora">Iranian diaspora</a>: Germany: 100k, Sweden: 100k, UK: 50k, Russia: 50k, Netherlands: 35k, Denmark: 20k. </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> UK: 280k </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> see <a href="/wiki/British_Punjabis" title="British Punjabis">British Punjabis</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> UK: 213k </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> see <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_people#Diaspora" title="Gujarati people">Gujarati diaspora</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Languages of the United Kingdom">UK</a>: 101k, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/country/DE">Germany</a>: 35k, <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Switzerland" title="Languages of Switzerland">Switzerland</a>: 22k. </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Tamil_diaspora" title="Tamil diaspora">Tamil diaspora</a>: UK 300k, <a href="/wiki/Tamils_in_France" title="Tamils in France">France</a> 100k, Germany 50k, Switzerland 40k, u Netherlands, 20k, Norway 10k. </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/country/GB">UK</a>: 86k, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/country/SE">Sweden</a>: 53k, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IT">Italy</a>: 50k </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Somali_diaspora" title="Somali diaspora">Somali diaspora</a>: UK: 114k, Sweden: 64k, Norway: 42k, Netherlands: 39k, Germany: 34k, Denmark: 21k, Finland: 19k. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Europe&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Europe" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Languages of Europe">Languages of Europe</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEverson2001" class="citation web cs1">Everson, Michael (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.evertype.com/alphabets">"The Alphabets of Europe"</a>. evertype.com. Retrieved 19 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Alphabets+of+Europe&rft.pub=evertype.com&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Everson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.evertype.com%2Falphabets&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaarmann2011" class="citation web cs1">Haarmann, Harald (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-2011081855">"Europe's Mosaic of Languages"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_European_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of European History">Institute of European History</a>. Retrieved 2 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Europe%27s+Mosaic+of+Languages&rft.pub=Institute+of+European+History&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Haarmann&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnbn-resolving.de%2Furn%3Anbn%3Ade%3A0159-2011081855&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReissmannArgador2006" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Reissmann, Stefan; Argador, Urion (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090622183043/http://www.argador.info/skope/tero/Regioi/Europa/kultur/scpraaxoi/index.html">"Scpraaxoi in Europa"</a> (in Esperanto, English, and German). Reissmann & Argador. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.argador.info/skope/tero/Regioi/Europa/kultur/scpraaxoi/index.html">the original</a> on 22 June 2009. Retrieved 2 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scpraaxoi+in+Europa&rft.pub=Reissmann+%26+Argador&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Reissmann&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft.au=Argador%2C+Urion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.argador.info%2Fskope%2Ftero%2FRegioi%2FEuropa%2Fkultur%2Fscpraaxoi%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.map.language-diversity.eu/">Map of Minorities & Regional and Minority Languages of Europe, Language Diversity (2017)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220409044913/http://www.map.language-diversity.eu/">Archived</a> 9 April 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZikin2007" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zikin, Mutur (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muturzikin.com/carteseurope/europe.htm">"Europako Mapa linguistikoa"</a> (in Basque). muturzikin.com. Retrieved 2 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Europako+Mapa+linguistikoa&rft.pub=muturzikin.com&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Zikin&rft.aufirst=Mutur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muturzikin.com%2Fcarteseurope%2Feurope.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Languages_of_Belarus" title="Languages of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Belgium" title="Languages of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bulgaria" title="Languages of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Cyprus" title="Languages of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Denmark" title="Languages of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Estonia" title="Languages of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Finland" title="Languages of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_France" title="Languages of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Germany" title="Languages of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Greece" title="Languages of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Hungary" title="Languages of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iceland" title="Languages of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ireland" title="Languages of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kazakhstan" title="Languages of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Liechtenstein" title="Languages of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Luxembourg" title="Languages of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Malta" title="Languages of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Moldova" title="Languages of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Monaco" title="Languages of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Montenegro" title="Languages of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Netherlands" title="Languages of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_North_Macedonia" title="Languages of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Norway" title="Languages of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Poland" title="Languages of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Portugal" title="Languages of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Romania" title="Languages of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Russia" title="Languages of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_San_Marino" title="Languages of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Serbia" title="Languages of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Slovenia" title="Languages of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Spain" title="Languages of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sweden" title="Languages of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Switzerland" title="Languages of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Turkey" title="Languages of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ukraine" title="Languages of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Languages of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Languages of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Scotland" title="Languages of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Wales" title="Languages of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Vatican_City" title="Languages of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Abkhazia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Transnistria" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_%C3%85land" title="Languages of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Languages of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Gibraltar" title="Languages of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Languages of the Bailiwick of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Languages of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Jersey" title="Languages of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Svalbard" title="Languages of Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_European_Union" title="Languages of the European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_languages_lists" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_and_languages_lists" title="Template:Countries and languages lists"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_and_languages_lists" title="Template talk:Countries and languages lists"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_and_languages_lists" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries and languages lists"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_languages_lists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories" title="Lists of sovereign states and dependent territories">Countries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_languages" title="Lists of languages">languages</a> lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Countries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_the_number_of_recognized_official_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by the number of recognized official languages">Countries by the number of recognized official languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Arabic_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where Arabic is an official language">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Chinese_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where Chinese is an official language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Afrikaans_or_Dutch_are_official_languages" title="List of countries and territories where Afrikaans or Dutch are official languages">Dutch/Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_English_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where English is an official language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_French_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where French is an official language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_German_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where German is an official language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Hindustani_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and territories where Hindustani is an official language">Hindustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Italian_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and territories where Italian is an official language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Malay_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and territories where Malay is an official language">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Persian_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where Persian is an official language">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Portuguese_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and territories where Portuguese is an official language">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Romanian_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where Romanian is an official language">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Russian_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where Russian is an official language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Spanish_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where Spanish is an official language">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Tamil_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where Tamil is an official language">Tamil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">Endonyms and exonyms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_and_their_capitals_in_native_languages" title="List of countries and dependencies and their capitals in native languages">Countries and capitals in native languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_country_names_in_various_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="List of country names in various languages">Country names in various languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_country_names_in_various_languages_(A%E2%80%93C)" title="List of country names in various languages (A–C)">A–C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_country_names_in_various_languages_(D%E2%80%93I)" title="List of country names in various languages (D–I)">D–I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_country_names_in_various_languages_(J%E2%80%93P)" title="List of country names in various languages (J–P)">J–P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_country_names_in_various_languages_(Q%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of country names in various languages (Q–Z)">Q–Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Cambodia" title="Names of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_China" title="Names of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Germany" title="Names of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Iceland" title="Names of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_for_India" title="Names for India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Indonesia" title="Names of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Japan" title="Names of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Korea" title="Names of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Kosovo" title="Names of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Myanmar" title="Names of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Singapore" title="Names of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Names of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Vietnam" title="Names of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_European_Union" title="Languages of the European Union">Languages of the European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Languages</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By continent and subregion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_North_America" title="Languages of North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caribbean" title="Languages of the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_America" title="Languages of South America">South America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_East_Asia" title="Languages of East Asia">East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Asia" title="Languages of South Asia">South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Southeast_Asian_languages" title="Classification of Southeast Asian languages">Southeast Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_languages" title="Melanesian languages">Melanesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_languages" title="Micronesian languages">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_languages" title="Polynesian languages">Polynesia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_official_languages" title="List of official languages">Official languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_official_languages_by_country_and_territory" title="List of official languages by country and territory">by country and territory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_the_number_of_recognized_official_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by the number of recognized official languages">Countries by the number of recognized official languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_of_languages_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Number of languages by country">Number of languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By population</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers">By number of native speakers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_speakers_in_Europe" title="List of languages by number of speakers in Europe">Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_total_number_of_speakers" title="List of languages by total number of speakers">By number of total speakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_in_censuses" title="Languages in censuses">Languages in censuses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_families" title="List of language families">Language families</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indo-European_languages" title="List of Indo-European languages">List of Indo-European languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongolic_languages" title="List of Mongolic languages">List of Mongolic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkic_languages" title="List of Turkic languages">List of Turkic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Uralic_languages" title="List of Uralic languages">List of Uralic languages</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language-based <a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">geopolitical</a> organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> (Arabic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Language_Union" title="Dutch Language Union">Dutch Language Union</a> (Dutch)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a> (English)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Union" title="Latin Union">Latin Union</a> (Romance languages)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Linguistic_Spaces" title="Three Linguistic Spaces">Three Linguistic Spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Francophonie</a> (French)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries" title="Community of Portuguese Language Countries">Community of Portuguese Language Countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese-speaking_African_countries" title="Portuguese-speaking African countries">Países Africanos de Língua Oficial Portuguesa</a> (Portuguese)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanidad" title="Hispanidad">Hispanidad</a> (Spanish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States">Organization of Turkic States</a> (Turkic languages)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_of_Turkic_Culture" title="International Organization of Turkic Culture">International Organization of Turkic Culture</a> (Turkic languages)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_languages" title="Category:Lists of languages">Lists of languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages" title="Category:Languages">Category:Languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Language_families_of_Eurasia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eurasian_languages" title="Template:Eurasian languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eurasian_languages" title="Template talk:Eurasian languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eurasian_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eurasian languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Language_families_of_Eurasia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_families" title="List of language families">Language families</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_language" title="Iberian language">Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartessian_language" title="Tartessian language">Tartessian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Corsican_language" title="Paleo-Corsican language">Paleo-Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Sardinian_language" title="Paleo-Sardinian language">Paleo-Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camunic_language" title="Camunic language">Camunic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_(ancient_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligurian (ancient language)">Ligurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Picene_language" title="North Picene language">North Picene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicani" title="Sicani">Sicani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrsenian_languages" title="Tyrsenian languages">Tyrsenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eteocretan_language" title="Eteocretan language">Eteocretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eteocypriot_language" title="Eteocypriot language">Eteocypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">West Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">Hattic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaskian_language" title="Kaskian language">Kaskian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurro-Urartian_languages" title="Hurro-Urartian languages">Hurro-Urartian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassite_language" title="Kassite language">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_language" title="Gutian language">Gutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philistine_language" title="Philistine language">Philistine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">Caucasus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasian_languages" title="North Caucasian languages">North Caucasian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Asia" title="Languages of South Asia">South Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihali_language" title="Nihali language">Nihali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusunda_language" title="Kusunda language">Kusunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harappan_language" title="Harappan language">Harappan</a> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_East_Asia" title="Languages of East Asia">East Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreanic_languages" title="Koreanic languages">Koreanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> rim</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Andamanese_languages" title="Great Andamanese languages">Great Andamanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongan_languages" title="Ongan languages">Ongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinelese_language" title="Sentinelese language">Sentinelese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenaboi_language" title="Kenaboi language">Kenaboi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="&quot;Paleosiberian&quot;" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Paleosiberian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleosiberian languages">Paleosiberian</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_languages" title="Ainu languages">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_languages" title="Nivkh languages">Nivkh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukotko-Kamchatkan_languages" title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_languages" title="Yukaghir languages">Yukaghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeniseian_languages" title="Yeniseian languages">Yeniseian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_language" title="Rouran language">Rouran</a> ?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu_language" title="Xiongnu language">Xiongnu</a> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alarodian_languages" title="Alarodian languages">Alarodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borean_languages" title="Borean languages">Borean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nostratic_languages" title="Nostratic languages">Nostratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den%C3%A9%E2%80%93Caucasian_languages" title="Dené–Caucasian languages">Dené–Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasiatic_languages" title="Eurasiatic languages">Eurasiatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den%C3%A9%E2%80%93Yeniseian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dené–Yeniseian languages">Dené–Yeniseian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravido-Korean_languages" title="Dravido-Korean languages">Dravido-Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamo-Dravidian_languages" title="Elamo-Dravidian languages">Elamo-Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibero-Caucasian_languages" title="Ibero-Caucasian languages">Ibero-Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Hittite" title="Indo-Hittite">Indo-Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific_languages" title="Indo-Pacific languages">Indo-Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Semitic_languages" title="Indo-Semitic languages">Indo-Semitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Uralic_languages" title="Indo-Uralic languages">Indo-Uralic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karasuk_languages" title="Karasuk languages">Karasuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbi%E2%80%93Mongolic_languages" title="Serbi–Mongolic languages">Serbi–Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_languages" title="Pontic languages">Pontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural-Altaic_languages" title="Ural-Altaic languages">Ural-Altaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralo-Siberian_languages" title="Uralo-Siberian languages">Uralo-Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic%E2%80%93Yukaghir_languages" title="Uralic–Yukaghir languages">Uralic–Yukaghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskimo%E2%80%93Uralic_languages" title="Eskimo–Uralic languages">Eskimo–Uralic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukotko-Kamchatkan%E2%80%93Amuric_languages" title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_isolates_and_independent_language_families_in_Arunachal" class="mw-redirect" title="Language isolates and independent language families in Arunachal">Arunachal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Siangic_languages" title="Greater Siangic languages">Greater Siangic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siangic_languages" title="Siangic languages">Siangic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digaro_languages" title="Digaro languages">Digaro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijiic_languages" title="Mijiic languages">Mijiic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miju_languages" title="Miju languages">Miju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrusish_languages" title="Hrusish languages">Hrusish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho-Bwa_languages" title="Kho-Bwa languages">Kho-Bwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Southeast_Asian_languages" title="Classification of Southeast Asian languages">East and Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andamanese_languages" title="Andamanese languages">Andamanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austric_languages" title="Austric languages">Austric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Tai_languages" title="Austro-Tai languages">Austro-Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian%E2%80%93Ongan_languages" title="Austronesian–Ongan languages">Austronesian–Ongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_languages" title="East Asian languages">East Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Austronesian_languages" title="Sino-Austronesian languages">Sino-Austronesian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stratum_(linguistics)" title="Stratum (linguistics)">Substrata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_(Semitic)_languages" title="Atlantic (Semitic) languages">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Celtic">Pre-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Germanic substrate hypothesis">Pre-Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Goidelic substrate hypothesis">Pre-Goidelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Greek_substrate" title="Pre-Greek substrate">Pre-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasconic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Vasconic substrate hypothesis">Vasconic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substratum_in_Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Substratum in Vedic Sanskrit">Pre-Vedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Finno-Ugric_substrate" title="Pre-Finno-Ugric substrate">Pre-Finno-Ugric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Laplandic_languages" title="Paleo-Laplandic languages">Paleo-Laplandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Euphratean_language" title="Proto-Euphratean language">Proto-Euphratean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Families in italics have no living members.</li><li>Families with more than 30 languages are in bold.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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