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id="toc-Political_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Political divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sovereign_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sovereign_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Sovereign states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sovereign_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographical_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographical_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Geographical divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographical_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Prehistory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hindu_and_Buddhist_kingdoms_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hindu_and_Buddhist_kingdoms_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hindu_and_Buddhist_kingdoms_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spread_of_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spread_of_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Spread of Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spread_of_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trade_and_colonization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade_and_colonization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Trade and colonization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade_and_colonization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chinese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Chinese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>European</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>Japanese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.4</span> <span>Indian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.5</span> <span>American</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Contemporary history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indochina_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indochina_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Indochina Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indochina_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Boundaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boundaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Boundaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boundaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Climate change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Environment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Ethnic groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>Writing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.3</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Southeast Asia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 145 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-145" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">145 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Teunggara" title="Asia Teunggara – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Asia Teunggara" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suidoos-Asi%C3%AB" title="Suidoos-Asië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Suidoos-Asië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCdostasien" title="Südostasien – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Südostasien" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%B0%E1%89%A1%E1%89%A5-%E1%88%9D%E1%88%B5%E1%88%AB%E1%89%85_%E1%8A%A5%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%AB" title="ደቡብ-ምስራቅ እስያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ደቡብ-ምስራቅ እስያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82_%D8%A2%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="جنوب شرق آسيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جنوب شرق آسيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_du_Sud-%C3%88ste" title="Asia du Sud-Èste – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Asia du Sud-Èste" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sureste_asi%C3%A1ticu" title="Sureste asiáticu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sureste asiáticu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91embykuarahyres%E1%BA%BD_%C3%81sia" title="Ñembykuarahyresẽ Ásia – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ñembykuarahyresẽ Ásia" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C9%99nub-%C5%9E%C9%99rqi_Asiya" title="Cənub-Şərqi Asiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cənub-Şərqi Asiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="جنوب‌شرقی آسیا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جنوب‌شرقی آسیا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Kelod-Kangin" title="Asia Kelod-Kangin – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Asia Kelod-Kangin" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A3-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="দক্ষিণ-পূর্ব এশিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দক্ষিণ-পূর্ব এশিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang-l%C3%A2m_A-chiu" title="Tang-lâm A-chiu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tang-lâm A-chiu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Tenggara" title="Asia Tenggara – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Asia Tenggara" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D2%A1-%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%88_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Көньяҡ-Көнсығыш Азия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Көньяҡ-Көнсығыш Азия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Паўднёва-Усходняя Азія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паўднёва-Усходняя Азія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D0%8E%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Паўднёва-Ўсходняя Азія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Паўднёва-Ўсходняя Азія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="दक्खिन पुरुब एशिया – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="दक्खिन पुरुब एशिया" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habagatan-subangan_na_Asya" title="Habagatan-subangan na Asya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Habagatan-subangan na Asya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Югоизточна Азия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Югоизточна Азия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidostasien" title="Sidostasien – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Sidostasien" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugoisto%C4%8Dna_Azija" title="Jugoistočna Azija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Jugoistočna Azija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azia_ar_gevred" title="Azia ar gevred – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Azia ar gevred" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80sia_Sud-oriental" title="Àsia Sud-oriental – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Àsia Sud-oriental" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habagatan-sidlakang_Asya" title="Habagatan-sidlakang Asya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Habagatan-sidlakang Asya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihov%C3%BDchodn%C3%AD_Asie" title="Jihovýchodní Asie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jihovýchodní Asie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/De-ddwyrain_Asia" title="De-ddwyrain Asia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="De-ddwyrain Asia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syd%C3%B8stasien" title="Sydøstasien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sydøstasien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81:%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82_%D8%A2%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="تصنيف:حيوانات د جنوب شرق آسيا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تصنيف:حيوانات د جنوب شرق آسيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCdostasien" title="Südostasien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Südostasien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kagu-Aasia" title="Kagu-Aasia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kagu-Aasia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%91%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Νοτιοανατολική Ασία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νοτιοανατολική Ασία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudeste_Asi%C3%A1tico" title="Sudeste Asiático – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sudeste Asiático" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud-Orienta_Azio" title="Sud-Orienta Azio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sud-Orienta Azio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hego-ekialdeko_Asia" title="Hego-ekialdeko Asia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hego-ekialdeko Asia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82_%D8%A2%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="جنوب شرق آسیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنوب شرق آسیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsynnings%C3%A1sia" title="Landsynningsásia – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Landsynningsásia" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asie_du_Sud-Est" title="Asie du Sud-Est – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Asie du Sud-Est" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAdeast-Aazje" title="Súdeast-Aazje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Súdeast-Aazje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sueste_asi%C3%A1tico" title="Sueste asiático – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sueste asiático" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E" title="東南亞 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="東南亞" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BBng-n%C3%A0m-%C3%82" title="Tûng-nàm-Â – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Tûng-nàm-Â" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EB%82%A8%EC%95%84%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84" title="동남아시아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동남아시아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D6%87%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Հարավարևելյան Ասիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հարավարևելյան Ասիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="दक्षिण पूर्व एशिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दक्षिण पूर्व एशिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugoisto%C4%8Dna_Azija" title="Jugoistočna Azija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jugoistočna Azija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abagatan_a_daya_nga_Asia" title="Abagatan a daya nga Asia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Abagatan a daya nga Asia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Tenggara" title="Asia Tenggara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Asia Tenggara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%B0austur-As%C3%ADa" title="Suðaustur-Asía – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Suðaustur-Asía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud-est_asiatico" title="Sud-est asiatico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sud-est asiatico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D-%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%97_%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%94" title="דרום-מזרח אסיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דרום-מזרח אסיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Kidul-w%C3%A9tan" title="Asia Kidul-wétan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Asia Kidul-wétan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%8F%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE" title="ಆಗ್ನೇಯ ಏಷ್ಯಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಗ್ನೇಯ ಏಷ್ಯಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauling_Aslagang_Asia" title="Mauling Aslagang Asia – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Mauling Aslagang Asia" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0-%D0%9A%D1%8E%D0%BD%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8A%D1%8B%D1%88_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Къыбыла-Кюнчыгъыш Азия – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Къыбыла-Кюнчыгъыш Азия" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%97-%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98_%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="სამხრეთ-აღმოსავლეთი აზია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სამხრეთ-აღმოსავლეთი აზია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D2%A3%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA-%D1%88%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Оңтүстік-шығыс Азия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Оңтүстік-шығыс Азия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_ya_Kusini-Mashariki" title="Asia ya Kusini-Mashariki – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Asia ya Kusini-Mashariki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geronefa_Asia" title="Geronefa Asia – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Geronefa Asia" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C5%9F%C3%BBr-rojhilat%C3%AA_Asyay%C3%AA" title="Başûr-rojhilatê Asyayê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Başûr-rojhilatê Asyayê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%88%D1%82%D2%AF%D0%BA-%D0%A7%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8B%D1%88_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Түштүк-Чыгыш Азия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Түштүк-Чыгыш Азия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%BD%E0%BA%87%E0%BB%83%E0%BA%95%E0%BB%89" title="ອາຊີຕາເວັນອອກສຽງໃຕ້ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ອາຊີຕາເວັນອອກສຽງໃຕ້" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_austro-orientalis" title="Asia austro-orientalis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Asia austro-orientalis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dienvidaustrum%C4%81zija" title="Dienvidaustrumāzija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dienvidaustrumāzija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietry%C4%8Di%C5%B3_Azija" title="Pietryčių Azija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pietryčių Azija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Tenggara" title="Asia Tenggara – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Asia Tenggara" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az%C3%ADa_ya_S%C3%BAdi-Mony%C9%9Bl%C9%9B" title="Azía ya Súdi-Monyɛlɛ – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Azía ya Súdi-Monyɛlɛ" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_sude-este" title="Asia sude-este – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Asia sude-este" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9lkelet-%C3%81zsia" title="Délkelet-Ázsia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Délkelet-Ázsia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Југоисточна Азија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Југоисточна Азија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azia_Atsimo-Atsinanana" title="Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B4%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87_%E0%B4%8F%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF" title="തെക്കുകിഴക്കേ ഏഷ്യ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തെക്കുകിഴക്കേ ഏഷ്യ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="आग्नेय आशिया – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आग्नेय आशिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%94-%E1%83%91%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ობჟათე-ბჟაეიოლი აზია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ობჟათე-ბჟაეიოლი აზია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Tenggara" title="Asia Tenggara – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Asia Tenggara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Tenggara" title="Asia Tenggara – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Asia Tenggara" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%95%CC%A4ng-n%C3%A0ng-%C4%81" title="Dĕ̤ng-nàng-ā – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dĕ̤ng-nàng-ā" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%BD_%D3%A8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D3%A9%D0%B4_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Зүүн Өмнөд Ази – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Зүүн Өмнөд Ази" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B7%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE" title="အရှေ့တောင်အာရှ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အရှေ့တောင်အာရှ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuidoost-Azi%C3%AB" title="Zuidoost-Azië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zuidoost-Azië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="दक्षिणपूर्व एसिया – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="दक्षिणपूर्व एसिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%97%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A2" title="東南アジア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="東南アジア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BC%C3%BCduastaasien" title="Süüduastaasien – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Süüduastaasien" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8r%C3%B8st-Asia" title="Sørøst-Asia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sørøst-Asia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8raust-Asia" title="Søraust-Asia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Søraust-Asia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_del_Sud-%C3%88st" title="Asia del Sud-Èst – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Asia del Sud-Èst" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janubi-Sharqiy_Osiyo" title="Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyo – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyo" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%A3-%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%8F%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਦੱਖਣ-ਪੂਰਬੀ ਏਸ਼ੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਦੱਖਣ-ਪੂਰਬੀ ਏਸ਼ੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%DA%86%DB%8C_%DA%86%DA%91%DA%BE%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="لموچی چڑھدا ایشیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لموچی چڑھدا ایشیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%90%D9%84_%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%8A%DA%81%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="سوېل ختيځه اسيا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سوېل ختيځه اسيا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%82%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%99%E1%9F%8D" title="អាស៊ីអាគ្នេយ៍ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អាស៊ីអាគ្នេយ៍" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azja_Po%C5%82udniowo-Wschodnia" title="Azja Południowo-Wschodnia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Azja Południowo-Wschodnia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudeste_Asi%C3%A1tico" title="Sudeste Asiático – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sudeste Asiático" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qubla-sh%C4%B1%C7%B5%C4%B1s_Aziya" title="Qubla-shıǵıs Aziya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Qubla-shıǵıs Aziya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_de_Sud-Est" title="Asia de Sud-Est – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Asia de Sud-Est" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Юговыходна Азія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Юговыходна Азія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%BE-%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Юго-Восточная Азия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Юго-Восточная Азия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D2%95%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%83-%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Соҕуруулуу-илин Азия – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Соҕуруулуу-илин Азия" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%83" title="आग्नेयजम्बुद्वीपः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="आग्नेयजम्बुद्वीपः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A2_%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9D_%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8_%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="جنوب مشرقی ایشیاء – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="جنوب مشرقی ایشیاء" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80sia_sud-orientale" title="Àsia sud-orientale – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Àsia sud-orientale" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azia_Juglindore" title="Azia Juglindore – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Azia Juglindore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_d%C3%BB_Sud-est" title="Asia dû Sud-est – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Asia dû Sud-est" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9C_%E0%B6%86%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="අග්නිදිග ආසියාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අග්නිදිග ආසියාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Southeast Asia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%8F%DA%A9%DA%BB_%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%80%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ڏکڻ اوڀر ايشيا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڏکڻ اوڀر ايشيا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juhov%C3%BDchodn%C3%A1_%C3%81zia" title="Juhovýchodná Ázia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Juhovýchodná Ázia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugovzhodna_Azija" title="Jugovzhodna Azija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jugovzhodna Azija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%95%DB%86%DA%98%DA%BE%DB%95%DA%B5%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="باشووری ڕۆژھەڵاتی ئاسیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="باشووری ڕۆژھەڵاتی ئاسیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Југоисточна Азија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Југоисточна Азија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugoisto%C4%8Dna_Azija" title="Jugoistočna Azija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jugoistočna Azija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Kidul_W%C3%A9tan" title="Asia Kidul Wétan – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Asia Kidul Wétan" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaakkois-Aasia" title="Kaakkois-Aasia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kaakkois-Aasia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydostasien" title="Sydostasien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sydostasien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timog-silangang_Asya" title="Timog-silangang Asya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Timog-silangang Asya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="தென்கிழக்காசியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தென்கிழக்காசியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BA-%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8B%D1%88_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Көньяк-Көнчыгыш Азия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Көньяк-Көнчыгыш Азия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A2%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%BB%E1%82%83%E1%80%B8%E1%81%B8%E1%80%B5%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%81%B8%E1%81%A2%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9D%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A2%E1%80%BD%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="ဢေးသျႃးၸဵင်ႇၸၢၼ်းဝၼ်းဢွၵ်ႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ဢေးသျႃးၸဵင်ႇၸၢၼ်းဝၼ်းဢွၵ်ႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89" title="เอเชียตะวันออกเฉียงใต้ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เอเชียตะวันออกเฉียงใต้" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%91%D0%B8_%D2%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D2%9B%D3%A3" title="Осиёи Ҷанубу Шарқӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Осиёи Ҷанубу Шарқӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCneydo%C4%9Fu_Asya" title="Güneydoğu Asya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Güneydoğu Asya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnorta-G%C3%BCndogar_Azi%C3%BDa" title="Günorta-Gündogar Aziýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Günorta-Gündogar Aziýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%A1%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Південно-Східна Азія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Південно-Східна Азія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8_%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="جنوب مشرقی ایشیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جنوب مشرقی ایشیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%89%D9%8A_%D8%AC%DB%95%D9%86%DB%87%D8%A8%D9%89%D9%8A_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%89%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="شەرقىي جەنۇبىي ئاسىيا – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="شەرقىي جەنۇبىي ئاسىيا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud-est_azi%C3%A0tego" title="Sud-est aziàtego – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Sud-est aziàtego" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C3%B4ng_Nam_%C3%81" title="Đông Nam Á – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đông Nam Á" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E" title="東南亞 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="東南亞" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuud%C3%B4ost-Azi%C3%AB" title="Zuudôost-Azië – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Zuudôost-Azië" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salatan-Sinirangan_nga_Asya" title="Salatan-Sinirangan nga Asya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Salatan-Sinirangan nga Asya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ABj-saalum-penku_Asi" title="Bëj-saalum-penku Asi – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Bëj-saalum-penku Asi" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A" title="东南亚 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="东南亚" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D-%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%97_%D7%90%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A2" title="דרום-מזרח אזיע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דרום-מזרח אזיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BA%C3%BAs%C3%B9-%C3%8Cl%C3%A0%C3%B2r%C3%B9n_%C3%81s%C3%AD%C3%A0" title="Gúúsù-Ìlàòrùn Ásíà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Gúúsù-Ìlàòrùn Ásíà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E" title="東南亞 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="東南亞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Subregion of the Asian continent</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Southeast Asia</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Southeast_Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Southeast_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-Southeast_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Southeast_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/330px-Southeast_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Southeast_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/440px-Southeast_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="551" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Geopolitical map of Southeast Asia, including <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Western New Guinea</a>, which is geographically part of <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">4,545,792 km<sup>2</sup> (1,755,140 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data">675,796,065 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_continents_and_continental_subregions_by_population#Distribution_of_populations_by_the_United_Nations_geoscheme" title="List of continents and continental subregions by population">3rd</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-UN_WPP_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UN_WPP_2022_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population density</th><td class="infobox-data">135.6/km<sup>2</sup> (351/sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> (<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">$9.727 trillion<sup id="cite_ref-ACIF2013_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACIF2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">GDP (nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">$3.317 trillion (<a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate" title="Exchange rate">exchange rate</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-IMF_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMF-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">GDP per capita</th><td class="infobox-data">$5,017 (exchange rate)<sup id="cite_ref-IMF_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMF-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">HDI</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.723</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">Ethnic groups</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_peoples#Southeast_Asia" title="List of Indigenous peoples">Indigenous (Southeast Asians)</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Austroasiatic">Austroasiatic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Negrito" title="Negrito">Negrito</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Tibetan">Sino-Tibetan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai peoples</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_people" title="East Asian people">East Asians</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">South Asians</a></b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Other: <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>, folk, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, irreligion, <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Southeast Asian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Countries</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Asia" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia">11</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:left;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/23px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/35px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/46px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dependencies</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island"><img alt="Christmas Island" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Flag_of_Christmas_Island.svg/23px-Flag_of_Christmas_Island.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Flag_of_Christmas_Island.svg/35px-Flag_of_Christmas_Island.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Flag_of_Christmas_Island.svg/46px-Flag_of_Christmas_Island.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands"><img alt="Cocos (Keeling) Islands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_Cocos_%28Keeling%29_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Cocos_%28Keeling%29_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_Cocos_%28Keeling%29_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Cocos_%28Keeling%29_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_Cocos_%28Keeling%29_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Cocos_%28Keeling%29_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Official languages</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:left;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/English_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="English Language">English</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Mandarin</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Tetum_language" title="Tetum language">Tetum</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a> </li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left;padding-right:4em;font-weight:normal;background-color:whitesmoke;"><div>Other native languages</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <b><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asiatic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Asiatic languages">Afro-Asiatic</a></b>:<br /><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <b><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></b>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mon_language" title="Mon language">Mon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Aslian_languages" title="Aslian languages">Aslian</a></li></ul></div> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Buginese_language" title="Buginese language">Buginese</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_language" title="Acehnese language">Acehnese</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Batak_languages" title="Batak languages">Batak</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Banjar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Banjar language">Banjar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_language" title="Balinese language">Balinese</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tetum_language" title="Tetum language">Tetum</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Ilocano</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_language" title="Hiligaynon language">Hiligaynon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Waray_language" title="Waray language">Waray</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_language" title="Kapampangan language">Kapampangan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_language" title="Pangasinan language">Pangasinan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bikol_languages" title="Bikol languages">Bikol</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Masbate%C3%B1o_language" title="Masbateño language">Masbateño</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cham_language" title="Cham language">Cham</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Iban_language" title="Iban language">Iban</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bidayuh_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bidayuh language">Bidayuh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dusun_language" title="Dusun language">Dusun</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kadazan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadazan language">Kadazan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang_language" title="Lun Bawang language">Lun Bawang/Lundayeh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Moken_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Moken languages">Moken</a></li></ul></div> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <b><a href="/wiki/Creole_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Creole languages">Creoles</a></b>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betawi_language" title="Betawi language">Betawi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ambonese_Malay" title="Ambonese Malay">Ambonese</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Chavacano</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tok_Pisin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tok Pisin language">Tok Pisin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kristang_language" title="Kristang language">Kristang</a></li></ul></div> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <b><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></b>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam</a></li></ul></div> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <b><a href="/wiki/Great_Andamanese_languages" title="Great Andamanese languages">Great Andamanese</a></b>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aka-Jeru_language" title="Aka-Jeru language">Aka-Jeru (Present Great Andamanese)</a></li></ul></div> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <b><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></b>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li><li>English</li><li>French</li><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li><li>Spanish</li><li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindi/Urdu</a></li><li>Dutch</li><li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_language" title="Rohingya language">Rohingya</a></li></ul></div> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <b><a href="/wiki/Ongan_languages" title="Ongan languages">Ongan</a></b>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Onge_language" title="Onge language">Onge</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jarawa_language_(Andaman_Islands)" title="Jarawa language (Andaman Islands)">Jarawa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sentinelese_language" title="Sentinelese language">Sentinelese</a> ?</li></ul></div> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <b><a href="/wiki/Tai%E2%80%93Kadai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai–Kadai languages">Tai–Kadai</a></b>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shan_language" title="Shan language">Shan</a></li></ul></div> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <b><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></b>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rakhine_language" title="Rakhine language">Rakhine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Karen_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Karen languages">Karen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></li></ul></div> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Languages of Asia</a> – All of the languages of Asia </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zones</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left;padding-right:4em;font-weight:normal;background-color:whitesmoke;"><div><span class="nowrap">5 time zones</span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B5:30" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+5:30"><b>UTC+5:30</b>: Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B6:30" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+6:30"><b>UTC+6:30</b>: Cocos (Keeling) Islands • Myanmar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B7" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+7"><b>UTC+7:00</b>: Cambodia • Christmas Island • Indonesia • Laos • Thailand • Vietnam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B8" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+8"><b>UTC+8:00</b>: Brunei • Indonesia • Malaysia • Philippines • Singapore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B9" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+9"><b>UTC+9:00</b>: East Timor • Indonesia</a></li></ul></div> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Internet <a href="/wiki/Top-level_domain" title="Top-level domain">TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.bn" title=".bn">.bn</a>, <a href="/wiki/.id" title=".id">.id</a>, <a href="/wiki/.kh" title=".kh">.kh</a>, <a href="/wiki/.la" title=".la">.la</a>, <a href="/wiki/.mm" title=".mm">.mm</a>, <a href="/wiki/.my" title=".my">.my</a>, <a href="/wiki/.ph" title=".ph">.ph</a>, <a href="/wiki/.sg" title=".sg">.sg</a>, <a href="/wiki/.th" title=".th">.th</a>, <a href="/wiki/.tl" title=".tl">.tl</a>, <a href="/wiki/.vn" title=".vn">.vn</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Calling code</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_country_calling_codes" title="List of country calling codes">Zone 6, 8 & 9</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest cities</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Capital cities</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei"><img alt="Brunei" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bandar_Seri_Begawan" title="Bandar Seri Begawan">Bandar Seri Begawan</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia"><img alt="Cambodia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh" title="Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><img alt="Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos"><img alt="Laos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vientiane" title="Vientiane">Vientiane</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia"><img alt="Malaysia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar"><img alt="Myanmar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nay_Pyi_Daw" class="mw-redirect" title="Nay Pyi Daw">Nay Pyi Daw</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines"><img alt="Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore"><img alt="Singapore" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand"><img alt="Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor"><img alt="East Timor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/23px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/35px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/46px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dili" title="Dili">Dili</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam"><img alt="Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a> </li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Largest cities</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><img alt="Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bandung" title="Bandung">Bandung</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><img alt="Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bekasi" title="Bekasi">Bekasi</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand"><img alt="Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam"><img alt="Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Can_Tho" class="mw-redirect" title="Can Tho">Can Tho</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam"><img alt="Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Da_Lat" title="Da Lat">Da Lat</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam"><img alt="Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Da_Nang" title="Da Nang">Da Nang</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines"><img alt="Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cebu_City" title="Cebu City">Cebu City</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines"><img alt="Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Davao_City" title="Davao City">Davao City</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><img alt="Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Denpasar" title="Denpasar">Denpasar</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><img alt="Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Depok" title="Depok">Depok</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia"><img alt="Malaysia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/George_Town,_Penang" title="George Town, Penang">George Town</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam"><img alt="Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam"><img alt="Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hai_Phong" class="mw-redirect" title="Hai Phong">Hai Phong</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam"><img alt="Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Ho Chi Minh City</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><img alt="Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia"><img alt="Malaysia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia"><img alt="Malaysia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Johor_Bahru" title="Johor Bahru">Johor Bahru</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><img alt="Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Makassar" title="Makassar">Makassar</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines"><img alt="Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><img alt="Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Medan" title="Medan">Medan</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><img alt="Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines"><img alt="Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City">Quezon City</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><img alt="Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Semarang" title="Semarang">Semarang</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore"><img alt="Singapore" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><img alt="Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya">Surabaya</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><img alt="Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tangerang" title="Tangerang">Tangerang</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar"><img alt="Myanmar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Yangon" title="Yangon">Yangon</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><img alt="Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><img alt="Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Banda_Aceh" title="Banda Aceh">Banda Aceh</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><img alt="Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Padang" title="Padang">Padang</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><img alt="Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ambon,_Maluku" title="Ambon, Maluku">Ambon, Maluku</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><img alt="Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jayapura" title="Jayapura">Jayapura</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/UN_M49" title="UN M49">UN M49</a> code</th><td class="infobox-data"><code>035</code> – South-eastern Asia<br /><code>142</code> – <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a><br /><code>001</code> – <a href="/wiki/World" title="World">World</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Southeast Asia</b><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the geographical <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme_for_Asia#South-eastern_Asia" title="United Nations geoscheme for Asia">southeastern region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, consisting of the regions that are situated south of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, east of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, and northwest of the <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Australian mainland</a>, which is part of <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Southeast Asia is bordered to the north by <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, to the west by <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a>, to the east by Oceania and the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>, and to the south by <a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>. Apart from the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a> and two out of <a href="/wiki/Atolls_of_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Atolls of Maldives">26 atolls</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a> in South Asia, <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime Southeast Asia</a> is the only other subregion of Asia that lies partly within the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland Southeast Asia</a> is entirely in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a>. <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a> and the southern portion of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> are the parts of Southeast Asia that lie south of the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a>. </p><p>The region lies near the intersection of <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">geological plates</a>, with both heavy seismic and volcanic activities.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sunda_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunda Plate">Sunda Plate</a> is the main plate of the region, featuring almost all Southeast Asian countries except <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, and northern <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, while the Sunda Plate only includes western Indonesia to as far east as the Indonesian province of <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>. The mountain ranges in Myanmar, Thailand, <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Peninsular Malaysia</a>, and the Indonesian islands of <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands" title="Lesser Sunda Islands">Lesser Sunda Islands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Timor" title="Timor">Timor</a> are part of the <a href="/wiki/Alpide_belt" title="Alpide belt">Alpide belt</a>, while the islands of the Philippines and Indonesia as well as East Timor are part of the Pacific <a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a>. Both seismic belts meet in Indonesia, causing the region to have relatively high occurrences of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_Philippines" title="List of earthquakes in the Philippines">Philippines</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Indonesia" title="List of earthquakes in Indonesia">Indonesia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It covers about 4,500,000 km<sup>2</sup> (1,700,000 sq mi), which is 8% of <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> and 3% of Earth's total land area. Its total population is more than 675 million, about 8.5% of the world's population. It is the third most populous geographical region in Asia after South Asia and East Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region is culturally and ethnically diverse, with hundreds of languages spoken by different ethnic groups.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ten countries in the region are members of the <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">Association of Southeast Asian Nations</a> (ASEAN), a regional organisation established for economic, political, military, educational, and cultural integration among its members.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Southeast Asia is one of the most culturally diverse regions of the world. There are many different languages and ethnicities in the region. Historically, Southeast Asia was significantly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Indian</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_cultural_sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian cultural sphere">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Islam in Southeast Asia">Muslim</a>, and <a href="/wiki/European_colonisation_of_Southeast_Asia" title="European colonisation of Southeast Asia">colonial</a> cultures, which became core components of the region's cultural and political institutions. Most modern Southeast Asian countries were colonised by European powers. European colonisation exploited natural resources and labour from the lands they conquered, and attempted to spread European institutions to the region.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several Southeast Asian countries were also briefly occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese Empire</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">aftermath of World War II</a> saw most of the region decolonised. Today, Southeast Asia is predominantly governed by independent states.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeast_Asia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Southeast_Asia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Map_of_Southeast_Asia.jpg/260px-Map_of_Southeast_Asia.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Map_of_Southeast_Asia.jpg/391px-Map_of_Southeast_Asia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Map_of_Southeast_Asia.jpg/521px-Map_of_Southeast_Asia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1208" data-file-height="1378" /></a><figcaption>States and regions of Southeast Asia</figcaption></figure> <p>The region, together with part of South Asia, was well known by Europeans as the <a href="/wiki/East_Indies" title="East Indies">East Indies</a> or simply the Indies until the 20th century. Chinese sources referred to the region as <i><a href="/wiki/Nanyang_(region)" title="Nanyang (region)">Nanyang</a></i> ("<span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%B4%8B#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:南洋">南洋</a></span>"), which literally means the "Southern Ocean". The mainland section of Southeast Asia was referred to as <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Indochina</a> by European geographers due to its location between China and the Indian subcontinent and its having cultural influences from both neighbouring regions. In the 20th century, however, the term became more restricted to territories of the former <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a> (Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam). The maritime section of Southeast Asia is also known as the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Archipelago" title="Malay Archipelago">Malay Archipelago</a>, a term derived from the European concept of a <a href="/wiki/Malay_race" title="Malay race">Malay race</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wallace_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallace-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another term for <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime Southeast Asia</a> is <i><a href="/wiki/Malay_Archipelago#Insulindia" title="Malay Archipelago">Insulindia</a></i> (Indian Islands), used to describe the region between Indochina and <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "Southeast Asia" was first used in 1839 by American pastor Howard Malcolm in his book <i>Travels in South-Eastern Asia</i>. Malcolm only included the Mainland section and excluded the Maritime section in his definition of Southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term was officially used in the midst of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a>, through the formation of <a href="/wiki/South_East_Asia_Command" title="South East Asia Command">South East Asia Command</a> (SEAC) in 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SEAC popularised the use of the term "Southeast Asia", although what constituted Southeast Asia was not fixed; for example, SEAC excluded the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> and a large part of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> while including <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Ceylon</a>. However, by the late 1970s, a roughly standard usage of the term "Southeast Asia" and the territories it encompasses had emerged.<sup id="cite_ref-emmerson_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emmerson-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although from a cultural or linguistic perspective the definitions of "Southeast Asia" may vary, the most common definitions nowadays include the area represented by the countries (sovereign states and dependent territories) listed below. </p><p>Ten of the eleven states of Southeast Asia are members of the <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">Association of Southeast Asian Nations</a> (ASEAN), while <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a> is an observer state. <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> has stated that it might join ASEAN, and is currently an observer. Sovereignty issues exist over some <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea_Islands" title="South China Sea Islands">islands in the South China Sea</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_divisions">Political divisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeast_Asia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Political divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sovereign_states">Sovereign states</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeast_Asia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sovereign states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:right;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">State </th> <th scope="col">Area<br />(<abbr title="square kilometres">km<sup>2</sup></abbr>) </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by population">Population</a><br />(2020)<sup id="cite_ref-Population_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Population-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th scope="col">Density<br />(<abbr title="per square kilometre">/km<sup>2</sup></abbr>) </th> <th scope="col">GDP (nominal),<br />billion USD (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-IMF_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMF-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th scope="col">GDP (PPP),<br />billion Int$ (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-IMF_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMF-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th scope="col">GDP (nominal)<br />per capita, USD (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-IMF_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMF-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th scope="col">GDP (PPP)<br />per capita, Int$ (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-IMF_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMF-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th scope="col">HDI<br />(2021)<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th scope="col">Capital </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> </th> <td>5,765<sup id="cite_ref-CIAGov-BN_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAGov-BN-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>449,002 </td> <td>77 </td> <td>16.639 </td> <td>31.142 </td> <td>$37,667 </td> <td>$70,500 </td> <td>0.829 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Seri_Begawan" title="Bandar Seri Begawan">Bandar Seri Begawan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> </th> <td>181,035<sup id="cite_ref-CIAGov-KH_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAGov-KH-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>16,718,965 </td> <td>92 </td> <td>28.544 </td> <td>89.570 </td> <td>$1,784 </td> <td>$5,600 </td> <td>0.593 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh" title="Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/23px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/35px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/46px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a> </th> <td>14,874<sup id="cite_ref-CIAGov-TL_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAGov-TL-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1,320,942 </td> <td>89 </td> <td>3.659 </td> <td>7.502 </td> <td>$2,671 </td> <td>$5,478 </td> <td>0.607 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dili" title="Dili">Dili</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> </th> <td>1,904,569<sup id="cite_ref-CIAGov-ID_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAGov-ID-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>273,753,191 </td> <td>144 </td> <td>1,318.807 </td> <td>4,036.878 </td> <td>$4,798 </td> <td>$14,687 </td> <td>0.705 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> </th> <td>236,800<sup id="cite_ref-CIAGov-LA_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAGov-LA-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>7,425,057 </td> <td>31 </td> <td>15.304 </td> <td>68.843 </td> <td>$2,046 </td> <td>$9,207 </td> <td>0.607 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vientiane" title="Vientiane">Vientiane</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> </th> <td>329,847<sup id="cite_ref-CIAGov-MY_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAGov-MY-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>33,573,874 </td> <td>102 </td> <td>407.923 </td> <td>1,134.671 </td> <td>$12,364 </td> <td>$34,391 </td> <td>0.803 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a> <span class="anchor" id="Kuala_Lumpur"></span><a href="#Putrajaya">*</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> </th> <td>676,578<sup id="cite_ref-CIAGov-MM_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAGov-MM-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>53,798,084 </td> <td>80 </td> <td>56.757 </td> <td>261.170 </td> <td>$1,053 </td> <td>$4,846 </td> <td>0.585 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nay_Pyi_Taw" class="mw-redirect" title="Nay Pyi Taw">Nay Pyi Taw</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> </th> <td>300,000<sup id="cite_ref-CIAGov-PH_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAGov-PH-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>115,559,009 </td> <td>380 </td> <td>404.261 </td> <td>1,171.162 </td> <td>$3,623 </td> <td>$10,497 </td> <td>0.699 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> </th> <td>719.2<sup id="cite_ref-CIAGov-SG_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAGov-SG-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>5,921,231 </td> <td>8,261 </td> <td>466.789 </td> <td>719.080 </td> <td>$82,807 </td> <td>$127,563 </td> <td>0.939 </td> <td scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> </th> <td>513,120<sup id="cite_ref-CiaGov-TH_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CiaGov-TH-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>71,601,103 </td> <td>140 </td> <td>536.160 </td> <td>1,482.347 </td> <td>$7,650 </td> <td>$21,152 </td> <td>0.800 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> </th> <td>331,210<sup id="cite_ref-CIA-Gov-VN_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-Gov-VN-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>97,468,029 </td> <td>294 </td> <td>406.452 </td> <td>1,321.249 </td> <td>$4,086 </td> <td>$13,283 </td> <td>0.703 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="anchor" id="Putrajaya"></span><a href="#Kuala_Lumpur">*</a> Administrative centre in <a href="/wiki/Putrajaya" title="Putrajaya">Putrajaya</a>.</span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Location-Asia-UNsubregions.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Location-Asia-UNsubregions.png/250px-Location-Asia-UNsubregions.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Location-Asia-UNsubregions.png/375px-Location-Asia-UNsubregions.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Location-Asia-UNsubregions.png/500px-Location-Asia-UNsubregions.png 2x" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="412" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Statistics_Division" title="United Nations Statistics Division">UN Statistics Division</a> for Asia are based on convenience rather than implying any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories:<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E000E0; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFFF20; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">Eastern Asia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0000E0; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">Northern Asia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFC000; color:black;"> </span> <b>South-eastern Asia</b></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E00000; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">Southern Asia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00E000; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">Western Asia</a></div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southeast_Asia_Political_Map_World_Factbook_2020.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Southeast_Asia_Political_Map_World_Factbook_2020.png/220px-Southeast_Asia_Political_Map_World_Factbook_2020.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Southeast_Asia_Political_Map_World_Factbook_2020.png/330px-Southeast_Asia_Political_Map_World_Factbook_2020.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Southeast_Asia_Political_Map_World_Factbook_2020.png/440px-Southeast_Asia_Political_Map_World_Factbook_2020.png 2x" data-file-width="2172" data-file-height="2517" /></a><figcaption>A political map of Southeast Asia</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geographical_divisions">Geographical divisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeast_Asia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Geographical divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Southeast Asia is geographically divided into two subregions, namely <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland Southeast Asia</a> (or the Indochinese Peninsula) and <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime Southeast Asia</a>. </p><p><b>Mainland Southeast Asia includes</b>: </p> <ul><li>Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li>Myanmar, Thailand and West Malaysia: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">West Malaysia</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>Maritime Southeast Asia includes</b>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Malaysia" title="East Malaysia">East Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <p>While <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Peninsular Malaysia</a> is geographically situated in Mainland Southeast Asia, it shares many similar cultural and ecological affinities with surrounding islands, thus it is often grouped with them as part of Maritime Southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geographically, the <a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a> of India is also considered a part of Maritime Southeast Asia. Eastern <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast India</a> have strong cultural ties with Mainland Southeast Asia and are sometimes considered transregional areas between South Asia and Southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To the east, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> is sometimes regarded as part of Southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a> have strong cultural ties with Maritime Southeast Asia and are sometimes considered transregional areas between Southeast Asia and Australia/Oceania. On some occasions, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> has been considered a part of Southeast Asia because of its cultural and religious ties to Mainland Southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-emmerson_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emmerson-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eastern half of the island of <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>, which is not a part of Indonesia, namely, Papua New Guinea, is sometimes included as a part of Maritime Southeast Asia, and so are <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>, which were all parts of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a> with strong cultural and linguistic ties to the region, specifically, the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>East Timor and the eastern half of Indonesia (east of the <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Line" title="Wallace Line">Wallace Line</a> in the region of <a href="/wiki/Wallacea" title="Wallacea">Wallacea</a>) are considered to be geographically associated with Oceania due to their distinctive faunal features. Geologically, the island of <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> and its surrounding islands are considered as parts of the <a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australian continent</a>, connected via the <a href="/wiki/Sahul_Shelf" title="Sahul Shelf">Sahul Shelf</a>. Both <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a> are located on the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Plate">Australian Plate</a>, south of the <a href="/wiki/Sunda_Trench" title="Sunda Trench">Sunda Trench</a>. Even though they are geographically closer to Maritime Southeast Asia than <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">mainland Australia</a>, these two <a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">Australian external territories</a> are not geologically associated with Asia as none of them is actually on the <a href="/wiki/Sunda_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunda Plate">Sunda Plate</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Statistics_Division" title="United Nations Statistics Division">Statistics Division</a>'s <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme" title="United Nations geoscheme">geoscheme</a>, which is a UN <a href="/wiki/Political_geography" title="Political geography">political geography</a> tool created specifically for statistical purposes,<sup id="cite_ref-m49_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m49-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has classified both island territories as parts of <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>, under the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme_for_Oceania#UNSD_subregions" title="United Nations geoscheme for Oceania">UNSD subregion "Australia and New Zealand"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a>). Some definitions of Southeast Asia may include <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Taiwanese indigenous peoples">Taiwan</a> has sometimes been included in Southeast Asia as well as East Asia but is not a member of <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, a similar argument could be applied to some <a href="/wiki/South_China" title="South China">southern parts of mainland China</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>, may also considered as part of Southeast Asia as well as East Asia but are not members of <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tnone"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:602px;border-color:#AAC6D5"><div style="position:relative;width:600px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Southeast_Asia_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location map of oceans, seas, major gulfs and straits in Southeast Asia"><img alt="Location map of oceans, seas, major gulfs and straits in Southeast Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Southeast_Asia_location_map.svg/600px-Southeast_Asia_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="461" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Southeast_Asia_location_map.svg/900px-Southeast_Asia_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Southeast_Asia_location_map.svg/1200px-Southeast_Asia_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="378" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:48.759%;left:11.51%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Andaman_Sea" title="Andaman Sea"><img alt="Andaman Sea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/8px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/12px-Blue_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/16px-Blue_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div>Andaman Sea</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:93.415%;left:72.122%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Arafura_Sea" title="Arafura Sea"><img alt="Arafura Sea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/8px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/12px-Blue_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/16px-Blue_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div>Arafura Sea</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:88.835%;left:41.816%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bali_Sea" title="Bali Sea"><img alt="Bali Sea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/8px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/12px-Blue_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/16px-Blue_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Bali Sea</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:85.4%;left:59.689%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Banda_Sea" title="Banda Sea"><img alt="Banda Sea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/8px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/12px-Blue_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/16px-Blue_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Banda Sea</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:77.003%;left:61.243%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ceram_Sea" title="Ceram Sea"><img alt="Ceram Sea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/8px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/12px-Blue_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/16px-Blue_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Ceram Sea</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:89.98%;left:50.364%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Flores_Sea" title="Flores Sea"><img alt="Flores Sea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/8px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/12px-Blue_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/16px-Blue_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Flores Sea</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:83.11%;left:33.268%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Java_Sea" title="Java Sea"><img alt="Java Sea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/8px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/12px-Blue_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/16px-Blue_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Java Sea</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:72.614%;left:57.228%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Molucca_Sea" title="Molucca Sea"><img alt="Molucca Sea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/8px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/12px-Blue_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/16px-Blue_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Molucca Sea</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:93.988%;left:51.918%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Savu_Sea" title="Savu Sea"><img alt="Savu Sea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/8px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/12px-Blue_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/16px-Blue_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Savu Sea</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:44.179%;left:37.93%;font-size:8px%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea"><img alt="South China Sea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/8px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/12px-Blue_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/16px-Blue_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><span class="nowrap">South China Sea</span></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:94.56%;left:59.689%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Timor_Sea" title="Timor Sea"><img alt="Timor Sea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/8px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/12px-Blue_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/16px-Blue_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div>Timor Sea</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:50.171%;left:55.648%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bohol_Sea" title="Bohol Sea"><img alt="Bohol Sea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/6px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/9px-Blue_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/12px-Blue_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><span class="nowrap">Bohol Sea</span></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:47.614%;left:55.544%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Camotes_Sea" title="Camotes Sea"><img alt="Camotes Sea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/6px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/9px-Blue_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/12px-Blue_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><span class="nowrap">Camotes Sea</span></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:25.859%;left:64.351%;font-size:10px%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Sea" title="Philippine Sea (Pacific Ocean)"><img alt="Philippine Sea (Pacific Ocean)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/10px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/15px-Blue_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/20px-Blue_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:6px"><div><span class="nowrap">Philippine Sea (<i>Pacific Ocean</i>)</span></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:44.58%;left:55.803%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Samar_Sea" title="Samar Sea"><img alt="Samar Sea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/6px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/9px-Blue_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/12px-Blue_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><span class="nowrap">Samar Sea</span></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:42.652%;left:52.695%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sibuyan_Sea" title="Sibuyan Sea"><img alt="Sibuyan Sea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/6px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/9px-Blue_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/12px-Blue_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div><span class="nowrap">Sibuyan Sea</span></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:53.339%;left:48.809%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sulu_Sea" title="Sulu Sea"><img alt="Sulu Sea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/8px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/12px-Blue_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/16px-Blue_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Sulu Sea</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:45.324%;left:54.508%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Visayan_Sea" title="Visayan Sea"><img alt="Visayan Sea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/6px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/9px-Blue_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/12px-Blue_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div><span class="nowrap">Visayan Sea</span></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:64.79%;left:51.918%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Celebes_Sea" title="Celebes Sea"><img alt="Celebes Sea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/8px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/12px-Blue_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/16px-Blue_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Celebes Sea</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:80.82%;left:92.326%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bismarck_Sea" title="Bismarck Sea"><img alt="Bismarck Sea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/8px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/12px-Blue_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/16px-Blue_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><span class="nowrap">Bismarck Sea</span></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:94.56%;left:84.555%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea" title="Coral Sea"><img alt="Coral Sea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/8px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/12px-Blue_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/16px-Blue_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Coral Sea</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:89.598%;left:92.326%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Sea" title="Solomon Sea"><img alt="Solomon Sea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/8px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/12px-Blue_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/16px-Blue_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Solomon Sea</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:49.904%;left:20.834%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand" title="Gulf of Thailand"><img alt="Gulf of Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Turquoise_pog.svg/8px-Turquoise_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Turquoise_pog.svg/12px-Turquoise_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Turquoise_pog.svg/16px-Turquoise_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><span class="nowrap">Gulf of Thailand</span></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:26.431%;left:29.771%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin" title="Gulf of Tonkin"><img alt="Gulf of Tonkin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Turquoise_pog.svg/8px-Turquoise_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Turquoise_pog.svg/12px-Turquoise_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Turquoise_pog.svg/16px-Turquoise_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><span class="nowrap">Gulf of Tonkin</span></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:35.401%;left:3.739%;font-size:8px%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal"><img alt="Bay of Bengal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/8px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/12px-Blue_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/16px-Blue_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><span class="nowrap">Bay of Bengal</span></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:85.4%;left:3.739%;font-size:10px%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean"><img alt="Indian Ocean" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/10px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/15px-Blue_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/20px-Blue_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:6px"><div><span class="nowrap">Indian Ocean</span></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:62.499%;left:17.726%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca" title="Strait of Malacca"><img alt="Strait of Malacca" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Arrow_Blue_LowerRight_001.svg/8px-Arrow_Blue_LowerRight_001.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Arrow_Blue_LowerRight_001.svg/12px-Arrow_Blue_LowerRight_001.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Arrow_Blue_LowerRight_001.svg/16px-Arrow_Blue_LowerRight_001.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><span class="nowrap">Strait of Malacca</span></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:76.24%;left:45.701%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Makassar_Strait" title="Makassar Strait"><img alt="Makassar Strait" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Arrow_Blue_UpperRight_001.svg/8px-Arrow_Blue_UpperRight_001.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Arrow_Blue_UpperRight_001.svg/12px-Arrow_Blue_UpperRight_001.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Arrow_Blue_UpperRight_001.svg/16px-Arrow_Blue_UpperRight_001.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div><span class="nowrap">Makassar Strait</span></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:98.186%;left:76.784%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Carpentaria" title="Gulf of Carpentaria"><img alt="Gulf of Carpentaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Turquoise_pog.svg/8px-Turquoise_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Turquoise_pog.svg/12px-Turquoise_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Turquoise_pog.svg/16px-Turquoise_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><span class="nowrap">Gulf of Carpentaria</span></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:76.982%;left:31.498%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Karimata_Strait" title="Karimata Strait"><img alt="Karimata Strait" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Arrow_Blue_UpperLeft_001.svg/8px-Arrow_Blue_UpperLeft_001.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Arrow_Blue_UpperLeft_001.svg/12px-Arrow_Blue_UpperLeft_001.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Arrow_Blue_UpperLeft_001.svg/16px-Arrow_Blue_UpperLeft_001.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><span class="nowrap">Karimata Strait</span></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:23.569%;left:50.364%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Luzon_Strait" title="Luzon Strait"><img alt="Luzon Strait" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg/8px-Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg/12px-Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg/16px-Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><span class="nowrap">Luzon Strait</span></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:71.66%;left:50.364%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tomini" title="Gulf of Tomini"><img alt="Gulf of Tomini" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Turquoise_pog.svg/8px-Turquoise_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Turquoise_pog.svg/12px-Turquoise_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Turquoise_pog.svg/16px-Turquoise_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><span class="nowrap">Gulf of Tomini</span></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:85.217%;left:26.865%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Strait" title="Sunda Strait"><img alt="Sunda Strait" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Arrow_Blue_UpperRight_001.svg/8px-Arrow_Blue_UpperRight_001.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Arrow_Blue_UpperRight_001.svg/12px-Arrow_Blue_UpperRight_001.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Arrow_Blue_UpperRight_001.svg/16px-Arrow_Blue_UpperRight_001.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div><span class="nowrap">Sunda Strait</span></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:55.973%;left:53.472%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Moro_Gulf" title="Moro Gulf"><img alt="Moro Gulf" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Turquoise_pog.svg/8px-Turquoise_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Turquoise_pog.svg/12px-Turquoise_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Turquoise_pog.svg/16px-Turquoise_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><span class="nowrap">Moro Gulf</span></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:88.635%;left:38.407%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Madura_Strait" title="Madura Strait"><img alt="Madura Strait" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg/8px-Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg/12px-Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg/16px-Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div><span class="nowrap">Madura Strait</span></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Southeast_Asia_location_map.svg" title="File:Southeast Asia location map.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div><div style="text-align:center;font-weight:bold;">Oceans and Seas in Southeast Asia</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeast_Asia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Southeast_Asia" title="History of Southeast Asia">History of Southeast Asia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeast_Asia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Megalitisch_beeld_bij_Tegoerwangi_TMnr_10025807.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Megalitisch_beeld_bij_Tegoerwangi_TMnr_10025807.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Megalitisch_beeld_bij_Tegoerwangi_TMnr_10025807.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Megalitisch_beeld_bij_Tegoerwangi_TMnr_10025807.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Megalitisch_beeld_bij_Tegoerwangi_TMnr_10025807.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Megalitisch_beeld_bij_Tegoerwangi_TMnr_10025807.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Megalitisch_beeld_bij_Tegoerwangi_TMnr_10025807.jpg 2x" data-file-width="523" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Megalithic statue found in Tegurwangi, <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, Indonesia 1500 CE</figcaption></figure> <p>The region was already inhabited by <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i> from approximately 1,500,000 years ago during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Pleistocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Pleistocene">Middle Pleistocene</a> age.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Distinct <i><a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">Homo sapiens</a></i> groups, ancestral to Eastern non-African (related to East Asians as well as Papuans) populations, reached the region by between 50,000BC to 70,000BC, with some arguing earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ncbi.nlm.nih.gov_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncbi.nlm.nih.gov-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">Rock art</a> (parietal art) dating from 40,000 years ago (which is currently the world's oldest) has been discovered in the caves of <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_floresiensis" title="Homo floresiensis">Homo floresiensis</a></i> also lived in the area up until at least 50,000 years ago, after which they became extinct.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During much of this time the present-day islands of western Indonesia were joined into a single landmass known as <a href="/wiki/Sundaland" title="Sundaland">Sundaland</a> due to lower sea levels. </p><p>Ancient remains of hunter-gatherers in Maritime Southeast Asia, such as one Holocene hunter-gatherer from <a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi" title="South Sulawesi">South Sulawesi</a>, had ancestry from both the Papuan-related and East Asian-related branches of the Eastern non-African lineage. The hunter-gatherer individual had approximately ~50% "Basal-East Asian" ancestry, and was positioned in between modern East Asians and Papuans of Oceania. The authors concluded that East Asian-related ancestry expanded from Mainland Southeast Asia into Maritime Southeast Asia much earlier than previously suggested, as early as 25,000BC, long before the expansion of <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a> groups.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Distinctive <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_people" title="East Asian people">Basal-East Asian</a> (East-Eurasian) ancestry was recently found to have originated in Mainland Southeast Asia at ~50,000BC, and expanded through multiple migration waves southwards and northwards respectively. Geneflow of East Asian-related ancestry into <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime Southeast Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> could be estimated to ~25,000BC (possibly also earlier). The pre-Neolithic Papuan-related populations of Maritime Southeast Asia were largely replaced by the expansion of various East Asian-related populations, beginning about 50,000BC to 25,000BC years ago from Mainland Southeast Asia. The remainders, known as Negritos, form small minority groups in geographically isolated regions. Southeast Asia was dominated by East Asian-related ancestry already in 15,000BC, predating the expansion of <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ncbi.nlm.nih.gov_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncbi.nlm.nih.gov-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_proposed_route_of_Austroasiatic_and_Austronesian_migration_into_Indonesia_and_the_geographic_distribution_of_sites_that_have_produced_red-slipped_and_cord-marked_pottery.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/The_proposed_route_of_Austroasiatic_and_Austronesian_migration_into_Indonesia_and_the_geographic_distribution_of_sites_that_have_produced_red-slipped_and_cord-marked_pottery.png/220px-thumbnail.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/The_proposed_route_of_Austroasiatic_and_Austronesian_migration_into_Indonesia_and_the_geographic_distribution_of_sites_that_have_produced_red-slipped_and_cord-marked_pottery.png/330px-thumbnail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/The_proposed_route_of_Austroasiatic_and_Austronesian_migration_into_Indonesia_and_the_geographic_distribution_of_sites_that_have_produced_red-slipped_and_cord-marked_pottery.png/440px-thumbnail.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1380" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian expansion">Austronesian expansions</a> into Maritime Southeast Asia.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the late <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian people">Austronesian peoples</a>, who form the majority of the modern population in Brunei, Indonesia, East Timor, Malaysia, and the Philippines, migrated to Southeast Asia from <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> in the first seaborne human migration known as the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian expansion">Austronesian Expansion</a>. They arrived in the northern Philippines between 7,000 BC to 2,200 BC and rapidly spread further into the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a> by 1500 BC; <a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a> by 1300 BC; and to the rest of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, southern <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a> by 1000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Bellwood_1991_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bellwood_1991-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hill&serjeanston1989_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hill&serjeanston1989-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They often settled along coastal areas, replacing and assimilating the diverse preexisting peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Matsumura2018_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matsumura2018-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ncbi.nlm.nih.gov_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncbi.nlm.nih.gov-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian</a> peoples of Southeast Asia have been <a href="/wiki/Sailor" title="Sailor">seafarers</a> for thousands of years. They spread eastwards to <a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a>, as well as westwards to <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, becoming the ancestors of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_peoples" title="Malagasy peoples">Malagasy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Micronesian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Micronesian people">Micronesians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melanesians" title="Melanesians">Melanesians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Passage through the Indian Ocean aided the colonisation of Madagascar, as well as commerce between Western Asia, eastern coast of India and Chinese southern coast.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gold from <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> is thought to have reached as far west as Rome. <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> wrote in his <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a></i> about <a href="/wiki/Chryse_and_Argyre" title="Chryse and Argyre">Chryse and Argyre</a>, two legendary islands rich in gold and silver, located in the Indian Ocean. Their vessels, such as the <a href="/wiki/Vinta" title="Vinta">vinta</a>, were capable to sail across the ocean. <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Magellan's</a> voyage records how much more manoeuvrable their vessels were, as compared to the European ships.<sup id="cite_ref-Bergreen.L_Magellan_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergreen.L_Magellan-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Enrique_of_Malacca" title="Enrique of Malacca">slave</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Sulu_Sea" title="Sulu Sea">Sulu Sea</a> was believed to have been used in the <a href="/wiki/Magellan_expedition" title="Magellan expedition">Magellan expedition</a> as a translator. </p><p>Studies presented by the <a href="/wiki/Human_Genome_Organisation" title="Human Genome Organisation">Human Genome Organisation</a> (HUGO) through genetic studies of the various peoples of Asia show empirically that there was a single migration event from Africa, whereby the early people travelled along the south coast of Asia, first entered the Malay Peninsula 50,000–90,000 years ago. The Orang Asli, in particular the <a href="/wiki/Semang" title="Semang">Semang</a> who show Negrito characteristics, are the direct descendants of these earliest settlers of Southeast Asia. These early people diversified and travelled slowly northwards to China, and the populations of Southeast Asia show greater genetic diversity than the younger population of China.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Solheim and others have shown evidence for a <i>Nusantao</i> maritime trading network ranging from <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> to the rest of the archipelago as early as 5000 BC to 1 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Dong_Son_culture" title="Dong Son culture">Dong Son culture</a> flourished in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Vietnam" title="Northern Vietnam">Northern Vietnam</a> from about 1000 BC to 1 BC. Its influence spread to other parts Southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region entered the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> era in 500 BC, when iron was forged also in northern Vietnam still under Dong Son, due to its frequent interactions with neighbouring China.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnam,_tamburo_di_song_da,_detto_tamburo_Mouli%C3%A9,_cultura_di_S%C3%B4ng_D%C3%B4ng_Son_II,_I_millennio_ac._01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Vietnam%2C_tamburo_di_song_da%2C_detto_tamburo_Mouli%C3%A9%2C_cultura_di_S%C3%B4ng_D%C3%B4ng_Son_II%2C_I_millennio_ac._01.JPG/220px-Vietnam%2C_tamburo_di_song_da%2C_detto_tamburo_Mouli%C3%A9%2C_cultura_di_S%C3%B4ng_D%C3%B4ng_Son_II%2C_I_millennio_ac._01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Vietnam%2C_tamburo_di_song_da%2C_detto_tamburo_Mouli%C3%A9%2C_cultura_di_S%C3%B4ng_D%C3%B4ng_Son_II%2C_I_millennio_ac._01.JPG/330px-Vietnam%2C_tamburo_di_song_da%2C_detto_tamburo_Mouli%C3%A9%2C_cultura_di_S%C3%B4ng_D%C3%B4ng_Son_II%2C_I_millennio_ac._01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Vietnam%2C_tamburo_di_song_da%2C_detto_tamburo_Mouli%C3%A9%2C_cultura_di_S%C3%B4ng_D%C3%B4ng_Son_II%2C_I_millennio_ac._01.JPG/440px-Vietnam%2C_tamburo_di_song_da%2C_detto_tamburo_Mouli%C3%A9%2C_cultura_di_S%C3%B4ng_D%C3%B4ng_Son_II%2C_I_millennio_ac._01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1906" data-file-height="1830" /></a><figcaption>Bronze drum from <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B4ng_%C4%90%C3%A0_(M%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_Lay)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sông Đà (Mường Lay)">Sông Đà</a>, northern Vietnam. Mid-1st millennium BC</figcaption></figure> <p>Most Southeast Asian people were originally <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animist</a>, engaged in ancestors, nature, and spirits worship. These belief systems were later supplanted by <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and Buddhism after the region, especially coastal areas, came under contact with <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> during the first century.<sup id="cite_ref-jgonda_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jgonda-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indian Brahmins and traders brought Hinduism to the region and made contacts with local courts.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local rulers converted to Hinduism or Buddhism and adopted Indian religious traditions to reinforce their legitimacy, elevate ritual status above their fellow chief counterparts and facilitate trade with South Asian states. They periodically invited Indian Brahmins into their realms and began a gradual process of <a href="/wiki/Indianized_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indianized kingdom">Indianisation</a> in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vanaik_1997_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vanaik_1997-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Montgomery_2002_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Montgomery_2002-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> was the dominant religious tradition of many southern Indian Hindu kingdoms during the first century. It then spread into Southeast Asia via <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a>, Indochina, then Malay Archipelago, leading to thousands of Shiva temples on the islands of Indonesia as well as Cambodia and Vietnam, co-evolving with <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bisschopoup2_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bisschopoup2-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravada Buddhism">Theravada Buddhism</a> entered the region during the third century, via maritime trade routes between the region and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buddhism later established a strong presence in <a href="/wiki/Funan" title="Funan">Funan</a> region in the fifth century. In present-day mainland Southeast Asia, Theravada is still the dominant branch of Buddhism, practised by the Thai, Burmese, and Cambodian Buddhists. This branch was fused with the Hindu-influenced Khmer culture. <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana Buddhism</a> established presence in Maritime Southeast Asia, brought by Chinese monks during their transit in the region en route to <a href="/wiki/Nalanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda">Nalanda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is still the dominant branch of Buddhism practised by Indonesian and Malaysian Buddhists. </p><p>The spread of these two Indian religions confined the adherents of Southeast Asian indigenous beliefs into remote inland areas. The <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a> and New Guinea were never Indianised and its native people were predominantly animists until the 15th century when <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> began to spread in those areas.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in Vietnam, Buddhism never managed to develop strong institutional networks due to strong Chinese influence.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In present-day Southeast Asia, Vietnam is the only country where <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">its folk religion</a> makes up the plurality.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recently, Vietnamese folk religion is undergoing a revival with the support of the government.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elsewhere, there are <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Ethnic groups in Southeast Asia">ethnic groups in Southeast Asia</a> that resisted conversion and still retain their original animist beliefs, such as the <a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayaks</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Igorot_people" title="Igorot people">Igorots</a> in Luzon, and the <a href="/wiki/Shan_people" title="Shan people">Shans</a> in eastern Myanmar.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hindu_and_Buddhist_kingdoms_era">Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeast_Asia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_influence_on_Southeast_Asia" title="History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia">History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hinduism_Expansion_in_Asia_2023.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Hinduism_Expansion_in_Asia_2023.svg/220px-Hinduism_Expansion_in_Asia_2023.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Hinduism_Expansion_in_Asia_2023.svg/330px-Hinduism_Expansion_in_Asia_2023.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Hinduism_Expansion_in_Asia_2023.svg/440px-Hinduism_Expansion_in_Asia_2023.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="382" /></a><figcaption>Hinduism expansion in Asia, from its heartland in Indian Subcontinent, to the rest of Asia, especially Southeast Asia, started circa 1st century marked with the establishment of early Hindu settlements and polities in Southeast Asia.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the region came under contact with the Indian subcontinent <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 400 BCE</span>, it began a gradual process of <a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Indianisation</a> where Indian ideas such as religions, cultures, architectures, and political administrations were brought by traders and religious figures and adopted by local rulers. In turn, Indian Brahmins and monks were invited by local rulers to live in their realms and help transforming local polities to become more Indianised, blending Indian and indigenous traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vanaik_1997_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vanaik_1997-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Montgomery_2002_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Montgomery_2002-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> became the elite language of the region, which effectively made Southeast Asia part of the <a href="/wiki/Indosphere" title="Indosphere">Indosphere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the region had been Indianised during the first centuries, while the Philippines later Indianised <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> ninth century</span> when <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tondo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Tondo">Kingdom of Tondo</a> was established in Luzon.<sup id="cite_ref-Postma_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Postma-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vietnam, especially its northern part, was never fully Indianised due to the many periods of <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_under_Chinese_rule" title="Vietnam under Chinese rule">Chinese domination</a> it experienced.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first Indian-influenced polities established in the region were the <a href="/wiki/Pyu_city-states" title="Pyu city-states">Pyu city-states</a> that already existed circa second century BCE, located in inland Myanmar. It served as an overland trading hub between India and China.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theravada Buddhism was the predominant religion of these city states, while the presence of other Indian religions such as Mahayana Buddhism and Hinduism were also widespread.<sup id="cite_ref-mat-31-34_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mat-31-34-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mha-15-17_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mha-15-17-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the first century, the <a href="/wiki/Funan" title="Funan">Funan</a> states centered in <a href="/wiki/Mekong_Delta" title="Mekong Delta">Mekong Delta</a> were established, encompassed modern-day Cambodia, southern Vietnam, Laos, and eastern Thailand. It became the dominant trading power in mainland Southeast Asia for about five centuries, provided passage for Indian and Chinese goods and assumed authority over the flow of commerce through Southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In maritime Southeast Asia, the first recorded Indianised kingdom was <a href="/wiki/Salakanagara" title="Salakanagara">Salakanagara</a>, established in western Java circa second century CE. This Hindu kingdom was known by the Greeks as <i>Argyre</i> (Land of Silver).<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Borobudur,_Java,_Indonesia,_20220817_1028_8800.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Borobudur%2C_Java%2C_Indonesia%2C_20220817_1028_8800.jpg/220px-Borobudur%2C_Java%2C_Indonesia%2C_20220817_1028_8800.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Borobudur%2C_Java%2C_Indonesia%2C_20220817_1028_8800.jpg/330px-Borobudur%2C_Java%2C_Indonesia%2C_20220817_1028_8800.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Borobudur%2C_Java%2C_Indonesia%2C_20220817_1028_8800.jpg/440px-Borobudur%2C_Java%2C_Indonesia%2C_20220817_1028_8800.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3776" data-file-height="2521" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a> temple in <a href="/wiki/Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central Java</a>, Indonesia</figcaption></figure> <p>By the fifth century CE, trade networking between East and West was concentrated in the maritime route. Foreign traders were starting to use new routes such as <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca" title="Strait of Malacca">Malacca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunda_Strait" title="Sunda Strait">Sunda Strait</a> due to the development of maritime Southeast Asia. This change resulted in the decline of Funan, while new maritime powers such as <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarumanagara" title="Tarumanagara">Tarumanagara</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mataram_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mataram Kingdom">Mataram</a> emerged. Srivijaya especially became the dominant maritime power for more than 5 centuries, controlling both <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca" title="Strait of Malacca">Strait of Malacca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunda_Strait" title="Sunda Strait">Sunda Strait</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_61-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This dominance started to decline when Srivijaya were <a href="/wiki/Chola_invasion_of_Srivijaya" title="Chola invasion of Srivijaya">invaded by Chola Empire</a>, a dominant maritime power of Indian subcontinent, in 1025.<sup id="cite_ref-C._Majumdar_1961_pp._338-342_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C._Majumdar_1961_pp._338-342-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The invasion reshaped power and trade in the region, resulted in the rise of new regional powers such as the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kahuripan" title="Kahuripan">Kahuripan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Continued commercial contacts with the <a href="/wiki/Mid-Imperial_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-Imperial China">Chinese Empire</a> enabled the Cholas to influence the local cultures. Many of the surviving examples of the <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Hinduism in Southeast Asia">Hindu cultural influence</a> found today throughout Southeast Asia are the result of the Chola expeditions.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Angkor_Wat_reflejado_en_un_estanque_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Angkor_Wat_reflejado_en_un_estanque_08.jpg/220px-Angkor_Wat_reflejado_en_un_estanque_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Angkor_Wat_reflejado_en_un_estanque_08.jpg/330px-Angkor_Wat_reflejado_en_un_estanque_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Angkor_Wat_reflejado_en_un_estanque_08.jpg/440px-Angkor_Wat_reflejado_en_un_estanque_08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3916" data-file-height="2544" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a> in <a href="/wiki/Siem_Reap" title="Siem Reap">Siem Reap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As Srivijaya influence in the region declined, The Hindu Khmer Empire experienced a golden age during the 11th to 13th century CE. The empire's capital <a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkor</a> hosts majestic monuments—such as <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bayon" title="Bayon">Bayon</a>. Satellite imaging has revealed that Angkor, during its peak, was the largest pre-industrial urban centre in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans2007_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans2007-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a> civilisation was located in what is today central Vietnam, and was a highly Indianised Hindu Kingdom. The <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">Vietnamese</a> launched a massive conquest against the <a href="/wiki/Cham_(Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cham (Asia)">Cham people</a> during the <a href="/wiki/1471_Vietnamese_invasion_of_Champa" class="mw-redirect" title="1471 Vietnamese invasion of Champa">1471 Vietnamese invasion of Champa</a>, ransacking and burning Champa, slaughtering thousands of Cham people, and forcibly assimilating them into Vietnamese culture.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 13th century CE, the region experienced <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">Mongol invasions</a>, affected areas such as Vietnamese coast, inland Burma and <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>. In 1258, 1285 and 1287, the Mongols tried to invade <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Đại Việt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The invasions were unsuccessful, yet both Dai Viet and Champa agreed to become tributary states to <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> to avoid further conflicts.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mongols also invaded <a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">Pagan Kingdom</a> in Burma from 1277 to 1287, resulted in fragmentation of the Kingdom and rise of smaller <a href="/wiki/Shan_States" title="Shan States">Shan States</a> ruled by local chieftains nominally submitted to Yuan dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in 1297, a new local power emerged. <a href="/wiki/Myinsaing_Kingdom" title="Myinsaing Kingdom">Myinsaing Kingdom</a> became the real ruler of Central Burma and challenged the Mongol rule. This resulted in the second Mongol invasion of Burma in 1300, which was repulsed by Myinsaing.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mongols would later in 1303 withdrawn from Burma.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1292, The Mongols sent envoys to <a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a> Kingdom in Java to ask for submission to Mongol rule. Singhasari rejected the proposal and injured the envoys, enraged the Mongols and made them sent a large invasion fleet to Java. Unbeknownst to them, Singhasari collapsed in 1293 due to a revolt by Kadiri, one of its vassals. When the Mongols arrived in Java, a local prince named <a href="/wiki/Raden_Wijaya" title="Raden Wijaya">Raden Wijaya</a> offered his service to assist the Mongols in punishing Kadiri. After Kadiri was defeated, Wijaya turned on his Mongol allies, ambushed their invasion fleet and forced them to immediately leave Java.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the departure of the Mongols, Wijaya established the <a href="/wiki/Majapahit_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Majapahit Empire">Majapahit Empire</a> in eastern Java in 1293. Majapahit would soon grow into a regional power. Its greatest ruler was <a href="/wiki/Hayam_Wuruk" title="Hayam Wuruk">Hayam Wuruk</a>, whose reign from 1350 to 1389 marked the empire's peak when other kingdoms in the southern <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a> came under its influence. Various sources such as the Nagarakertagama also mention that its influence spanned over parts of <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku</a>, and some areas of <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">western New Guinea</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, making it one of the largest empire to ever exist in Southeast Asian history.<sup id="cite_ref-miksic2_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miksic2-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 107">: 107 </span></sup> By the 15th century CE however, Majapahit's influence began to wane due to many war of successions it experienced and the rise of new Islamic states such as <a href="/wiki/Samudera_Pasai_Sultanate" title="Samudera Pasai Sultanate">Samudera Pasai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malacca Sultanate</a> around the strategic <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca" title="Strait of Malacca">Strait of Malacca</a>. Majapahit then collapsed around 1500. It was the last major Hindu kingdom and the last regional power in the region before the arrival of the Europeans.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spread_of_Islam">Spread of Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeast_Asia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Spread of Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam_in_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Spread of Islam in Southeast Asia">Spread of Islam in Southeast Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Islam in Southeast Asia">Islam in Southeast Asia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Masjid_Tua_Wapauwe_Kaitetu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Masjid_Tua_Wapauwe_Kaitetu.jpg/220px-Masjid_Tua_Wapauwe_Kaitetu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Masjid_Tua_Wapauwe_Kaitetu.jpg/330px-Masjid_Tua_Wapauwe_Kaitetu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Masjid_Tua_Wapauwe_Kaitetu.jpg/440px-Masjid_Tua_Wapauwe_Kaitetu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4208" data-file-height="2368" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wapauwe_Old_Mosque" title="Wapauwe Old Mosque">Wapauwe Old Mosque</a> is the oldest surviving mosque in Indonesia, and the second oldest in Southeast Asia, built in 1414</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> began to make contacts with Southeast Asia in the eighth-century CE, when the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyads</a> established trade with the region via sea routes.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However its spread into the region happened centuries later. In the 11th century, a turbulent period occurred in the history of <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime Southeast Asia</a>. The Indian <a href="/wiki/Chola" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola">Chola</a> navy crossed the ocean and attacked the <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a> kingdom of Sangrama Vijayatungavarman in Kadaram (<a href="/wiki/Kedah_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kedah Kingdom">Kedah</a>); the capital of the powerful maritime kingdom was sacked and the king was taken captive. Along with Kadaram, Pannai in present-day <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> and Malaiyur and the Malayan peninsula were attacked too. Soon after that, the king of Kedah Phra Ong Mahawangsa became the first ruler to abandon the traditional <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> faith, and converted to Islam with the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Kedah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Kedah">Sultanate of Kedah</a> established in 1136. <a href="/wiki/Samudera_Pasai" class="mw-redirect" title="Samudera Pasai">Samudera Pasai</a> converted to Islam in 1267, the King of Malacca <a href="/wiki/Parameswara_(sultan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parameswara (sultan)">Parameswara</a> married the princess of Pasai, and the son became the first sultan of Malacca. Soon, Malacca became the center of Islamic study and maritime trade, and other rulers followed suit. <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesian</a> religious leader and Islamic scholar <a href="/wiki/Hamka" title="Hamka">Hamka</a> (1908–1981) wrote in 1961: "The development of Islam in Indonesia and <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Malaya</a> is intimately related to a Chinese Muslim, Admiral <a href="/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He">Zheng He</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are several theories to the <a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a> process in Southeast Asia. Another theory is trade. The expansion of trade among West Asia, India, and Southeast Asia helped the spread of the religion as Muslim traders from South Arabia (<a href="/wiki/Hadhramaut" title="Hadhramaut">Hadhramaut</a>) brought Islam to the region with their large volume of trade. Many settled in Indonesia, Singapore, and Malaysia. This is evident in the Arab-Indonesian, Arab-Singaporean, and Arab-Malay populations who were at one time very prominent in each of their countries. Finally, the ruling classes embraced Islam and that further aided the permeation of the religion throughout the region. The ruler of the region's most important port, <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malacca Sultanate</a>, embraced Islam in the 15th century, heralding a period of accelerated conversion of Islam throughout the region as Islam provided a positive force among the ruling and trading classes. <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Muslims" title="Gujarati Muslims">Gujarati Muslims</a> played a pivotal role in establishing Islam in Southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-toi_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toi-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade_and_colonization">Trade and colonization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeast_Asia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Trade and colonization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StraitOfMalacca2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/88/StraitOfMalacca2.jpg/220px-StraitOfMalacca2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/88/StraitOfMalacca2.jpg/330px-StraitOfMalacca2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/88/StraitOfMalacca2.jpg/440px-StraitOfMalacca2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="695" data-file-height="534" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca" title="Strait of Malacca">Strait of Malacca</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Trade among Southeast Asian countries has a long tradition. The consequences of colonial rule, struggle for independence, and in some cases war influenced the economic attitudes and policies of each country.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chinese">Chinese</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeast_Asia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Chinese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_tributaries_of_Imperial_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tributaries of Imperial China">List of tributaries of Imperial China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bamboo_network" title="Bamboo network">Bamboo network</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese Empire</a></div> <p>From 111 BC to 938 AD northern Vietnam was under Chinese rule. Vietnam was successfully governed by a series of Chinese dynasties including the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Han">Eastern Han</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Wu" title="Eastern Wu">Eastern Wu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cao_Wei" title="Cao Wei">Cao Wei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liu_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Song">Liu Song</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Qi" title="Southern Qi">Southern Qi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liang_dynasty" title="Liang dynasty">Liang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Han" title="Southern Han">Southern Han</a>. Records from Magellan's voyage show that <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> possessed more <a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">cannon</a> than European ships, so the Chinese must have been trading with them.<sup id="cite_ref-Bergreen.L_Magellan_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergreen.L_Magellan-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Malaysian legend has it that a Chinese Ming emperor sent a princess, <a href="/wiki/Hang_Li_Po" title="Hang Li Po">Hang Li Po</a>, to Malacca, with a retinue of 500, to marry <a href="/wiki/Mansur_Shah_of_Malacca" title="Mansur Shah of Malacca">Sultan Mansur Shah</a> after the emperor was impressed by the wisdom of the sultan. <a href="/wiki/Hang_Li_Poh%27s_Well" title="Hang Li Poh's Well">Hang Li Poh's Well</a> (constructed 1459) is now a tourist attraction there, as is <a href="/wiki/Bukit_Cina" title="Bukit Cina">Bukit Cina</a>, where her retinue settled. </p><p>The strategic value of the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca" title="Strait of Malacca">Strait of Malacca</a>, which was controlled by <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Malacca" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Malacca">Sultanate of Malacca</a> in the 15th and early 16th century, did not go unnoticed by Portuguese writer <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A9_Pires" title="Tomé Pires">Tomé Pires</a>, who wrote in the <i>Suma Oriental</i>: "Whoever is lord of Malacca has his hand on the throat of <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Venice was a major European trading partner, and goods were transported there via the Straight.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="European">European</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeast_Asia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: European"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/European_colonisation_of_Southeast_Asia" title="European colonisation of Southeast Asia">European colonisation of Southeast Asia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Cornwallis_Eck.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Fort_Cornwallis_Eck.JPG/220px-Fort_Cornwallis_Eck.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Fort_Cornwallis_Eck.JPG/330px-Fort_Cornwallis_Eck.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Fort_Cornwallis_Eck.JPG/440px-Fort_Cornwallis_Eck.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fort_Cornwallis" title="Fort Cornwallis">Fort Cornwallis</a> in <a href="/wiki/George_Town,_Penang" title="George Town, Penang">George Town</a> marks the spot where the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">British East India Company</a> first landed in <a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a> in 1786, thus heralding the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British colonisation</a> of <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Western influence started to enter in the 16th century, with the arrival of the Portuguese in Malacca, <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku</a>, and the Philippines, the latter being settled by the Spaniards years later, which they used to <a href="/wiki/Manila_Galleons" class="mw-redirect" title="Manila Galleons">trade between Asia and Latin America</a>. Throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, the Dutch established the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>; the <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a>; and the British <a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Strait Settlements</a>. By the 19th century, all Southeast Asian countries were colonised except for <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kopparmynt,_1646-1667._2_kas,_2_doit._Holl%C3%A4ndska_Indien_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_108653.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Kopparmynt%2C_1646-1667._2_kas%2C_2_doit._Holl%C3%A4ndska_Indien_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_108653.tif/lossy-page1-170px-Kopparmynt%2C_1646-1667._2_kas%2C_2_doit._Holl%C3%A4ndska_Indien_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_108653.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Kopparmynt%2C_1646-1667._2_kas%2C_2_doit._Holl%C3%A4ndska_Indien_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_108653.tif/lossy-page1-255px-Kopparmynt%2C_1646-1667._2_kas%2C_2_doit._Holl%C3%A4ndska_Indien_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_108653.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Kopparmynt%2C_1646-1667._2_kas%2C_2_doit._Holl%C3%A4ndska_Indien_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_108653.tif/lossy-page1-340px-Kopparmynt%2C_1646-1667._2_kas%2C_2_doit._Holl%C3%A4ndska_Indien_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_108653.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2445" data-file-height="2445" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Duit" title="Duit">Duit</a>, a coin minted by the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">VOC</a>, 1646–1667. 2 kas, 2 duit</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_European_exploration_of_Asia" title="Chronology of European exploration of Asia">European explorers</a> were reaching Southeast Asia from the west and from the east. Regular trade between the ships sailing east from the Indian Ocean and south from mainland Asia provided goods in return for natural products, such as <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hornbill" title="Hornbill">hornbill</a> beaks from the islands of the archipelago. Before the 18th and 19th centuries, the Europeans mostly were interested in expanding trade links. For the majority of the populations in each country, there was comparatively little interaction with Europeans and traditional social routines and relationships continued. For most, a life with subsistence-level agriculture, fishing and, in less developed civilisations, hunting and gathering was still hard.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Europeans brought <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> allowing Christian missionaries to become widespread. Thailand also allowed Western scientists to enter its country to develop its own education system as well as start sending royal members and Thai scholars to get higher education from Europe and Russia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japanese">Japanese</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeast_Asia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Japanese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a></div> <p>During World War II, <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Imperial Japan</a> invaded most of the former western colonies under the concept of "<a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere</a>". However, the <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Shōwa period">Shōwa occupation regime</a> committed violent actions against civilians such as live human experimentation,<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sexual slavery under the brutal "<a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">comfort women</a>" system,<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre" title="Manila massacre">Manila massacre</a> and the implementation of a system of <a href="/wiki/Unfree_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfree labour">forced labour</a>, such as the one involving four to ten million <i><a href="/wiki/Romusha" class="mw-redirect" title="Romusha">romusha</a></i> in Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A later UN report stated that four million people died in Indonesia as a result of famine and forced labour during the Japanese occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Allied powers who then defeated Japan (and other allies of <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asian theatre of World War II</a> then contended with nationalists to whom the occupation authorities had granted independence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indian">Indian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeast_Asia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Indian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, India had a flourishing trade relationship with Southeast Asia in the 15th and 16th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-toi_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toi-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trade relationship with Gujarat declined after the Portuguese invasion of Southeast Asia in the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-toi_113-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toi-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="American">American</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeast_Asia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: American"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands">United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insular_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" title="Insular Government of the Philippine Islands">Insular Government of the Philippine Islands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Commonwealth of the Philippines</a></div> <p>The United States took the Philippines from Spain in 1898. Internal autonomy was granted in 1934, and independence in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_history">Contemporary history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeast_Asia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Contemporary history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most countries in the region maintain national autonomy. <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democratic forms of government</a> are practised in most Southeast Asian countries and human rights is recognised but dependent on each nation state. Socialist or <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">communist countries</a> in Southeast Asia include Vietnam and Laos. <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a> provides a framework for the integration of commerce and regional responses to international concerns. </p><p>China has asserted broad claims over the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a>, based on its <a href="/wiki/Nine-dash_line" title="Nine-dash line">nine-dash line</a>, and has <a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_Sand" title="Great Wall of Sand">built artificial islands</a> in an attempt to bolster its claims. China also has asserted an <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">exclusive economic zone</a> based on the <a href="/wiki/Spratly_Islands" title="Spratly Islands">Spratly Islands</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> challenged China in the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_Arbitration" title="Permanent Court of Arbitration">Permanent Court of Arbitration</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a> in 2013, and in <i><a href="/wiki/Philippines_v._China" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippines v. China">Philippines v. China</a></i> (2016), the Court ruled in favour of the Philippines and rejected China's claims.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indochina_Wars">Indochina Wars</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeast_Asia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Indochina Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southeast_Asia&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeast_Asia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Golden_Triangle_(Southeast_Asia)" title="Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia)">Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia)</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Southeast_Asian_mountains" title="List of Southeast Asian mountains">List of Southeast Asian mountains</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_Massif" title="Southeast Asian Massif">Southeast Asian Massif</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southeast_asia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Southeast_asia.svg/220px-Southeast_asia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Southeast_asia.svg/330px-Southeast_asia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Southeast_asia.svg/440px-Southeast_asia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="598" /></a><figcaption>Relief map of Southeast Asia</figcaption></figure> <p>Indonesia is the largest country in Southeast Asia and is also the largest archipelago in the world by size (according to the <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a>). Geologically, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Indonesia" title="List of islands of Indonesia">Indonesian Archipelago</a> is one of the most <a href="/wiki/Volcanology" title="Volcanology">volcanically</a> active regions in the world. Geological <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_uplift" title="Tectonic uplift">uplifts</a> in the region have also produced some impressive mountains, culminating in <a href="/wiki/Puncak_Jaya" title="Puncak Jaya">Puncak Jaya</a> in <a href="/wiki/Papua_(Indonesian_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Papua (Indonesian province)">Papua</a>, Indonesia at 5,030 metres (16,503 feet), on the island of <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>; it is the only place where ice glaciers can be found in Southeast Asia. The highest mountain in Southeast Asia is <a href="/wiki/Hkakabo_Razi" title="Hkakabo Razi">Hkakabo Razi</a> at 5,967 metres (19,577 feet) and can be found in northern Burma sharing the same range of its parent peak, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Mount Everest</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a> is the major body of water within Southeast Asia. The Philippines, Vietnam, Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia, and Singapore, have integral rivers that flow into the South China Sea. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mayon_Volcano" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayon Volcano">Mayon Volcano</a>, despite being dangerously <a href="/wiki/List_of_active_volcanoes_in_the_Philippines" title="List of active volcanoes in the Philippines">active</a>, holds the record of the world's most perfect cone which is built from past and continuous <a href="/wiki/Types_of_volcanic_eruptions" title="Types of volcanic eruptions">eruption</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boundaries">Boundaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeast_Asia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Boundaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Boundaries_between_the_continents_of_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundaries between the continents of Earth">Boundaries between the continents of Earth</a></div> <p>Geographically, Southeast Asia is bounded to the southeast by the <a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australian continent</a>, the boundary between these two regions is most often considered to run through <a href="/wiki/Wallacea" title="Wallacea">Wallacea</a>. </p><p>Geopolitically, the boundary lies between Papua New Guinea and the <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Indonesia" title="Regions of Indonesia">Indonesian region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Western New Guinea</a> (Papua and <a href="/wiki/West_Papua_(province)" title="West Papua (province)">West Papua</a>). Both countries share the island of <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>. </p><p>Islands to the east of the Philippines make up the region of <a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a>. These islands are not biogeographically, geologically or historically linked to mainland Asia, and are considered part of Oceania by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>, and other organisations.<sup id="cite_ref-stats_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stats-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Oceania region is politically represented through the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum</a>, a governing body which, up until 2022, included Australia, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> and all independent territories in <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a>, Micronesia, and <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a>. Several countries of Maritime Southeast Asia, such as Indonesia and the Philippines, are dialogue partners of the Pacific Islands Forum, but none have full membership.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maritime Southeast Asia was often grouped with Australia and Oceania in the mid to late 1800s, rather than with mainland Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term Oceania came into usage at the beginning of the 1800s, and the earlier definitions predated the advent of concepts such as Wallacea. </p><p>The non-continental Australian external territories of <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a> are sometimes considered part of Maritime Southeast Asia, as they lie in much closer proximity to western Indonesia than they do to mainland Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have a <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multicultural</a> mix of inhabitants with Asian and <a href="/wiki/European_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="European Australian">European Australian</a> ancestry, and were uninhabited when discovered by the British during the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-gov_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gov-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The islands lie within the bounds of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Plate">Australian Plate</a>, and are defined by <i>The World Factbook</i> as the westernmost extent of Oceania.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United Nations also include these islands in their definition of Oceania, under the same subregion as Australia and New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-stats_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stats-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeast_Asia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_Southeastern_Asia_present.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Koppen-Geiger_Map_Southeastern_Asia_present.svg/220px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_Southeastern_Asia_present.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Koppen-Geiger_Map_Southeastern_Asia_present.svg/330px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_Southeastern_Asia_present.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Koppen-Geiger_Map_Southeastern_Asia_present.svg/440px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_Southeastern_Asia_present.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1438" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Southeast Asia map of <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Most of Southeast Asia have a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_climate" title="Tropical climate">tropical climate</a> that is hot and humid all year round with plentiful rainfall. The majority of Southeast Asia has a wet and dry season caused by seasonal shifts in winds or <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoons</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rain_belt" title="Tropical rain belt">tropical rain belt</a> causes additional rainfall during the monsoon season. The rainforest is the second largest on Earth (with the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon rainforest</a> being the largest). Exceptions to the typical tropical climate and forest vegetation are: </p> <ol><li>Northern Vietnam (including <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a>) with a <a href="/wiki/Subtropical_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical climate">subtropical climate</a> that is sometimes influenced by <a href="/wiki/Cold_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold waves">cold waves</a> which move from the northeast and the <a href="/wiki/Siberian_High" title="Siberian High">Siberian High</a> <ol><li>the northern part of Central Vietnam also is occasionally influenced by cold waves</li></ol></li> <li>mountain areas in the northern region and the higher islands, where high altitudes lead to milder temperatures</li> <li>the “dry zone” of central Myanmar in the <a href="/wiki/Rain_shadow" title="Rain shadow">rain shadow</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Arakan_Mountains" title="Arakan Mountains">Arakan Mountains</a>, where annual rainfall can be as low as 600 millimetres or 24 inches, which under the hot temperatures that prevail is dry enough to qualify as <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">semi-arid</a>.</li> <li>Southern areas in <a href="/wiki/South_Central_Coast" title="South Central Coast">South Central Coast</a> of Vietnam is marked with hot <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">semi-arid climate</a> due to weak monsoon activities and high temperature throughout the year. Annual rainfall of this region varies between 400 millimetres or 16 inches to 800 millimetres or 31 inches, with an 8-month dry season.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeast_Asia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Climate change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Asia" title="Climate change in Asia">Climate change in Asia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheung_2023_fishery_projections.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Cheung_2023_fishery_projections.png/260px-Cheung_2023_fishery_projections.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Cheung_2023_fishery_projections.png/390px-Cheung_2023_fishery_projections.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Cheung_2023_fishery_projections.png/520px-Cheung_2023_fishery_projections.png 2x" data-file-width="899" data-file-height="1201" /></a><figcaption>Under the highest-emission scenario, Southeast Asian countries would see substantial reductions in seafood available from their <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">exclusive economic zones</a> by 2050<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <p>Southeast Asia lags behind on <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">mitigation measures</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even though it is one of the most <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_vulnerability" title="Climate change vulnerability">vulnerable</a> regions to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Overland2020_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Overland2020-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Climate change has already caused an increase in <i>heavy</i> <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> events (defined as 400 mm or more in a day)<sup id="cite_ref-AR6_WGII_Chapter10_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AR6_WGII_Chapter10-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1464">: 1464 </span></sup> and greater increases are expected in this region. Changes in rainfall and runoff will also affect the quality of water supply used by the <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> systems.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under a high-warming scenario, heat-related deaths in the region could increase by 12.7% by 2100.<sup id="cite_ref-AR6_WGII_Chapter10_148-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AR6_WGII_Chapter10-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1508">: 1508 </span></sup> Among the elderly in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, annual heat-related deaths may go from less than 1 per 100,000 to 45 per 100,000.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1">: 1 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 23">: 23 </span></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a> is a serious threat. Along Philippine coasts, it occurs three times faster than the global average,<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while 199 out of 514 cities and districts in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> could be affected by tidal flooding by 2050.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Ho Chi Minh City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> are amongst the 20 coastal cities which would have the world's highest annual flood losses in the year 2050.<sup id="cite_ref-AR6_WGII_Chapter10_148-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AR6_WGII_Chapter10-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to <a href="/wiki/Land_subsidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Land subsidence">land subsidence</a>, Jakarta is <a href="/wiki/Flooding_in_Jakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Flooding in Jakarta">sinking</a> so much (up to 28 cm (11 in) per year between 1982 and 2010 in some areas<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) that by 2019, the government had committed to relocate the <a href="/wiki/Capital_of_Indonesia" title="Capital of Indonesia">capital of Indonesia</a> to another city.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Climate change is also likely to pose a serious threat to the region's fisheries:<sup id="cite_ref-Overland2020_147-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Overland2020-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 3.35 million fishers in the Southeast Asia are reliant on <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reefs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AR6_WGII_Chapter10_148-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AR6_WGII_Chapter10-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1479">: 1479 </span></sup> and yet those reefs are highly vulnerable to even low-emission climate change and will likely be lost if global warming exceeds 1.5 °C (2.7 °F)<sup id="cite_ref-ArmstrongMcKay2022_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArmstrongMcKay2022-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ArmstrongMcKayExplainer_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArmstrongMcKayExplainer-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2050–2070, around 30% of the region's aquaculture area and 10-20% of aquaculture production may be lost.<sup id="cite_ref-AR6_WGII_Chapter10_148-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AR6_WGII_Chapter10-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1491">: 1491 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spreading_ridges_volcanoes_map-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Spreading_ridges_volcanoes_map-en.svg/220px-Spreading_ridges_volcanoes_map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Spreading_ridges_volcanoes_map-en.svg/330px-Spreading_ridges_volcanoes_map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Spreading_ridges_volcanoes_map-en.svg/440px-Spreading_ridges_volcanoes_map-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4995" data-file-height="2510" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the divergent plate boundaries (oceanic spreading ridges) and recent sub-aerial <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanoes</a> (mostly at convergent boundaries), with a high density of volcanoes situated in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment">Environment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeast_Asia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_coral_reefs" title="Southeast Asian coral reefs">Southeast Asian coral reefs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Line" title="Wallace Line">Wallace Line</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Komodo_dragon_at_Komodo_National_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Komodo_dragon_at_Komodo_National_Park.jpg/220px-Komodo_dragon_at_Komodo_National_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Komodo_dragon_at_Komodo_National_Park.jpg/330px-Komodo_dragon_at_Komodo_National_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Komodo_dragon_at_Komodo_National_Park.jpg/440px-Komodo_dragon_at_Komodo_National_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>Komodo dragon in <a href="/wiki/Komodo_National_Park" title="Komodo National Park">Komodo National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The vast majority of Southeast Asia falls within the warm, humid tropics, and its climate generally can be characterized as monsoonal. The animals of Southeast Asia are diverse; on the islands of <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Orangutan" title="Orangutan">orangutan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">Asian elephant</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_tapir" title="Malayan tapir">Malayan tapir</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sumatran_rhinoceros" title="Sumatran rhinoceros">Sumatran rhinoceros</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bornean_clouded_leopard" title="Bornean clouded leopard">Bornean clouded leopard</a> can also be found. Six subspecies of the <a href="/wiki/Binturong" title="Binturong">binturong</a> or <i>bearcat</i> exist in the region, though the one endemic to the island of <a href="/wiki/Palawan" title="Palawan">Palawan</a> is now classed as vulnerable. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Mayon_Volcano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/The_Mayon_Volcano.jpg/220px-The_Mayon_Volcano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/The_Mayon_Volcano.jpg/330px-The_Mayon_Volcano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/The_Mayon_Volcano.jpg/440px-The_Mayon_Volcano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2624" data-file-height="3936" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mayon" title="Mayon">Mayon Volcano</a>, Philippines</figcaption></figure> <p>Tigers of three different subspecies are found on the island of Sumatra (the <a href="/wiki/Sumatran_tiger" title="Sumatran tiger">Sumatran tiger</a>), in peninsular Malaysia (the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_tiger" title="Malayan tiger">Malayan tiger</a>), and in Indochina (the <a href="/wiki/Indochinese_tiger" title="Indochinese tiger">Indochinese tiger</a>); all of which are endangered species. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Komodo_dragon" title="Komodo dragon">Komodo dragon</a> is the largest living species of lizard and inhabits the islands of <a href="/wiki/Komodo_(island)" title="Komodo (island)">Komodo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rinca" title="Rinca">Rinca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flores" title="Flores">Flores</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gili_Motang" title="Gili Motang">Gili Motang</a> in Indonesia. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pithecophaga_jefferyi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Pithecophaga_jefferyi.jpg/170px-Pithecophaga_jefferyi.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Pithecophaga_jefferyi.jpg/255px-Pithecophaga_jefferyi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Pithecophaga_jefferyi.jpg/340px-Pithecophaga_jefferyi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="388" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Philippine_eagle" title="Philippine eagle">Philippine eagle</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Philippine_eagle" title="Philippine eagle">Philippine eagle</a> is the <a href="/wiki/National_bird" class="mw-redirect" title="National bird">national bird</a> of the Philippines. It is considered by scientists as the largest eagle in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is endemic to the Philippines' forests. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Wild_water_buffalo" title="Wild water buffalo">wild water buffalo</a>, and on various islands related dwarf species of <i><a href="/wiki/Bubalus" title="Bubalus">Bubalus</a></i> such as <a href="/wiki/Anoa" title="Anoa">anoa</a> were once widespread in Southeast Asia; nowadays the <a href="/wiki/Domestic_Asian_water_buffalo" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic Asian water buffalo">domestic Asian water buffalo</a> is common across the region, but its remaining relatives are rare and endangered. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mouse_deer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouse deer">mouse deer</a>, a small tusked deer as large as a toy dog or cat, mostly can be found on Sumatra, Borneo (Indonesia), and in Palawan (Philippines). The <a href="/wiki/Gaur" title="Gaur">gaur</a>, a gigantic wild ox larger than even wild water buffalo, is found mainly in Indochina. There is very little scientific information available regarding Southeast Asian amphibians.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Birds such as the <a href="/wiki/Green_peafowl" title="Green peafowl">green peafowl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drongo" title="Drongo">drongo</a> live in this subregion as far east as Indonesia. The <a href="/wiki/Babirusa" title="Babirusa">babirusa</a>, a four-tusked pig, can be found in Indonesia as well. The <a href="/wiki/Hornbill" title="Hornbill">hornbill</a> was prized for its beak and used in trade with China. The horn of the rhinoceros, not part of its skull, was prized in China as well. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Indonesia" title="List of islands of Indonesia">Indonesian Archipelago</a> is split by the <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Line" title="Wallace Line">Wallace Line</a>. This line runs along what is now known to be a tectonic plate boundary, and separates Asian (Western) species from Australasian (Eastern) species. The islands between Java/Borneo and Papua form a mixed zone, where both types occur, known as Wallacea. As the pace of development accelerates and populations continue to expand in Southeast Asia, concern has increased regarding the impact of human activity on the region's environment. A significant portion of Southeast Asia, however, has not changed greatly and remains an unaltered home to wildlife. The nations of the region, with only a few exceptions, have become aware of the need to maintain forest cover not only to prevent <a href="/wiki/Soil_erosion" title="Soil erosion">soil erosion</a> but to preserve the diversity of flora and fauna. Indonesia, for example, has created an extensive system of national parks and preserves for this purpose. Even so, such species as the <a href="/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros" title="Javan rhinoceros">Javan rhinoceros</a> face extinction, with only a handful of the animals remaining in western Java. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wallace%27s_line.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Wallace%27s_line.jpg/220px-Wallace%27s_line.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Wallace%27s_line.jpg/330px-Wallace%27s_line.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Wallace%27s_line.jpg/440px-Wallace%27s_line.jpg 2x" data-file-width="728" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption>Wallace's hypothetical line divides Indonesian Archipelago into 2 types of fauna, Australasian and Southeast Asian fauna. The deepwater of the <a href="/wiki/Lombok_Strait" title="Lombok Strait">Lombok Strait</a> between the islands of <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lombok" title="Lombok">Lombok</a> formed a water barrier even when lower sea levels linked the now-separated islands and landmasses on either side</figcaption></figure> <p>The shallow waters of the <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_coral_reefs" title="Southeast Asian coral reefs">Southeast Asian coral reefs</a> have the highest levels of <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> for the world's marine ecosystems, where coral, fish, and molluscs abound. According to Conservation International, marine surveys suggest that the marine life diversity in the <a href="/wiki/Raja_Ampat" class="mw-redirect" title="Raja Ampat">Raja Ampat</a> (Indonesia) is the highest recorded on Earth. Diversity is considerably greater than any other area sampled in the Coral Triangle composed of Indonesia, the Philippines, and Papua New Guinea. The Coral Triangle is the heart of the world's coral reef biodiversity, the Verde Passage is dubbed by Conservation International as the world's "center of the center of marine shore fish biodiversity". The <a href="/wiki/Whale_shark" title="Whale shark">whale shark</a>, the world's largest species of fish and 6 species of <a href="/wiki/Sea_turtle" title="Sea turtle">sea turtles</a> can also be found in the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a> and the Pacific Ocean territories of the Philippines. </p><p>The trees and other plants of the region are tropical; in some countries where the mountains are tall enough, temperate-climate vegetation can be found. These rainforest areas are currently being logged-over, especially in Borneo. </p><p>While Southeast Asia is rich in flora and fauna, <a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Deforestation in Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia is facing severe deforestation</a> which causes habitat loss for various <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered species</a> such as orangutan and the <a href="/wiki/Sumatran_tiger" title="Sumatran tiger">Sumatran tiger</a>. Predictions have been made that more than 40% of the animal and <a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">plant species</a> in Southeast Asia could be wiped out in the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, <a href="/wiki/Haze" title="Haze">haze</a> has been a regular occurrence. The two worst regional hazes were in <a href="/wiki/1997_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="1997 Southeast Asian haze">1997</a> and <a href="/wiki/2006_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="2006 Southeast Asian haze">2006</a> in which multiple countries were covered with thick haze, mostly caused by "<a href="/wiki/Slash_and_burn" class="mw-redirect" title="Slash and burn">slash and burn</a>" activities in Sumatra and Borneo. In reaction, several countries in Southeast Asia signed the <a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Agreement_on_Transboundary_Haze_Pollution" title="ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution">ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution</a> to combat haze pollution. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/2013_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="2013 Southeast Asian haze">2013 Southeast Asian Haze</a> saw API levels reach a hazardous level in some countries. Muar experienced the highest <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_index" class="mw-redirect" title="Air pollution index">API</a> level of 746 on 23 June 2013 at around 7 am.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeast_Asia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_port_of_Singapore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/The_port_of_Singapore.jpg/220px-The_port_of_Singapore.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/The_port_of_Singapore.jpg/330px-The_port_of_Singapore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/The_port_of_Singapore.jpg/440px-The_port_of_Singapore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="843" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Singapore" title="Port of Singapore">Port of Singapore</a> is the busiest <a href="/wiki/Transshipment" title="Transshipment">transshipment</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_busiest_container_ports" title="List of busiest container ports">container port</a> in the world, and is an important transportation and shipping hub in Southeast Asia</figcaption></figure> <p>Even prior to the penetration of European interests, Southeast Asia was a critical part of the world trading system. A wide range of commodities originated in the region, but especially important were spices such as pepper, ginger, cloves, and nutmeg. The spice trade initially was developed by Indian and Arab merchants, but it also brought Europeans to the region. First, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spaniards</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleon</a>) who sailed from the Americas and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a>, then the Dutch, and finally the British and French became involved in this enterprise in various countries. The penetration of European commercial interests gradually evolved into annexation of territories, as traders lobbied for an extension of control to protect and expand their activities. As a result, the Dutch moved into Indonesia, the British into <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malaya</a> and parts of Borneo, the French into <a href="/wiki/Indochina" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochina">Indochina</a>, and the Spanish and the US into the Philippines. An economic effect of this imperialism was the shift in the production of commodities. For example, the rubber plantations of Malaysia, Java, Vietnam, and Cambodia, the tin mining of Malaya, the rice fields of the Mekong Delta in Vietnam, and the Irrawaddy River delta in Burma, were a response to the powerful market demands.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">overseas Chinese</a> community has played a large role in the development of the economies in the region. The origins of Chinese influence can be traced to the 16th century, when Chinese migrants from <a href="/wiki/Southern_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern China">southern China</a> settled in Indonesia, Thailand, and other Southeast Asian countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Weidenbaum2328_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weidenbaum2328-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese populations in the region saw a rapid increase following the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Revolution">Communist Revolution</a> in 1949, which forced many refugees to emigrate outside of China.<sup id="cite_ref-Weidenbaum_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weidenbaum-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2022, Malaysian petroleum industry through its oil and gas company, <a href="/wiki/Petronas" title="Petronas">Petronas</a>, was ranked eighth in the world by the Brandirectory.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seventeen telecommunications companies contracted to build the <a href="/wiki/Asia-America_Gateway" title="Asia-America Gateway">Asia-America Gateway</a> submarine cable to connect Southeast Asia to the US<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is to avoid disruption of the kind caused by the cutting of the undersea cable from Taiwan to the US in the <a href="/wiki/2006_Hengchun_earthquakes" title="2006 Hengchun earthquakes">2006 Hengchun earthquakes</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2022_Proton_Persona_1.6L_Executive_CVT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/2022_Proton_Persona_1.6L_Executive_CVT.jpg/220px-2022_Proton_Persona_1.6L_Executive_CVT.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/2022_Proton_Persona_1.6L_Executive_CVT.jpg/330px-2022_Proton_Persona_1.6L_Executive_CVT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/2022_Proton_Persona_1.6L_Executive_CVT.jpg/440px-2022_Proton_Persona_1.6L_Executive_CVT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2995" data-file-height="1373" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Proton_Persona" title="Proton Persona">Proton Persona</a> is one of the indigenously developed car model by Malaysian automobile manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Proton_Holdings" title="Proton Holdings">Proton</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Tourism has been a key factor in economic development for many Southeast Asian countries, especially Cambodia. According to UNESCO, "tourism, if correctly conceived, can be a tremendous development tool and an effective means of preserving the cultural diversity of our planet."<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the early 1990s, "even the non-ASEAN nations such as Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam and Burma, where the income derived from tourism is low, are attempting to expand their own tourism industries."<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1995, Singapore was the regional leader in tourism receipts relative to GDP at over 8%. By 1998, those receipts had dropped to less than 6% of GDP while Thailand and Lao PDR increased receipts to over 7%. Since 2000, Cambodia has surpassed all other ASEAN countries and generated almost 15% of its GDP from tourism in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, Vietnam is considered as a growing <a href="/wiki/Power_(international_relations)" title="Power (international relations)">power</a> in Southeast Asia due to its large foreign investment opportunities and the booming tourism sector. </p><p>By the early 21st century, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> had grown to an <a href="/wiki/Emerging_markets" class="mw-redirect" title="Emerging markets">emerging market</a> economy, becoming the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Indonesia" title="Economy of Indonesia">largest economy</a> in the region. It was classified a <a href="/wiki/Newly_industrialised_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Newly industrialised country">newly industrialised country</a> and is the region's singular member of the <a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G-20 major economies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indonesia's estimated gross domestic product (GDP) for 2020 was US$1,088.8 billion (nominal) or $3,328.3 billion (PPP) with per capita GDP of US$4,038 (nominal) or $12,345 (PPP).<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By GDP per capita in 2023, Singapore is the leading nation in the region with US$84,500 (nominal) or US$140,280 (PPP), followed by Brunei with US$41,713 (nominal) or US$79,408 (PPP) and Malaysia with US$13,942 (nominal) or US$33,353 (PPP).<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides that, Malaysia has the lowest cost of living in the region, followed by Brunei and Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the contrary, Singapore is the costliest country in the region, followed by Thailand and the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_173-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stock markets in Southeast Asia have performed better than other bourses in the Asia-Pacific region in 2010, with the Philippines' <a href="/wiki/PSE_Composite_Index" title="PSE Composite Index">PSE</a> leading the way with 22 per cent growth, followed by Thailand's <a href="/wiki/SET_Index" title="SET Index">SET</a> with 21 per cent and Indonesia's <a href="/wiki/JSX_Composite" class="mw-redirect" title="JSX Composite">JKSE</a> with 19 per cent.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Southeast Asia's GDP per capita is US$4,685 according to a 2020 <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> estimates, which is comparable to <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">Currency</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by population">Population</a><br />(2020)<sup id="cite_ref-Population_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Population-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2020census_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020census-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">Nominal GDP</a><br />(2020) $ billion<sup id="cite_ref-:02_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">GDP per capita</a><br />(2020)<sup id="cite_ref-:12_176-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">GDP growth</a><br />(2020)<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">Inflation</a><br />(2020)<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_sector_composition" title="List of countries by GDP sector composition">Main industries</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> </td> <td><b>B$</b> <a href="/wiki/Brunei_dollar" title="Brunei dollar">Brunei dollar</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">437,479 </td> <td style="text-align:right">$10.647 </td> <td style="text-align:right">$23,117 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.1% </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.3% </td> <td>Petroleum, petrochemicals, fishing </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> </td> <td><b>៛</b> <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_riel" title="Cambodian riel">Riel</a> <b>US$</b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Dollar">US Dollar</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">16,718,965 </td> <td style="text-align:right">$26.316 </td> <td style="text-align:right">$1,572 </td> <td style="text-align:right">-2.8% </td> <td style="text-align:right">2.5% </td> <td>Clothing, gold, agriculture </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/23px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/35px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/46px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a> </td> <td><b>US$</b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US dollar</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">1,318,445 </td> <td style="text-align:right">$1.920 </td> <td style="text-align:right">$1,456 </td> <td style="text-align:right">-6.8% </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.9% </td> <td>Petroleum, coffee, electronics </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> </td> <td><b>Rp</b> <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_rupiah" title="Indonesian rupiah">Rupiah</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">270,203,917<sup id="cite_ref-2020census_177-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020census-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right">$1,088.768 </td> <td style="text-align:right">$4,038 </td> <td style="text-align:right">-1.5% </td> <td style="text-align:right">2.1% </td> <td>Coal, petroleum, palm oil </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> </td> <td><b>₭</b> <a href="/wiki/Lao_kip" title="Lao kip">Kip</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">7,275,560 </td> <td style="text-align:right">$18.653 </td> <td style="text-align:right">$2,567 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.2% </td> <td style="text-align:right">6.5% </td> <td>Copper, electronics, Tin </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> </td> <td><b>RM</b> <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_ringgit" title="Malaysian ringgit">Ringgit</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">32,365,999 </td> <td style="text-align:right">$336.330 </td> <td style="text-align:right">$10,192 </td> <td style="text-align:right">-6% </td> <td style="text-align:right">-1.1% </td> <td>Electronics, petroleum, petrochemicals, palm oil, automotive </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> </td> <td><b>K</b> <a href="/wiki/Burmese_kyat" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese kyat">Kyat</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">54,409,800 </td> <td style="text-align:right">$70.890 </td> <td style="text-align:right">$1,333 </td> <td style="text-align:right">2% </td> <td style="text-align:right">6.1% </td> <td>Natural gas, agriculture, clothing </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> </td> <td><b>₱</b> <a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso" title="Philippine peso">Peso</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">109,581,078 </td> <td style="text-align:right">$367.362 </td> <td style="text-align:right">$3,373 </td> <td style="text-align:right">-8.3% </td> <td style="text-align:right">2.4% </td> <td>Electronics, timber, automotive </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> </td> <td><b>S$</b> <a href="/wiki/Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">Singapore dollar</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">5,850,342 </td> <td style="text-align:right">$337.451 </td> <td style="text-align:right">$58,484 </td> <td style="text-align:right">-6% </td> <td style="text-align:right">-0.4% </td> <td>Electronics, petroleum, chemicals </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> </td> <td><b>฿</b> <a href="/wiki/Thai_baht" title="Thai baht">Baht</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">69,799,978 </td> <td style="text-align:right">$509.200 </td> <td style="text-align:right">$7,295 </td> <td style="text-align:right">-7.1% </td> <td style="text-align:right">-0.4% </td> <td>Electronics, automotive, rubber </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> </td> <td><b>₫</b> <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_%C4%91%E1%BB%93ng" title="Vietnamese đồng">Đồng</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">97,338,579 </td> <td style="text-align:right">$340.602 </td> <td style="text-align:right">$3,498 </td> <td style="text-align:right">2.9% </td> <td style="text-align:right">3.8% </td> <td>Electronics, clothing, petroleum </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Energy">Energy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeast_Asia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditionally, the Southeast Asian economy has heavily relied on fossil fuels. However, it has begun transitioning towards clean energy. The region possesses significant renewable energy potential, including solar, wind, hydro, and pumped hydro energy storage. Modeling indicates that it could achieve a 97% share of solar and wind energy in the electricity mix at competitive costs ranging from $US 55 to $115 per megawatt-hour.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The energy transition in Southeast Asia can be characterized as demanding, doable, and dependent.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This implies the presence of substantial challenges, including financial, technical, and institutional barriers. However, it is feasible, as evidenced by Vietnam's remarkable achievement of installing about 20 GW of solar and wind power in just three years.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> International cooperation plays a crucial role in facilitating this transition.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_182-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeast_Asia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Eastern_Asia_population_pyramid_2023.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/South_Eastern_Asia_population_pyramid_2023.svg/220px-South_Eastern_Asia_population_pyramid_2023.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/South_Eastern_Asia_population_pyramid_2023.svg/330px-South_Eastern_Asia_population_pyramid_2023.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/South_Eastern_Asia_population_pyramid_2023.svg/440px-South_Eastern_Asia_population_pyramid_2023.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2552" data-file-height="2059" /></a><figcaption>Population pyramid of South East Asia in 2023</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southeast_Asia_population_distribution.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Southeast_Asia_population_distribution.png/220px-Southeast_Asia_population_distribution.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Southeast_Asia_population_distribution.png/330px-Southeast_Asia_population_distribution.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Southeast_Asia_population_distribution.png/440px-Southeast_Asia_population_distribution.png 2x" data-file-width="921" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>Population distribution of the countries of Southeast Asia (with Indonesia split into its major islands).</figcaption></figure> <p>Southeast Asia has an area of approximately 4,500,000 square kilometres (1,700,000 sq mi). As of 2021, around 676 million people live in the region, more than a fifth live (143 million) on the Indonesian island of <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, the most densely populated large island in the world. <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> is the most populous country with 274 million people (~40% of South East Asia), and also the fourth most populous country in the world. The distribution of the religions and people is diverse in Southeast Asia and varies by country. Some 30 million <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">overseas Chinese</a> also live in Southeast Asia, most prominently in <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a>, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand, and also as the <a href="/wiki/Hoa_people" title="Hoa people">Hoa</a> in Vietnam. People of Southeast Asian origins are known as Southeast Asians or Aseanites. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeast_Asia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Ethnic groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups of Southeast Asia">Ethnic groups of Southeast Asia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ati_woman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Ati_woman.jpg/220px-Ati_woman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Ati_woman.jpg/330px-Ati_woman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Ati_woman.jpg/440px-Ati_woman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ati_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ati (tribe)">Ati</a> woman in <a href="/wiki/Aklan" title="Aklan">Aklan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>  – the <a href="/wiki/Negrito" title="Negrito">Negritos</a> were the earliest inhabitants of Southeast Asia.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kecak_in_Pura_Dalem_Ubud_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Kecak_in_Pura_Dalem_Ubud_1.jpg/220px-Kecak_in_Pura_Dalem_Ubud_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Kecak_in_Pura_Dalem_Ubud_1.jpg/330px-Kecak_in_Pura_Dalem_Ubud_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Kecak_in_Pura_Dalem_Ubud_1.jpg/440px-Kecak_in_Pura_Dalem_Ubud_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Balinese_people" title="Balinese people">Balinese people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The peoples of Southeast Asia are mainly divided into four major ethnolinguistic groups: the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian</a>, Austroasiatic (or Mon-Khmers), <a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai</a> (part of the wider <a href="/wiki/Kra-Dai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kra-Dai">Kra-Dai</a> family) and Tibeto-Burman (part of greater <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Tibetan">Sino-Tibetan</a> language family) peoples. There is also a smaller but significant number of <a href="/wiki/Hmong-Mien" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmong-Mien">Hmong-Mien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_peoples" title="Dravidian peoples">Dravidians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryans</a>, Eurasians and Papuans, which also contributes to the diversity of peoples in the region. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Orang_Asli" title="Orang Asli">Aslians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Negrito" title="Negrito">Negritos</a> were believed to be one of the earliest inhabitants in the region. They are genetically related to <a href="/wiki/Papuan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Papuan people">Papuans</a> in Eastern Indonesia, East Timor and <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aborigines" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Aborigines">Australian Aborigines</a>. In modern times, the <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> are the largest ethnic group in Southeast Asia, with more than 100 million people, mostly concentrated in <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, Indonesia. The second-largest ethnic group in Southeast Asia are the <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">Vietnamese</a> (Kinh people) with around 86 million people, mainly inhabiting Vietnam but also forming a significant minority in neighbouring Cambodia and Laos. The <a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">Thais</a> are the third largest with around 59 million people, forming the majority in Thailand. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> is politically and culturally dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a> ethnic groups (both native to Java), but the country also has hundreds of ethnic groups scattered throughout the archipelago, such as the <a href="/wiki/Madurese_people" title="Madurese people">Madurese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acehnese_people" title="Acehnese people">Acehnese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bugis" title="Bugis">Bugis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balinese_people" title="Balinese people">Balinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batak_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Batak (Indonesia)">Batak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay Indonesian">Malay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ambonese_people" title="Ambonese people">Ambonese</a> peoples. </p><p>In Malaysia, the country is demographically divided into <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malays" title="Malaysian Malays">Malays</a>, who make up more than half of the country's population; the <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese" title="Malaysian Chinese">Chinese</a>, at around 22%; other <a href="/wiki/Bumiputera_(Malaysia)" title="Bumiputera (Malaysia)">Bumiputeras</a>, at 12%; and <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Indians" title="Malaysian Indians">Indians</a>, at around 6%. In <a href="/wiki/East_Malaysia" title="East Malaysia">East Malaysia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dayaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Dayaks">Dayaks</a> (mainly <a href="/wiki/Iban_people" title="Iban people">Ibans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bidayuh" title="Bidayuh">Bidayuhs</a>) make up the majority in the state of <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Kadazan-Dusun" title="Kadazan-Dusun">Kadazan-Dusuns</a> make up the majority in <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Labuan" title="Labuan">Labuan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Malay people">Bruneian Malays</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kedayan" title="Kedayan">Kedayans</a> are the largest groups. Overall, the <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Malay">Malays</a> are the majority in Malaysia and Brunei and form a significant minority in Indonesia, <a href="/wiki/Thai_Malays" title="Thai Malays">Southern Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burmese_Malays" title="Burmese Malays">Myanmar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malay_Singaporean" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay Singaporean">Singapore</a>. In Singapore, the demographics of the country is similar to that of its West Malaysian counterparts but instead of Malays, it is the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Singaporean" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Singaporean">Chinese</a> that are the majority, while the Malays are the second largest group and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Singaporean" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Singaporean">Indians</a> third largest. </p><p>Within the Philippines, the country has no majority ethnic groups; but the four largest ethnolinguistic groups in the country are the <a href="/wiki/Visayan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Visayan people">Visayans</a> (mainly <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_people" title="Cebuano people">Cebuanos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waray_people" title="Waray people">Warays</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_people" title="Hiligaynon people">Hiligaynons</a>), <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_people" title="Tagalog people">Tagalogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilocano_people" title="Ilocano people">Ilocanos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bicolano_people" title="Bicolano people">Bicolanos</a>. Besides the major four, there are also the <a href="/wiki/Moro_people" title="Moro people">Moro peoples</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a>, consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Tausug_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tausug people">Tausug</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maranao_people" title="Maranao people">Maranao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yakan_people" title="Yakan people">Yakan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maguindanao_people" title="Maguindanao people">Maguindanao</a>. Other regional groups in the country are the <a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_people" title="Kapampangan people">Kapampangans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_people" title="Pangasinan people">Pangasinans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surigaonon_people" title="Surigaonon people">Surigaonons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ifugao_people" title="Ifugao people">Ifugao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalinga_people" title="Kalinga people">Kalinga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamayo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamayo people">Kamayo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuyonon_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuyonon people">Cuyonon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ivatan_people" title="Ivatan people">Ivatan</a>. </p><p>In mainland Southeast Asia, the <a href="/wiki/Bamar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bamar">Burmese</a> accounts for more than two-thirds of the population in Myanmar, but the country also has several regional ethnic groups which mainly live in <a href="/wiki/Administrative_Divisions_of_Myanmar#States" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative Divisions of Myanmar">states</a> that are specifically formed for ethnic minorities. The major regional ethnic groups in Myanmar are the Tai-speaking <a href="/wiki/Shan_people" title="Shan people">Shan people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karen_people" title="Karen people">Karen people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rakhine_people" title="Rakhine people">Rakhine people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chin_people" title="Chin people">Chin people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kayah_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayah people">Kayah people</a> and Indo-Aryan-speaking <a href="/wiki/Rohingya_people" title="Rohingya people">Rohingya people</a> living on the westernmost part of the country near the border with <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>. In neighbouring Thailand, the Thais are the largest ethnic group in the country but is divided into several regional Tai groups such as Central Thais, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Thai_people" title="Northern Thai people">Northern Thais or Lanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Thai" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Thai">Southern Thais or Pak Thai</a>, and Northeastern Thai or <a href="/wiki/Isan_people" title="Isan people">Isan people</a> (which is ethnically more closely related to <a href="/wiki/Lao_people" title="Lao people">Lao people</a> than to Central Thais), each have their own unique dialects, history and culture. Besides the Thais, Thailand is also home to more than 70 ethnolinguistic groups of which the largest being Patani Malays, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Khmers" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Khmers">Northern Khmers</a>, Karen, <a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Hmongs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thai_Chinese" title="Thai Chinese">Chinese</a>. </p><p>Cambodia is one of the most homogeneous countries in the area, with <a href="/wiki/Khmer_people" title="Khmer people">Khmers</a> forming more than 90% of the population but the country also has a large number of ethnic <a href="/wiki/Cham_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Cham people">Chams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Cambodians" title="Vietnamese Cambodians">Vietnamese</a> and various inland tribes categorised under the term <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Loeu" title="Khmer Loeu">Khmer Loeu</a> (Hill Khmers). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeast_Asia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Buddhism in Southeast Asia">Buddhism in Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Hinduism in Southeast Asia">Hinduism in Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Islam in Southeast Asia">Islam in Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shenism_in_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shenism in Southeast Asia">Shenism in Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Southeast_Asia" title="Muslim Southeast Asia">Muslim Southeast Asia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Asia" title="Christianity in Asia">Christianity in Asia</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 291.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 289.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:201311301348a_ps.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spirit houses are common in areas of Southeast Asia where Animism is a held belief."><img alt="Spirit houses are common in areas of Southeast Asia where Animism is a held belief." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/201311301348a_ps.jpg/434px-201311301348a_ps.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/201311301348a_ps.jpg/651px-201311301348a_ps.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/201311301348a_ps.jpg/867px-201311301348a_ps.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4188" data-file-height="2898" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Spirit_house" title="Spirit house">Spirit houses</a> are common in areas of Southeast Asia where <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a> is a held belief.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 302px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Besakih_Bali_Indonesia_Pura-Besakih-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Mother Temple of Besakih, one of Bali's most significant Balinese Hindu temples."><img alt="The Mother Temple of Besakih, one of Bali's most significant Balinese Hindu temples." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Besakih_Bali_Indonesia_Pura-Besakih-02.jpg/450px-Besakih_Bali_Indonesia_Pura-Besakih-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Besakih_Bali_Indonesia_Pura-Besakih-02.jpg/675px-Besakih_Bali_Indonesia_Pura-Besakih-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Besakih_Bali_Indonesia_Pura-Besakih-02.jpg/900px-Besakih_Bali_Indonesia_Pura-Besakih-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Mother_Temple_of_Besakih" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother Temple of Besakih">Mother Temple of Besakih</a>, one of <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>'s most significant <a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese Hindu</a> temples.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ac.buddhists.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thai Theravada Buddhists in Chiang Mai, Thailand."><img alt="Thai Theravada Buddhists in Chiang Mai, Thailand." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Ac.buddhists.jpg/400px-Ac.buddhists.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Ac.buddhists.jpg/600px-Ac.buddhists.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Ac.buddhists.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Thai <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhists" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhists">Buddhists</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai" title="Chiang Mai">Chiang Mai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 302px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kon_Hock_Keong_Tempel_georgetown_penang_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Devotees at the Goddess of Mercy Temple, a Taoist temple in George Town, Penang, Malaysia."><img alt="Devotees at the Goddess of Mercy Temple, a Taoist temple in George Town, Penang, Malaysia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Kon_Hock_Keong_Tempel_georgetown_penang_1.jpg/450px-Kon_Hock_Keong_Tempel_georgetown_penang_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Kon_Hock_Keong_Tempel_georgetown_penang_1.jpg/675px-Kon_Hock_Keong_Tempel_georgetown_penang_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Kon_Hock_Keong_Tempel_georgetown_penang_1.jpg/900px-Kon_Hock_Keong_Tempel_georgetown_penang_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Devotees at the <a href="/wiki/Goddess_of_Mercy_Temple" title="Goddess of Mercy Temple">Goddess of Mercy Temple</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Taoist" class="mw-redirect" title="Taoist">Taoist</a> temple in <a href="/wiki/George_Town,_Penang" title="George Town, Penang">George Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 302px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultan_Omar_Ali_Saifuddin_Mosque_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin Mosque in Brunei, an Islamic country with Sharia rule."><img alt="Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin Mosque in Brunei, an Islamic country with Sharia rule." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Sultan_Omar_Ali_Saifuddin_Mosque_02.jpg/450px-Sultan_Omar_Ali_Saifuddin_Mosque_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Sultan_Omar_Ali_Saifuddin_Mosque_02.jpg/675px-Sultan_Omar_Ali_Saifuddin_Mosque_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Sultan_Omar_Ali_Saifuddin_Mosque_02.jpg/900px-Sultan_Omar_Ali_Saifuddin_Mosque_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3933" data-file-height="2622" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Omar_Ali_Saifuddin_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin Mosque">Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin Mosque</a> in Brunei, an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic country">Islamic country</a> with <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> rule.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cebu_Cathedral_2024-07-07.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cebu Metropolitan Cathedral in Cebu City, Philippines, the ecclesiastical seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cebu"><img alt="Cebu Metropolitan Cathedral in Cebu City, Philippines, the ecclesiastical seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cebu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cebu_Cathedral_2024-07-07.jpg/400px-Cebu_Cathedral_2024-07-07.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cebu_Cathedral_2024-07-07.jpg/600px-Cebu_Cathedral_2024-07-07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cebu_Cathedral_2024-07-07.jpg/800px-Cebu_Cathedral_2024-07-07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cebu_Metropolitan_Cathedral" title="Cebu Metropolitan Cathedral">Cebu Metropolitan Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cebu_City" title="Cebu City">Cebu City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, the ecclesiastical seat of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Cebu" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cebu">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cebu</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wamena_Church_Betlehem.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Protestant church in Indonesia. Indonesia has the largest Protestant population in Southeast Asia."><img alt="A Protestant church in Indonesia. Indonesia has the largest Protestant population in Southeast Asia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Wamena_Church_Betlehem.jpg/400px-Wamena_Church_Betlehem.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Wamena_Church_Betlehem.jpg/600px-Wamena_Church_Betlehem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Wamena_Church_Betlehem.jpg/800px-Wamena_Church_Betlehem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1862" data-file-height="1397" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> church in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. Indonesia has the largest <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Indonesia" title="Protestantism in Indonesia">Protestant population</a> in Southeast Asia.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Purple; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 6919.2984168499px; border-left-color:Darkorange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Darkorange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Darkorange"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1202.9533956869px; border-left-color:Grey"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Grey"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Grey"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 251.64680223275px; border-left-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Red"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 134.41471290489px; border-left-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Blue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:91.750490916378px 39.772445444096px 0 0; border-top-color:Gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Gold"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 139.10323802532px 100px 0; border-right-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Religion in Southeast Asia (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Green; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (40.08%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Gold; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (28.41%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Blue; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (21.33%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Red; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Folk religion</a> (4.16%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Grey; color:black;"> </span> No religion (4.70%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Darkorange; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (1.09%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Purple; color:white;"> </span> Other (0.23%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p>Countries in Southeast Asia practice many different religions and the region is home to many world religions including Abrahamic, Indian, East Asian and Iranian religions. By population, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> is the most practised faith with approximately 240 million adherents, or about 40% of the entire population, concentrated in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Thailand" title="Southern Thailand">Southern Thailand</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Philippines">Southern Philippines</a>. Indonesia is the most populous Muslim-majority country in the world. Meanwhile, Islam is constitutionally the official religion in Malaysia and Brunei.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of the Muslim population is Sunni, but there are also significant Shia populations in Thailand and Indonesia. A minority are Sufi or Ahmadiyya Muslims. </p><p>There are approximately 190-205 million Buddhists in Southeast Asia, making it the second-largest religion in the region. Approximately 28 to 35% of the world's Buddhists reside in Southeast Asia. <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> is predominant in Vietnam, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar and Singapore, and adherents may come from Theravada or Mahayana schools. Ancestor worship and <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> are also widely practised in Vietnam and Singapore. Taoism and Chinese folk religions such as Mazuism are also widely practised by the overseas Chinese community in Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand. In certain cases, they may include Chinese or local deities in their worshipping practises such as Tua Pek Kong, Datuk Keramat and many more. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> is predominant in the Philippines, eastern Indonesia, East Malaysia, and East Timor. The Philippines has the largest Roman Catholic population in Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> East Timor is also predominantly Roman Catholic due to a history of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesian</a><sup id="cite_ref-Taylor,_Jean_Gelman_2003,_p.381_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor,_Jean_Gelman_2003,_p.381-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Portuguese rule. In October 2019, the number of Christians, both Catholic and Protestant, in Southeast Asia reached 156 million, of which 97 million came from the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, 29 million from <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, 11 million from <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, and the rest from <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>. In addition, Eastern Orthodox Christianity can also be found in the region. In addition, Judaism is practised in certain countries such as in the Philippines, Singapore and Indonesia due to the presence of Jewish diaspora. There is a small population of Parsis in Singapore who practise <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a> is also practised by very small population in Malaysia, Vietnam, Singapore and Thailand. </p><p>No individual Southeast Asian country is religiously homogeneous. Some groups are protected <i>de facto</i> by their isolation from the rest of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-indigenous_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indigenous-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the world's most populous Muslim nation, Indonesia, Hinduism is dominant on islands such as <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>. Christianity also predominates in the rest of the part of the Philippines, <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flores" title="Flores">Flores</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timor" title="Timor">Timor</a>. Pockets of Hindu population can also be found around Southeast Asia in Singapore, Malaysia, etc. <a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(mythology)" title="Phoenix (mythology)">phoenix</a> who is the mount (<i>vahanam</i>) of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, is a national symbol in both Thailand and Indonesia; in the Philippines, gold images of Garuda have been found on <a href="/wiki/Palawan" title="Palawan">Palawan</a>; gold images of other Hindu gods and goddesses have also been found on <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a>. <a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese Hinduism</a> is somewhat different from Hinduism practised elsewhere, as <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a> and local culture is incorporated into it. Meanwhile, Hindu community in Malaysia and Singapore are mostly South Indian diaspora, hence the practices are closely related to the Indian Hinduism. Additionally, Sikhism is also practised by significant population especially in Malaysia and Singapore by North Indian diaspora specifically from Punjab region. Small population of the Indian diaspora in the region are Jains and can be found in Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and Indonesia. Christians can also be found throughout Southeast Asia; they are in the majority in East Timor and the Philippines, Asia's largest Christian nation. In addition, there are also older tribal religious practices in remote areas of <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a> in East Malaysia, Highland Philippines, and Papua in eastern Indonesia. In Burma, Sakka (<a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a>) is revered as a <i><a href="/wiki/Nat_(spirit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat (spirit)">Nat</a></i>. In Vietnam, Mahayana Buddhism is practised, which is influenced by native animism but with a strong emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">ancestor worship</a>. Vietnamese folk religions are practised by majority of population in Vietnam. Caodaism, a monotheistic syncretic new religious movement, is also practised by less than one percent of the population in Vietnam. Due to the presence of Japanese diaspora in the region, the practice of Shinto has growingly made appearance in certain countries such as in Thailand. </p><p>The religious composition for each country is as follows: Some values are taken from the <i><a href="/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a></i>:<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="175">Country </th> <th>Religions </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> </td> <td><b>Islam</b> (81%), Buddhism, Christianity, others (indigenous beliefs, etc.) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> </td> <td><b>Buddhism</b> (97%), Islam, Christianity, Animism, others </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/23px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/35px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/46px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a> </td> <td><b>Roman Catholicism</b> (97%), Protestantism, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> </td> <td><b>Islam</b> (87%), Protestantism (7.6%), Roman Catholicism (3.12%), Hinduism (1.74%), Buddhism (0.77%), Confucianism (0.03%), others (0.4%)<sup id="cite_ref-indoCIA_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indoCIA-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RELIGION_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RELIGION-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> </td> <td><b>Buddhism</b> (67%), Animism, Christianity, others </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> </td> <td><b>Islam</b> (61.3%), Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Animism </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar (Burma)</a> </td> <td><b>Buddhism</b> (89%), Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, Animism, others </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> </td> <td><b>Roman Catholicism</b> (80.6%), Islam (6.9%-11%),<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evangelicals (2.7%), <span title="Tagalog-language text"><span lang="tl" style="font-style: normal;">Iglesia ni Cristo</span></span> (Church of Christ) (2.4%), Members Church of God International (1.0%), Other Protestants (2.8%), Buddhism (0.05%-2%),<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Animism (0.2%-1.25%), others (1.9%)<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> </td> <td><b>Buddhism</b> (31.1%), Christianity (18.9%), Islam (15.6%), Taoism (8.8%), Hinduism (5%), others (20.6%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> </td> <td><b>Buddhism</b> (93.5%), Islam (5.4%), Christianity (1.13%), Hinduism (0.02%), others (0.003%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese folk religion</a></b> (45.3%), <b>Buddhism</b> (16.4%), Christianity (8.2%), Other (0.4%), Unaffiliated (29.6%)<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeast_Asia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Classification_schemes_for_Southeast_Asian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification schemes for Southeast Asian languages">Classification schemes for Southeast Asian languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien languages</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tai%E2%80%93Kadai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai–Kadai languages">Tai–Kadai languages</a></div> <p>Each of the languages has been influenced by cultural pressures due to trade, immigration, and historical colonisation as well. There are nearly 800 native languages in the region. </p><p>The language composition for each country is as follows (with official languages in <b>bold</b>): </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country/Region</th> <th>Languages </th></tr> <tr> <td width="175"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> </td> <td><b>Malay</b>, <b>English</b>, Chinese, Tamil, Indonesian and indigenous Bornean dialects (<a href="/wiki/Iban_language" title="Iban language">Iban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murutic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Murutic language">Murutic language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang_language" title="Lun Bawang language">Lun Bawang</a>.)<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> </td> <td><b>Khmer</b>, English, French, Teochew, Vietnamese, Cham, Mandarin, others<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/23px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/35px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/46px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a> </td> <td><b>Portuguese</b>, <b>Tetum</b>, Mambae, Makasae, Tukudede, Bunak, Galoli, Kemak, Fataluku, Baikeno, others<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> </td> <td><b>Indonesian</b>, <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batak_languages" title="Batak languages">Batak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buginese_language" title="Buginese language">Buginese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banjar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Banjar language">Banjar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papuan_languages" title="Papuan languages">Papuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dayak_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dayak language">Dayak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acehnese_language" title="Acehnese language">Acehnese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambonese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambonese language">Ambonese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balinese_language" title="Balinese language">Balinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Betawi_language" title="Betawi language">Betawi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musi_language" title="Musi language">Musi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manado_Malay" title="Manado Malay">Manado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sasak_language" title="Sasak language">Sasak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makassarese_language" title="Makassarese language">Makassarese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batak_Dairi" class="mw-redirect" title="Batak Dairi">Batak Dairi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karo_language_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karo language (Indonesia)">Karo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandailing_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandailing language">Mandailing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jambi_Malay" title="Jambi Malay">Jambi Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongondow_language" title="Mongondow language">Mongondow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gorontalo_language" title="Gorontalo language">Gorontalo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ngaju_language" title="Ngaju language">Ngaju</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenyah_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenyah language">Kenyah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nias_language" title="Nias language">Nias</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Moluccan_Malay" title="North Moluccan Malay">North Moluccan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uab_Meto" class="mw-redirect" title="Uab Meto">Uab Meto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bima_language" title="Bima language">Bima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manggarainese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Manggarainese language">Manggarai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toraja-Sa%27dan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Toraja-Sa'dan language">Toraja-Sa'dan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Komering_language" title="Komering language">Komering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tetum_language" title="Tetum language">Tetum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rejang_language_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejang language (Indonesia)">Rejang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muna_language" title="Muna language">Muna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumbawa_language" title="Sumbawa language">Sumbawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangka_Malay" title="Bangka Malay">Bangka Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osing_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Osing dialect">Osing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gayo_language" title="Gayo language">Gayo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bungku-Tolaki_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Bungku-Tolaki languages">Bungku-Tolaki languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moronene_language" title="Moronene language">Moronene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bungku_language" title="Bungku language">Bungku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahonsuai_language" title="Bahonsuai language">Bahonsuai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kulisusu_language" title="Kulisusu language">Kulisusu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wawonii_language" title="Wawonii language">Wawonii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mori_Bawah_language" title="Mori Bawah language">Mori Bawah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mori_Atas_language" title="Mori Atas language">Mori Atas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Padoe_language" title="Padoe language">Padoe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tomadino_language" title="Tomadino language">Tomadino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lewotobi_language" title="Lewotobi language">Lewotobi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tae%27_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tae' language">Tae'</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongondow_language" title="Mongondow language">Mongondow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lampung_language" title="Lampung language">Lampung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tolaki_language" title="Tolaki language">Tolaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ma%27anyan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'anyan language">Ma'anyan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simeulue_language" title="Simeulue language">Simeulue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gayo_language" title="Gayo language">Gayo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buginese_language" title="Buginese language">Buginese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandar_language" title="Mandar language">Mandar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minahasan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Minahasan language">Minahasan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enggano_language" title="Enggano language">Enggano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ternate_language" title="Ternate language">Ternate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tidore_language" title="Tidore language">Tidore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mairasi_language" title="Mairasi language">Mairasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Geelvink_Bay_languages" title="East Geelvink Bay languages">East Cenderawasih Language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lakes_plain_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakes plain languages">Lakes Plain Languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tor-Kwerba_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor-Kwerba languages">Tor-Kwerba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nimboran_languages" title="Nimboran languages">Nimboran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skou_languages" title="Skou languages">Skou/Sko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Border_languages_(New_Guinea)" title="Border languages (New Guinea)">Border languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senagi_languages" title="Senagi languages">Senagi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pauwasi_languages" title="Pauwasi languages">Pauwasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Mandarin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hakka" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakka">Hakka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Arabic</a>. <p>Indonesia has over 700 languages in over 17,000 islands across the archipelago, making Indonesia the second most linguistically diverse country on the planet,<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> slightly behind Papua New Guinea. The official language of Indonesia is Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia), widely used in educational, political, economic, and other formal situations. In daily activities and informal situations, most Indonesians speak in their local language(s). For more details, <i>see: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Languages of Indonesia">Languages of Indonesia</a></i>. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> </td> <td><b>Lao</b>, French, Thai, Vietnamese, Hmong, Miao, Mien, Dao, Shan and others<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> </td> <td><b>Malaysian</b>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_English" title="Malaysian English"><b>English</b></a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Mandarin" title="Malaysian Mandarin">Mandarin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daro-Matu_language" title="Daro-Matu language">Daro-Matu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kedah_Malay" title="Kedah Malay">Kedah Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabah_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabah Malay">Sabah Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunei_Malay" title="Brunei Malay">Brunei Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kelantan-Pattani_Malay" title="Kelantan-Pattani Malay">Kelantan Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pahang_Malay" title="Pahang Malay">Pahang Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acehnese_language" title="Acehnese language">Acehnese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banjar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Banjar language">Banjar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buginese_language" title="Buginese language">Buginese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Fuzhounese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunei_Bisaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunei Bisaya">Brunei Bisaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Okolod_language" title="Okolod language">Okolod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kota_Marudu_Talantang_language" title="Kota Marudu Talantang language">Kota Marudu Talantang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kelabit_language" title="Kelabit language">Kelabit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lotud_language" title="Lotud language">Lotud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terengganu_Malay" title="Terengganu Malay">Terengganu Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semelai_language" title="Semelai language">Semelai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Thai_language" title="Southern Thai language">Thai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iban_language" title="Iban language">Iban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kadazan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadazan language">Kadazan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dusunic_languages" title="Dusunic languages">Dusun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kristang_language" title="Kristang language">Kristang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bajau_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajau language">Bajau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jakun_language" title="Jakun language">Jakun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mah_Meri_language" title="Mah Meri language">Mah Meri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batek_language" title="Batek language">Batek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melanau_language" title="Melanau language">Melanau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semai_language" title="Semai language">Semai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temuan_language" title="Temuan language">Temuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang_language" title="Lun Bawang language">Lun Bawang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temiar_language" title="Temiar language">Temiar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penan_language" title="Penan language">Penan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranun_language" title="Iranun language">Iranun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lundayeh_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lundayeh language">Lundayeh/Lun Bawang</a>, and others<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>see: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Malaysia" title="Languages of Malaysia">Languages of Malaysia</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar (Burma)</a> </td> <td><b>Burmese</b>, Shan, Kayin (Karen), Rakhine, Kachin, Chin, Mon, Kayah, Chinese and other ethnic languages.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> </td> <td><b>Filipino</b> (<a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>), <a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English"><b>English</b></a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisayan_languages" title="Bisayan languages">Bisayan languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aklanon_language" title="Aklanon language">Aklanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kinaray-a_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinaray-a language">Kinaray-a</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capiznon_language" title="Capiznon language">Capiznon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_language" title="Hiligaynon language">Hiligaynon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waray_language" title="Waray language">Waray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masbate%C3%B1o_language" title="Masbateño language">Masbateño</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romblomanon_language" title="Romblomanon language">Romblomanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuyonon_language" title="Cuyonon language">Cuyonon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surigaonon_language" title="Surigaonon language">Surigaonon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butuanon_language" title="Butuanon language">Butuanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ivatan_language" title="Ivatan language">Ivatan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Ilocano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibanag_language" title="Ibanag language">Ibanag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_language" title="Pangasinan language">Pangasinan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_language" title="Kapampangan language">Kapampangan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bikol_languages" title="Bikol languages">Bikol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sama-Bajaw_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sama-Bajaw languages">Sama-Bajaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maguindanao_language" title="Maguindanao language">Maguindanao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maranao_language" title="Maranao language">Maranao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Chavacano</a> and others<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p><i>see: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">Languages of the Philippines</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> </td> <td><b>English</b>, <b>Malay</b>, <b>Mandarin Chinese</b>, <b>Tamil</b>, Hokkien, Teochew, Cantonese, Hakka, Japanese, Telugu, Malayalam, Punjabi, Indonesian, Boyanese, Buginese, Javanese, Balinese, <a href="/wiki/Singlish" title="Singlish">Singlish</a> creole and others<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p><i>see: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Singapore" title="Languages of Singapore">Languages of Singapore</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> </td> <td><b>Thai</b>, Isan, Northern Khmer, Malay, Karen, Hmong, Teochew, Minnan, Hakka, Yuehai, Burmese, Mien, Tamil, Bengali, Urdu, Arabic, Shan, Lue, Phutai, Mon and others<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> </td> <td><b>Vietnamese</b>, Cantonese, Khmer, Hmong, Tai, Cham and others<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cities">Cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeast_Asia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_ASEAN_by_population" title="List of cities in ASEAN by population">List of cities in ASEAN by population</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Seri_Begawan" title="Bandar Seri Begawan">Brunei-Muara</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Bandar_Seri_Begawan" title="Bandar Seri Begawan">Bandar Seri Begawan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Muara,_Brunei" title="Muara, Brunei">Muara</a>)</span>, <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh" title="Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh City</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Phnom Penh/<a href="/wiki/Kandal_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Kandal Province">Kandal</a>)</span>, <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dili" title="Dili">Dili</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Dili" title="Dili">Dili</a>)</span>, <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/23px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/35px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/46px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta_metropolitan_area" title="Jakarta metropolitan area">Jabodetabek</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bogor" title="Bogor">Bogor</a>/<a href="/wiki/Depok" title="Depok">Depok</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tangerang" title="Tangerang">Tangerang</a>/<a href="/wiki/South_Tangerang" title="South Tangerang">South Tangerang</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bekasi" title="Bekasi">Bekasi</a>)</span>, <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surabaya_metropolitan_area" title="Surabaya metropolitan area">Gerbangkertosusila</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya">Surabaya</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sidoarjo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidoarjo">Sidoarjo</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gresik" class="mw-redirect" title="Gresik">Gresik</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mojokerto" title="Mojokerto">Mojokerto</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lamongan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamongan">Lamongan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bangkalan" title="Bangkalan">Bangkalan</a>)</span>, <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_metropolitan_area" title="Bandung metropolitan area">Bandung metropolitan area</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Bandung" title="Bandung">Bandung</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cimahi" title="Cimahi">Cimahi</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sumedang" title="Sumedang">Sumedang</a>/<a href="/wiki/West_Bandung" class="mw-redirect" title="West Bandung">West Bandung</a>)</span>, <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vientiane" title="Vientiane">Vientiane Prefecture</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Vientiane" title="Vientiane">Vientiane</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tha_Ngon" title="Tha Ngon">Tha Ngon</a>)</span>, <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Kuala_Lumpur" title="Greater Kuala Lumpur">Greater Kuala Lumpur</a>/<a href="/wiki/Klang_Valley" title="Klang Valley">Klang Valley</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a>/<a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a>)</span>, <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Penang_Conurbation" title="Greater Penang Conurbation">George Town Conurbation</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a>/<a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a>)</span>, <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iskandar_Malaysia" title="Iskandar Malaysia">Iskandar Malaysia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a>)</span>, <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangon_Region" title="Yangon Region">Yangon Region</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Yangon" title="Yangon">Yangon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thanlyin" title="Thanlyin">Thanlyin</a>)</span>, <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>/<a href="/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City">Quezon City</a>/<a href="/wiki/Makati" title="Makati">Makati</a>/<a href="/wiki/Taguig" title="Taguig">Taguig</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pasay" title="Pasay">Pasay</a>/<a href="/wiki/Caloocan" title="Caloocan">Caloocan</a> and 11 others)</span>, <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Davao" title="Metro Davao">Metro Davao</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Davao_City" title="Davao City">Davao City</a>/<a href="/wiki/Digos" title="Digos">Digos</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tagum" title="Tagum">Tagum</a>/<a href="/wiki/Island_Garden_City_of_Samal" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Garden City of Samal">Island Garden City of Samal</a>)</span>, <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Cebu" title="Metro Cebu">Metro Cebu</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Cebu_City" title="Cebu City">Cebu City</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mandaue" title="Mandaue">Mandaue</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lapu-Lapu_City" title="Lapu-Lapu City">Lapu-Lapu City</a>/<a href="/wiki/Talisay,_Cebu" title="Talisay, Cebu">Talisay City</a> and 11 others)</span>, <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Metropolitan_Region" title="Bangkok Metropolitan Region">Bangkok Metropolitan Region</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nonthaburi_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonthaburi (city)">Nonthaburi</a>/<a href="/wiki/Samut_Prakan" class="mw-redirect" title="Samut Prakan">Samut Prakan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pathum_Thani" title="Pathum Thani">Pathum Thani</a>/<a href="/wiki/Samut_Sakhon" title="Samut Sakhon">Samut Sakhon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Pathom" title="Nakhon Pathom">Nakhon Pathom</a>)</span>, <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Economic_Corridor" title="Eastern Economic Corridor">Eastern Economic Corridor</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Chachoengsao" title="Chachoengsao">Chachoengsao</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chonburi" title="Chonburi">Chonburi</a>/<a href="/wiki/Rayong" title="Rayong">Rayong</a>)</span>, <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Ho Chi Minh City Metropolitan Area">Ho Chi Minh City Metropolitan Area</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Ho Chi Minh City</a>/<a href="/wiki/V%C5%A9ng_T%C3%A0u" title="Vũng Tàu">Vũng Tàu</a>/<a href="/wiki/B%C3%ACnh_D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" class="mw-redirect" title="Bình Dương">Bình Dương</a>/<a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_Nai_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Đồng Nai Province">Đồng Nai</a>)</span>, <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanoi_Capital_Region" title="Hanoi Capital Region">Hanoi Capital Region</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hà Nội</a>/<a href="/wiki/Haiphong" title="Haiphong">Hải Phòng</a>/<a href="/wiki/H%E1%BA%A1_Long" title="Hạ Long">Hạ Long</a>)</span>, <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da_Nang" title="Da Nang">Da Nang City</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0_N%E1%BA%B5ng" class="mw-redirect" title="Đà Nẵng">Đà Nẵng</a>/<a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%99i_An" title="Hội An">Hội An</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Huế">Huế</a>)</span>, <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="margin-top:1.5rem; font-size:88%; line-height:130%"> <li class="gallerycaption">Night skylines</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 159.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 157.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moonrise_over_kuala_lumpur.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"><img alt="Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Moonrise_over_kuala_lumpur.jpg/236px-Moonrise_over_kuala_lumpur.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Moonrise_over_kuala_lumpur.jpg/354px-Moonrise_over_kuala_lumpur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Moonrise_over_kuala_lumpur.jpg/472px-Moonrise_over_kuala_lumpur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1899" data-file-height="1209" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a>, Malaysia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:0008871_-_Krung_Thep_Bridge_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bangkok, Thailand"><img alt="Bangkok, Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/0008871_-_Krung_Thep_Bridge_001.jpg/267px-0008871_-_Krung_Thep_Bridge_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/0008871_-_Krung_Thep_Bridge_001.jpg/400px-0008871_-_Krung_Thep_Bridge_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/0008871_-_Krung_Thep_Bridge_001.jpg/534px-0008871_-_Krung_Thep_Bridge_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8946" data-file-height="5033" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>, Thailand</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 149.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 147.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Skyline_of_the_Central_Business_District_of_Singapore_with_Esplanade_Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Singapore"><img alt="Singapore" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Skyline_of_the_Central_Business_District_of_Singapore_with_Esplanade_Bridge.jpg/221px-Skyline_of_the_Central_Business_District_of_Singapore_with_Esplanade_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Skyline_of_the_Central_Business_District_of_Singapore_with_Esplanade_Bridge.jpg/332px-Skyline_of_the_Central_Business_District_of_Singapore_with_Esplanade_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Skyline_of_the_Central_Business_District_of_Singapore_with_Esplanade_Bridge.jpg/442px-Skyline_of_the_Central_Business_District_of_Singapore_with_Esplanade_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6601" data-file-height="4480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manila_city_reflection_by_the_Bay_(O._Mercader_pic)_-_Flickr.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Manila, Philippines"><img alt="Manila, Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Manila_city_reflection_by_the_Bay_%28O._Mercader_pic%29_-_Flickr.jpg/225px-Manila_city_reflection_by_the_Bay_%28O._Mercader_pic%29_-_Flickr.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Manila_city_reflection_by_the_Bay_%28O._Mercader_pic%29_-_Flickr.jpg/338px-Manila_city_reflection_by_the_Bay_%28O._Mercader_pic%29_-_Flickr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Manila_city_reflection_by_the_Bay_%28O._Mercader_pic%29_-_Flickr.jpg/451px-Manila_city_reflection_by_the_Bay_%28O._Mercader_pic%29_-_Flickr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1364" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, Philippines</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saigon_skyline_night_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"><img alt="Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Saigon_skyline_night_view.jpg/225px-Saigon_skyline_night_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Saigon_skyline_night_view.jpg/337px-Saigon_skyline_night_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Saigon_skyline_night_view.jpg/449px-Saigon_skyline_night_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6022" data-file-height="4024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Ho Chi Minh City</a>, Vietnam</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SCBD,_Jakarta.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jakarta, Indonesia"><img alt="Jakarta, Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/SCBD%2C_Jakarta.jpg/225px-SCBD%2C_Jakarta.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/SCBD%2C_Jakarta.jpg/338px-SCBD%2C_Jakarta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/SCBD%2C_Jakarta.jpg/450px-SCBD%2C_Jakarta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4585" data-file-height="3057" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, Indonesia</div> </li> </ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tnone"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:702px"><div style="position:relative;width:700px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Southeast_Asia_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Southeast Asia showing the most populated cities. Capital cities are in bold."><img alt="Map of Southeast Asia showing the most populated cities. Capital cities are in bold." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Southeast_Asia_location_map.svg/700px-Southeast_Asia_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="700" height="538" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Southeast_Asia_location_map.svg/1050px-Southeast_Asia_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Southeast_Asia_location_map.svg/1400px-Southeast_Asia_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="378" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:85.858%;left:28.321%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta"><img alt="Jakarta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:4px;left:-3em"><div style="background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)"><b>Jakarta</b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:40.172%;left:18.477%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok"><img alt="Bangkok" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div style="background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)"><b>Bangkok</b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:46.927%;left:28.061%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_Ch%C3%AD_Minh_City" title="Hồ Chí Minh City"><img alt="Hồ Chí Minh City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div style="background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)"><span class="nowrap">Hồ Chí Minh City</span></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:23.504%;left:26.825%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99i" title="Hà Nội"><img alt="Hà Nội" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div style="background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)"><b>Hà Nội</b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:68.722%;left:23.683%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore"><img alt="Singapore" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div style="background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)"><b>Singapore</b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:33.072%;left:11.794%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Yangon" title="Yangon"><img alt="Yangon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div style="background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Yangon</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:88.297%;left:37.53%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya"><img alt="Surabaya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div style="background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Surabaya</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:38.149%;left:50.415%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City"><img alt="Quezon City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div style="background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Quezon City</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:87.488%;left:29.553%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bandung" title="Bandung"><img alt="Bandung" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div style="background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Bandung</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:85.938%;left:28.593%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bekasi" title="Southeast Asia"><img alt="Southeast Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:63.454%;left:15.654%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Medan" title="Medan"><img alt="Medan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div style="background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Medan</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:85.808%;left:28.033%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tangerang" title="Southeast Asia"><img alt="Southeast Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:23.878%;left:28.114%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BA%A3i_Ph%C3%B2ng" title="Hải Phòng"><img alt="Hải Phòng" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div style="background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Hải Phòng</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:86.302%;left:28.329%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Depok" title="Southeast Asia"><img alt="Southeast Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:38.264%;left:50.364%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila"><img alt="Manila" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div style="background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)"><b>Manila</b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:55.476%;left:57.513%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Davao_City" title="Davao City"><img alt="Davao City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div style="background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Davao City</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:38.111%;left:50.312%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Caloocan" title="Southeast Asia"><img alt="Southeast Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:87.614%;left:33.916%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Semarang" title="Semarang"><img alt="Semarang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:4px;left:-3em"><div style="background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Semarang</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:78.498%;left:25.117%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang"><img alt="Palembang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div style="background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Palembang</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:64.451%;left:20.361%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur"><img alt="Kuala Lumpur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div style="background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)"><b>Kuala Lumpur</b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:86.061%;left:28.167%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Tangerang" title="Southeast Asia"><img alt="Southeast Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:83.414%;left:47.903%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Makassar" title="Makassar"><img alt="Makassar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div style="background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Makassar</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:45.165%;left:25.374%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh" title="Phnom Penh"><img alt="Phnom Penh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div style="background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)"><b>Phnom Penh</b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:48.684%;left:26.714%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/C%E1%BA%A7n_Th%C6%A1" title="Cần Thơ"><img alt="Cần Thơ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div style="background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Cần Thơ</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:21.336%;left:11.639%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mandalay" title="Mandalay"><img alt="Mandalay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div style="background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Mandalay</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:69.18%;left:23.994%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Batam" title="Batam"><img alt="Batam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div style="background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Batam</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:70.438%;left:19.98%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pekanbaru" title="Pekanbaru"><img alt="Pekanbaru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div style="background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Pekanbaru</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:86.766%;left:28.29%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bogor" title="Southeast Asia"><img alt="Southeast Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:46.584%;left:28.321%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bi%C3%AAn_H%C3%B2a" title="Southeast Asia"><img alt="Southeast Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:34.943%;left:30.497%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0_N%E1%BA%B5ng" title="Đà Nẵng"><img alt="Đà Nẵng" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div style="background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Đà Nẵng</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:84.14%;left:25.911%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Lampung" title="Bandar Lampung"><img alt="Bandar Lampung" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div style="background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Bandar Lampung</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:48.072%;left:54.871%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Cebu_City" title="Cebu City"><img alt="Cebu City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div style="background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Cebu City</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:73.835%;left:18.275%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Padang" title="Padang"><img alt="Padang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div style="background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Padang</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:55.848%;left:52.036%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_City" title="Zamboanga City"><img alt="Zamboanga City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div style="background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Zamboanga City</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:91.469%;left:41.376%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denpasar" title="Denpasar"><img alt="Denpasar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div style="background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Denpasar</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:89.934%;left:37.34%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Malang" title="Malang"><img alt="Malang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div style="background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Malang</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:72.62%;left:44.386%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Samarinda" title="Samarinda"><img alt="Samarinda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div style="background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Samarinda</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:38.415%;left:50.441%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Taguig" title="Southeast Asia"><img alt="Southeast Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:38.264%;left:50.623%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Antipolo" title="Southeast Asia"><img alt="Southeast Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:38.282%;left:50.493%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pasig" title="Southeast Asia"><img alt="Southeast Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:59.26%;left:18.238%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/George_Town,_Penang" title="George Town"><img alt="George Town" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:4px;left:-3em"><div style="background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">George Town</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:88.414%;left:30.466%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tasikmalaya" title="Tasikmalaya"><img alt="Tasikmalaya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div style="background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Tasikmalaya</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:52.233%;left:56.036%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Cagayan_de_Oro" title="Cagayan de Oro"><img alt="Cagayan de Oro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div style="background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Cagayan de Oro</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:79.292%;left:40.391%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Banjarmasin" title="Banjarmasin"><img alt="Banjarmasin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div style="background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Banjarmasin</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:38.452%;left:50.35%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Para%C3%B1aque" title="Southeast Asia"><img alt="Southeast Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:38.836%;left:50.259%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dasmari%C3%B1as" title="Southeast Asia"><img alt="Southeast Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:61.132%;left:19.397%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ipoh" title="Ipoh"><img alt="Ipoh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div style="background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Ipoh</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:74.583%;left:43.879%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Balikpapan" title="Balikpapan"><img alt="Balikpapan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div style="background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Balikpapan</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:64.567%;left:20.282%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Petaling_Jaya" title="Southeast Asia"><img alt="Southeast Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:64.624%;left:20.083%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Shah_Alam" title="Southeast Asia"><img alt="Southeast Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:37.978%;left:50.28%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Valenzuela,_Metro_Manila" title="Southeast Asia"><img alt="Southeast Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:38.547%;left:50.27%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bacoor" title="Southeast Asia"><img alt="Southeast Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:57.659%;left:56.847%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/General_Santos" title="General Santos"><img alt="General Santos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div style="background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">General Santos</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:38.498%;left:50.335%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Las_Pi%C3%B1as" title="Southeast Asia"><img alt="Southeast Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:38.324%;left:50.4%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Makati" title="Southeast Asia"><img alt="Southeast Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:37.742%;left:50.44%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/San_Jose_del_Monte" title="Southeast Asia"><img alt="Southeast Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:47.232%;left:53.394%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bacolod" title="Bacolod"><img alt="Bacolod" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div style="background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Bacolod</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:38.722%;left:50.441%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Muntinlupa" title="Southeast Asia"><img alt="Southeast Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:26.431%;left:11.665%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nay_Pyi_Taw" title="Nay Pyi Taw"><img alt="Nay Pyi Taw" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div><b>Nay Pyi Taw</b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:30.514%;left:21.767%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Vientiane" title="Vientiane"><img alt="Vientiane" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:4px;left:-3em"><div><b>Vientiane</b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:43.607%;left:31.998%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nha_Trang" title="Nha Trang"><img alt="Nha Trang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div style="background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Nha Trang</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:28.618%;left:16.17%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai" title="Chiang Mai"><img alt="Chiang Mai" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div style="background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Chiang Mai</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:88.988%;left:34.537%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surakarta" title="Southeast Asia"><img alt="Southeast Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:87.395%;left:29.467%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Cimahi" title="Southeast Asia"><img alt="Southeast Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:85.675%;left:27.285%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Serang" title="Southeast Asia"><img alt="Southeast Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:75.301%;left:23.337%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Jambi" title="Jambi"><img alt="Jambi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div style="background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Jambi</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:71.707%;left:32.244%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pontianak" title="Pontianak"><img alt="Pontianak" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div style="background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Pontianak</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:68.326%;left:23.572%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Johor_Bahru" title="Southeast Asia"><img alt="Southeast Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:85.406%;left:27.068%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Cilegon" title="Southeast Asia"><img alt="Southeast Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:87.019%;left:31.025%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Cirebon" title="Southeast Asia"><img alt="Southeast Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:89.525%;left:33.834%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta"><img alt="Yogyakarta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/6px-Location_dot_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/9px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Location_dot_red.svg/12px-Location_dot_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div style="background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)">Yogyakarta</div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Southeast_Asia_location_map.svg" title="File:Southeast Asia location map.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Most populous cities in Southeast Asia</b> (500,000+ inhabitants)</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeast_Asia&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_cinema" title="Southeast Asian cinema">Southeast Asian cinema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast Asian Games">Southeast Asian Games</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast Asian music">Southeast Asian music</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burmese_puppetry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Burmese_puppetry.jpg/170px-Burmese_puppetry.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Burmese_puppetry.jpg/255px-Burmese_puppetry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Burmese_puppetry.jpg/340px-Burmese_puppetry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Burmese puppet performance</figcaption></figure> <p>The culture in Southeast Asia is diverse: on mainland Southeast Asia, the culture is a mix of Burmese, Cambodian, Laotian, Thai (<a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Indian</a>) and Vietnamese (<a href="/wiki/East_Asian_cultural_sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian cultural sphere">Chinese</a>) cultures. While in Indonesia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Malaysia the culture is a mix of indigenous <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian people">Austronesian</a>, Indian, Islamic, Western, and Chinese cultures. In addition, Brunei shows a strong influence from Arabia. Vietnam and Singapore show more Chinese influence<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in that Singapore, although being geographically a Southeast Asian nation, is home to a large Chinese majority and Vietnam was in <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_cultural_sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian cultural sphere">China's sphere of influence</a> for much of its history. Indian influence in Singapore is most prominently evident through the Tamil migrants,<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which influenced, to some extent, the <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Singapore">cuisine of Singapore</a>. Throughout Vietnam's history, it has had no direct influence from India – only through contact with the Thai, Khmer and Cham peoples. Moreover, Vietnam is also categorised under the <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_cultural_sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian cultural sphere">East Asian cultural sphere</a> along with China, Korea, and Japan due to a large amount of Chinese influence embedded in their culture and lifestyle. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paddy_field_Viet_Nam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Paddy_field_Viet_Nam.jpg/220px-Paddy_field_Viet_Nam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Paddy_field_Viet_Nam.jpg/330px-Paddy_field_Viet_Nam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Paddy_field_Viet_Nam.jpg/440px-Paddy_field_Viet_Nam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">Paddy field</a> in Vietnam</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">Rice paddy</a> agriculture has existed in Southeast Asia for millennia, ranging across the subregion. Some dramatic examples of these rice paddies populate the <a href="/wiki/Banaue_Rice_Terraces" title="Banaue Rice Terraces">Banaue Rice Terraces</a> in the mountains of Luzon in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. Maintenance of these paddies is very labour-intensive. The rice paddies are well-suited to the monsoon climate of the region. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Stilt_house" title="Stilt house">Stilt houses</a> can be found all over Southeast Asia, from Thailand and Vietnam to Borneo, to Luzon in the Philippines, to Papua New Guinea. The region has diverse metalworking, especially in Indonesia. This includes weaponry, such as the distinctive <a href="/wiki/Kris" title="Kris">kris</a>, and musical instruments, such as the <a href="/wiki/Gamelan" title="Gamelan">gamelan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influences">Influences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeast_Asia&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The region's chief cultural influences have been from some combination of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">India</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of China">China</a>. Diverse cultural influence is pronounced in the Philippines, derived particularly from the period of Spanish and American rule, contact with Indian-influenced cultures, and the Chinese and Japanese trading era. </p><p>As a rule of thumb, the peoples who ate with their fingers were more likely influenced by the culture of India, for example, than the culture of China, where the peoples ate with <a href="/wiki/Chopstick" class="mw-redirect" title="Chopstick">chopsticks</a>; tea, as a beverage, can be found across the region. The <a href="/wiki/Fish_sauce" title="Fish sauce">fish sauces</a> distinctive to the region tend to vary. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts">Arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeast_Asia&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Ballet_Camboda_Apsara_Mera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Royal_Ballet_Camboda_Apsara_Mera.jpg/220px-Royal_Ballet_Camboda_Apsara_Mera.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Royal_Ballet_Camboda_Apsara_Mera.jpg/330px-Royal_Ballet_Camboda_Apsara_Mera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Royal_Ballet_Camboda_Apsara_Mera.jpg/440px-Royal_Ballet_Camboda_Apsara_Mera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1520" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ballet_of_Cambodia" title="Royal Ballet of Cambodia">Royal Ballet of Cambodia</a> (Paris, France 2010)</figcaption></figure><p>The <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_arts" title="Southeast Asian arts">arts of Southeast Asia</a> have an affinity with the arts of other areas. Dance in much of Southeast Asia includes movement of the hands as well as the feet, to express the dance's emotion and meaning of the story that the ballerina is going to tell the audience. Most of Southeast Asia introduced dance into their court; in particular, <a href="/wiki/Khmer_classical_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer classical dance">Cambodian royal ballet</a> represented them in the early seventh century before the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer Empire</a>, which was highly influenced by Indian Hinduism. The <a href="/wiki/Apsara_Dance" title="Apsara Dance">Apsara Dance</a>, famous for strong hand and feet movement, is a great example of Hindu symbolic dance. </p><p>Puppetry and shadow plays were also a favoured form of entertainment in past centuries, a famous one being the <i><a href="/wiki/Wayang" title="Wayang">wayang</a></i> from Indonesia. The arts and literature in some of Southeast Asia are quite influenced by Hinduism, which was brought to them centuries ago. Indonesia, despite large-scale conversion to Islam which opposes certain forms of art, has retained many forms of Hindu-influenced practices, culture, art, and literature. An example is the <span title="Javanese-language text"><i lang="jv"><a href="/wiki/Wayang_kulit" title="Wayang kulit">wayang kulit</a></i></span> (shadow puppet) and literature like the <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i>. The <span title="Javanese-language text"><i lang="jv">wayang kulit</i></span> show has been recognised by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> on 7 November 2003 as a <a href="/wiki/Masterpiece_of_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage_of_Humanity" class="mw-redirect" title="Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity">Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity</a>. </p><p>It has been pointed out that Khmer and Indonesian classical arts were concerned with depicting the life of the gods, but to the Southeast Asian mind, the life of the gods was the life of the peoples themselves—joyous, earthy, yet divine. The <a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai</a>, coming late into Southeast Asia, brought with them some Chinese artistic traditions, but they soon shed them in favour of the Khmer and <a href="/wiki/Mon_people" title="Mon people">Mon</a> traditions, and the only indications of their earlier contact with <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of China">Chinese</a> arts were in the style of their temples, especially the tapering roof, and in their <a href="/wiki/Lacquerware" title="Lacquerware">lacquerware</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Music">Music</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeast_Asia&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Music of Southeast Asia">Music of Southeast Asia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Angklung-arumba.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Angklung-arumba.jpg/220px-Angklung-arumba.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Angklung-arumba.jpg/330px-Angklung-arumba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Angklung-arumba.jpg/440px-Angklung-arumba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="905" data-file-height="981" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/Angklung" title="Angklung">angklung</a></i>, designated as a <a href="/wiki/Masterpieces_of_the_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage_of_Humanity" title="Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity">Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Traditional music in Southeast Asia is as varied as its many ethnic and cultural divisions. The main styles of traditional music include court music, folk music, music styles of smaller ethnic groups, and music influenced by genres outside the geographic region. </p><p>Of the court and folk genres, <a href="/wiki/Gong_chime" title="Gong chime">gong chime</a> ensembles and orchestras make up the majority (the exception being lowland areas of Vietnam). <i><a href="/wiki/Gamelan" title="Gamelan">Gamelan</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Angklung" title="Angklung">angklung</a></i> orchestras from <i><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></i>; <i><a href="/wiki/Piphat" title="Piphat">piphat</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Pinpeat" title="Pinpeat">pinpeat</a></i> ensembles of Thailand and Cambodia; and the <i><a href="/wiki/Kulintang" title="Kulintang">kulintang</a></i> ensembles of the southern Philippines, <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timor" title="Timor">Timor</a> are the three main distinct styles of musical genres that have influenced other traditional musical styles in the region. String instruments are also popular in the region. </p><p>On 18 November 2010, UNESCO officially recognised the <i>angklung</i> as a <i>Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity</i>, and encouraged the Indonesian people and government to safeguard, transmit, promote performances and to encourage the craftsmanship of <i>angklung</i> making. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Writing">Writing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeast_Asia&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Writing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Writing_systems_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Writing systems of Southeast Asia">Writing systems of Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi script</a>, <a href="/wiki/S.E.A._Write_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="S.E.A. Write Award">S.E.A. Write Award</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thai_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai alphabet">Thai alphabet</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thai_manuscript_Jim_Thompson_Museum_IMG_7170.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Thai_manuscript_Jim_Thompson_Museum_IMG_7170.jpg/220px-Thai_manuscript_Jim_Thompson_Museum_IMG_7170.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Thai_manuscript_Jim_Thompson_Museum_IMG_7170.jpg/330px-Thai_manuscript_Jim_Thompson_Museum_IMG_7170.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Thai_manuscript_Jim_Thompson_Museum_IMG_7170.jpg/440px-Thai_manuscript_Jim_Thompson_Museum_IMG_7170.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3954" data-file-height="2432" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a> manuscript from before the 19th-century writing system</figcaption></figure> <p>The history of Southeast Asia has led to a wealth of different authors, from both within and without writing about the region. </p><p>Some of the earliest writing systems of Southeast Asia stem from those of <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">India</a>. This is shown through <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmic family">Brahmic</a> forms of writing present in the region, such as the <a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese script</a> shown on split palm leaves called <i>lontar</i> (see image to the left – magnify the image to see the writing on the flat side, and the decoration on the reverse side). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pura_Puseh_05153.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Pura_Puseh_05153.jpg/220px-Pura_Puseh_05153.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Pura_Puseh_05153.jpg/330px-Pura_Puseh_05153.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Pura_Puseh_05153.jpg/440px-Pura_Puseh_05153.jpg 2x" data-file-width="909" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>Sign in <a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> script at a <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> temple in <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The antiquity of this form of writing extends before the invention of paper around the year 100 in China. Note each palm leaf section was only several lines, written longitudinally across the leaf, and bound by twine to the other sections. The outer portion was decorated. The alphabets of Southeast Asia tended to be <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">abugidas</a>, until the arrival of the Europeans, who used words that also ended in consonants, not just vowels. Other forms of official documents, which did not use paper, included Javanese copperplate scrolls. This material would have been more durable than paper in the tropical climate of Southeast Asia. </p><p>In Malaysia, Brunei, and Singapore, the Malay language is now generally written in the Latin script. The same phenomenon is present in Indonesian, although different spelling standards are utilised (e.g. 'Teksi' in Malay and 'Taksi' in Indonesian for the word 'Taxi'). </p><p>The use of Chinese characters, in the past and present, is only evident in Vietnam and more recently, Singapore and Malaysia. The adoption of <a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n" title="Chữ Hán">chữ Hán</a> in Vietnam dates back to around 111 BC when it was occupied by the Chinese. A Vietnamese script called <a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">chữ Nôm</a> used modified chữ Hán to express the Vietnamese language. Both chữ Hán and chữ Nôm were used up until the early 20th century. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapa Nui">Rapa Nui</a> is an Austronesian language like those of Indonesian, Tagalog, and many other Southeast Asian languages. <a href="/wiki/Rongorongo" title="Rongorongo">Rongorongo</a> is presumed to be the script of Rapa Nui and if proven so, would place it as one of very few <a href="/wiki/Inventions_of_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Inventions of writing">inventions of writing</a> in human history.<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sports">Sports</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeast_Asia&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/SEA_Games" title="SEA Games">SEA Games</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Association football</a> is the most popular sport in the region, with the <a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Football_Federation" title="ASEAN Football Federation">ASEAN Football Federation</a>, the region's primary regulatory body, formed on 31 January 1984, in <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, Indonesia. The <a href="/wiki/AFF_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="AFF Championship">AFF Championship</a> is the largest football competition in the region since its inaugural in <a href="/wiki/1996_AFF_Championship" title="1996 AFF Championship">1996</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Thailand_national_football_team" title="Thailand national football team">Thailand</a> holding the most titles in the competition with seven titles. The reigning winner is Thailand, who defeated <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_national_football_team" title="Vietnam national football team">Vietnam</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2022_AFF_Championship" title="2022 AFF Championship">2022</a> final. Thailand has had the most numerous appearances in the <a href="/wiki/AFC_Asian_Cup" title="AFC Asian Cup">AFC Asian Cup</a> with 7 while the highest-ranked result in the Asian Cup for a Southeast Asian team is second place in the <a href="/wiki/1968_AFC_Asian_Cup" title="1968 AFC Asian Cup">1968</a> by <a href="/wiki/Myanmar_national_football_team" title="Myanmar national football team">Myanmar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_national_football_team_results" title="Dutch East Indies national football team results">Indonesia</a> is the only Southeast Asian team to have played in the <a href="/wiki/1938_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1938 FIFA World Cup">1938 FIFA World Cup</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_national_football_team_results" title="Dutch East Indies national football team results">Dutch East Indies</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeast_Asia&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 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1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/64px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Vietnam" title="Portal:Vietnam">Vietnam portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">Association of Southeast Asian Nations</a> (ASEAN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_and_Southeast_Asian_relations_with_Northeast_India" title="East and Southeast Asian relations with Northeast India">East and Southeast Asian relations with Northeast India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government" title="List of current heads of state and government">List of current heads of state and government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_firsts_in_Southeast_Asia" title="List of firsts in Southeast Asia">List of firsts in Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_build-up_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Military build-up in Southeast Asia">Military build-up in Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Asia" title="Pacific Asia">Pacific Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Northeast Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">Southeast Asia Treaty Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast Asian Games">Southeast Asian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_Cub_Economies" title="Tiger Cub Economies">Tiger Cub Economies</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeast_Asia&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A <a href="/wiki/List_of_transcontinental_countries" title="List of transcontinental countries">transcontinental country</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The great temple complex at <a href="/wiki/Prambanan" title="Prambanan">Prambanan</a> in Indonesia exhibit a number of similarities with the South Indian architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Majority: <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a><br />Partial majority: <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Majority: <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Majority: <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also spelled South East Asia and South-East Asia, and also known as Southeastern Asia, South-eastern Asia or SEA</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeast_Asia&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeast_Asia&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-UN_WPP-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://population.un.org/wpp/">"World Population Prospects 2022"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a>, Population Division<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects+2022&rft.pub=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs%2C+Population+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.un.org%2Fwpp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_2022_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx">"World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(XSLX)</span> ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a>, Population Division<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects+2022%3A+Demographic+indicators+by+region%2C+subregion+and+country%2C+annually+for+1950-2100&rft.pub=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs%2C+Population+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.un.org%2Fwpp%2FDownload%2FFiles%2F1_Indicators%2520%28Standard%29%2FEXCEL_FILES%2F1_General%2FWPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ACIF2013-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ACIF2013_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904103519/http://www.asean.org/images/resources/2014/May/2.%20Feb%202014%20-%20ASEAN%20Community%20in%20Figures%202013.pdf"><i>ASEAN Community in Figures (ACIF) 2013</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (6th ed.). Jakarta: ASEAN. February 2014. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-602-7643-73-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-602-7643-73-4"><bdi>978-602-7643-73-4</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asean.org/images/resources/2014/May/2.%20Feb%202014%20-%20ASEAN%20Community%20in%20Figures%202013.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ASEAN+Community+in+Figures+%28ACIF%29+2013&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pages=1&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=ASEAN&rft.date=2014-02&rft.isbn=978-602-7643-73-4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asean.org%2Fimages%2Fresources%2F2014%2FMay%2F2.%2520Feb%25202014%2520-%2520ASEAN%2520Community%2520in%2520Figures%25202013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMF-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMF_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMF_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMF_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMF_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMF_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMF_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?c=516,522,536,544,548,518,566,576,578,537,582,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2022&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=subject&ds=.&br=1">"World Economic Outlook Database, April 2023"</a>. International Monetary Fund. April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+April+2023&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft.date=2022-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2023%2FApril%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D516%2C522%2C536%2C544%2C548%2C518%2C566%2C576%2C578%2C537%2C582%2C%26s%3DNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2C%26sy%3D2022%26ey%3D2022%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dsubject%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlaus_Kästle2013" class="citation web cs1">Klaus Kästle (10 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/map_of_southeast_asia.htm">"Map of Southeast Asia Region"</a>. <i>Nations Online Project</i>. One World – Nations Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130920020837/http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/map_of_southeast_asia.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2013</span>. <q>Southeast Asia is a vast subregion of Asia, roughly described as geographically situated east of the Indian subcontinent, south of China, and northwest of Australia. The region is located between the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal in the west, the Philippine Sea, the South China Sea, and the Pacific Ocean in the east.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nations+Online+Project&rft.atitle=Map+of+Southeast+Asia+Region&rft.date=2013-09-10&rft.au=Klaus+K%C3%A4stle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationsonline.org%2Foneworld%2Fmap_of_southeast_asia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhelleyNewhallBradley2015" class="citation journal cs1">Whelley, Patrick L.; Newhall, Christopher G.; Bradley, Kyle E. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4470363">"The frequency of explosive volcanic eruptions in Southeast Asia"</a>. <i>Bulletin of Volcanology</i>. <b>77</b> (1): 1. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015BVol...77....1W">2015BVol...77....1W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00445-014-0893-8">10.1007/s00445-014-0893-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0258-8900">0258-8900</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4470363">4470363</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26097277">26097277</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+Volcanology&rft.atitle=The+frequency+of+explosive+volcanic+eruptions+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4470363%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015BVol...77....1W&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26097277&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00445-014-0893-8&rft.issn=0258-8900&rft.aulast=Whelley&rft.aufirst=Patrick+L.&rft.au=Newhall%2C+Christopher+G.&rft.au=Bradley%2C+Kyle+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4470363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChester2008" class="citation book cs1">Chester, Roy (16 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/furnaceofcreatio00ches"><i>Furnace of Creation, Cradle of Destruction: A Journey to the Birthplace of Earthquakes, Volcanoes, and Tsunamis</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cia.gov&rft.atitle=East+Asia%2FSoutheast+Asia+%3A%3A+Malaysia+%E2%80%93+The+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fmalaysia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIAGov-MM-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CIAGov-MM_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/burma/">"East Asia/Southeast Asia :: Burma – The World Factbook"</a>. <i>cia.gov</i>. 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Central Intelligence Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210320131051/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/singapore">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cia.gov&rft.atitle=East+Asia%2FSoutheast+Asia+%3A%3A+Singapore+%E2%80%93+The+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fsingapore%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CiaGov-TH-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CiaGov-TH_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/thailand/">"East Asia/Southeast Asia :: Thailand – The World Factbook"</a>. <i>cia.gov</i>. Central Intelligence Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210610164345/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/thailand/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cia.gov&rft.atitle=East+Asia%2FSoutheast+Asia+%3A%3A+Thailand+%E2%80%93+The+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fthailand%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA-Gov-VN-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CIA-Gov-VN_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/vietnam/">"East Asia/Southeast Asia :: Vietnam – The World Factbook"</a>. <i>cia.gov</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cia.gov&rft.atitle=East+Asia%2FSoutheast+Asia+%3A%3A+Vietnam+%E2%80%93+The+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fvietnam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millenniumindicators.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm">"United Nations Statistics Division - Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications (M49)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Statistics_Division" title="United Nations Statistics Division">United Nations Statistics Division</a>. 6 May 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110713041240/http://millenniumindicators.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+Nations+Statistics+Division+-+Standard+Country+and+Area+Codes+Classifications+%28M49%29&rft.pub=United+Nations+Statistics+Division&rft.date=2015-05-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmillenniumindicators.un.org%2Funsd%2Fmethods%2Fm49%2Fm49regin.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFnationsonline.org" class="citation web cs1">nationsonline.org, klaus kaestle-. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/singapore.htm">"Singapore - A Country Profile - Nations Online Project"</a>. <i>www.nationsonline.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nationsonline.org&rft.atitle=Singapore+-+A+Country+Profile+-+Nations+Online+Project&rft.aulast=nationsonline.org&rft.aufirst=klaus+kaestle-&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationsonline.org%2Foneworld%2Fsingapore.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Southeast-Asia">"Southeast Asia"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210424080510/https://www.britannica.com/place/Southeast-Asia">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Southeast+Asia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FSoutheast-Asia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaruah2005" class="citation book cs1">Baruah, Sanjib (2005). <i>Durable Disorder: Understanding the Politics of Northeast India</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Centennial+Upper+Air+Observation+in+Hong+Kong+cum+70th+Anniversary+of+King%27s+Park+Meteorological+Station&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hko.gov.hk%2Fen%2Fwxinfo%2Faws%2F100_Upper_Air%2Fkings-park-past-and-present.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcsb/doclib/showcasing_mrcc_e.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211119052325/https://www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcsb/doclib/showcasing_mrcc_e.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 19 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csb.gov.hk%2Fhkgcsb%2Fdoclib%2Fshowcasing_mrcc_e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/200611/14/P200611140143.htm">"Hong Kong Cultural Centre Open House on Sunday"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190902183024/https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/200611/14/P200611140143.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=VoiceLink38&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emsd.gov.hk%2Fminisites%2Fvoice%2Fen%2Fissue39%2Fp_text.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/199911/30/1130224.htm">"Hong Kong Oratorio Society Holds Christmas Concert"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211119052319/https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/199911/30/1130224.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hong+Kong+Oratorio+Society+Holds+Christmas+Concert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.info.gov.hk%2Fgia%2Fgeneral%2F199911%2F30%2F1130224.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dsd.gov.hk/EN/Files/movie/stanley_sewage_treatment_worksEN20140620065030.docx">"Archived copy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211119052322/https://www.dsd.gov.hk/EN/Files/movie/stanley_sewage_treatment_worksEN20140620065030.docx">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Idea Group Inc (IGI). p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59140-725-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59140-725-6"><bdi>978-1-59140-725-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729210244/https://books.google.com/books?id=nU-9AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA5">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teaching+with+Educational+Technology+in+the+21st+Century%3A+The+Case+of+the+Asia-Pacific+Region%3A+The+Case+of+the+Asia-Pacific+Region&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Idea+Group+Inc+%28IGI%29&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-59140-725-6&rft.au=Inoue%2C+Yukiko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnU-9AQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-m49-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-m49_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49/">United Nations Statistics Division – Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications. The UNSD notes that "the assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is for statistical convenience".</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2018/09/a-nation-reborn-taiwans-belated-recognition-of-its-southeast-asian-heritage/">"A Nation Reborn? Taiwan's Belated Recognition of Its Southeast Asian Heritage"</a>. <i>thediplomat.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8387238">"Genome of a middle Holocene hunter-gatherer from Wallacea"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>596</b> (7873): 543–547. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Natur.596..543C">2021Natur.596..543C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-021-03823-6">10.1038/s41586-021-03823-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10072%2F407535">10072/407535</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8387238">8387238</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34433944">34433944</a>. <q>The <a href="/wiki/QpGraph" class="mw-redirect" title="QpGraph">qpGraph</a> analysis confirmed this branching pattern, with the Leang Panninge individual branching off from the Near Oceanian clade after the Denisovan gene flow, although with the most supported topology indicating around 50% of a basal East Asian component contributing to the Leang Panninge genome (Fig. 3c, Supplementary Figs. 7–11).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Genome+of+a+middle+Holocene+hunter-gatherer+from+Wallacea&rft.volume=596&rft.issue=7873&rft.pages=543-547&rft.date=2021-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8387238%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021Natur.596..543C&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-021-03823-6&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34433944&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10072%2F407535&rft.aulast=Carlhoff&rft.aufirst=Selina&rft.au=Duli%2C+Akin&rft.au=N%C3%A4gele%2C+Kathrin&rft.au=Nur%2C+Muhammad&rft.au=Skov%2C+Laurits&rft.au=Sumantri%2C+Iwan&rft.au=Oktaviana%2C+Adhi+Agus&rft.au=Hakim%2C+Budianto&rft.au=Burhan%2C+Basran&rft.au=Syahdar%2C+Fardi+Ali&rft.au=McGahan%2C+David+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8387238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bellwood_1991-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bellwood_1991_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellwood1991" class="citation journal cs1">Bellwood, Peter (1991). 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-857695-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-857695-2"><bdi>978-0-19-857695-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Colonization+of+the+Pacific%3A+A+Genetic+Trail&rft.series=Research+Monographs+on+Human+Population+Biology+No.+7&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-19-857695-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2003" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indonesia00jean"><i>Indonesia: Peoples and Histories</i></a></span>. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indonesia00jean/page/5">5–7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10518-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10518-6"><bdi>978-0-300-10518-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indonesia%3A+Peoples+and+Histories&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pages=5-7&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10518-6&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Jean+Gelman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findonesia00jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matsumura2018-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Matsumura2018_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatsumuraShinodaShimanjuntakOktaviana2018" class="citation journal cs1">Matsumura H, Shinoda KI, Shimanjuntak T, Oktaviana AA, Noerwidi S, Octavianus Sofian H, et al. (22 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6014653">"Cranio-morphometric and aDNA corroboration of the Austronesian dispersal model in ancient Island Southeast Asia: Support from Gua Harimau, Indonesia"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>13</b> (6): e0198689. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PLoSO..1398689M">2018PLoSO..1398689M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0198689">10.1371/journal.pone.0198689</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6014653">6014653</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29933384">29933384</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:49377747">49377747</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Cranio-morphometric+and+aDNA+corroboration+of+the+Austronesian+dispersal+model+in+ancient+Island+Southeast+Asia%3A+Support+from+Gua+Harimau%2C+Indonesia&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=e0198689&rft.date=2018-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6014653%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A49377747%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018PLoSO..1398689M&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29933384&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0198689&rft.aulast=Matsumura&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Shinoda%2C+KI&rft.au=Shimanjuntak%2C+T&rft.au=Oktaviana%2C+AA&rft.au=Noerwidi%2C+S&rft.au=Octavianus+Sofian%2C+H&rft.au=Prastiningtyas%2C+D&rft.au=Nguyen%2C+LC&rft.au=Kakuda%2C+T&rft.au=Kanzawa-Kiriyama%2C+H&rft.au=Adachi%2C+N&rft.au=Hung%2C+HC&rft.au=Fan%2C+X&rft.au=Wu%2C+X&rft.au=Willis%2C+A&rft.au=Oxenham%2C+MF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6014653&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_61-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2011" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Kenneth R. 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Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6761-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6761-0"><bdi>978-0-7425-6761-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Early+Southeast+Asia%3A+Maritime+Trade+and+Societal+Development%2C+100%E2%80%931500&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2011-01-16&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-6761-0&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bergreen.L_Magellan-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bergreen.L_Magellan_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bergreen.L_Magellan_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Laurence Bergreen, Over the Edge of the World: Magellan's Terrifying Circumnavigation of the Globe, HarperCollins Publishers, 2003, hardcover 480 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-621173-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-621173-2">978-0-06-621173-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8406506.stm">"Genetic 'map' of Asia's diversity"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 11 December 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120129232943/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8406506.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Genetic+%27map%27+of+Asia%27s+diversity&rft.date=2009-12-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2F8406506.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/187435">"Geneticist clarifies role of Proto-Malays in human origin"</a>. <i>Malaysiakini</i>. 25 January 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180727181033/https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/187435">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Malaysiakini&rft.atitle=Geneticist+clarifies+role+of+Proto-Malays+in+human+origin&rft.date=2012-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.malaysiakini.com%2Fnews%2F187435&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Solheim, <i>Journal of East Asian Archaeology</i>, 2000, <b>2</b>:1–2, pp. 273–284(12)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130426081801/http://www.littlevietnamtours.com.vn/about_vietnam/vietnam_culture/dong_son_culture.php">"Vietnam Tours"</a>. 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Section 3 Southeast Asia, Religions</a></i>, p. 1, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>, pp. 1–54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOoi2004" class="citation book cs1">Ooi, Keat Gin (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA587"><i>Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-770-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-770-2"><bdi>978-1-57607-770-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200614174028/https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA587">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asia%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia%2C+from+Angkor+Wat+to+East+Timor&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-770-2&rft.aulast=Ooi&rft.aufirst=Keat+Gin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQKgraWbb7yoC%26pg%3DPA587&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2010" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Kenneth R. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fjsEn3w4TPgC"><i>A History of Early Southeast Asia: Maritime Trade and Societal Development, 100–1500</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6762-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6762-7"><bdi>978-0-7425-6762-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191201044039/https://books.google.com/books?id=fjsEn3w4TPgC">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Early+Southeast+Asia%3A+Maritime+Trade+and+Societal+Development%2C+100%E2%80%931500&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-6762-7&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfjsEn3w4TPgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vanaik_1997-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vanaik_1997_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vanaik_1997_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanaik1997" class="citation book cs1">Vanaik, Achin (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WYtKhu6rktAC&pg=PA147"><i>The Furies of Indian Communalism: Religion, Modernity, and Secularization</i></a>. Verso. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-016-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-016-0"><bdi>978-1-85984-016-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729203937/https://books.google.com/books?id=WYtKhu6rktAC&pg=PA147">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Furies+of+Indian+Communalism%3A+Religion%2C+Modernity%2C+and+Secularization&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-85984-016-0&rft.aulast=Vanaik&rft.aufirst=Achin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWYtKhu6rktAC%26pg%3DPA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Montgomery_2002-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Montgomery_2002_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Montgomery_2002_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontgomery2002" class="citation book cs1">Montgomery, Robert L. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RkeOLTrPDI0C&pg=PA68"><i>The Lopsided Spread of Christianity: Toward an Understanding of the Diffusion of Religions</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97361-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97361-2"><bdi>978-0-275-97361-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729203801/https://books.google.com/books?id=RkeOLTrPDI0C&pg=PA68">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lopsided+Spread+of+Christianity%3A+Toward+an+Understanding+of+the+Diffusion+of+Religions&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-275-97361-2&rft.aulast=Montgomery&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRkeOLTrPDI0C%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJan_Gonda1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Gonda" title="Jan Gonda">Jan Gonda</a> (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X7YfAAAAIAAJ"><i>Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 3 Southeast Asia, Religions</i></a>. BRILL Academic. pp. 3–20, 35–36, 49–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-04330-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-04330-5"><bdi>978-90-04-04330-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205085012/https://books.google.com/books?id=X7YfAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Oriental+Studies.+Section+3+Southeast+Asia%2C+Religions&rft.pages=3-20%2C+35-36%2C+49-51&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-90-04-04330-5&rft.au=Jan+Gonda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX7YfAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bisschopoup2-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bisschopoup2_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195399318/obo-9780195399318-0051.xml">"Shaivism"</a>. <i>obo</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180102174639/http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195399318/obo-9780195399318-0051.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=obo&rft.atitle=Shaivism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordbibliographies.com%2Fview%2Fdocument%2Fobo-9780195399318%2Fobo-9780195399318-0051.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteadman2016" class="citation book cs1">Steadman, Sharon R. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S2-TDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA231"><i>Archaeology of Religion: Cultures and Their Beliefs in Worldwide Context</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-43388-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-43388-2"><bdi>978-1-315-43388-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200731153605/https://books.google.com/books?id=S2-TDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA231">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology+of+Religion%3A+Cultures+and+Their+Beliefs+in+Worldwide+Context&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-315-43388-2&rft.aulast=Steadman&rft.aufirst=Sharon+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS2-TDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimme2005" class="citation book cs1">Timme, Elke (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2QMCpUCxFrUC&pg=PA3"><i>A Presença Portuguesa nas Ilhas das Moluccas 1511 – 1605</i></a>. GRIN Verlag. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-638-43208-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-638-43208-5"><bdi>978-3-638-43208-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729203037/https://books.google.com/books?id=2QMCpUCxFrUC&pg=PA3">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Presen%C3%A7a+Portuguesa+nas+Ilhas+das+Moluccas+1511+%E2%80%93+1605&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=GRIN+Verlag&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3-638-43208-5&rft.aulast=Timme&rft.aufirst=Elke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2QMCpUCxFrUC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurch2017" class="citation book cs1">Church, Peter (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FW8wDgAAQBAJ"><i>A Short History of South-East Asia</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-06249-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-06249-3"><bdi>978-1-119-06249-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729213629/https://books.google.com/books?id=FW8wDgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+South-East+Asia&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-119-06249-3&rft.aulast=Church&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFW8wDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-exec/">"The Global Religious Landscape"</a>. <i>Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project</i>. 18 December 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130719060225/http://www.pewforum.org/global-religious-landscape.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Religion+%26+Public+Life+Project&rft.atitle=The+Global+Religious+Landscape&rft.date=2012-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2012%2F12%2F18%2Fglobal-religious-landscape-exec%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130101080244/http://features.pewforum.org/grl/population-percentage.php">"Global Religious Landscape"</a>. The Pew Forum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://features.pewforum.org/grl/population-percentage.php">the original</a> on 1 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Religious+Landscape&rft.pub=The+Pew+Forum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffeatures.pewforum.org%2Fgrl%2Fpopulation-percentage.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoszko2012" class="citation journal cs1">Roszko, Edyta (1 March 2012). "From Spiritual Homes to National Shrines: Religious Traditions and Nation-Building in Vietnam". <i>East Asia</i>. <b>29</b> (1): 25–41. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.467.6835">10.1.1.467.6835</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12140-011-9156-x">10.1007/s12140-011-9156-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1096-6838">1096-6838</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52084986">52084986</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+Asia&rft.atitle=From+Spiritual+Homes+to+National+Shrines%3A+Religious+Traditions+and+Nation-Building+in+Vietnam&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=25-41&rft.date=2012-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.467.6835%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A52084986%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1096-6838&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12140-011-9156-x&rft.aulast=Roszko&rft.aufirst=Edyta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldick2013" class="citation book cs1">Baldick, Julian (15 June 2013). <i>Ancient Religions of the Austronesian World: From Australasia to Taiwan</i>. London: I.B.Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78076-366-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78076-366-8"><bdi>978-1-78076-366-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Religions+of+the+Austronesian+World%3A+From+Australasia+to+Taiwan&rft.place=London&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2013-06-15&rft.isbn=978-1-78076-366-8&rft.aulast=Baldick&rft.aufirst=Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:32_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2010" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Kenneth R. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fjsEn3w4TPgC"><i>A History of Early Southeast Asia: Maritime Trade and Societal Development, 100–1500</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6762-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6762-7"><bdi>978-0-7425-6762-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191201044039/https://books.google.com/books?id=fjsEn3w4TPgC">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Early+Southeast+Asia%3A+Maritime+Trade+and+Societal+Development%2C+100%E2%80%931500&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-6762-7&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfjsEn3w4TPgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahbubaniSng2017" class="citation book cs1">Mahbubani, Kishore; Sng, Jeffery (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IanWDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA19"><i>The ASEAN Miracle: A Catalyst for Peace</i></a>. NUS Press. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4722-49-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4722-49-0"><bdi>978-981-4722-49-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200731130306/https://books.google.com/books?id=IanWDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA19">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+ASEAN+Miracle%3A+A+Catalyst+for+Peace&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-981-4722-49-0&rft.aulast=Mahbubani&rft.aufirst=Kishore&rft.au=Sng%2C+Jeffery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIanWDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Postma-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Postma_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPostma2008" class="citation journal cs1">Postma, Antoon (27 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/download/1033/1018">"The Laguna Copper-Plate Inscription: Text and Commentary"</a>. <i>Philippine Studies</i>. <b>40</b> (2): 182–203. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010144524/http://www.philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/download/1033/1018">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Laguna+Copper-Plate+Inscription%3A+Text+and+Commentary&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=182-203&rft.date=2008-06-27&rft.aulast=Postma&rft.aufirst=Antoon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philippinestudies.net%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2Fps%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F1033%2F1018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Viet Nam social sciences 2002 Page 42 Ủy ban khoa học xã hội Việt Nam – 2002 "The first period of cultural disruption and transformation: in and around the first millennium CE (that is, the period of Bac thuoc) all of Southeast Asia shifted into strong cultural exchanges with the outside world, on the one hand with Chinese ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalik2015" class="citation book cs1">Malik, Preet (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M7WqCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT28"><i>My Myanmar Years: A Diplomat's Account of India's Relations with the Region</i></a>. SAGE Publications. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5150-626-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5150-626-3"><bdi>978-93-5150-626-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729230331/https://books.google.com/books?id=M7WqCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT28">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Myanmar+Years%3A+A+Diplomat%27s+Account+of+India%27s+Relations+with+the+Region&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-93-5150-626-3&rft.aulast=Malik&rft.aufirst=Preet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM7WqCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mat-31-34-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mat-31-34_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aung-Thwin 2005: 31–34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mha-15-17-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mha-15-17_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Htin Aung 1967: 15–17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIguchi2017" class="citation book cs1">Iguchi, Masatoshi (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rFvsBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA116"><i>Java Essay: The History and Culture of a Southern Country</i></a>. Troubador Publishing Ltd. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78462-885-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78462-885-7"><bdi>978-1-78462-885-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200731145852/https://books.google.com/books?id=rFvsBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA116">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Java+Essay%3A+The+History+and+Culture+of+a+Southern+Country&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Troubador+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-78462-885-7&rft.aulast=Iguchi&rft.aufirst=Masatoshi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrFvsBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-C._Majumdar_1961_pp._338-342-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-C._Majumdar_1961_pp._338-342_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/R._C._Majumdar" title="R. C. Majumdar">R. C. Majumdar</a> (1961), "The Overseas Expeditions of King Rājendra Cola", Artibus Asiae 24 (3/4), pp. 338–342, Artibus Asiae Publishers</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukherjee2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rila_Mukherjee" title="Rila Mukherjee">Mukherjee, Rila</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7xeqhnYtrKcC&pg=PA76"><i>Pelagic Passageways: The Northern Bay of Bengal Before Colonialism</i></a>. Primus Books. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-80607-20-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-80607-20-7"><bdi>978-93-80607-20-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729231954/https://books.google.com/books?id=7xeqhnYtrKcC&pg=PA76">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pelagic+Passageways%3A+The+Northern+Bay+of+Bengal+Before+Colonialism&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Primus+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-93-80607-20-7&rft.aulast=Mukherjee&rft.aufirst=Rila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7xeqhnYtrKcC%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. <i>The CōĻas</i>, 1935, p. 709.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evans2007-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Evans2007_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2009" class="citation journal cs1">Evans, Damian; et al. (9 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1964867">"A comprehensive archaeological map of the world's largest preindustrial settlement complex at Angkor, Cambodia"</a>. <i>PNAS</i>. <b>104</b> (36): 14277–82. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PNAS..10414277E">2007PNAS..10414277E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0702525104">10.1073/pnas.0702525104</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1964867">1964867</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17717084">17717084</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PNAS&rft.atitle=A+comprehensive+archaeological+map+of+the+world%27s+largest+preindustrial+settlement+complex+at+Angkor%2C+Cambodia&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=36&rft.pages=14277-82&rft.date=2009-04-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1964867%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17717084&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0702525104&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007PNAS..10414277E&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Damian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1964867&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiernan2007" class="citation book cs1">Kiernan, Ben (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bloodan_kie_2007_00_0326"><i>Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur</i></a></span>. Yale University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bloodan_kie_2007_00_0326/page/110">110</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13793-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13793-4"><bdi>978-0-300-13793-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blood+and+Soil%3A+A+World+History+of+Genocide+and+Extermination+from+Sparta+to+Darfur&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-300-13793-4&rft.aulast=Kiernan&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbloodan_kie_2007_00_0326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapuis1995" class="citation book cs1">Chapuis, Oscar (1995). <i>A history of Vietnam: from Hong Bang to Tu Duc</i>. Greenwood Press. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29622-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29622-2"><bdi>978-0-313-29622-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Vietnam%3A+from+Hong+Bang+to+Tu+Duc&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-313-29622-2&rft.aulast=Chapuis&rft.aufirst=Oscar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullietCrossleyHeadrickHirsch2014" class="citation book cs1">Bulliet, Richard; Crossley, Pamela; Headrick, Daniel; Hirsch, Steven; Johnson, Lyman (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h8CiAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA336"><i>The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History</i></a>. Cengage Learning. p. 336. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-285-96570-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-285-96570-3"><bdi>978-1-285-96570-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200731142610/https://books.google.com/books?id=h8CiAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA336">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Earth+and+Its+Peoples%3A+A+Global+History&rft.pages=336&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-285-96570-3&rft.aulast=Bulliet&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Crossley%2C+Pamela&rft.au=Headrick%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Hirsch%2C+Steven&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Lyman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh8CiAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardiman1900" class="citation book cs1">Hardiman, John Percy (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gazetteerupperb01hardgoog"><i>Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan States</i></a>. superintendent, Government printing, Burma.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gazetteer+of+Upper+Burma+and+the+Shan+States&rft.pub=superintendent%2C+Government+printing%2C+Burma&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Hardiman&rft.aufirst=John+Percy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgazetteerupperb01hardgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernice_Koehler_Johnson2009" class="citation book cs1">Bernice Koehler Johnson (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mLDRmhtWouQC&pg=PA11"><i>The Shan: Refugees Without a Camp, an English Teacher in Thailand and Burma</i></a>. Trinity Matrix Publishing. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9817833-0-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9817833-0-7"><bdi>978-0-9817833-0-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729195828/https://books.google.com/books?id=mLDRmhtWouQC&pg=PA11">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shan%3A+Refugees+Without+a+Camp%2C+an+English+Teacher+in+Thailand+and+Burma&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Trinity+Matrix+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-9817833-0-7&rft.au=Bernice+Koehler+Johnson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmLDRmhtWouQC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohn2013" class="citation book cs1">Kohn, George Childs (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1TLjAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT446"><i>Dictionary of Wars</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 446. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-95501-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-95501-4"><bdi>978-1-135-95501-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729192630/https://books.google.com/books?id=1TLjAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT446">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Wars&rft.pages=446&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-95501-4&rft.aulast=Kohn&rft.aufirst=George+Childs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1TLjAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiting2002" class="citation book cs1">Whiting, Marvin C. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JJQiAz3qTCgC&pg=PA408"><i>Imperial Chinese Military History: 8000 BC-1912 AD</i></a>. iUniverse. p. 408. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-595-22134-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-595-22134-9"><bdi>978-0-595-22134-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729192217/https://books.google.com/books?id=JJQiAz3qTCgC&pg=PA408">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Chinese+Military+History%3A+8000+BC-1912+AD&rft.pages=408&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-595-22134-9&rft.aulast=Whiting&rft.aufirst=Marvin+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJJQiAz3qTCgC%26pg%3DPA408&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardiman1900" class="citation book cs1">Hardiman, John Percy (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gazetteerupperb01hardgoog"><i>Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan States</i></a>. superintendent, Government printing, Burma. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50004-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50004-3"><bdi>978-0-231-50004-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gazetteer+of+Upper+Burma+and+the+Shan+States&rft.pub=superintendent%2C+Government+printing%2C+Burma&rft.date=1900&rft.isbn=978-0-231-50004-3&rft.aulast=Hardiman&rft.aufirst=John+Percy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgazetteerupperb01hardgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarDesai2012" class="citation book cs1">SarDesai, D. R. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yjNWDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT60"><i>Southeast Asia: Past and Present</i></a>. Avalon Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4838-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4838-4"><bdi>978-0-8133-4838-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729194508/https://books.google.com/books?id=yjNWDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT60">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asia%3A+Past+and+Present&rft.pub=Avalon+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-4838-4&rft.aulast=SarDesai&rft.aufirst=D.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyjNWDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRao" class="citation book cs1">Rao, B. V. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=74seAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA214"><i>History of Asia</i></a>. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-207-9223-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-207-9223-4"><bdi>978-81-207-9223-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200731153416/https://books.google.com/books?id=74seAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA214">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Asia&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishers+Pvt.+Ltd.&rft.isbn=978-81-207-9223-4&rft.aulast=Rao&rft.aufirst=B.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D74seAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-miksic2-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-miksic2_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiksic1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_N._Miksic" title="John N. Miksic">Miksic, John</a> (1999). <i>Ancient History</i>. Indonesian Heritage Series. Vol. 1. Archipelago Press / Editions Didier Millet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-3018-26-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-3018-26-6"><bdi>978-981-3018-26-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+History&rft.series=Indonesian+Heritage+Series&rft.pub=Archipelago+Press+%2F+Editions+Didier+Millet&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-981-3018-26-6&rft.aulast=Miksic&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHipsher2013" class="citation book cs1">Hipsher, Scott (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jtpkAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA197"><i>The Private Sector's Role in Poverty Reduction in Asia</i></a>. Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85709-449-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85709-449-0"><bdi>978-0-85709-449-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729203939/https://books.google.com/books?id=jtpkAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA197">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Private+Sector%27s+Role+in+Poverty+Reduction+in+Asia&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-85709-449-0&rft.aulast=Hipsher&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjtpkAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederspiel2007" class="citation book cs1">Federspiel, Howard M. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5Qf39DpguysC&pg=PA28"><i>Sultans, Shamans, and Saints: Islam and Muslims in Southeast Asia</i></a>. University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3052-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3052-6"><bdi>978-0-8248-3052-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729203803/https://books.google.com/books?id=5Qf39DpguysC&pg=PA28">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sultans%2C+Shamans%2C+and+Saints%3A+Islam+and+Muslims+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-3052-6&rft.aulast=Federspiel&rft.aufirst=Howard+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5Qf39DpguysC%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardt2016" class="citation book cs1">Hardt, Doug (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EDABDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT113"><i>Who Was Muhammad?: An Analysis of the Prophet of Islam in Light of the Bible and the Quran</i></a>. TEACH Services, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4796-0544-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4796-0544-6"><bdi>978-1-4796-0544-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729203137/https://books.google.com/books?id=EDABDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT113">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+Was+Muhammad%3F%3A+An+Analysis+of+the+Prophet+of+Islam+in+Light+of+the+Bible+and+the+Quran&rft.pub=TEACH+Services%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4796-0544-6&rft.aulast=Hardt&rft.aufirst=Doug&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEDABDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2013" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, James (21 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ok5zuaeBtJcC&pg=PA73"><i>Daily Life Through Trade: Buying and Selling in World History</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-36325-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-36325-2"><bdi>978-0-313-36325-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729202946/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ok5zuaeBtJcC&pg=PA73">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daily+Life+Through+Trade%3A+Buying+and+Selling+in+World+History&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2013-03-21&rft.isbn=978-0-313-36325-2&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOk5zuaeBtJcC%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyoub2013" class="citation book cs1">Ayoub, Mahmoud (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0YjrAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT58"><i>Islam: Faith and History</i></a>. Oneworld Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-452-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-452-0"><bdi>978-1-78074-452-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729203412/https://books.google.com/books?id=0YjrAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT58">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%3A+Faith+and+History&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-78074-452-0&rft.aulast=Ayoub&rft.aufirst=Mahmoud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0YjrAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang_Ma2003" class="citation book cs1">Wang Ma, Rosey (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jK8ltwAACAAJ"><i>Chinese Muslims in Malaysia: History and Development</i></a>. Center for Asia-Pacific Area Studies, Academia Sinica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904021807/https://books.google.com/books?id=jK8ltwAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Muslims+in+Malaysia%3A+History+and+Development&rft.pub=Center+for+Asia-Pacific+Area+Studies%2C+Academia+Sinica&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Wang+Ma&rft.aufirst=Rosey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjK8ltwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-toi-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-toi_113-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-toi_113-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-toi_113-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrabhune2011" class="citation news cs1">Prabhune, Tushar (27 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/ampnbspGujarat-helped-establish-Islam-in-SE-Asia/articleshow/11262585.cms">"Gujarat helped establish Islam in SE Asia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191203230825/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/ampnbspGujarat-helped-establish-Islam-in-SE-Asia/articleshow/11262585.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABS+CBN+News&rft.atitle=Filipino+%27comfort+women%27+survivors+stage+rally+in+Manila&rft.date=2015-11-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.abs-cbn.com%2Fnation%2Fmetro-manila%2F11%2F20%2F15%2Ffilipino-comfort-women-survivors-stage-rally-in-manila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhaley2016" class="citation news cs1">Whaley, Floyd (29 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/30/world/asia/japan-philippines-comfort-women-emperor-akihito.html">"In Philippines, World War II's Lesser-Known Sex Slaves Speak Out"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+Philippines%2C+World+War+II%27s+Lesser-Known+Sex+Slaves+Speak+Out&rft.date=2016-01-29&rft.aulast=Whaley&rft.aufirst=Floyd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F01%2F30%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fjapan-philippines-comfort-women-emperor-akihito.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apjjf.org/2021/5/Shin.html">"Voices of the "Comfort Women": The Power Politics Surrounding the UNESCO Documentary Heritage"</a>. March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Voices+of+the+%22Comfort+Women%22%3A+The+Power+Politics+Surrounding+the+UNESCO+Documentary+Heritage&rft.date=2021-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapjjf.org%2F2021%2F5%2FShin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+id0029)">"Archived copy"</a>. <i>lcweb2.loc.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041030225658/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+id0029%29">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lcweb2.loc.gov&rft.atitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bid0029%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDower1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_W._Dower" title="John W. Dower">Dower, John W.</a> (1986). <i>War Without Mercy: Race And Power In The Pacific War</i> (1st ed.). New York: Pantheon Books. p. 296. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-75172-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-75172-6"><bdi>978-0-394-75172-6</bdi></a>. <q>According to the U.N. Working Group for Asia and the Far East, "the total number who were killed by the Japanese, or who died from hunger, disease, and lack of medical attention is estimated at 3,000,000 for Java alone, and 1,000,000 for the Outer Islands."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+Without+Mercy%3A+Race+And+Power+In+The+Pacific+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=296&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-394-75172-6&rft.aulast=Dower&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. W. Brands, <i>Bound to Empire: The United States and the Philippines: 1890-1990</i> (1992)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiow2016" class="citation web cs1">Liow, Joseph Chinyong (12 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2016/07/12/what-does-the-south-china-sea-ruling-mean-and-whats-next/">"What does the South China Sea ruling mean, and what's next?"</a>. <i>Brookings</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180623141104/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2016/07/12/what-does-the-south-china-sea-ruling-mean-and-whats-next/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brookings&rft.atitle=What+does+the+South+China+Sea+ruling+mean%2C+and+what%27s+next%3F&rft.date=2016-07-12&rft.aulast=Liow&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Chinyong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fblog%2Forder-from-chaos%2F2016%2F07%2F12%2Fwhat-does-the-south-china-sea-ruling-mean-and-whats-next%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Euan Graham, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfr.org/councilofcouncils/global_memos/p38227">The Hague Tribunal's South China Sea Ruling: Empty Provocation or Slow-Burning Influence?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180310135823/https://www.cfr.org/councilofcouncils/global_memos/p38227">Archived</a> 10 March 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Lowy Institute for International Policy (18 August 2016).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davis-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davis_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis, Lee (1992). Natural disasters: from the Black Plague to the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo. New York, NY: Facts on File Inc.. pp. 300–301.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stats-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stats_135-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stats_135-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49/">"Methodology: Standard country or area codes for statistical use (M49)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Statistics_Division" title="United Nations Statistics Division">United Nations Statistics Division</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Statistics+Division&rft.atitle=Methodology%3A+Standard+country+or+area+codes+for+statistical+use+%28M49%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2Funsd%2Fmethodology%2Fm49%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forumsec.org/who-we-arepacific-islands-forum/">"The Pacific Islands Forum – Forum Sec"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Pacific+Islands+Forum+%E2%80%93+Forum+Sec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forumsec.org%2Fwho-we-arepacific-islands-forum%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisWigen1997" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Martin W.; Wigen, Kären E. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fLT8X5E3bZIC&dq=%22oceania%22+%22malay+archipelago%22+excluded&pg=PA223"><i>The Myth of Continents: A Critique of Metageography</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520207424" title="Special:BookSources/9780520207424"><bdi>9780520207424</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2022</span>. <q>As is explained in note 71 (this chapter), insular Southeast Asia was often grouped with Oceania instead of with Asia in the middle and late 1800s.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+Continents%3A+A+Critique+of+Metageography&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780520207424&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Martin+W.&rft.au=Wigen%2C+K%C3%A4ren+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfLT8X5E3bZIC%26dq%3D%2522oceania%2522%2B%2522malay%2Barchipelago%2522%2Bexcluded%26pg%3DPA223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Athyal2015" class="citation book cs1">M. Athyal, Jesudas (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-RfYBgAAQBAJ&dq=%22christmas+island%22+%22in+southeast+asia%22&pg=PA40"><i>Religion in Southeast Asia: An Encyclopedia of Faiths and Cultures: An Encyclopedia of Faiths and Cultures</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610692502" title="Special:BookSources/9781610692502"><bdi>9781610692502</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+in+Southeast+Asia%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Faiths+and+Cultures%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Faiths+and+Cultures&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781610692502&rft.aulast=M.+Athyal&rft.aufirst=Jesudas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-RfYBgAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522christmas%2Bisland%2522%2B%2522in%2Bsoutheast%2Basia%2522%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wildlifetourism.org.au/christmas-island-australias-gem-in-the-indian-ocean/">"Christmas Island – Australia's Gem In The Indian Ocean"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christmas+Island+%E2%80%93+Australia%27s+Gem+In+The+Indian+Ocean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wildlifetourism.org.au%2Fchristmas-island-australias-gem-in-the-indian-ocean%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140819191359/https://parksaustralia.gov.au/christmas/pub/bird-brochure.pdf">"Christmas and Cocos Keeling Islands Birding Guide"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://parksaustralia.gov.au/christmas/pub/bird-brochure.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christmas+and+Cocos+Keeling+Islands+Birding+Guide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fparksaustralia.gov.au%2Fchristmas%2Fpub%2Fbird-brochure.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gov-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gov_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecat.ga.gov.au/geonetwork/srv/api/records/a05f7892-8f70-7506-e044-00144fdd4fa6">"BMR Cruise 107: Seabed Morphology and Offshore Resources around Christmas Island, Indian Ocean"</a>. <i>Product catalogue</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Product+catalogue&rft.atitle=BMR+Cruise+107%3A+Seabed+Morphology+and+Offshore+Resources+around+Christmas+Island%2C+Indian+Ocean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fecat.ga.gov.au%2Fgeonetwork%2Fsrv%2Fapi%2Frecords%2Fa05f7892-8f70-7506-e044-00144fdd4fa6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://parksaustralia.gov.au/marine/pub/scientific-publications/archive/conservation-christmas-cocos.pdf">"Conservation values in Commonwealth waters of the Christmas and Cocos (Keeling) Island remote Australian territories"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. CSIRO. August 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210305182602/https://parksaustralia.gov.au/marine/pub/scientific-publications/archive/conservation-christmas-cocos.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 5 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Conservation+values+in+Commonwealth+waters+of+the+Christmas+and+Cocos+%28Keeling%29+Island+remote+Australian+territories&rft.pub=CSIRO&rft.date=2009-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fparksaustralia.gov.au%2Fmarine%2Fpub%2Fscientific-publications%2Farchive%2Fconservation-christmas-cocos.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cocos-keeling-islands/">"Cocos (Keeling) Islands - The World Factbook"</a>. 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"The death of RongoRongo". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zcXH52jICOEC"><i>Writing and Script: A Very Short Introduction</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191579165" title="Special:BookSources/9780191579165"><bdi>9780191579165</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+death+of+RongoRongo&rft.btitle=Writing+and+Script%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780191579165&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzcXH52jICOEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheast+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeast_Asia&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Acharya, Amitav. <i>The making of Southeast Asia: International relations of a region</i> (Cornell UP, 2013).</li> <li>Ang, Cheng Guan. <i>Southeast Asia After the Cold War: A Contemporary History</i> (Singapore: NUS Press, 2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdiplo.org/to/E291">online review</a></li> <li>Ang, Cheng Guan. <i>Southeast Asia's Cold War: An Interpretive History</i> (University of Hawai’i Press, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issforum.org/roundtables/PDF/Roundtable-XX-39.pdf">online review</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210707163420/https://issforum.org/roundtables/PDF/Roundtable-XX-39.pdf">Archived</a> 7 July 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Barwise, J. M., and Nicholas J. White. <i>A traveller's history of Southeast Asia</i> (2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/travellershistor00jmba">online</a></li> <li>Cady, John F. <i>Southeast Asia: its historical development</i> (McGraw-Hill, 1964) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/southeastasiaits0000cady">online</a></li> <li>Cady, John F. <i>The roots of French imperialism in Eastern Asia</i> (1954) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rootsoffrenchimp0000cady">online</a></li> <li>Coedes, George. <i>The Making of South East Asia</i> (2nd ed. U of California Press, 1983).</li> <li>Dutt, Ashok K. <i>Southeast Asia: A Ten Nation Region</i> (1996) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Southeast-Asia-Nation-Region-Aug-1996/dp/B0108E8D7Y/ref=sr_1_1?Adv-Srch-Books-Submit.x=0&Adv-Srch-Books-Submit.y=0&dchild=1&qid=1602997636&refinements=p_28%3ASoutheast+Asia%3A+A+Ten+Nation+Region%2C&s=books&sr=1-1&unfiltered=1">excerpt</a></li> <li>Embree, Ainslie T., ed. <i>Encyclopedia of Asian history</i> (1988) <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofas0003unse/page/n5/mode/2up">vol. 1 online</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofas0002unse/page/n5/mode/2up">vol 2 online</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofas0003unse_l9c1/page/n5/mode/2up">vol 3 online</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofas0000embr">vol 4 online</a></li></ul></li> <li>Heidhues, Mary Somers. <i>Southeast Asia : a concise history</i> (2000) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/southeastasiacon0000some/page/n3/mode/2up">online</a></li> <li>Leinbach, Thomas R., and Richard Ulack. <i>Southeast Asia: diversity and development</i> (Prentice Hall, 1999) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/southeastasiadiv00thom">online</a>.</li> <li>Levinson, David, and Karen Christensen, eds. <i>Encyclopedia of Modern Asia</i>. (6 vol. Charles Scribner's Sons, 2002).</li> <li>Osborne, Milton. <i>Region of revolt: focus on Southeast Asia</i> (Elsevier, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/regionofrevoltfo0000osbo">online</a></li> <li>Osborne, Milton (2010; first published in 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4fzDN4374JUC"><i>Southeast Asia: An Introductory History</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729195150/https://books.google.com/books?id=4fzDN4374JUC">Archived</a> 29 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Allen & Unwin. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74237-302-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74237-302-7">978-1-74237-302-7</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/southeastasiaint0000osbo">online</a></li> <li>Osborne, Milton. <i>River at risk: the Mekong and water politics of China and Southeast Asia</i> (Longueville Media, 2004).</li> <li>Reid, Anthony (1999). <i>Charting the Shape of Early Modern Southeast Asia</i> Silkworm Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-974-7551-06-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-974-7551-06-8">978-974-7551-06-8</a></li> <li>Swearer, Donald K. <i>The Buddhist World of Southeast Asia</i> (2nd ed. 2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buddhistworldofsoutheastasiadonaldswearerk.sunny_883_t">online</a></li> <li>Ulack, Richard, and Gyula Pauer. <i>Atlas of Southeast Asia</i> (Macmillan, 1989) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atlasofsoutheast00ulac">online</a>.</li> <li>Williams, Lea E. <i>Southeast Asia : a history</i> (1976) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/southeastasiahis00will">online</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeast_Asia&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Southeast Asia</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Southeast_Asia" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Southeast Asia">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia" class="extiw" title="c:Southeast Asia">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Southeast_Asia" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Southeast Asia">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Southeast_Asia" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Southeast Asia">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Southeast_Asia" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Southeast Asia">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Southeast_Asia" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Southeast Asia">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Southeast_Asia" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Southeast Asia">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia" class="extiw" title="voy:Southeast Asia">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11708" class="extiw" title="d:Q11708">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121017052205/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/graphics/ref_maps/physical/pdf/southeast_asia.pdf">Topography of Southeast Asia in detail</a> (<a href="/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a>) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120916231056/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/graphics/ref_maps/pdf/southeast_asia.pdf">previous version</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121212135345/http://www.lib.uci.edu/libraries/collections/sea/sasian.html">Southeast Asian Archive at the University of California, Irvine</a> at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> (archived 12 December 2012)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sea.lib.niu.edu/">Southeast Asia Digital Library</a> at Northern Illinois University</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20030225003006/http://www.lib.uci.edu/libraries/collections/sea/seaexhibit/">"Documenting the Southeast Asian Refugee Experience", exhibit at the University of California, Irvine, Library</a> at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> (archived 25 February 2003)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seasiavisions.library.cornell.edu/">Southeast Asia Visions, a collection of historical travel narratives</a> Cornell University Library Digital Collection</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aseanta.org/en">Official website of the ASEAN Tourism Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p15324coll10/id/42850">Art of Island Southeast Asia</a>, a full text exhibition catalogue from The Metropolitan Museum of Art</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Southeast_Asian_topics" title="Template:Southeast Asian topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Southeast_Asian_topics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Southeast Asian topics (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Southeast_Asian_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Southeast Asian topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Southeast_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Southeast Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Southeast_Asian_countries" title="Category:Southeast Asian countries">Countries and regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Southeast_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/80px-Southeast_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Southeast_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/120px-Southeast_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Southeast_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/160px-Southeast_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="551" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Category:Culture of Southeast Asia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_arts" title="Southeast Asian arts">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_cinema" title="Southeast Asian cinema">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_architecture_in_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial architecture in Southeast Asia">Colonial architecture‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast Asian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_design#Southeast_Asian_gardens" title="Garden design">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Southeast Asia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Category:Music of Southeast Asia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Southeast_Asian_mythology" title="Category:Southeast Asian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Religion">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast Asian Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Islam in Southeast Asia">Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinosphere" title="Sinosphere">Sinosphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Southeast Asia">Economy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Category:Politics of Southeast Asia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in Southeast Asia">Human rights in Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Asia" title="Pacific Asia">Pacific Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_stock_exchanges#Southeast_Asian" title="List of Asian stock exchanges">Stock exchanges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Southeast_Asia" title="History of Southeast Asia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeology_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Category:Archaeology of Southeast Asia">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_cultures_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Category:Archaeological cultures of Southeast Asia">Archaeological cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast Asian Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age#Southeast_Asia" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_countries_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Category:Former countries in Southeast Asia">Former countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sport_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Category:Sport in Southeast Asia">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Football_Federation" title="ASEAN Football Federation">ASEAN Football Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast Asian Games">Southeast Asian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Southeast_Asian_martial_arts" title="Category:Southeast Asian martial arts">Southeast Asian martial arts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Category:Education in Southeast Asia">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CrossAsia" title="CrossAsia">CrossAsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_studies" title="Southeast Asian studies">Southeast Asian studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Southeast_Asian_Studies" title="Journal of Southeast Asian Studies">Journal of Southeast Asian Studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Category:Military in Southeast Asia">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_build-up_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Military build-up in Southeast Asia">Military build-up in Southeast Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_and_technology_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Category:Science and technology in Southeast Asia">Science and technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Southeast_Asian_swords" title="Category:Southeast Asian swords">Swords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Southeast_Asian_traditional_medicine" title="Category:Southeast Asian traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Regions_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_Asia" title="Template:Regions of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regions_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Regions of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regions_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regions of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Regions_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Subregion#Asia" title="Subregion">Regions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<b><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Central_Asia" title="Soviet Central Asia">The 'stans</a></b>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roof_of_the_World" title="Roof of the World">Roof of the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Middle_East" title="Greater Middle East">Greater Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aralkum_Desert" title="Aralkum Desert">Aralkum Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartary" title="Tartary">Tartary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turan" title="Turan">Turan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Greater Khorasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariana" title="Ariana">Ariana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arachosia" title="Arachosia">Arachosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazm" title="Khwarazm">Khwarazm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan" title="Sistan">Sistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstania" title="Kazakhstania">Kazakhstania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Steppe" title="Kazakh Steppe">Kazakh Steppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betpak-Dala" title="Betpak-Dala">Betpak-Dala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe" title="Eurasian Steppe">Eurasian Steppe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Steppe" title="Kazakh Steppe">Kazakh Steppe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian%E2%80%93Manchurian_grassland" title="Mongolian–Manchurian grassland">Mongolian–Manchurian grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamir_Mountains" title="Pamir Mountains">Pamir Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badakhshan" title="Badakhshan">Badakhshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhan_Corridor" title="Wakhan Corridor">Wakhan Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhjir_Pass" title="Wakhjir Pass">Wakhjir Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Imeon" title="Mount Imeon">Mount Imeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Plateau" title="Mongolian Plateau">Mongolian Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Regions" title="Western Regions">Western Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taklamakan_Desert" title="Taklamakan Desert">Taklamakan Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakoram" title="Karakoram">Karakoram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Karakoram_Tract" title="Trans-Karakoram Tract">Trans-Karakoram Tract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siachen_Glacier" title="Siachen Glacier">Siachen Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Northeast</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orient" title="Orient">Orient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Archipelago">Japanese Archipelago</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Japan_Arc" title="Northeastern Japan Arc">Northeastern Japan Arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakhalin_Island_Arc" title="Sakhalin Island Arc">Sakhalin Island Arc</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobi_Desert" title="Gobi Desert">Gobi Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taklamakan_Desert" title="Taklamakan Desert">Taklamakan Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Khingan" title="Greater Khingan">Greater Khingan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Plateau" title="Mongolian Plateau">Mongolian Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Asia" title="Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Asia" title="Greater Central Asia">Greater Central Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Mongolia" title="Outer Mongolia">Outer Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_proper" title="China proper">China proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">Northeast China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_China_Plain" title="Northeast China Plain">Northeast China Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Manchuria" title="Outer Manchuria">Outer Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian%E2%80%93Manchurian_grassland" title="Mongolian–Manchurian grassland">Mongolian–Manchurian grassland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_China_Plain" title="North China Plain">North China Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Mountains" title="Yan Mountains">Yan Mountains</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaodong_Peninsula" title="Liaodong Peninsula">Liaodong Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-mountain_Asia" title="High-mountain Asia">High-mountain Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakoram" title="Karakoram">Karakoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunlun_Mountains" title="Kunlun Mountains">Kunlun Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qilian_Mountains" title="Qilian Mountains">Qilian Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hengduan_Mountains" title="Hengduan Mountains">Hengduan Mountains</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinling_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Qinling Mountains">Qinling Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_Basin" title="Sichuan Basin">Sichuan Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Silk_Road" title="Northern Silk Road">Northern Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexi_Corridor" title="Hexi Corridor">Hexi Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunnan%E2%80%93Guizhou_Plateau" title="Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau">Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingnan" title="Lingnan">Lingnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liangguang" title="Liangguang">Liangguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangnan" title="Jiangnan">Jiangnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianghuai" title="Jianghuai">Jianghuai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanzhong" title="Guanzhong">Guanzhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huizhou,_Anhui" title="Huizhou, Anhui">Huizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_(region)" title="Wu (region)">Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaozhou_(region)" title="Jiaozhou (region)">Jiaozhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongyuan" title="Zhongyuan">Zhongyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Shaanxi" title="Southern Shaanxi">Shaannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_Plateau" title="Ordos Plateau">Ordos Loop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loess_Plateau" title="Loess Plateau">Loess Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Shaanxi" title="Northern Shaanxi">Shaanbei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamgyong_Mountains" title="Hamgyong Mountains">Hamgyong Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Mountain_Range" title="Central Mountain Range">Central Mountain Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Alps" title="Japanese Alps">Japanese Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzuka_Mountains" title="Suzuka Mountains">Suzuka Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leizhou_Peninsula" title="Leizhou Peninsula">Leizhou Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin" title="Gulf of Tonkin">Gulf of Tonkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_Delta" title="Yangtze Delta">Yangtze Delta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_Delta" title="Pearl River Delta">Pearl River Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenisey" title="Yenisey">Yenisey Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhan_Corridor" title="Wakhan Corridor">Wakhan Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhjir_Pass" title="Wakhjir Pass">Wakhjir Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pacific_Asia" title="Pacific Asia">Pacific Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asia–Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Asia" title="Tropical Asia">Tropical Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Asia" title="Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_(region)" title="Ural (region)">Ural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pacific_Asia" title="Pacific Asia">Pacific Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okhotsk%E2%80%93Manchurian_taiga" title="Okhotsk–Manchurian taiga">Okhotsk–Manchurian taiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia">Beringia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chukchi_Peninsula" title="Chukchi Peninsula">Chukchi Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_Peninsula" title="Kamchatka Peninsula">Kamchatka Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Extreme North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartary" title="Tartary">Tartary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baikalia" title="Baikalia">Baikalia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lake_Baikal" title="Lake Baikal">Lake Baikal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baraba_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Baraba steppe">Baraba steppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatanga_Gulf" title="Khatanga Gulf">Khatanga Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transbaikal" title="Transbaikal">Transbaikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Siberia" title="Western Siberia">West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amur" title="Amur">Amur Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenisey_Gulf" title="Yenisey Gulf">Yenisey Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenisey" title="Yenisey">Yenisey Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhote-Alin" title="Sikhote-Alin">Sikhote-Alin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolyma" title="Kolyma">Kolyma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bering_Strait" title="Bering Strait">Bering Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Manchuria" title="Outer Manchuria">Outer Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asia–Pacific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Southeast</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/East_Indies" title="East Indies">East Indies</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orient" title="Orient">Orient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundaland" title="Sundaland">Sundaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland/Indochina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Triangle_temperate_forests" title="Northern Triangle temperate forests">Northern Triangle temperate forests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime</a>/<a href="/wiki/Malay_Archipelago" title="Malay Archipelago">Malay Archipelago</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Peninsular Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Islands" title="Sunda Islands">Sunda Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Sunda_Islands" title="Greater Sunda Islands">Greater Sunda Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands" title="Lesser Sunda Islands">Lesser Sunda Islands</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Indonesia" title="List of islands of Indonesia">Indonesian Archipelago</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nusantara_(archipelago)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nusantara (archipelago)">Nusantara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wallacea" title="Wallacea">Wallacea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timor" title="Timor">Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Philippines" title="List of islands of the Philippines">Philippine Archipelago</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visayas" title="Visayas">Visayas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leyte_Gulf" title="Leyte Gulf">Leyte Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand" title="Gulf of Thailand">Gulf of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Indies" title="East Indies">East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanyang_(region)" title="Nanyang (region)">Nanyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpide_belt" title="Alpide belt">Alpide belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pacific_Asia" title="Pacific Asia">Pacific Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asia–Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Asia" title="Tropical Asia">Tropical Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian Subcontinent</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of South Asia">Subregions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_South_Asia" title="Eastern South Asia">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_South_Asia" title="Northern South Asia">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_South_Asia" title="Northwestern South Asia">Northwestern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_South_Asia" title="Southern South Asia">Southern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orient" title="Orient">Orient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kangchenjunga" title="Kangchenjunga">Kangchenjunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Devi" title="Nanda Devi">Nanda Devi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_region" title="Carnatic region">Carnatic region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamilakam" title="Tamilakam">Tamilakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ghats" title="Eastern Ghats">Eastern Ghats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganges_Basin" title="Ganges Basin">Ganges Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganges_Delta" title="Ganges Delta">Ganges Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guzgan" title="Guzgan">Guzgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunistan" title="Pashtunistan">Pashtunistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan">Balochistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gedrosia" title="Gedrosia">Gedrosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makran" title="Makran">Makran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathwada" title="Marathwada">Marathwada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Valley" title="Kashmir Valley">Kashmir Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_Panjal_Range" title="Pir Panjal Range">Pir Panjal Range</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Thar Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_River_Delta" title="Indus River Delta">Indus River Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Desert" title="Indus Valley Desert">Indus Valley Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Coastal_Plains" title="Eastern Coastal Plains">Eastern Coastal Plains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinga (historical region)">Kalinga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Coastal_Plains" title="Western Coastal Plains">Western Coastal Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghalaya_subtropical_forests" title="Meghalaya subtropical forests">Meghalaya subtropical forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Gangetic_Plains_moist_deciduous_forests" title="Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests">Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Himalayan_alpine_shrub_and_meadows" title="Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows">Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doab" title="Doab">Doab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagar_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagar tract">Bagar tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Rann_of_Kutch" title="Great Rann of Kutch">Great Rann of Kutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Rann_of_Kutch" title="Little Rann of Kutch">Little Rann of Kutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coromandel_Coast" title="Coromandel Coast">Coromandel Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkan" title="Konkan">Konkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_Divi_Point" title="False Divi Point">False Divi Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_Belt" title="Hindi Belt">Hindi Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksai_Chin" title="Aksai Chin">Aksai Chin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltistan" title="Baltistan">Baltistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigar_Valley" title="Shigar Valley">Shigar Valley</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-mountain_Asia" title="High-mountain Asia">High-mountain Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakoram" title="Karakoram">Karakoram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saltoro_Mountains" title="Saltoro Mountains">Saltoro Mountains</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siachen_Glacier" title="Siachen Glacier">Siachen Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Khambhat" title="Gulf of Khambhat">Gulf of Khambhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Kutch" title="Gulf of Kutch">Gulf of Kutch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halar" title="Halar">Halar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mannar" title="Gulf of Mannar">Gulf of Mannar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palk_Strait" title="Palk Strait">Palk Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Karakoram_Tract" title="Trans-Karakoram Tract">Trans-Karakoram Tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhan_Corridor" title="Wakhan Corridor">Wakhan Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhjir_Pass" title="Wakhjir Pass">Wakhjir Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laccadive_Islands" title="Laccadive Islands">Laccadive Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminidivi" title="Aminidivi">Aminidivi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paropamisadae" title="Paropamisadae">Paropamisadae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_Islands" title="Andaman Islands">Andaman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicobar_Islands" title="Nicobar Islands">Nicobar Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpide_belt" title="Alpide belt">Alpide belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asia–Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Asia" title="Tropical Asia">Tropical Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanish_Islands" title="Hanish Islands">Hanish Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirate Coast">Pirate Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Hormuz" title="Strait of Hormuz">Strait of Hormuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_and_Lesser_Tunbs" title="Greater and Lesser Tunbs">Greater and Lesser Tunbs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Faw_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Faw Peninsula">Al-Faw Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Oman" title="Gulf of Oman">Gulf of Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba" title="Gulf of Aqaba">Gulf of Aqaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan">Balochistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Najd</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Yamama" title="Al-Yamama">Al-Yamama</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tihamah" title="Tihamah">Tihamah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabia" title="Eastern Arabia">Eastern Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Arabia" title="South Arabia">South Arabia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadhramaut" title="Hadhramaut">Hadhramaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula_coastal_fog_desert" title="Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert">Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sharat" title="Al-Sharat">Al-Sharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigris%E2%80%93Euphrates_river_system" title="Tigris–Euphrates river system">Tigris–Euphrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">Upper Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Mesopotamia" title="Lower Mesopotamia">Lower Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawad" title="Sawad">Sawad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineveh_Plains" title="Nineveh Plains">Nineveh Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkad_(city)" title="Akkad (city)">Akkad (region)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suhum" title="Suhum">Suhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eber-Nari" title="Eber-Nari">Eber-Nari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria region</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transjordan_(region)" title="Transjordan (region)">Transjordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Rift_Valley" title="Jordan Rift Valley">Jordan Rift Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philistia" title="Philistia">Philistia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hula_Valley" title="Hula Valley">Hula Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilead" title="Gilead">Gilead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabah" title="Arabah">Arabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aram_(region)" title="Aram (region)">Aram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aram-Naharaim" title="Aram-Naharaim">Aram-Naharaim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retjenu" title="Retjenu">Retjenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lebanon_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Lebanon Mountains">Anti-Lebanon Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bekaa_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Bekaa valley">Bekaa valley</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Desert" title="Arabian Desert">Arabian Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Iranian Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauran" title="Hauran">Hauran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Kavir" title="Dasht-e Kavir">Dasht-e Kavir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Highlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Highlands">Armenian Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Caucasus" title="Greater Caucasus">Greater Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Caucasus" title="Lesser Caucasus">Lesser Caucasus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shirvan" title="Shirvan">Shirvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kur-Araz_Lowland" class="mw-redirect" title="Kur-Araz Lowland">Kur-Araz Lowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lankaran_Lowland" title="Lankaran Lowland">Lankaran Lowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alborz" title="Alborz">Alborz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absheron_Peninsula" title="Absheron Peninsula">Absheron Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartli" title="Kartli">Kartli</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taurus_Mountains" title="Taurus Mountains">Taurus Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeolis" title="Aeolis">Aeolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphlagonia" title="Paphlagonia">Paphlagonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phasiane_(historical_region)" title="Phasiane (historical region)">Phasiane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isauria" title="Isauria">Isauria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corduene" class="mw-redirect" title="Corduene">Corduene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldia" title="Chaldia">Chaldia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycaonia" title="Lycaonia">Lycaonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidia" title="Pisidia">Pisidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysia" title="Mysia">Mysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arzawa" title="Arzawa">Arzawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speri_(region)" title="Speri (region)">Speri </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophene" title="Sophene">Sophene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biga_Peninsula" title="Biga Peninsula">Biga Peninsula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Troad" title="Troad">Troad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyana#Neo-Hittite_period" title="Tyana">Tuwana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpide_belt" title="Alpide belt">Alpide belt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/316430153">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4058448-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573262">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Asie jihovýchodní"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge128682&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group 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