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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarix_m%C9%99kt%C9%99bi_(iqtisadiyyat)" title="Tarix məktəbi (iqtisadiyyat) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tarix məktəbi (iqtisadiyyat)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Историческа школа в икономиката – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Историческа школа в икономиката" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%9Bmeck%C3%A1_historick%C3%A1_%C5%A1kola" title="Německá historická škola – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Německá historická škola" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historische_Schule_der_National%C3%B6konomie" title="Historische Schule der Nationalökonomie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Historische Schule der Nationalökonomie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escuela_historicista_alemana_de_econom%C3%ADa" title="Escuela historicista alemana de economía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Escuela historicista alemana de economía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A8_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="مکتب تاریخی اقتصاد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مکتب تاریخی اقتصاد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historicisme_(%C3%A9conomie)" title="Historicisme (économie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Historicisme (économie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC%ED%95%99%ED%8C%8C_%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%9C%ED%95%99" title="역사학파 경제학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="역사학파 경제학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A4%D5%BA%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%81_(%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6)" title="Պատմական դպրոց (տնտեսագիտություն) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պատմական դպրոց (տնտեսագիտություն)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuola_storica_tedesca" title="Scuola storica tedesca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Scuola storica tedesca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%90%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A5" title="ಅರ್ಥಶಾಸ್ತ್ರದ ಐತಿಹಾಸಿಕ ಪಂಥ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅರ್ಥಶಾಸ್ತ್ರದ ಐತಿಹಾಸಿಕ ಪಂಥ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%85%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF" title="Тарыхый мектеп – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тарыхый мектеп" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historische_school" title="Historische school – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Historische school" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%A6%E6%B4%BE" title="歴史学派 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="歴史学派" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niemiecka_szko%C5%82a_historyczna" title="Niemiecka szkoła historyczna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Niemiecka szkoła historyczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escola_historicista_alem%C3%A3_de_economia" title="Escola historicista alemã de economia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Escola historicista alemã de economia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_(%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Историческая школа (экономика) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Историческая школа (экономика)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Німецька історична школа економіки – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Німецька історична школа економіки" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" title="經濟歷史學派 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="經濟歷史學派" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> 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href="/wiki/File:Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg/120px-Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg/180px-Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg/240px-Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="217" data-file-height="217" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_economic_thought" title="History of economic thought">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_economics" title="Outline of economics">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_economics_articles" title="Index of economics articles">Index</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Branches and <a href="/wiki/JEL_classification_codes" title="JEL classification codes">classifications</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applied_economics" title="Applied economics">Applied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econometrics" title="Econometrics">Econometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterodox_economics" title="Heterodox economics">Heterodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_economics" title="International economics">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microeconomics" title="Microeconomics">Micro</a> / <a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">Macro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_economics" title="Mainstream economics">Mainstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_economics" title="Mathematical economics">Mathematical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_methodology" title="Economic methodology">Methodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JEL_classification_codes" title="JEL classification codes">JEL classification codes</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts, theory and techniques</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">Economic systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">Economic growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_(economics)" title="Market (economics)">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_accounts" title="National accounts">National accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_economics" title="Experimental economics">Experimental economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_economics" title="Computational economics">Computational economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">Game theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_income_trap" title="Middle income trap">Middle income trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_complex" title="Industrial complex">Industrial complex</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">By application</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_economics" title="Agricultural economics">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">Behavioral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_economics" title="Business economics">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_economics" title="Cultural economics">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_and_economic_growth" title="Democracy and economic growth">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_economics" title="Demographic economics">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_economics" title="Development economics">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_digitization" title="Economics of digitization">Digitization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_economics" title="Education economics">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_economics" title="Engineering economics">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_economics" title="Environmental economics">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_economics" title="Expeditionary economics">Expeditionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_economics" title="Financial economics">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geography" title="Economic geography">Geographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness_economics" title="Happiness economics">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_economics" title="Health economics">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history" title="Economic history">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_economics" title="Humanistic economics">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_organization" title="Industrial organization">Industrial organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_economics" title="Information economics">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_economics" title="Institutional economics">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_economy" title="Knowledge economy">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_economics" title="Labour economics">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_economics" title="Law and economics">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_economics" title="Managerial economics">Managerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_economics" title="Monetary economics">Monetary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_economics" title="Natural resource economics">Natural resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_economics" title="Organizational economics">Organizational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_participation" title="Economics of participation">Participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personnel_economics" title="Personnel economics">Personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">Planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy" title="Economic policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_economics" title="Public economics">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_choice" title="Public choice">Public choice</a> / <a href="/wiki/Social_choice_theory" title="Social choice theory">Social choice theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_economics" title="Regional economics">Regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_economics" title="Rural economics">Rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_economy" title="Service economy">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomics">Socio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_sociology" title="Economic sociology">Sociological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_economy" title="Solidarity economy">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_statistics" title="Economic statistics">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_economics" title="Urban economics">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_economics" title="Welfare economics">Welfare</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Notable <a href="/wiki/Economist" title="Economist">economists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_de_Mandeville" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard de Mandeville">de Mandeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Quesnay" title="François Quesnay">Quesnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus" title="Thomas Robert Malthus">Malthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_von_Th%C3%BCnen" title="Johann Heinrich von Thünen">von Thünen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Cournot" title="Antoine Augustin Cournot">Cournot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Heinrich_Gossen" title="Hermann Heinrich Gossen">Gossen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Walras" title="Léon Walras">Walras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stanley_Jevons" title="William Stanley Jevons">Jevons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Menger" title="Carl Menger">Menger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Marshall" title="Alfred Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Ysidro_Edgeworth" title="Francis Ysidro Edgeworth">Edgeworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bates_Clark" title="John Bates Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_von_B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk">von Böhm-Bawerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Wieser" title="Friedrich von Wieser">von Wieser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Veblen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cecil_Pigou" title="Arthur Cecil Pigou">Pigou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Heckscher" title="Eli Heckscher">Heckscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">von Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Schumpeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Knight" title="Frank Knight">Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Frisch" title="Ragnar Frisch">Frisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piero_Sraffa" title="Piero Sraffa">Sraffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal">Myrdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kalecki" title="Michał Kalecki">Kalecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Kuznets" title="Simon Kuznets">Kuznets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Tinbergen" title="Jan Tinbergen">Tinbergen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Robinson" title="Joan Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">von Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hicks" title="John Hicks">Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_R._Lange" title="Oskar R. Lange">Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Leontief" title="Wassily Leontief">Leontief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">Galbraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tjalling_Koopmans" title="Tjalling Koopmans">Koopmans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._F._Schumacher" title="E. F. Schumacher">Schumacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Samuelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Buchanan" title="James M. Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baumol" title="William Baumol">Baumol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Solow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Greenspan" title="Alan Greenspan">Greenspan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Becker" title="Gary Becker">Becker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom">Ostrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lucas_Jr." title="Robert Lucas Jr.">Lucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Stiglitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Thaler" title="Richard Thaler">Thaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economics_sidebar" title="Template:Economics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economics_sidebar" title="Template talk:Economics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>German historical school of economics</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. was an <a href="/wiki/Economic_methodology" title="Economic methodology">approach</a> to academic <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">public administration</a> that emerged in the 19th century in Germany, and held sway there until well into the 20th century. The professors involved compiled massive economic histories of Germany and Europe. Numerous Americans were their students.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The school was opposed by theoretical economists. Prominent leaders included <a href="/wiki/Gustav_von_Schmoller" title="Gustav von Schmoller">Gustav von Schmoller</a> (1838–1917), and <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a> (1864–1920) in Germany, and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Joseph Schumpeter</a> (1883–1950) in Austria and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tenets">Tenets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_school_of_economics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Tenets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The historical school held that <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a> was the key source of knowledge about human actions and economic matters, since economics was culture-specific, and hence not generalizable over space and time. The school rejected the universal validity of economic <a href="/wiki/Theorem" title="Theorem">theorems</a>. They saw economics as resulting from careful empirical and historical analysis instead of from logic and mathematics. The school also rejected <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_model" title="Mathematical model">mathematical modelling</a>. </p><p>Most members of the school were also <i>Sozialpolitiker</i> (social policy advocates), i.e. concerned with social reform and improved conditions for the common man during a period of heavy <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">industrialization</a>. They were more disparagingly referred to as <i>Kathedersozialisten</i>, rendered in English as "socialists of the chair" (compare <a href="/wiki/Armchair_revolutionary" title="Armchair revolutionary">armchair revolutionary</a>), due to their positions as professors. </p><p>The historical school can be divided into three tendencies:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>the Older, led by <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Roscher" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Roscher">Wilhelm Roscher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Knies" title="Karl Knies">Karl Knies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Hildebrand" title="Bruno Hildebrand">Bruno Hildebrand</a>;</li> <li>the Younger, led by <a href="/wiki/Gustav_von_Schmoller" title="Gustav von Schmoller">Gustav von Schmoller</a>, and also including <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Laspeyres" title="Étienne Laspeyres">Étienne Laspeyres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_B%C3%BCcher" title="Karl Bücher">Karl Bücher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adolph_Wagner" title="Adolph Wagner">Adolph Wagner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_Knapp" title="Georg Friedrich Knapp">Georg Friedrich Knapp</a> and to some extent <a href="/wiki/Lujo_Brentano" title="Lujo Brentano">Lujo Brentano</a>;</li> <li>the Youngest, led by <a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Werner Sombart</a> and including, to a very large extent, <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a>.</li></ul> <p>Predecessors included <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List">Friedrich List</a> <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Adam Müller</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>The historical school largely controlled appointments to chairs of economics in German universities, as many of the advisors of <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Althoff" title="Friedrich Althoff">Friedrich Althoff</a>, head of the university department in the <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> Ministry of Education 1882–1907, had studied under members of the school. Moreover, Prussia was the intellectual powerhouse of Germany, so dominated academia, not only in central Europe, but also in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> until about 1900, because the American economics profession was led by holders of German PhDs. The historical school was involved in the <i><a href="/wiki/Methodenstreit" title="Methodenstreit">Methodenstreit</a></i> ("strife over method") with the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian school">Austrian school</a>, whose orientation was more theoretical and aprioristic. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_in_Britain_and_the_United_States">Influence in Britain and the United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_school_of_economics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Influence in Britain and the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The historical school had a significant impact on Britain, 1860s–1930s. <a href="/wiki/Thorold_Rogers" title="Thorold Rogers">Thorold Rogers</a> (1823–1890) was the Tooke Professor of Statistics and Economic Science at King's College London, from 1859 until his death. He is best known for compiling the monumental <i>A History of Agriculture and Prices in England from 1259 to 1793</i> (7 vol. 1866–1902), which is still useful to scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_Ashley_(economic_historian)" title="William Ashley (economic historian)">William Ashley</a> (1860–1927) introduced British scholars to the historical school as developed in Germany. In the United States the school influenced the institutional economists, such as <a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Thorstein Veblen</a> (1857–1929) and especially the Wisconsin school of labor history led by <a href="/wiki/John_R._Commons" title="John R. Commons">John R. Commons</a> (1862–1945). More importantly, numerous aspiring economists undertook graduate studies at German universities, including <a href="/wiki/John_Bates_Clark" title="John Bates Clark">John Bates Clark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_T._Ely" title="Richard T. Ely">Richard T. Ely</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Jenks" title="Jeremiah Jenks">Jeremiah Jenks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Patten" title="Simon Patten">Simon Patten</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Frank_William_Taussig" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank William Taussig">Frank William Taussig</a>. </p><p>Canadian scholars influenced by the school were led by <a href="/wiki/Harold_Innis" title="Harold Innis">Harold Innis</a> (1894–1952) at Toronto. His <a href="/wiki/Staples_thesis" title="Staples thesis">staples thesis</a> holds that Canada's culture, political history and economy have been decisively influenced by the exploitation and export of a series of "staples" such as <a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">fur</a>, fishing, lumber, wheat, mined metals and coal. The staple thesis dominated economic history in Canada 1930s–1960s, and is still used by some.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After 1930 the historical school declined or disappeared in most economics departments. It lingered in history departments and business schools. The major influence in the 1930s and 1940s was <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Joseph Schumpeter</a> with his dynamic, change-oriented, and innovation-based economics. Although his writings could be critical of the school, Schumpeter's work on the role of innovation and entrepreneurship can be seen as a continuation of ideas originated by the historical school, especially the work of von Schmoller and Sombart. <a href="/wiki/Alfred_D._Chandler,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred D. Chandler, Jr.">Alfred D. Chandler, Jr.</a> (1918–2007), had a major impact on approaching business issues through historical studies.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Members_of_the_school">Members of the school</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_school_of_economics&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Members of the school"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_B%C3%BCcher" title="Karl Bücher">Karl Bücher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Hildebrand" title="Bruno Hildebrand">Bruno Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_Knapp" title="Georg Friedrich Knapp">Georg Friedrich Knapp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Knies" title="Karl Knies">Karl Knies</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Laspeyres" title="Étienne Laspeyres">Étienne Laspeyres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Roscher" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Roscher">Wilhelm Roscher</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_von_Schmoller" title="Gustav von Schmoller">Gustav von Schmoller</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Werner Sombart</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_Wagner" title="Adolph Wagner">Adolph Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Karl Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Joseph Schumpeter</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="English_school">English school</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_school_of_economics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: English school"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/English_historical_school_of_economics" title="English historical school of economics">English historical school of economics</a></div> <p>Although not nearly as famous as its German counterpart, there was also an <a href="/wiki/English_historical_school_of_economics" title="English historical school of economics">English historical school</a>, whose figures included <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Herbert Spencer</a>. This school heavily critiqued the deductive approach of the classical economists, especially the writings of <a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">David Ricardo</a>. This school revered the inductive process and called for the merging of historical fact with those of the present period. Included in this school are: <a href="/wiki/William_Whewell" title="William Whewell">William Whewell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Jones_(economist)" title="Richard Jones (economist)">Richard Jones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Bagehot" title="Walter Bagehot">Walter Bagehot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thorold_Rogers" title="Thorold Rogers">Thorold Rogers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Toynbee_(historian,_born_1852)" title="Arnold Toynbee (historian, born 1852)">Arnold Toynbee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Cunningham_(economist)" title="William Cunningham (economist)">William Cunningham</a>, to name a few. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_school_of_economics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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the United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Historical_School" class="mw-redirect" title="German Historical School">German Historical School of Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productivity_improving_technologies_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Productivity improving technologies (historical)">Productivity improving technologies (historical)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_school_of_economics&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.hetwebsite.net/het/schools/historic.htm">https://www.hetwebsite.net/het/schools/historic.htm</a> The German Historical School Consulted November 22, 2024. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHerbst1965" class="citation book cs1">Herbst, Jurgen (1965) [1935]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9PM2AAAAIAAJ"><i>The German Historical School in American Scholarship: A Study in the Transfer of Culture</i></a>. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804616669" title="Special:BookSources/9780804616669"><bdi>9780804616669</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Historical+School+in+American+Scholarship%3A+A+Study+in+the+Transfer+of+Culture&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=9780804616669&rft.aulast=Herbst&rft.aufirst=Jurgen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9PM2AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+school+of+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuichi_Shionoya2005" class="citation book cs1">Yuichi Shionoya (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NDhzf645sBcC"><i>The Soul of the German Historical School: Methodological Essays on Schmoller, Weber and Schumpeter</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780387230832" title="Special:BookSources/9780387230832"><bdi>9780387230832</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soul+of+the+German+Historical+School%3A+Methodological+Essays+on+Schmoller%2C+Weber+and+Schumpeter&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780387230832&rft.au=Yuichi+Shionoya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNDhzf645sBcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+school+of+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shionoya, Yuichi. (2005). <i>The Soul of the German Historical School</i>. Springer, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fonseca Gl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/list.htm">Friedrich List, 1789–1846</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090104012325/http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/list.htm">Archived</a> 2009-01-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. New School.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.hetwebsite.net/het/schools/historic.htm">https://www.hetwebsite.net/het/schools/historic.htm</a> The German Historical School Consulted November 22, 2024. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. J. Ashley, "James E. Thorold Rogers" <i>Political Science Quarterly</i> (1889) pp. 381–407. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2139135">in JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alon Kadish, <i>Historians, Economists, and Economic History</i> (2012) pp. 3–35 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Historians-Economists-Economic-Routledge-Revivals/dp/0415613973">excerpt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160201050220/http://www.amazon.com/Historians-Economists-Economic-Routledge-Revivals/dp/0415613973">Archived</a> 2016-02-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W.T. Easterbrook and M. H. Watkins, eds. "The Staple Approach" in <i>Approaches to Canadian Economic History</i>. (Carleton University Press, 1984) pp. 1–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard R. John, "Elaborations, Revisions, Dissents: Alfred D. Chandler, Jr.'s, The Visible Hand After Twenty Years." <i>Business History Review</i> 71:2 (1997): 151–200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jun Kobayashi, "Karl Knies's conception of political economy." in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuichi_Shionoya2002" class="citation book cs1">Yuichi Shionoya (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4EmFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA54"><i>The German Historical School: The Historical and Ethical Approach to Economics</i></a>. Routledge. p. 54ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134620456" title="Special:BookSources/9781134620456"><bdi>9781134620456</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Historical+School%3A+The+Historical+and+Ethical+Approach+to+Economics&rft.pages=54ff&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781134620456&rft.au=Yuichi+Shionoya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4EmFAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+school+of+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harald Hagemann, "Wilhelm Roscher's crises theory." in <i>Crises and Cycles in Economic Dictionaries and Encyclopaedias</i> 130 (2013): 197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rudolf Richter, "Bridging Old and New Institutional Economics: Gustav Schmoller, Leader of the Younger German Historical School, Seen with Neoinstitutionalists' Eyes." in <i>Essays on New Institutional Economics</i> (Springer International Publishing, 2015) pp: 135-160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manfred Prisching, "Understanding inescapable modernization: Werner Sombart and Joseph Schumpeter." <i>Journal of Evolutionary Economics</i> 25.1 (2015): 185+</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manfred Prisching, "Understanding inescapable modernization: Werner Sombart and Joseph Schumpeter." <i>Journal of Evolutionary Economics</i> 25.1 (2015): 185+</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_school_of_economics&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Avtonomov, Vladimir, and Georgy Gloveli. (2015) "The influence of the German Historical School on economic theory and economic thought in Russia." <i>The German Historical School and European Economic Thought</i>: 185+.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBliss,_W.D.P._ed.1898" class="citation book cs1">Bliss, W.D.P. ed. (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kBhPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1039"><i>The encyclopedia of social reform: including political economy, political science, sociology and statistics</i></a>. pp. 1039 ff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+encyclopedia+of+social+reform%3A+including+political+economy%2C+political+science%2C+sociology+and+statistics&rft.pages=1039+ff&rft.date=1898&rft.au=Bliss%2C+W.D.P.+ed.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkBhPAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA1039&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+school+of+economics" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span>.</li> <li>Bücher, Karl (1927). <i>Industrial Evolution.</i> 6th ed. New York, NY: Holt.</li> <li>Backhaus, Jürgen G. (1994), ed. "Gustav Schmoller and the Problems of Today". <i>History of Economic Ideas</i>, vols. I/1993/3, II/1994/1.</li> <li>Backhaus, Jürgen G. (1997), ed. <i>Essays in Social Security and Taxation. Gustav von Schmoller and Adolph Wagner Reconsidered.</i> Marburg: Metropolis.</li> <li>Backhaus, Jürgen G. (2000), ed. <i>Karl Bücher: Theory – History – Anthropology – Non Market Economies.</i> Marburg: Metropolis.</li> <li>Balabkins, Nicholas W. (1988). <i>Not by theory alone...: The Economics of Gustav von Schmoller and Its Legacy to America.</i> (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot).</li> <li>Campagnolo, Gilles, and Christel Vivel. "Before Schumpeter: forerunners of the theory of the entrepreneur in 1900s German political economy – Werner Sombart, Friedrich von Wieser." <i>European Journal of the History of Economic Thought</i> 19.6 (2012): 908–43.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ha_Joon_Chang" class="mw-redirect" title="Ha Joon Chang">Chang, Ha-Joon</a> (2002). <i>Kicking Away the Ladder. Development Strategy in Historical Perspective.</i> London: Anthem.</li> <li>Dorfman, Joseph. "The role of the German historical school in American economic thought." <i>American Economic Review</i> (1955): 17–28. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1823538">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Grimmer-Solem, Erik (2003). <i>The Rise of Historical Economics and Social Reform in Germany, 1864–1894.</i> (Oxford University Press).</li> <li>Grimmer-Solem, Erik, and Roberto Romani. "The historical school, 1870–1900: A cross-national reassessment." <i>History of European Ideas</i> 24.4–5 (1998): 267–99.</li> <li>Hauk, A. M. (2012) <i>Methodology of the Social Sciences, Ethics, and Economics in the Newer Historical School: From Max Weber and Rickert to Sombart and Rothacker</i> Ed. Peter Koslowski. Springer Science & Business Media.</li> <li>Hodgson, Geoffrey M. (2001). <i>How economics forgot history. The problem of historical specificity in social science.</i> London – New York: Routledge.</li> <li>Kadish, Alon (2012). <i>Historians, Economists, and Economic History</i> pp. 3–35 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Historians-Economists-Economic-Routledge-Revivals/dp/0415613973">excerpt</a></li> <li>Koslowski, Peter, ed. (2013). <i>The Theory of Capitalism in the German Economic Tradition: Historism, Ordo-Liberalism, Critical Theory, Solidarism</i>. Springer Science & Business Media.</li> <li>Lindenfeld, David F. (1993). "The Myth of the Older Historical School of Economics." <i>Central European History</i> 26#4: 405–16.</li> <li>Pearson, Heath. "Was there really a German historical school of economics?." <i>History of Political Economy</i> 31.3 (1999): 547–62.</li> <li>Reinert, Erik (2007). <i>How Rich Countries Got Rich ... and Why Poor Countries Stay Poor</i>. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers.</li> <li>Roscher, Wilhelm. <i>Principles of Political Economy.</i> 2 vols. From the 13th (1877) German edition. Chicago: Callaghan.</li> <li>Schumpeter, J. A. (1984). "History of Economic Analysis". London: Routledge.</li> <li>Seligman, Edwin A. (1925). <i>Essays in Economics.</i> New York: Macmillan.</li> <li>Shionoya, Yuichi (2001), ed. <i>The German Historical School: The Historical and Ethical Approach to Economics.</i> (Routledge).</li> <li>Shionoya, Yuichi (2005), <i>The Soul of the German Historical School</i>. Springer.</li> <li>Tribe, Keith (1988) <i>Governing Economy. The Reformation of German Economic Discourse</i> (Cambridge University Press).</li> <li>Tribe, Keith (1995) <i>Strategies of Economic Order. German Economic Discourse 1750–1950</i> (Cambridge University Press) (Republished 2006)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_school_of_economics&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newschool.edu/nssr/default.aspx">New School for Social Research</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Historical school of economics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_B%C3%BCcher" title="Karl Bücher">Karl Bücher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gustav_Droysen" title="Johann Gustav Droysen">Johann Gustav Droysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Hildebrand" title="Bruno Hildebrand">Bruno Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_Knapp" title="Georg Friedrich Knapp">Georg Friedrich Knapp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Knies" title="Karl Knies">Karl Knies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Laspeyres" title="Étienne Laspeyres">Étienne Laspeyres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List">Friedrich List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Karl Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">Leopold von Ranke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Georg_Friedrich_Roscher" title="Wilhelm Georg Friedrich Roscher">Wilhelm Roscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_von_Schmoller" title="Gustav von Schmoller">Gustav von Schmoller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Joseph Schumpeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Werner Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Treitschke" title="Heinrich von Treitschke">Heinrich von Treitschke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_Wagner" title="Adolph Wagner">Adolph Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contributions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creative_destruction" title="Creative destruction">Creative destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disenchantment" title="Disenchantment">Disenchantment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_movement" title="Double movement">Double movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economistic_fallacy" title="Economistic fallacy">Economistic fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embeddedness" title="Embeddedness">Embeddedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightened_absolutism" title="Enlightened absolutism">Enlightened absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictitious_commodities" title="Fictitious commodities">Fictitious commodities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_type" title="Ideal type">Ideal type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovation_economics" title="Innovation economics">Innovation economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_cage" title="Iron cage">Iron cage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_index#Paasche_and_Laspeyres_price_indices" title="Price index">Laspeyres price index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_chances" title="Life chances">Life chances</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Methodenstreit" title="Methodenstreit">Methodenstreit</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodological_individualism" title="Methodological individualism">Methodological individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">Monopoly on violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_innovation_system" title="National innovation system">National innovation system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(philosophy)" title="Identity (philosophy)">Philosophy of identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalization_(sociology)" title="Rationalization (sociology)">Rationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schumpeterian_rent" title="Schumpeterian rent">Schumpeterian rent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_action" title="Social action">Social action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantivism" title="Substantivism">Substantivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy#Max_Weber" title="Bureaucracy">Theory of Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_cycle" title="Business cycle">Theory of business cycles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-component_theory_of_stratification" title="Three-component theory of stratification">Three-component theory of stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_classification_of_authority" title="Tripartite classification of authority">Tripartite classification of authority</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Verstehen" title="Verstehen">Verstehen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner%27s_law" title="Wagner's law">Wagner's law</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Werturteilsstreit" title="Werturteilsstreit">Werturteilsstreit</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Schools_of_economic_thought" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Schools_of_economic_thought" title="Template:Schools of economic thought"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Schools_of_economic_thought" title="Template talk:Schools of economic thought"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Schools_of_economic_thought" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Schools of economic thought"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Schools_of_economic_thought" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_economic_thought" title="Schools of economic thought">Schools of economic thought</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_economic_thought" title="Ancient economic thought">Ancient schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics" title="History of Islamic economics">Medieval Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_philosophy" title="Early modern philosophy">Early modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameralism" title="Cameralism">Cameralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiocracy" title="Physiocracy">Physiocrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_modern_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Late modern philosophy">Late modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_School_(economics)" title="American School (economics)">American (National)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_School_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham School (economics)">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_economics" title="Classical economics">Classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ricardian_economics" title="Ricardian economics">Ricardian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_historical_school_of_economics" title="English historical school of economics">English historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_liberal_school" title="French liberal school">French liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">German historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Liberalism" title="Manchester Liberalism">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginalism" title="Marginalism">Marginalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxian_economics" title="Marxian economics">Marxist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Marxian critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lausanne_School" title="Lausanne School">Lausanne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary<br />(20th and<br />21st centuries)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">Behavioral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capability_approach" title="Capability approach">Capability approach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnegie_School" title="Carnegie School">Carnegie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartalism" title="Chartalism">Chartalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Monetary_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Monetary Theory">Modern Monetary Theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_economics" title="Constitutional economics">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_School_of_Economics" title="Kraków School of Economics">Cracovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disequilibrium_macroeconomics" title="Disequilibrium macroeconomics">Disequilibrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freiburg_school" title="Freiburg school">Freiburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_economics" title="Institutional economics">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Keynesian_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Keynesian economics">Neo-</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_synthesis" title="Neoclassical synthesis">Neoclassical–Keynesian synthesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Keynesian_economics" title="New Keynesian economics">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Keynesian_economics" title="Post-Keynesian economics">Post-</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_circuit_theory" title="Monetary circuit theory">Circuitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism_and_Keynesianism#Heterodoxy_and_Keynes–Marx_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxism and Keynesianism">Keynes–Marx synthesis</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Market_monetarism" title="Market monetarism">Market</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Malthusianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Malthusianism">Neo-Malthusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Marxian_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Marxian economics">Neo-Marxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Ricardianism" title="Neo-Ricardianism">Neo-Ricardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Schumpeterian_economics" title="Neo-Schumpeterian economics">Neo-Schumpeterian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_classical_macroeconomics" title="New classical macroeconomics">New classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rational_expectations" title="Rational expectations">Rational expectations theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_business-cycle_theory" title="Real business-cycle theory">Real business-cycle theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_institutional_economics" title="New institutional economics">New institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_neoclassical_synthesis" title="New neoclassical synthesis">New neoclassical synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_economics" title="Organizational economics">Organizational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_choice" title="Public choice">Public choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_school" title="Regulation school">Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltwater_and_freshwater_economics" title="Saltwater and freshwater economics">Saltwater/freshwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm_school_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stockholm school (economics)">Stockholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralist_economics" title="Structuralist economics">Structuralist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy_movement" title="Technocracy movement">Technocracy movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoeconomics" title="Thermoeconomics">Thermoeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_school_of_political_economy" title="Virginia school of political economy">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_credit" title="Social credit">Social credit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_economic_thought" title="History of economic thought">History of economic thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_macroeconomic_thought" title="History of macroeconomic thought">History of macroeconomic thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_economics" title="Mainstream economics">Mainstream economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterodox_economics" title="Heterodox economics">Heterodox economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-autistic_economics" title="Post-autistic economics">Post-autistic economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degrowth" title="Degrowth">Degrowth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World-systems_theory" title="World-systems theory">World-systems theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">Economic systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a 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