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class="mw-page-title-main">Wilhelm Georg Friedrich Roscher</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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Roscher – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Wilhelm G.F. Roscher" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%9D_%D7%92%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9A_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%A8" title="וילהלם גאורג פרידריך רושר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וילהלם גאורג פרידריך רושר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85_%DA%86%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%86_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="ويلهيلم چورچ فريدريتش روستشير – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ويلهيلم چورچ فريدريتش روستشير" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AB%E3%83%98%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC" title="ヴィルヘルム・ロッシャー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴィルヘルム・ロッシャー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Roscher" title="Wilhelm Roscher – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wilhelm Roscher" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Georg_Friedrich_Roscher" title="Wilhelm Georg Friedrich Roscher – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Wilhelm Georg Friedrich Roscher" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Рошер, Вильгельм Георг Фридрих – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рошер, Вильгельм Георг Фридрих" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Roscher" title="Wilhelm Roscher – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Wilhelm Roscher" data-language-autonym="Suomi" 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Wilhelm Roscher</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilhelm_roscher.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Wilhelm_roscher.jpg/220px-Wilhelm_roscher.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Wilhelm_roscher.jpg/330px-Wilhelm_roscher.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Wilhelm_roscher.jpg/440px-Wilhelm_roscher.jpg 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">21 October 1817<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Kingdom of Hanover</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">4 June 1894<span style="display:none">(1894-06-04)</span> (aged 76)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">German</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic career</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Field</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">School or<br />tradition</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Historical_school_of_economics" title="Historical school of economics">Historical School</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influences</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F._C._Dahlmann" class="mw-redirect" title="F. C. Dahlmann">Dahlmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Contributions</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Coining the term <i><a href="/wiki/Enlightened_absolutism" title="Enlightened absolutism">Enlightened absolutism</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cycle_theory" title="Social cycle theory">Social cycle theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Wilhelm Georg Friedrich Roscher</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈʁɔʃɐ]</a></span>; 21 October 1817 – 4 June 1894) was a German <a href="/wiki/Economist" title="Economist">economist</a> from <a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Georg_Friedrich_Roscher&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Roscher studied at <a href="/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="University of Göttingen">Göttingen</a>, where he became a member of <a href="/wiki/Corps_Hannovera_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Corps Hannovera Göttingen">Corps Hannovera</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Humboldt University">Berlin</a>, and obtained a professorship at Göttingen in 1844 and subsequently at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leipzig" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Leipzig">Leipzig</a> in 1848.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main origins of the <a href="/wiki/Historical_school_of_political_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical school of political economy">historical school of political economy</a> may be traced to Roscher. Its fundamental principles are dated to his <i>Grundriss zu Vorlesungen über die Staatswirtschaft nach geschichtlicher Methode</i> (1843).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Politically, Roscher remained faithful to the <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Christoph_Dahlmann" title="Friedrich Christoph Dahlmann">Friedrich Christoph Dahlmann</a>, which abjured revolution and anarchy but favored reform within the context of a constitutional monarchy. Historical economics began as a means of adjusting liberal thought and practice to the realities of the social question, namely: what should be done about the consequences of economic modernization and the classes displaced or exploited by the new industries.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roscher tried to establish the laws of economic development by using the <a href="/wiki/Historical_method" title="Historical method">historical method</a> from the investigation of histories legal, political, cultural and other aspects. </p><p>Roscher developed a <a href="/wiki/Cyclical_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclical theory">cyclical theory</a> where nations and their economies pass through youth, manhood and senile decay: "The method of a science is of greater significance by far than any single discovery, however amazing the later may be." This was in direct contrast to the English traditional economist who believed that the principles of a science were only exposed long after they had performed their duties. </p><p>This short study was afterwards expanded into his great <i>System der Volkswirthschaft</i>, published in five volumes between 1854 and 1894, and arranged as follows: </p> <ul><li>vol. i., <i>Die Grundlagen der National Ökonomie</i>, 1854 (trans. by JJ Lalor, <i>Principles of Political Economy</i>, Chicago, 1878) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://socserv2.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/roscher/PoliticalEconomy01.pdf">Volume One</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://socserv2.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/roscher/PoliticalEconomy02.pdf">Volume Two</a>)</li> <li>vol. ii., <i>Die Nationalökonomik des Ackerbaues und der verwandten Urproduktionen</i>, 1859</li> <li>vol. iii., <i>Die Nationalökonomik des Handels und Gewerbfleisses</i>, 1881</li> <li>vol. iv., <i>System der Finanzwissenschaft</i>, 1886</li> <li>vol. v., <i>System der Armenpflege und Armenpolitik</i>, 1894<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>His <i>Geschichte der Nationalökonomie in Deutschland</i> (1874) is a monumental work. </p><p>He also published in 1842 an excellent commentary on the life and works of <a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1847 he was the first to use the term "<a href="/wiki/Enlightened_absolutism" title="Enlightened absolutism">enlightened absolutism</a>" about the type of absolute monarchy influenced by contemporary philosophy that evolved in the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1857 his <i>Zur Geschichte der Englischen Volkswirthschaftslehre im sechzehnten und siebzehnten Jahrhundert</i> (On the History of English Political Economy in the 16th and 17th Century) was published.<sup id="cite_ref-ZurGesch_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZurGesch-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1870, he was elected a foreign member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences">Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences</a>. </p><p>Roscher died in 1894 in <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>. The classical scholar <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Roscher" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Roscher">Wilhelm Heinrich Roscher</a> (1845–1923) was his son. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Georg_Friedrich_Roscher&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSmith1991" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Woodruff D. (1991). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicssciences00smit"><i>Politics and the Sciences of Culture in Germany, 1840-1920</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicssciences00smit/page/n185">175</a>–176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506536-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506536-7"><bdi>978-0-19-506536-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+and+the+Sciences+of+Culture+in+Germany%2C+1840-1920&rft.pages=175-176&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-19-506536-7&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Woodruff+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoliticssciences00smit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Georg+Friedrich+Roscher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Lentin (ed.), <i>Enlightened Absolutism (1760–1790)</i>, Avero, 1985, p. ix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZurGesch-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ZurGesch_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roscher 1857: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/741741146">741741146</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/zurgeschichtede00roscgoog">copy</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation gutenberg"> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/47081">copy</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Georg_Friedrich_Roscher&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_Roscher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theodor Roscher (page does not exist)">Theodor Roscher</a>, <i>Zur Geschichte der Familie Roscher in Niedersachsen</i> (Hanover, 1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Brasch" title="Moritz Brasch">Moritz Brasch</a>, <i>Wilhelm Roscher und die sozialwissenschaftlichen Strömungen der Gegenwart</i> (Leipzig, 1895).</li> <li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Roscher,_Wilhelm_Georg_Friedrich" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Roscher, Wilhelm Georg Friedrich">Roscher, Wilhelm Georg Friedrich</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 725.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Roscher%2C+Wilhelm+Georg+Friedrich&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=725&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Georg+Friedrich+Roscher" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Georg_Friedrich_Roscher&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" 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href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Roscher%2C%20Wilhelm%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Wilhelm%20Roscher%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Roscher%2C%20Wilhelm%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Wilhelm%20Roscher%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Roscher%2C%20W%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Wilhelm%20Roscher%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Roscher%2C%20Wilhelm%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Wilhelm%20Roscher%22%29%20OR%20%28%221817-1894%22%20AND%20Roscher%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Wilhelm Georg Friedrich Roscher</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/248983">3</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007301247805171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058529416406706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14163742">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00997127?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=227978">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1528353">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118602608.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118602608">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 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