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General Economics and Teaching</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A._General_Economics_and_Teaching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-B._History_of_Economic_Thought,_Methodology,_and_Heterodox_Approaches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#B._History_of_Economic_Thought,_Methodology,_and_Heterodox_Approaches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>B. History of Economic Thought, Methodology, and Heterodox Approaches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-B._History_of_Economic_Thought,_Methodology,_and_Heterodox_Approaches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-C._Mathematical_and_Quantitative_Methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#C._Mathematical_and_Quantitative_Methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>C. Mathematical and Quantitative Methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-C._Mathematical_and_Quantitative_Methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-D._Microeconomics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#D._Microeconomics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>D. Microeconomics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-D._Microeconomics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-E._Macroeconomics_and_Monetary_Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#E._Macroeconomics_and_Monetary_Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>E. Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-E._Macroeconomics_and_Monetary_Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-F._International_Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#F._International_Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>F. International Economics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-F._International_Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-G._Financial_Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#G._Financial_Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>G. Financial Economics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-G._Financial_Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-H._Public_Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#H._Public_Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>H. Public Economics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-H._Public_Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-I._Health,_Education,_and_Welfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#I._Health,_Education,_and_Welfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>I. Health, Education, and Welfare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-I._Health,_Education,_and_Welfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-J._Labor_and_Demographic_Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#J._Labor_and_Demographic_Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>J. Labor and Demographic Economics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-J._Labor_and_Demographic_Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-K._Law_and_Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#K._Law_and_Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>K. Law and Economics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-K._Law_and_Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-L._Industrial_Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L._Industrial_Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>L. Industrial Organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L._Industrial_Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-M._Business_Administration_and_Business_Economics_•_Marketing_•_Accounting_•_Personnel_Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#M._Business_Administration_and_Business_Economics_•_Marketing_•_Accounting_•_Personnel_Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.13</span> <span>M. Business Administration and Business Economics • Marketing • Accounting • Personnel Economics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-M._Business_Administration_and_Business_Economics_•_Marketing_•_Accounting_•_Personnel_Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-N._Economic_History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#N._Economic_History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.14</span> <span>N. Economic History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-N._Economic_History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-O._Economic_Development,_Innovation,_Technological_Change,_and_Growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#O._Economic_Development,_Innovation,_Technological_Change,_and_Growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.15</span> <span>O. Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-O._Economic_Development,_Innovation,_Technological_Change,_and_Growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-P._Economic_Systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#P._Economic_Systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.16</span> <span>P. Economic Systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-P._Economic_Systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Q._Agricultural_and_Natural_Resource_Economics_•_Environmental_and_Ecological_Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Q._Agricultural_and_Natural_Resource_Economics_•_Environmental_and_Ecological_Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.17</span> <span>Q. Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics • Environmental and Ecological Economics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Q._Agricultural_and_Natural_Resource_Economics_•_Environmental_and_Ecological_Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-R._Urban,_Rural,_Regional,_Real_Estate,_and_Transportation_Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#R._Urban,_Rural,_Regional,_Real_Estate,_and_Transportation_Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.18</span> <span>R. Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-R._Urban,_Rural,_Regional,_Real_Estate,_and_Transportation_Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Y._Miscellaneous_Categories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Y._Miscellaneous_Categories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.19</span> <span>Y. Miscellaneous Categories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Y._Miscellaneous_Categories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Z._Other_Special_Topics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Z._Other_Special_Topics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.20</span> <span>Z. Other Special Topics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Z._Other_Special_Topics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">JEL classification codes</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/JEL-klassificering" title="JEL-klassificering – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="JEL-klassificering" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/JEL-Klassifizierung" title="JEL-Klassifizierung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="JEL-Klassifizierung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3digos_de_clasificaci%C3%B3n_JEL" title="Códigos de clasificación JEL – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Códigos de clasificación JEL" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_du_Journal_of_Economic_Literature" title="Classification du Journal of Economic Literature – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Classification du Journal of Economic Literature" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9F" title="जेईएल वर्गीकरण कूट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जेईएल वर्गीकरण कूट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kode_klasifikasi_JEL" title="Kode klasifikasi JEL – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kode klasifikasi JEL" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classificazione_JEL" title="Classificazione JEL – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Classificazione JEL" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kod_pengelasan_JEL" title="Kod pengelasan JEL – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kod pengelasan JEL" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/JEL%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="JEL分類コード – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="JEL分類コード" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/JEL-klassifisering" title="JEL-klassifisering – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="JEL-klassifisering" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B_JEL" title="Классификация экономической литературы JEL – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Классификация экономической литературы JEL" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/JEL_s%C4%B1n%C4%B1fland%C4%B1rma_kodlar%C4%B1" title="JEL sınıflandırma kodları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="JEL sınıflandırma kodları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/JEL%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="JEL分类系统 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="JEL分类系统" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1501332#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Economics" title="Category:Economics">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef;padding:0.2em;font-size:200%;"><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg/120px-Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg/180px-Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg/240px-Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="217" data-file-height="217" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_economic_thought" title="History of economic thought">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_economics" title="Outline of economics">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_economics_articles" title="Index of economics articles">Index</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Branches and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">classifications</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applied_economics" title="Applied economics">Applied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econometrics" title="Econometrics">Econometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterodox_economics" title="Heterodox economics">Heterodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_economics" title="International economics">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microeconomics" title="Microeconomics">Micro</a> / <a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">Macro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_economics" title="Mainstream economics">Mainstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_economics" title="Mathematical economics">Mathematical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_methodology" title="Economic methodology">Methodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">JEL classification codes</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts, theory and techniques</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">Economic systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">Economic growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_(economics)" title="Market (economics)">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_accounts" title="National accounts">National accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_economics" title="Experimental economics">Experimental economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_economics" title="Computational economics">Computational economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">Game theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_income_trap" title="Middle income trap">Middle income trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_complex" title="Industrial complex">Industrial complex</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">By application</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_economics" title="Agricultural economics">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">Behavioral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_economics" title="Business economics">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_economics" title="Cultural economics">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_and_economic_growth" title="Democracy and economic growth">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_economics" title="Demographic economics">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_economics" title="Development economics">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_digitization" title="Economics of digitization">Digitization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_economics" title="Education economics">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_economics" title="Engineering economics">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_economics" title="Environmental economics">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_economics" title="Expeditionary economics">Expeditionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_economics" title="Financial economics">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geography" title="Economic geography">Geographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness_economics" title="Happiness economics">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_economics" title="Health economics">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history" title="Economic history">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_economics" title="Humanistic economics">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_organization" title="Industrial organization">Industrial organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_economics" title="Information economics">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_economics" title="Institutional economics">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_economy" title="Knowledge economy">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_economics" title="Labour economics">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_economics" title="Law and economics">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_economics" title="Managerial economics">Managerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_economics" title="Monetary economics">Monetary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_economics" title="Natural resource economics">Natural resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_economics" title="Organizational economics">Organizational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_participation" title="Economics of participation">Participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personnel_economics" title="Personnel economics">Personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">Planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy" title="Economic policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_economics" title="Public economics">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_choice" title="Public choice">Public choice</a> / <a href="/wiki/Social_choice_theory" title="Social choice theory">Social choice theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_economics" title="Regional economics">Regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_economics" title="Rural economics">Rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_economy" title="Service economy">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomics">Socio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_sociology" title="Economic sociology">Sociological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_economy" title="Solidarity economy">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_statistics" title="Economic statistics">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_economics" title="Urban economics">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_economics" title="Welfare economics">Welfare</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Notable <a href="/wiki/Economist" title="Economist">economists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_de_Mandeville" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard de Mandeville">de Mandeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Quesnay" title="François Quesnay">Quesnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus" title="Thomas Robert Malthus">Malthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_von_Th%C3%BCnen" title="Johann Heinrich von Thünen">von Thünen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Cournot" title="Antoine Augustin Cournot">Cournot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Heinrich_Gossen" title="Hermann Heinrich Gossen">Gossen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Walras" title="Léon Walras">Walras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stanley_Jevons" title="William Stanley Jevons">Jevons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Menger" title="Carl Menger">Menger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Marshall" title="Alfred Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Ysidro_Edgeworth" title="Francis Ysidro Edgeworth">Edgeworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bates_Clark" title="John Bates Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_von_B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk">von Böhm-Bawerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Wieser" title="Friedrich von Wieser">von Wieser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Veblen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cecil_Pigou" title="Arthur Cecil Pigou">Pigou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Heckscher" title="Eli Heckscher">Heckscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">von Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Schumpeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Knight" title="Frank Knight">Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Frisch" title="Ragnar Frisch">Frisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piero_Sraffa" title="Piero Sraffa">Sraffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal">Myrdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kalecki" title="Michał Kalecki">Kalecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Kuznets" title="Simon Kuznets">Kuznets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Tinbergen" title="Jan Tinbergen">Tinbergen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Robinson" title="Joan Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">von Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hicks" title="John Hicks">Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_R._Lange" title="Oskar R. Lange">Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Leontief" title="Wassily Leontief">Leontief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">Galbraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tjalling_Koopmans" title="Tjalling Koopmans">Koopmans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._F._Schumacher" title="E. F. Schumacher">Schumacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Samuelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Buchanan" title="James M. Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baumol" title="William Baumol">Baumol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Solow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Greenspan" title="Alan Greenspan">Greenspan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Becker" title="Gary Becker">Becker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom">Ostrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lucas_Jr." title="Robert Lucas Jr.">Lucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Stiglitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Thaler" title="Richard Thaler">Thaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a 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<li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_economic_thought" title="Schools of economic thought">Schools</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/16px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/24px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/32px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business" title="Portal:Business">Business portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" 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href="/wiki/Template:Economics_sidebar" title="Template:Economics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economics_sidebar" title="Template talk:Economics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Articles in <a href="/wiki/List_of_economics_journals" title="List of economics journals">economics journals</a> are usually classified according to <b>JEL classification codes</b>, which derive from the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Economic_Literature" title="Journal of Economic Literature">Journal of Economic Literature</a></i>. The <i>JEL</i> is published quarterly by the <a href="/wiki/American_Economic_Association" title="American Economic Association">American Economic Association</a> (AEA) and contains survey articles and information on recently published books and dissertations. The AEA maintains <a href="/wiki/EconLit" title="EconLit">EconLit</a>, a searchable data base of citations for articles, books, reviews, dissertations, and working papers classified by JEL codes for the years from 1969. A recent addition to EconLit is indexing of economics journal articles from 1886 to 1968<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> parallel to the print series <i>Index of Economic Articles</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JEL_classification_codes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are 26 primary JEL categories:<sup id="cite_ref-AEA-JEL-2017_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AEA-JEL-2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>JEL Codes<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Alpha"><a href="#endnote_Alpha">[α]</a></sup> </th> <th>General Categories<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Beta"><a href="#endnote_Beta">[β]</a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="#JEL:_A">A</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Category:Economics" title="Category:Economics">General Economics</a> and Teaching </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="#JEL:_B">B</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/History_of_economic_thought" title="History of economic thought">History of Economic Thought</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_methodology" title="Economic methodology">Economic Methodology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Heterodox_economics" title="Heterodox economics">Heterodox Approaches</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="#JEL:_C">C</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Category:Mathematical_and_quantitative_methods_(economics)" title="Category:Mathematical and quantitative methods (economics)">Mathematical and Quantitative Methods</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="#JEL:_D">D</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Category:Microeconomics" title="Category:Microeconomics">Microeconomics</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="#JEL:_E">E</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Category:Macroeconomics" title="Category:Macroeconomics">Macroeconomics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Monetary_economics" title="Category:Monetary economics">Monetary Economics</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="#JEL:_F">F</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Category:International_economics" title="Category:International economics">International Economics</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="#JEL:_G">G</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Category:Financial_economics" title="Category:Financial economics">Financial Economics</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="#JEL:_H">H</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Category:Public_economics" title="Category:Public economics">Public Economics</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="#JEL:_I">I</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Health_economics" title="Health economics">Health</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economics_of_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Economics of education">Education</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Welfare_economics" title="Welfare economics">Welfare</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="#JEL:_J">J</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labor_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor economics">Labor Economics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demographic_economics" title="Demographic economics">Demographic Economics</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="#JEL:_K">K</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Category:Law_and_economics" title="Category:Law and economics">Law and Economics</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="#JEL:_L">L</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Category:Industrial_organization" title="Category:Industrial organization">Industrial Organization</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="#JEL:_M">M</a> </td> <td>Business Administration and <a href="/wiki/Business_economics" title="Business economics">Business Economics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Marketing" title="Category:Marketing">Marketing</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Accounting" title="Category:Accounting">Accounting</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Personnel_economics" title="Category:Personnel economics">Personnel Economics</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="#JEL:_N">N</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_history" title="Category:Economic history">Economic History</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="#JEL:_O">O</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">Economic Development</a>, <a href="/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">Innovation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Technological_change" title="Technological change">Technological Change</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">Growth</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="#JEL:_P">P</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_systems" title="Category:Economic systems">Economic Systems</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="#JEL:_Q">Q</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_economics" title="Agricultural economics">Agriculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_economics" title="Natural resource economics">Natural Resource Economics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Environmental_economics" title="Environmental economics">Environmental</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological Economics</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="#JEL:_R">R</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Category:Urban,_rural,_and_regional_economics" title="Category:Urban, rural, and regional economics">Urban, Rural, Regional</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urban_economics" title="Urban economics">Real Estate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Category:Transport_economics" title="Category:Transport economics">Transportation Economics</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="#JEL:_Y">Y</a> </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Y._Miscellaneous_Categories">Miscellaneous Categories</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="#JEL:_Z">Z</a> </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Z._Other_Special_Topics">Other Special Topics</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>JEL Subcategories<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Alpha"><a href="#endnote_Alpha">[α]</a></sup></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <p>Each JEL primary category has secondary and tertiary subcategories, for example, under JEL: D – Microeconomics: </p> <dl><dd>JEL: D1 – Household Behavior and Family Economics <dl><dd>JEL: D11 – Consumer Economics: Theory<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>JEL code (sub)categories, including periodic updates, are referenced at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100405035000/http://www.aeaweb.org/journal/jel_class_system.php">Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) Classification System</a>. Links to definitions of (sub)categories are at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aeaweb.org/jel/guide/jel.php">JEL Classification Codes Guide</a> with corresponding examples of article titles linked to publication information, such as <a href="/wiki/Abstract_(summary)" title="Abstract (summary)">abstracts</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purpose">Purpose</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JEL_classification_codes&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Purpose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Articles in economics journals also list JEL codes (for example <a href="#JEL:_B">JEL: B12</a>), facilitating their use across <a href="/wiki/Search_engine" title="Search engine">search engines</a>. Comprehensive uses of JEL (sub)classifications include: </p> <dl><dd>• <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics" title="The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics">The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</a></i>, 2008, v. 8, Appendix IV, pp. 854–69, and for the online version by drilling to the primary, secondary, or tertiary JEL code of interest <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/advanced_search">here</a> and pressing the Search button below it for article-preview links .</dd> <dd>• <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Economic_Research" title="National Bureau of Economic Research">National Bureau of Economic Research</a> Working Papers abstracts by year via <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nber.org/jel/">links</a></dd> <dd>• <a href="/wiki/Research_Papers_in_Economics" title="Research Papers in Economics">Research Papers in Economics</a> via <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://econpapers.repec.org/scripts/jelsearch.pf">links</a>.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="JEL_categories">JEL categories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JEL_classification_codes&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: JEL categories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A._General_Economics_and_Teaching"><span class="anchor" id="JEL:_A"></span> A. General Economics and Teaching</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JEL_classification_codes&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: A. General Economics and Teaching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A1 <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">General Economics</a> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>A10 <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">General</a></dd> <dd>A11 Role of Economics • Role of Economists • Market for Economists</dd> <dd>A12 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Interdisciplinary_subfieldolkgckxghhmfxmgv_bs_of_economics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Interdisciplinary subfieldolkgckxghhmfxmgv bs of economics (page does not exist)">Relation of Economics to Other Disciplines</a></dd> <dd>A13 <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomics">Relation of Economics to Social Values</a></dd> <dd>A14 <a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociology of Economics">Sociology of Economics</a></dd> <dd>A19 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>A2 <a href="/wiki/Economics_education" title="Economics education">Economic Education and Teaching of Economics</a> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>A20 General</dd> <dd>A21 Pre-college</dd> <dd>A22 Undergraduate</dd> <dd>A23 Graduate</dd> <dd>A29 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>A3 Collective Works </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>A30 General</dd> <dd>A31 Collected Writings of Individuals</dd> <dd>A32 Collective Volumes</dd> <dd>A33 <a href="/wiki/Economics_handbooks" title="Economics handbooks">Handbooks</a></dd> <dd>A39 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="B._History_of_Economic_Thought,_Methodology,_and_Heterodox_Approaches"><span id="B._History_of_Economic_Thought.2C_Methodology.2C_and_Heterodox_Approaches"></span><span class="anchor" id="JEL:_B"></span> B. History of Economic Thought, Methodology, and Heterodox Approaches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JEL_classification_codes&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: B. History of Economic Thought, Methodology, and Heterodox Approaches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><dl><dd>B00 General</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>B1 <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_economic_thought" title="Category:History of economic thought">History of Economic Thought</a> through 1925 </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>B10 <a href="/wiki/History_of_economic_thought" title="History of economic thought">General</a></dd> <dd>B11 <a href="/wiki/Category:Preclassical_economics" title="Category:Preclassical economics">Preclassical (Ancient, Medieval, Mercantilist, Physiocratic)</a></dd> <dd>B12 <a href="/wiki/Category:Classical_economics" title="Category:Classical economics">Classical (includes Adam Smith)</a></dd> <dd>B13 <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical through 1925 (Austrian, Marshallian, Walrasian, Wicksellian)</a></dd> <dd>B14 <a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">Socialist</a> • <a href="/wiki/Marxist_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist theory">Marxist</a></dd> <dd>B15 <a href="/wiki/Historical_school_of_economics" title="Historical school of economics">Historical</a> • <a href="/wiki/Institutional_economics" title="Institutional economics">Institutional</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">Evolutionary</a></dd> <dd>B16 <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_economics#History" title="Mathematical economics">Quantitative and Mathematical</a></dd> <dd>B17 International Trade and Finance</dd> <dd>B19 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>B2 <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_economic_thought" title="Category:History of economic thought">History of Economic Thought</a> since 1925 </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>B20 <a href="/wiki/History_of_economic_thought" title="History of economic thought">General</a></dd> <dd>B21 <a href="/wiki/Microeconomics" title="Microeconomics">Microeconomics</a></dd> <dd>B22 <a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">Macroeconomics</a></dd> <dd>B23 Econometrics • Quantitative and Mathematical Studies</dd> <dd>B24 <a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">Socialist</a> • <a href="/wiki/Marxist_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist theory">Marxist</a> • <a href="/wiki/Piero_Sraffa#Major_works" title="Piero Sraffa">Sraffian</a></dd> <dd>B25 <a href="/wiki/Historical_school_of_economics" title="Historical school of economics">Historical</a> • <a href="/wiki/Institutional_economics" title="Institutional economics">Institutional</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">Evolutionary</a> • <a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian</a> • Stockholm School</dd> <dd>B26 Financial Economics</dd> <dd>B27 International Trade and Finance</dd> <dd>B29 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>B3 <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_economic_thought" title="Category:History of economic thought">History of Economic Thought</a>: Individuals </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>B30 <a href="/wiki/History_of_economic_thought" title="History of economic thought">General</a></dd> <dd>B31 Individuals</dd> <dd>B32 Obituaries</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>B4 <a href="/wiki/Economic_methodology" title="Economic methodology">Economic Methodology</a> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>B40 General</dd> <dd>B41 <a href="/wiki/Economic_methodology" title="Economic methodology">Economic Methodology</a></dd> <dd>B49 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>B5 <a href="/wiki/Heterodox_economics" title="Heterodox economics">Current Heterodox Approaches</a> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>B50 <a href="/wiki/Heterodox_economics" title="Heterodox economics">General</a></dd> <dd>B51 <a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">Socialist</a> • <a href="/wiki/Marxist_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist theory">Marxist</a> • <a href="/wiki/Piero_Sraffa#Major_works" title="Piero Sraffa">Sraffian</a></dd> <dd>B52 <a href="/wiki/Historical_school_of_economics" title="Historical school of economics">Historical</a> • <a href="/wiki/Institutional_economics" title="Institutional economics">Institutional</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">Evolutionary</a></dd> <dd>B53 <a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian</a></dd> <dd>B54 <a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Feminist Economics</a></dd> <dd>B55 <a href="/wiki/Social_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Economics">Social Economics</a></dd> <dd>B59 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="C._Mathematical_and_Quantitative_Methods"><span class="anchor" id="JEL:_C"></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Mathematical_and_quantitative_methods_(economics)" title="Category:Mathematical and quantitative methods (economics)">C. Mathematical and Quantitative Methods</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JEL_classification_codes&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: C. Mathematical and Quantitative Methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><dl><dd>C00 General</dd> <dd>C01 <a href="/wiki/Econometrics" title="Econometrics">Econometrics</a></dd> <dd>C02 <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_economics" title="Mathematical economics">Mathematical Methods</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>C1 <a href="/wiki/Category:Econometrics" title="Category:Econometrics">Econometric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">Statistical Methods and Methodology</a>: General </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>C10 General</dd> <dd>C11 <a href="/wiki/Category:Bayesian_statistics" title="Category:Bayesian statistics">Bayesian Analysis</a>: General</dd> <dd>C12 <a href="/wiki/Hypothesis_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypothesis testing">Hypothesis Testing</a>: General</dd> <dd>C13 <a href="/wiki/Estimation_theory" title="Estimation theory">Estimation</a>: General</dd> <dd>C14 <a href="/wiki/Semiparametric_model" title="Semiparametric model">Semiparametric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Non-parametric_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-parametric statistics">Nonparametric</a> Methods: General</dd> <dd>C15 <a href="/wiki/Simulation" title="Simulation">Statistical Simulation</a> Methods: General</dd> <dd>C18 Methodological Issues: General</dd> <dd>C19 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>C2 <a href="/wiki/Category:Single-equation_methods_(econometrics)" title="Category:Single-equation methods (econometrics)">Single Equation Models • Single Variables</a> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>C20 <a href="/wiki/Single_equation_methods_(econometrics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Single equation methods (econometrics)">General</a></dd> <dd>C21 <a href="/wiki/Cross-sectional_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-sectional analysis">Cross-Sectional Models</a> • <a href="/wiki/Spatial_analysis" title="Spatial analysis">Spatial Models</a> • <a href="/wiki/Effect_size" title="Effect size">Treatment Effect Models</a> • <a href="/wiki/Quantile_regression" title="Quantile regression">Quantile Regressions</a></dd> <dd>C22 <a href="/wiki/Time_series" title="Time series">Time-Series Models</a> • Dynamic Quantile Regressions • Dynamic Treatment Effect Models • Diffusion Processes</dd> <dd>C23 <a href="/wiki/Panel_data" title="Panel data">Panel Data Models</a> • Spatio-temporal Models</dd> <dd>C24 <a href="/wiki/Truncated_regression_model" title="Truncated regression model">Truncated</a> and <a href="/wiki/Censored_regression_models" class="mw-redirect" title="Censored regression models">Censored</a> Models • Switching Regression Models • Threshold Regression Models</dd> <dd>C25 <a href="/wiki/Poisson_regression" title="Poisson regression">Discrete Regression</a> and <a href="/wiki/Discrete_choice" title="Discrete choice">Qualitative Choice Models</a> • Discrete Regressors • Proportions • Probabilities</dd> <dd>C26 Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation</dd> <dd>C29 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>C3 <a href="/wiki/Category:Simultaneous_equation_methods_(econometrics)" title="Category:Simultaneous equation methods (econometrics)">Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models • Multiple Variables</a> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>C30 <a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_equation_methods_(econometrics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Simultaneous equation methods (econometrics)">General</a></dd> <dd>C31 <a href="/wiki/Cross-sectional_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-sectional analysis">Cross-Sectional Models</a> • <a href="/wiki/Spatial_analysis" title="Spatial analysis">Spatial Models</a> • <a href="/wiki/Effect_size" title="Effect size">Treatment Effect Models</a> • Quantile Regressions • Social Interaction Models</dd> <dd>C32 <a href="/wiki/Time_series" title="Time series">Time-Series Models</a> • Dynamic Quantile Regressions • Dynamic Treatment Effect Models • Diffusion Processes • State Space Models</dd> <dd>C33 <a href="/wiki/Panel_data" title="Panel data">Panel Data Models</a> • Spatio-temporal Models</dd> <dd>C34 <a href="/wiki/Truncated_regression_model" title="Truncated regression model">Truncated</a> and <a href="/wiki/Censored_regression_models" class="mw-redirect" title="Censored regression models">Censored Models</a> • Switching Regression Models</dd> <dd>C35 <a href="/wiki/Poisson_regression" title="Poisson regression">Discrete Regression</a> and <a href="/wiki/Discrete_choice" title="Discrete choice">Qualitative Choice Models</a> • <a href="/wiki/Poisson_regression" title="Poisson regression">Discrete Regressors</a> • Proportions</dd> <dd>C36 Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation</dd> <dd>C38 Classification Methods • Cluster Analysis • Principal Components • Factor Models</dd> <dd>C39 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>C4 <a href="/wiki/Category:Econometrics" title="Category:Econometrics">Econometric and Statistical Methods: Special Topics</a> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>C40 General</dd> <dd>C41 <a href="/wiki/Survival_analysis" title="Survival analysis">Duration Analysis</a> • Optimal Timing Strategies</dd> <dd>C43 <a href="/wiki/Index_(economics)" title="Index (economics)">Index Numbers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aggregation_problem" title="Aggregation problem">Aggregation</a></dd> <dd>C44 <a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations Research</a> • <a href="/wiki/Decision_theory" title="Decision theory">Statistical Decision Theory</a></dd> <dd>C45 <a href="/wiki/Artificial_neural_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial neural networks">Neural Networks and Related Topics</a></dd> <dd>C46 <a href="/wiki/Probability_distribution" title="Probability distribution">Specific Distributions</a> • Specific Statistics</dd> <dd>C49 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>C5 <a href="/wiki/Category:Econometric_models" title="Category:Econometric models">Econometric Modeling</a> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>C50 <a href="/wiki/Econometric_models" class="mw-redirect" title="Econometric models">General</a></dd> <dd>C51 <a href="/wiki/Statistical_model" title="Statistical model">Model Construction and Estimation</a></dd> <dd>C52 <a href="/wiki/Model_selection" title="Model selection">Model Evaluation, Validation, and Selection</a></dd> <dd>C53 <a href="/wiki/Economic_forecasting" title="Economic forecasting">Forecasting and Prediction Methods</a> • <a href="/wiki/Simulation#Economics_simulation" title="Simulation">Simulation Methods</a></dd> <dd>C54 Quantitative Policy Modeling</dd> <dd>C55 Large Data Sets: Modeling and Analysis</dd> <dd>C57 Econometrics of Games and Auctions</dd> <dd>C58 Financial Econometrics</dd> <dd>C59 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>C6 <a href="/wiki/Category:Mathematical_economics" title="Category:Mathematical economics">Mathematical Methods</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical programming">Programming Models</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_modeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical modeling">Mathematical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Simulation_modeling" title="Simulation modeling">Simulation Modeling</a> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>C60 <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_economics" title="Mathematical economics">General</a></dd> <dd>C61 <a href="/wiki/Optimization_(mathematics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Optimization (mathematics)">Optimization Techniques</a> • <a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Programming Models</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dynamical_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamical systems">Dynamic Analysis</a></dd> <dd>C62 <a href="/wiki/Existence_theorem" title="Existence theorem">Existence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stability_theory" title="Stability theory">Stability Conditions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Economic_equilibrium" title="Economic equilibrium">Equilibrium</a></dd> <dd>C63 <a href="/wiki/Computational_economics" title="Computational economics">Computational Techniques</a> • <a href="/wiki/Simulation_modeling" title="Simulation modeling">Simulation Modeling</a></dd> <dd>C65 Miscellaneous Mathematical Tools</dd> <dd>C67 <a href="/wiki/Input-output_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Input-output model">Input–Output Models</a></dd> <dd>C68 <a href="/wiki/Computable_general_equilibrium" title="Computable general equilibrium">Computable General Equilibrium Models</a></dd> <dd>C69 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>C7 <a href="/wiki/Category:Game_theory" title="Category:Game theory">Game Theory and Bargaining Theory</a> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>C70 General</dd> <dd>C71 <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_game_theory" title="Cooperative game theory">Cooperative Games</a></dd> <dd>C72 <a href="/wiki/Noncooperative_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Noncooperative game">Noncooperative Games</a></dd> <dd>C73 <a href="/wiki/Stochastic_game" title="Stochastic game">Stochastic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic game">Dynamic Games</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_game_theory" title="Evolutionary game theory">Evolutionary Games</a> • Repeated Games</dd> <dd>C78 <a href="/wiki/Bargaining" title="Bargaining">Bargaining Theory</a> • <a href="/wiki/Matching_theory_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matching theory (economics)">Matching Theory</a></dd> <dd>C79 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>C8 <a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_data" title="Category:Economic data">Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology</a> • <a href="/wiki/Computer_programs" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer programs">Computer Programs</a> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>C80 <a href="/wiki/Economic_data" title="Economic data">General</a></dd> <dd>C81 <a href="/wiki/Survey_sampling" title="Survey sampling">Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Microeconomic Data</a> • Data Access</dd> <dd>C82 <a href="/wiki/Official_statistics" title="Official statistics">Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Macroeconomic Data</a> • Data Access</dd> <dd>C83 Survey Methods • Sampling Methods</dd> <dd>C87 <a href="/wiki/Econometric_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Econometric software">Econometric Software</a></dd> <dd>C88 <a href="/wiki/Computer_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer software">Other Computer Software</a></dd> <dd>C89 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>C9 <a href="/wiki/Category:Design_of_experiments" title="Category:Design of experiments">Design of Experiments</a> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>C90 <a href="/wiki/Experimental_economics" title="Experimental economics">General</a></dd> <dd>C91 <a href="/wiki/Experimental_psychology" title="Experimental psychology">Laboratory, Individual Behavior</a></dd> <dd>C92 <a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">Laboratory, Group Behavior</a></dd> <dd>C93 <a href="/wiki/Field_experiments" class="mw-redirect" title="Field experiments">Field Experiments</a></dd> <dd>C99 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="D._Microeconomics"><span class="anchor" id="JEL:_D"></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Microeconomics" title="Category:Microeconomics">D. Microeconomics</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JEL_classification_codes&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: D. Microeconomics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><dl><dd>D00 <a href="/wiki/Microeconomics" title="Microeconomics">General</a></dd> <dd>D01 Microeconomic Behavior: Underlying Principles</dd> <dd>D02 Institutions: Design, Formation, Operations, and Impact</dd> <dd>D03 Behavioral Microeconomics: Underlying Principles</dd> <dd>D04 Microeconomic Policy: Formulation, Implementation, and Evaluation</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>D1 Household Behavior and Family Economics </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>D10 General</dd> <dd>D11 Consumer Economics: Theory</dd> <dd>D12 Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis</dd> <dd>D13 Household Production and Intrahousehold Allocation</dd> <dd>D14 Household Saving • Personal Finance</dd> <dd>D15 Intertemporal Household Choice • Life Cycle Models and Saving</dd> <dd>D16 Collaborative Consumption</dd> <dd>D18 Consumer Protection</dd> <dd>D19 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>D2 Production and Organizations </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>D20 General</dd> <dd>D21 Firm Behavior: Theory</dd> <dd>D22 Firm Behavior: Empirical Analysis</dd> <dd>D23 Organizational Behavior • Transaction Costs • Property Rights</dd> <dd>D24 Production • Cost • Capital • Capital, Total Factor, and Multifactor Productivity • Capacity</dd> <dd>D25 Intertemporal Firm Choice: Investment, Capacity, and Financing</dd> <dd>D29 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>D3 Distribution </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>D30 General</dd> <dd>D31 Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions</dd> <dd>D33 Factor Income Distribution</dd> <dd>D39 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>D4 Market Structure, Pricing, and Design </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>D40 General</dd> <dd>D41 Perfect Competition</dd> <dd>D42 Monopoly</dd> <dd>D43 Oligopoly and Other Forms of Market Imperfection</dd> <dd>D44 Auctions</dd> <dd>D45 Rationing • Licensing</dd> <dd>D46 Value Theory</dd> <dd>D47 Market Design</dd> <dd>D49 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>D5 General Equilibrium and Disequilibrium </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>D50 General</dd> <dd>D51 Exchange and Production Economies</dd> <dd>D52 Incomplete Markets</dd> <dd>D53 Financial Markets</dd> <dd>D57 Input–Output Tables and Analysis</dd> <dd>D58 Computable and Other Applied General Equilibrium Models</dd> <dd>D59 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>D6 Welfare Economics </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>D60 General</dd> <dd>D61 Allocative Efficiency • Cost–Benefit Analysis</dd> <dd>D62 Externalities</dd> <dd>D63 Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement</dd> <dd>D64 Altruism • Philanthropy • Intergenerational Transfers</dd> <dd>D69 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>D7 Analysis of Collective Decision-Making </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>D70 General</dd> <dd>D71 Social Choice • Clubs • Committees • Associations</dd> <dd>D72 Political Processes: Rent-Seeking, Lobbying, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior</dd> <dd>D73 Bureaucracy • Administrative Processes in Public Organizations • Corruption</dd> <dd>D74 Conflict • Conflict Resolution • Alliances • Revolutions</dd> <dd>D78 Positive Analysis of Policy Formulation and Implementation</dd> <dd>D79 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>D8 Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>D80 General</dd> <dd>D81 Criteria for Decision-Making under Risk and Uncertainty</dd> <dd>D82 Asymmetric and Private Information • Mechanism Design</dd> <dd>D83 Search • Learning • Information and Knowledge • Communication • Belief • Unawareness</dd> <dd>D84 Expectations • Speculations</dd> <dd>D85 Network Formation and Analysis: Theory</dd> <dd>D86 Economics of Contract: Theory</dd> <dd>D87 Neuroeconomics</dd> <dd>D89 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>D9 Micro-Based Behavioral Economics </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>D90 General</dd> <dd>D91 Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on Decision Making</dd> <dd>D99 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="E._Macroeconomics_and_Monetary_Economics"><span class="anchor" id="JEL:_E"></span> E. <a href="/wiki/Category:Macroeconomics" title="Category:Macroeconomics">Macroeconomics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Monetary_economics" title="Category:Monetary economics">Monetary Economics</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JEL_classification_codes&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: E. Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><dl><dd>E00 <a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">General</a></dd> <dd>E01 Measurement and Data on National Income and Product Accounts and Wealth • Environmental Accounts</dd> <dd>E02 Institutions and the Macroeconomy</dd> <dd>E03 Behavioral Macroeconomics</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>E1 General Aggregative Models </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>E10 General</dd> <dd>E11 Marxian • Sraffian • Kaleckian</dd> <dd>E12 Keynes • Keynesian • Post-Keynesian</dd> <dd>E13 Neoclassical</dd> <dd>E14 Austrian • Evolutionary • Institutional</dd> <dd>E16 Social Accounting Matrix</dd> <dd>E17 Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications</dd> <dd>E19 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>E2 Consumption, Saving, Production, Investment, Labor Markets, and Informal Economy </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>E20 General</dd> <dd>E21 Consumption • Saving • Wealth</dd> <dd>E22 Investment • Capital • Intangible Capital • Capacity</dd> <dd>E23 Production</dd> <dd>E24 Employment • Unemployment • Wages • Intergenerational Income Distribution • Aggregate Human Capital • Aggregate Labor Productivity</dd> <dd>E25 Aggregate Factor Income Distribution</dd> <dd>E26 Informal Economy • Underground Economy</dd> <dd>E27 Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications</dd> <dd>E29 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>E3 Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>E30 General</dd> <dd>E31 Price Level • Inflation • Deflation</dd> <dd>E32 Business Fluctuations • Cycles</dd> <dd>E37 Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications</dd> <dd>E39 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>E4 Money and Interest Rates </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>E40 <a href="/wiki/Monetary_economics" title="Monetary economics">General</a></dd> <dd>E41 Demand for Money</dd> <dd>E42 Monetary Systems • Standards • Regimes • Government and the Monetary System • Payment Systems</dd> <dd>E43 Interest Rates: Determination, Term Structure, and Effects</dd> <dd>E44 Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy</dd> <dd>E47 Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications</dd> <dd>E49 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>E5 Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>E50 General</dd> <dd>E51 Money Supply • Credit • Money Multipliers</dd> <dd>E52 Monetary Policy</dd> <dd>E58 Central Banks and Their Policies</dd> <dd>E59 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>E6 Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>E60 General</dd> <dd>E61 Policy Objectives • Policy Designs and Consistency • Policy Coordination</dd> <dd>E62 Fiscal Policy</dd> <dd>E63 Comparative or Joint Analysis of Fiscal and Monetary Policy • Stabilization • Treasury Policy</dd> <dd>E64 Incomes Policy • Price Policy</dd> <dd>E65 Studies of Particular Policy Episodes</dd> <dd>E66 General Outlook and Conditions</dd> <dd>E69 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="F._International_Economics"><span class="anchor" id="JEL:_F"></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:International_economics" title="Category:International economics">F. International Economics</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JEL_classification_codes&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: F. International Economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><dl><dd>F00 <a href="/wiki/International_economics" title="International economics">General</a></dd> <dd>F01 Global Outlook</dd> <dd>F02 International Economic Order and Integration</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>F1 Trade </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>F10 General</dd> <dd>F11 Neoclassical Models of Trade</dd> <dd>F12 Models of Trade with Imperfect Competition and Scale Economies • Fragmentation</dd> <dd>F13 Trade Policy • International Trade Organizations</dd> <dd>F14 Empirical Studies of Trade</dd> <dd>F15 Economic Integration</dd> <dd>F16 Trade and Labor Market Interactions</dd> <dd>F17 Trade Forecasting and Simulation</dd> <dd>F18 Trade and Environment</dd> <dd>F19 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>F2 International Factor Movements and International Business </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>F20 General</dd> <dd>F21 International Investment • Long-Term Capital Movements</dd> <dd>F22 International Migration</dd> <dd>F23 Multinational Firms • International Business</dd> <dd>F24 Remittances</dd> <dd>F29 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>F3 International Finance </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>F30 General</dd> <dd>F31 Foreign Exchange</dd> <dd>F32 Current Account Adjustment • Short-Term Capital Movements</dd> <dd>F33 International Monetary Arrangements and Institutions</dd> <dd>F34 International Lending and Debt Problems</dd> <dd>F35 Foreign Aid</dd> <dd>F36 Financial Aspects of Economic Integration</dd> <dd>F37 International Finance Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications</dd> <dd>F38 International Financial Policy: Financial Transactions Tax; Capital Controls</dd> <dd>F39 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>F4 Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>F40 General</dd> <dd>F41 Open Economy Macroeconomics</dd> <dd>F42 International Policy Coordination and Transmission</dd> <dd>F43 Economic Growth of Open Economies</dd> <dd>F44 International Business Cycles</dd> <dd>F45 Macroeconomic Issues of Monetary Unions</dd> <dd>F47 Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications</dd> <dd>F49 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>F5 International Relations, National Security, and International Political Economy </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>F50 General</dd> <dd>F51 International Conflicts • Negotiations • Sanctions</dd> <dd>F52 National Security • Economic Nationalism</dd> <dd>F53 International Agreements and Observance • International Organizations</dd> <dd>F54 Colonialism • Imperialism • Postcolonialism</dd> <dd>F55 International Institutional Arrangements</dd> <dd>F59 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>F6 Economic Impacts of Globalization </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>F60 General</dd> <dd>F61 Microeconomic Impacts</dd> <dd>F62 Macroeconomic Impacts</dd> <dd>F63 Economic Development</dd> <dd>F64 Environment</dd> <dd>F65 Finance</dd> <dd>F66 Labor</dd> <dd>F68 Policy</dd> <dd>F69 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="G._Financial_Economics"><span class="anchor" id="JEL:_G"></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Financial_economics" title="Category:Financial economics">G. Financial Economics</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JEL_classification_codes&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: G. Financial Economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><dl><dd>G00 <a href="/wiki/Financial_economics" title="Financial economics">General</a></dd> <dd>G01 Financial Crises</dd> <dd>G02 Behavioral Finance: Underlying Principles</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>G1 General Financial Markets </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>G10 General</dd> <dd>G11 Portfolio Choice • Investment Decisions</dd> <dd>G12 Asset Pricing • Trading Volume • Bond Interest Rates</dd> <dd>G13 Contingent Pricing • Futures Pricing</dd> <dd>G14 Information and Market Efficiency • Event Studies • Insider Trading</dd> <dd>G15 International Financial Markets</dd> <dd>G17 Financial Forecasting and Simulation</dd> <dd>G18 Government Policy and Regulation</dd> <dd>G19 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>G2 Financial Institutions and Services </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>G20 General</dd> <dd>G21 <a href="/wiki/Bank" title="Bank">Banks</a> • Depository Institutions • Micro Finance Institutions • Mortgages</dd> <dd>G22 Insurance • Insurance Companies • Actuarial Studies</dd> <dd>G23 Non-bank Financial Institutions • Financial Instruments • Institutional Investors</dd> <dd>G24 Investment Banking • Venture Capital • Brokerage • Ratings and Ratings Agencies</dd> <dd>G28 Government Policy and Regulation</dd> <dd>G29 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>G3 Corporate Finance and Governance </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>G30 General</dd> <dd>G31 Capital Budgeting • Fixed Investment and Inventory Studies • Capacity</dd> <dd>G32 Financing Policy • Financial Risk and Risk Management • Capital and Ownership Structure • Value of Firms • Goodwill</dd> <dd>G33 Bankruptcy • Liquidation</dd> <dd>G34 Mergers • Acquisitions • Restructuring • Corporate Governance</dd> <dd>G35 Payout Policy</dd> <dd>G38 Government Policy and Regulation</dd> <dd>G39 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="H._Public_Economics"><span class="anchor" id="JEL:_H"></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Public_economics" title="Category:Public economics">H. Public Economics</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JEL_classification_codes&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: H. Public Economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><dl><dd>H00 <a href="/wiki/Public_economics" title="Public economics">General</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>H1 Structure and Scope of Government </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>H10 General</dd> <dd>H11 Structure, Scope, and Performance of Government</dd> <dd>H12 Crisis Management</dd> <dd>H13 Economics of Eminent Domain • Expropriation • Nationalization</dd> <dd>H19 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>H2 Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>H20 General</dd> <dd>H21 Efficiency • Optimal Taxation</dd> <dd>H22 Incidence</dd> <dd>H23 Externalities • Redistributive Effects • Environmental Taxes and Subsidies</dd> <dd>H24 Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies</dd> <dd>H25 Business Taxes and Subsidies</dd> <dd>H26 Tax Evasion and Avoidance</dd> <dd>H27 Other Sources of Revenue</dd> <dd>H29 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>H3 Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>H30 General</dd> <dd>H31 Household</dd> <dd>H32 Firm</dd> <dd>H39 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>H4 Publicly Provided Goods </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>H40 General</dd> <dd>H41 Public Goods</dd> <dd>H42 Publicly Provided Private Goods</dd> <dd>H43 Project Evaluation • Social Discount Rate</dd> <dd>H44 Publicly Provided Goods: Mixed Markets</dd> <dd>H49 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>H5 National Government Expenditures and Related Policies </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>H50 General</dd> <dd>H51 Government Expenditures and Health</dd> <dd>H52 Government Expenditures and Education</dd> <dd>H53 Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs</dd> <dd>H54 Infrastructures • Other Public Investment and Capital Stock</dd> <dd>H55 Social Security and Public Pensions</dd> <dd>H56 National Security and War</dd> <dd>H57 Procurement</dd> <dd>H59 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>H6 National Budget, Deficit, and Debt </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>H60 General</dd> <dd>H61 Budget • Budget Systems</dd> <dd>H62 Deficit • Surplus</dd> <dd>H63 Debt • Debt Management • Sovereign Debt</dd> <dd>H68 Forecasts of Budgets, Deficits, and Debt</dd> <dd>H69 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>H7 State and Local Government • Intergovernmental Relations </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>H70 General</dd> <dd>H71 State and Local Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue</dd> <dd>H72 State and Local Budget and Expenditures</dd> <dd>H73 Interjurisdictional Differentials and Their Effects</dd> <dd>H74 State and Local Borrowing</dd> <dd>H75 State and Local Government: Health • Education • Welfare • Public Pensions</dd> <dd>H76 State and Local Government: Other Expenditure Categories</dd> <dd>H77 Intergovernmental Relations • Federalism • Secession</dd> <dd>H79 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>H8 Miscellaneous Issues </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>H80 General</dd> <dd>H81 Governmental Loans • Loan Guarantees • Credits • Grants • Bailouts</dd> <dd>H82 Governmental Property</dd> <dd>H83 Public Administration • Public Sector Accounting and Audits</dd> <dd>H84 Disaster Aid</dd> <dd>H87 International Fiscal Issues • International Public Goods</dd> <dd>H89 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="I._Health,_Education,_and_Welfare"><span id="I._Health.2C_Education.2C_and_Welfare"></span><span class="anchor" id="JEL:_I"></span> I. Health, Education, and Welfare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JEL_classification_codes&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: I. Health, Education, and Welfare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><dl><dd>I00 General</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>I1 <a href="/wiki/Health_economics" title="Health economics">Health</a> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>I10 General</dd> <dd>I11 Analysis of Health Care Markets</dd> <dd>I12 Health Behavior</dd> <dd>I13 Health Insurance, Public and Private</dd> <dd>I14 Health and Inequality</dd> <dd>I15 Health and Economic Development</dd> <dd>I18 Government Policy • Regulation • Public Health</dd> <dd>I19 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>I2 <a href="/wiki/Education_economics" title="Education economics">Education and Research Institutions</a> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>I20 General</dd> <dd>I21 Analysis of Education</dd> <dd>I22 Educational Finance • Financial Aid</dd> <dd>I23 Higher Education • Research Institutions</dd> <dd>I24 Education and Inequality</dd> <dd>I25 Education and Economic Development</dd> <dd>I26 Returns to Education</dd> <dd>I28 Government Policy</dd> <dd>I29 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>I3 <a href="/wiki/Social_welfare_provision" class="mw-redirect" title="Social welfare provision">Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty</a> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>I30 General</dd> <dd>I31 General Welfare, Well-Being</dd> <dd>I32 Measurement and Analysis of Poverty</dd> <dd>I38 Government Policy • Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs</dd> <dd>I39 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="J._Labor_and_Demographic_Economics"><span class="anchor" id="JEL:_J"></span> J. <a href="/wiki/Category:Labor_economics" title="Category:Labor economics">Labor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Demographic_economics" title="Category:Demographic economics">Demographic Economics</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JEL_classification_codes&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: J. Labor and Demographic Economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><dl><dd>J00 General</dd> <dd>J01 <a href="/wiki/Labour_economics" title="Labour economics">Labor Economics</a>: General</dd> <dd>J08 <a href="/wiki/Labour_economics" title="Labour economics">Labor Economics</a>: Policies</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>J1 <a href="/wiki/Demographic_economics" title="Demographic economics">Demographic Economics</a> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>J10 General</dd> <dd>J11 Demographic Trends, Macroeconomic Effects, and Forecasts</dd> <dd>J12 Marriage • Marital Dissolution • Family Structure • Domestic Abuse</dd> <dd>J13 Fertility • Family Planning • Child Care • Children • Youth</dd> <dd>J14 Economics of the Elderly • Economics of the Handicapped • Non-Labor Market Discrimination</dd> <dd>J15 Economics of Minorities, Races, Indigenous Peoples, and Immigrants • Non-labor Discrimination</dd> <dd>J16 Economics of Gender • Non-labor Discrimination</dd> <dd>J17 Value of Life • Forgone Income</dd> <dd>J18 Public Policy</dd> <dd>J19 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>J2 Demand and Supply of Labor </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>J20 General</dd> <dd>J21 Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure</dd> <dd>J22 Time Allocation and Labor Supply</dd> <dd>J23 Labor Demand</dd> <dd>J24 Human Capital • Skills • Occupational Choice • Labor Productivity</dd> <dd>J26 Retirement • Retirement Policies</dd> <dd>J28 Safety • Job Satisfaction • Related Public Policy</dd> <dd>J29 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>J3 Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>J30 General</dd> <dd>J31 Wage Level and Structure • Wage Differentials</dd> <dd>J32 Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits • Retirement Plans • Private Pensions</dd> <dd>J33 Compensation Packages • Payment Methods</dd> <dd>J38 Public Policy</dd> <dd>J39 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>J4 Particular Labor Markets </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>J40 General</dd> <dd>J41 Labor Contracts</dd> <dd>J42 Monopsony • Segmented Labor Markets</dd> <dd>J43 Agricultural Labor Markets</dd> <dd>J44 Professional Labor Markets • Occupational Licensing</dd> <dd>J45 Public Sector Labor Markets</dd> <dd>J46 Informal Labor Markets</dd> <dd>J47 Coercive Labor Markets</dd> <dd>J48 Public Policy</dd> <dd>J49 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>J5 Labor–Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>J50 General</dd> <dd>J51 Trade Unions: Objectives, Structure, and Effects</dd> <dd>J52 Dispute Resolution: Strikes, Arbitration, and Mediation • Collective Bargaining</dd> <dd>J53 Labor–Management Relations • Industrial Jurisprudence</dd> <dd>J54 Producer Cooperatives • Labor Managed Firms • Employee Ownership</dd> <dd>J58 Public Policy</dd> <dd>J59 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>J6 Mobility, Unemployment, Vacancies, and Immigrant Workers </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>J60 General</dd> <dd>J61 Geographic Labor Mobility • Immigrant Workers</dd> <dd>J62 Job, Occupational, and Intergenerational Mobility</dd> <dd>J63 Turnover • Vacancies • Layoffs</dd> <dd>J64 Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search</dd> <dd>J65 Unemployment Insurance • Severance Pay • Plant Closings</dd> <dd>J68 Public Policy</dd> <dd>J69 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>J7 Labor Discrimination </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>J70 General</dd> <dd>J71 Discrimination</dd> <dd>J78 Public Policy</dd> <dd>J79 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>J8 Labor Standards: National and International </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>J80 General</dd> <dd>J81 Working Conditions</dd> <dd>J82 Labor Force Composition</dd> <dd>J83 Workers' Rights</dd> <dd>J88 Public Policy</dd> <dd>J89 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="K._Law_and_Economics"><span class="anchor" id="JEL:_K"></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Law_and_economics" title="Category:Law and economics">K. Law and Economics</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JEL_classification_codes&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: K. Law and Economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><dl><dd>K00 <a href="/wiki/Law_and_economics" title="Law and economics">General</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>K1 Basic Areas of Law </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>K10 General</dd> <dd>K11 <a href="/wiki/Property_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Property Law">Property Law</a></dd> <dd>K12 <a href="/wiki/Contract_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Contract Law">Contract Law</a></dd> <dd>K13 Tort Law and Product Liability • Forensic Economics</dd> <dd>K14 Criminal Law</dd> <dd>K15 Civil Law • Common Law</dd> <dd>K16 Election Law</dd> <dd>K19 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>K2 Regulation and Business Law </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>K20 General</dd> <dd>K21 Antitrust Law</dd> <dd>K22 Business and Securities Law</dd> <dd>K23 Regulated Industries and Administrative Law</dd> <dd>K24 Cyber Law</dd> <dd>K25 Real Estate Law</dd> <dd>K29 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>K3 Other Substantive Areas of Law </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>K30 General</dd> <dd>K31 Labor Law</dd> <dd>K32 Energy, Environmental, Health, and Safety Law</dd> <dd>K33 International Law</dd> <dd>K34 Tax Law</dd> <dd>K35 Personal Bankruptcy Law</dd> <dd>K36 Family and Personal Law</dd> <dd>K37 Immigration Law</dd> <dd>K38 Human Rights Law • Gender Law</dd> <dd>K39 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>K4 Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>K40 General</dd> <dd>K41 Litigation Process</dd> <dd>K42 Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law</dd> <dd>K49 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="L._Industrial_Organization"><span class="anchor" id="JEL:_L"></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Industrial_organization" title="Category:Industrial organization">L. Industrial Organization</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JEL_classification_codes&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: L. Industrial Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><dl><dd>L00 <a href="/wiki/Industrial_organization" title="Industrial organization">General</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>L1 Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>L10 General</dd> <dd>L11 Production, Pricing, and Market Structure • Size Distribution of Firms</dd> <dd>L12 Monopoly • Monopolization Strategies</dd> <dd>L13 Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets</dd> <dd>L14 Transactional Relationships • Contracts and Reputation • Networks</dd> <dd>L15 Information and Product Quality • Standardization and Compatibility</dd> <dd>L16 Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics: Industrial Structure and Structural Change • Industrial Price Indices</dd> <dd>L17 Open Source Products and Markets</dd> <dd>L19 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>L2 Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>L20 General</dd> <dd>L21 Business Objectives of the Firm</dd> <dd>L22 Firm Organization and Market Structure</dd> <dd>L23 Organization of Production</dd> <dd>L24 Contracting Out • Joint Ventures • Technology Licensing</dd> <dd>L25 Firm Performance: Size, Diversification, and Scope</dd> <dd>L26 Entrepreneurship</dd> <dd>L29 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>L3 Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>L30 General</dd> <dd>L31 Nonprofit Institutions • NGOs • Social Entrepreneurship</dd> <dd>L32 Public Enterprises • Public-Private Enterprises</dd> <dd>L33 Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises and Nonprofit Institutions • Privatization • Contracting Out</dd> <dd>L38 Public Policy</dd> <dd>L39 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>L4 Antitrust Issues and Policies </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>L40 General</dd> <dd>L41 Monopolization • Horizontal Anticompetitive Practices</dd> <dd>L42 Vertical Restraints • Resale Price Maintenance • Quantity Discounts</dd> <dd>L43 Legal Monopolies and Regulation or Deregulation</dd> <dd>L44 Antitrust Policy and Public Enterprises, Nonprofit Institutions, and Professional Organizations</dd> <dd>L49 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>L5 Regulation and Industrial Policy </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>L50 General</dd> <dd>L51 Economics of Regulation</dd> <dd>L52 Industrial Policy • Sectoral Planning Methods</dd> <dd>L53 Enterprise Policy</dd> <dd>L59 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>L6 Industry Studies: Manufacturing </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>L60 General</dd> <dd>L61 Metals and Metal Products • Cement • Glass • Ceramics</dd> <dd>L62 Automobiles • Other Transportation Equipment • Related Parts and Equipment</dd> <dd>L63 Microelectronics • Computers • Communications Equipment</dd> <dd>L64 Other Machinery • Business Equipment • Armaments</dd> <dd>L65 Chemicals • Rubber • Drugs • Biotechnology • Plastics</dd> <dd>L66 Food • Beverages • Cosmetics • Tobacco • Wine and Spirits</dd> <dd>L67 Other Consumer Nondurables: Clothing, Textiles, Shoes, and Leather Goods; Household Goods; Sports Equipment</dd> <dd>L68 Appliances • Furniture • Other Consumer Durables</dd> <dd>L69 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>L7 Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>L70 General</dd> <dd>L71 Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Hydrocarbon Fuels</dd> <dd>L72 Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Other Nonrenewable Resources</dd> <dd>L73 Forest Products</dd> <dd>L74 Construction</dd> <dd>L78 Government Policy</dd> <dd>L79 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>L8 Industry Studies: Services </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>L80 General</dd> <dd>L81 Retail and Wholesale Trade • e-Commerce</dd> <dd>L82 Entertainment • Media</dd> <dd>L83 Sports • Gambling • Restaurants • Recreation • Tourism</dd> <dd>L84 Personal, Professional, and Business Services</dd> <dd>L85 Real Estate Services</dd> <dd>L86 Information and Internet Services • Computer Software</dd> <dd>L87 Postal and Delivery Services</dd> <dd>L88 Government Policy</dd> <dd>L89 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>L9 Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>L90 General</dd> <dd>L91 Transportation: General</dd> <dd>L92 Railroads and Other Surface Transportation</dd> <dd>L93 Air Transportation</dd> <dd>L94 Electric Utilities</dd> <dd>L95 Gas Utilities • Pipelines • Water Utilities</dd> <dd>L96 Telecommunications</dd> <dd>L97 Utilities: General</dd> <dd>L98 Government Policy</dd> <dd>L99 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="M._Business_Administration_and_Business_Economics_•_Marketing_•_Accounting_•_Personnel_Economics"><span id="M._Business_Administration_and_Business_Economics_.E2.80.A2_Marketing_.E2.80.A2_Accounting_.E2.80.A2_Personnel_Economics"></span><span class="anchor" id="JEL:_M"></span> M. Business Administration and Business Economics • <a href="/wiki/Category:Marketing" title="Category:Marketing">Marketing</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Accounting" title="Category:Accounting">Accounting</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Personnel_economics" title="Category:Personnel economics">Personnel Economics</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JEL_classification_codes&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: M. Business Administration and Business Economics • Marketing • Accounting • Personnel Economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><dl><dd>M00 General</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>M1 Business Administration </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>M10 <a href="/wiki/Business_administration" title="Business administration">General</a></dd> <dd>M11 Production Management</dd> <dd>M12 Personnel Management • Executives; Executive Compensation</dd> <dd>M13 New Firms • Startups</dd> <dd>M14 Corporate Culture • Diversity • Social Responsibility</dd> <dd>M15 IT Management</dd> <dd>M16 International Business Administration</dd> <dd>M19 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>M2 Business Economics </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>M20 <a href="/wiki/Category:Business_economics" title="Category:Business economics">General</a></dd> <dd>M21 <a href="/wiki/Business_economics" title="Business economics">Business Economics</a></dd> <dd>M29 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>M3 <a href="/wiki/Category:Marketing" title="Category:Marketing">Marketing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Advertising" title="Category:Advertising">Advertising</a> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>M30 General</dd> <dd>M31 <a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">Marketing</a></dd> <dd>M37 <a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></dd> <dd>M38 Government Policy and Regulation</dd> <dd>M39 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>M4 <a href="/wiki/Category:Accounting" title="Category:Accounting">Accounting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Auditing" title="Category:Auditing">Auditing</a> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>M40 General</dd> <dd>M41 <a href="/wiki/Accounting" title="Accounting">Accounting</a></dd> <dd>M42 <a href="/wiki/Auditing" class="mw-redirect" title="Auditing">Auditing</a></dd> <dd>M48 Government Policy and Regulation</dd> <dd>M49 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>M5 <a href="/wiki/Category:Personnel_economics" title="Category:Personnel economics">Personnel Economics</a> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>M50 <a href="/wiki/Personnel_economics" title="Personnel economics">General</a></dd> <dd>M51 Firm Employment Decisions • Promotions</dd> <dd>M52 Compensation and Compensation Methods and Their Effects</dd> <dd>M53 Training</dd> <dd>M54 Labor Management</dd> <dd>M55 Labor Contracting Devices</dd> <dd>M59 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="N._Economic_History"><span class="anchor" id="JEL:_N"></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_history" title="Category:Economic history">N. Economic History</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JEL_classification_codes&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: N. Economic History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><dl><dd>N00 <a href="/wiki/Economic_history" title="Economic history">General</a></dd> <dd>N01 Development of the Discipline: Historiographical; Sources and Methods</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>N1 Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics • Industrial Structure • Growth • Fluctuations </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>N10 General, International, or Comparative</dd> <dd>N11 U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913</dd> <dd>N12 U.S. • Canada: 1913–</dd> <dd>N13 Europe: Pre-1913</dd> <dd>N14 Europe: 1913–</dd> <dd>N15 Asia including Middle East</dd> <dd>N16 Latin America • Caribbean</dd> <dd>N17 Africa • Oceania</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>N2 Financial Markets and Institutions </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>N20 General, International, or Comparative</dd> <dd>N21 U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913</dd> <dd>N22 U.S. • Canada: 1913–</dd> <dd>N23 Europe: Pre-1913</dd> <dd>N24 Europe: 1913–</dd> <dd>N25 Asia including Middle East</dd> <dd>N26 Latin America • Caribbean</dd> <dd>N27 Africa • Oceania</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>N3 Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Welfare, Income, Wealth, Religion, and Philanthropy </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>N30 General, International, or Comparative</dd> <dd>N31 U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913</dd> <dd>N32 U.S. • Canada: 1913-</dd> <dd>N33 Europe: Pre-1913</dd> <dd>N34 Europe: 1913-</dd> <dd>N35 Asia including Middle East</dd> <dd>N36 Latin America • Caribbean</dd> <dd>N37 Africa • Oceania</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>N4 Government, War, Law, International Relations, and Regulation </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>N40 General, International, or Comparative</dd> <dd>N41 U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913</dd> <dd>N42 U.S. • Canada: 1913–</dd> <dd>N43 Europe: Pre-1913</dd> <dd>N44 Europe: 1913–</dd> <dd>N45 Asia including Middle East</dd> <dd>N46 Latin America • Caribbean</dd> <dd>N47 Africa • Oceania</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>N5 Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>N50 General, International, or Comparative</dd> <dd>N51 U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913</dd> <dd>N52 U.S. • Canada: 1913–</dd> <dd>N53 Europe: Pre-1913</dd> <dd>N54 Europe: 1913–</dd> <dd>N55 Asia including Middle East</dd> <dd>N56 Latin America • Caribbean</dd> <dd>N57 Africa • Oceania</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>N6 Manufacturing and Construction </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>N60 General, International, or Comparative</dd> <dd>N61 U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913</dd> <dd>N62 U.S. • Canada: 1913–</dd> <dd>N63 Europe: Pre-1913</dd> <dd>N64 Europe: 1913–</dd> <dd>N65 Asia including Middle East</dd> <dd>N66 Latin America • Caribbean</dd> <dd>N67 Africa • Oceania</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>N7 Transport, Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>N70 General, International, or Comparative</dd> <dd>N71 U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913</dd> <dd>N72 U.S. • Canada: 1913–</dd> <dd>N73 Europe: Pre-1913</dd> <dd>N74 Europe: 1913–</dd> <dd>N75 Asia including Middle East</dd> <dd>N76 Latin America • Caribbean</dd> <dd>N77 Africa • Oceania</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>N8 Micro-Business History </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>N80 General, International, or Comparative</dd> <dd>N81 U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913</dd> <dd>N82 U.S. • Canada: 1913–</dd> <dd>N83 Europe: Pre-1913</dd> <dd>N84 Europe: 1913–</dd> <dd>N85 Asia including Middle East</dd> <dd>N86 Latin America • Caribbean</dd> <dd>N87 Africa • Oceania</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>N9 Regional and Urban History </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>N90 General, International, or Comparative</dd> <dd>N91 U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913</dd> <dd>N92 U.S. • Canada: 1913–</dd> <dd>N93 Europe: Pre-1913</dd> <dd>N94 Europe: 1913–</dd> <dd>N95 Asia including Middle East</dd> <dd>N96 Latin America • Caribbean</dd> <dd>N97 Africa • Oceania</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="O._Economic_Development,_Innovation,_Technological_Change,_and_Growth"><span id="O._Economic_Development.2C_Innovation.2C_Technological_Change.2C_and_Growth"></span><span class="anchor" id="JEL:_O"></span> O. Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JEL_classification_codes&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: O. Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>O1 <a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">Economic Development</a> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>O10 General</dd> <dd>O11 Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development</dd> <dd>O12 Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development</dd> <dd>O13 Agriculture • Natural Resources • Energy • Environment • Other Primary Products</dd> <dd>O14 Industrialization • Manufacturing and Service Industries • Choice of Technology</dd> <dd>O15 Human Resources • Human Development • Income Distribution • Migration</dd> <dd>O16 Financial Markets • Saving and Capital Investment • Corporate Finance and Governance</dd> <dd>O17 Formal and Informal Sectors • Shadow Economy • Institutional Arrangements</dd> <dd>O18 Urban, Rural, Regional, and Transportation Analysis • Housing • Infrastructure</dd> <dd>O19 International Linkages to Development • Role of International Organizations</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>O2 Development Planning and Policy </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>O20 General</dd> <dd>O21 Planning Models • Planning Policy</dd> <dd>O22 Project Analysis</dd> <dd>O23 Fiscal and Monetary Policy in Development</dd> <dd>O24 Trade Policy • Factor Movement Policy • Foreign Exchange Policy</dd> <dd>O25 Industrial Policy</dd> <dd>O29 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>O3 <a href="/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">Innovation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">Research and Development</a> • <a href="/wiki/Technological_change" title="Technological change">Technological Change</a> • <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Intellectual property rights">Intellectual Property Rights</a> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>O30 General</dd> <dd>O31 Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives</dd> <dd>O32 Management of Technological Innovation and R&D</dd> <dd>O33 Technological Change: Choices and Consequences • Diffusion Processes</dd> <dd>O34 Intellectual Property and Intellectual Capital</dd> <dd>O35 Social Innovation</dd> <dd>O38 Government Policy</dd> <dd>O39 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>O4 <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">Economic Growth</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aggregate_productivity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aggregate productivity (page does not exist)">Aggregate Productivity</a> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>O40 General</dd> <dd>O41 One, Two, and Multisector Growth Models</dd> <dd>O42 Monetary Growth Models</dd> <dd>O43 Institutions and Growth</dd> <dd>O44 Environment and Growth</dd> <dd>O47 Empirical Studies of Economic Growth • Aggregate Productivity • Cross-Country Output Convergence</dd> <dd>O49 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>O5 Economywide Country Studies </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>O50 General</dd> <dd>O51 U.S. • Canada</dd> <dd>O52 Europe</dd> <dd>O53 Asia including Middle East</dd> <dd>O54 Latin America • Caribbean</dd> <dd>O55 Africa</dd> <dd>O56 Oceania</dd> <dd>O57 Comparative Studies of Countries</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="P._Economic_Systems"><span class="anchor" id="JEL:_P"></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_systems" title="Category:Economic systems">P. Economic Systems</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JEL_classification_codes&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: P. Economic Systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><dl><dd>P00 General</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>P1 Capitalist Systems </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>P10 General</dd> <dd>P11 Planning, Coordination, and Reform</dd> <dd>P12 Capitalist Enterprises</dd> <dd>P13 Cooperative Enterprises</dd> <dd>P14 Property Rights</dd> <dd>P16 Political Economy</dd> <dd>P17 Performance and Prospects</dd> <dd>P18 Energy • Environment</dd> <dd>P19 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>P2 Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>P20 General</dd> <dd>P21 Planning, Coordination, and Reform</dd> <dd>P22 Prices</dd> <dd>P23 Factor and Product Markets • Industry Studies • Population</dd> <dd>P24 National Income, Product, and Expenditure • Money • Inflation</dd> <dd>P25 Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics</dd> <dd>P26 Political Economy • Property Rights</dd> <dd>P27 Performance and Prospects</dd> <dd>P28 Natural Resources • Energy • Environment</dd> <dd>P29 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>P3 Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>P30 General</dd> <dd>P31 Socialist Enterprises and Their Transitions</dd> <dd>P32 Collectives • Communes • Agriculture</dd> <dd>P33 International Trade, Finance, Investment, Relations, and Aid</dd> <dd>P34 Financial Economics</dd> <dd>P35 Public Economics</dd> <dd>P36 Consumer Economics • Health • Education and Training • Welfare, Income, Wealth, and Poverty</dd> <dd>P37 Legal Institutions • Illegal Behavior</dd> <dd>P39 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>P4 Other Economic Systems </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>P40 General</dd> <dd>P41 Planning, Coordination, and Reform</dd> <dd>P42 Productive Enterprises • Factor and Product Markets • Prices • Population</dd> <dd>P43 Public Economics • Financial Economics</dd> <dd>P44 National Income, Product, and Expenditure • Money • Inflation</dd> <dd>P45 International Trade, Finance, Investment, and Aid</dd> <dd>P46 Consumer Economics • Health • Education and Training • Welfare, Income, Wealth, and Poverty</dd> <dd>P47 Performance and Prospects</dd> <dd>P48 Political Economy • Legal Institutions • Property Rights • Natural Resources • Energy • Environment • Regional Studies</dd> <dd>P49 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>P5 <a href="/wiki/Comparative_economic_systems" title="Comparative economic systems">Comparative Economic Systems</a> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>P50 General</dd> <dd>P51 Comparative Analysis of Economic Systems</dd> <dd>P52 Comparative Studies of Particular Economies</dd> <dd>P59 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Q._Agricultural_and_Natural_Resource_Economics_•_Environmental_and_Ecological_Economics"><span id="Q._Agricultural_and_Natural_Resource_Economics_.E2.80.A2_Environmental_and_Ecological_Economics"></span><span class="anchor" id="JEL:_Q"></span> Q. Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics • <a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_economics" title="Category:Environmental economics">Environmental</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Ecological_economics" title="Category:Ecological economics">Ecological Economics</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JEL_classification_codes&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Q. Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics • Environmental and Ecological Economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Q00 General</dd> <dd>Q01 <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Sustainable Development</a></dd> <dd>Q02 Commodity Markets</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Q1 <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_economics" title="Agricultural economics">Agriculture</a> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Q10 General</dd> <dd>Q11 Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis • Prices</dd> <dd>Q12 Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets</dd> <dd>Q13 Agricultural Markets and Marketing • Cooperatives • Agribusiness</dd> <dd>Q14 Agricultural Finance</dd> <dd>Q15 Land Ownership and Tenure • Land Reform • Land Use • Irrigation • Agriculture and Environment</dd> <dd>Q16 R&D • Agricultural Technology • Biofuels • Agricultural Extension Services</dd> <dd>Q17 Agriculture in International Trade</dd> <dd>Q18 Agricultural Policy • Food Policy</dd> <dd>Q19 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Q2 <a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_economics" title="Natural resource economics">Renewable Resources and Conservation</a> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Q20 General</dd> <dd>Q21 Demand and Supply • Prices</dd> <dd>Q22 Fishery • Aquaculture</dd> <dd>Q23 Forestry</dd> <dd>Q24 Land</dd> <dd>Q25 Water</dd> <dd>Q26 Recreational Aspects of Natural Resources</dd> <dd>Q27 Issues in International Trade</dd> <dd>Q28 Government Policy</dd> <dd>Q29 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Q3 Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Q30 General</dd> <dd>Q31 Demand and Supply • Prices</dd> <dd>Q32 Exhaustible Resources and Economic Development</dd> <dd>Q33 Resource Booms</dd> <dd>Q34 Natural Resources and Domestic and International Conflicts</dd> <dd>Q35 Hydrocarbon Resources</dd> <dd>Q37 Issues in International Trade</dd> <dd>Q38 Government Policy</dd> <dd>Q39 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Q4 Energy </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Q40 General</dd> <dd>Q41 Demand and Supply • Prices</dd> <dd>Q42 Alternative Energy Sources</dd> <dd>Q43 Energy and the Macroeconomy</dd> <dd>Q47 Energy Forecasting</dd> <dd>Q48 Government Policy</dd> <dd>Q49 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Q5 <a href="/wiki/Environmental_economics" title="Environmental economics">Environmental Economics</a> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Q50 General</dd> <dd>Q51 Valuation of Environmental Effects</dd> <dd>Q52 Pollution Control Adoption and Costs • Distributional Effects • Employment Effects</dd> <dd>Q53 Air Pollution • Water Pollution • Noise • Hazardous Waste • Solid Waste • Recycling</dd> <dd>Q54 Climate • Natural Disasters and Their Management • Global Warming</dd> <dd>Q55 Technological Innovation</dd> <dd>Q56 Environment and Development • Environment and Trade • Sustainability • Environmental Accounts and Accounting • Environmental Equity • Population Growth</dd> <dd>Q57 <a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological Economics: Ecosystem Services</a> • Biodiversity Conservation • Bioeconomics • Industrial Ecology</dd> <dd>Q58 Government Policy</dd> <dd>Q59 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="R._Urban,_Rural,_Regional,_Real_Estate,_and_Transportation_Economics"><span id="R._Urban.2C_Rural.2C_Regional.2C_Real_Estate.2C_and_Transportation_Economics"></span><span class="anchor" id="JEL:_R"></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Urban,_rural,_and_regional_economics" title="Category:Urban, rural, and regional economics">R. Urban, Rural, Regional</a>, Real Estate, and <a href="/wiki/Category:Transport_economics" title="Category:Transport economics">Transportation Economics</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JEL_classification_codes&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: R. Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><dl><dd>R00 General</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>R1 <a href="/wiki/Regional_economics" title="Regional economics">General Regional Economics</a> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>R10 General</dd> <dd>R11 Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, Environmental Issues, and Changes</dd> <dd>R12 Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity</dd> <dd>R13 General Equilibrium and Welfare Economic Analysis of Regional Economies</dd> <dd>R14 Land Use Patterns</dd> <dd>R15 Econometric and Input–Output Models • Other Models</dd> <dd>R19 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>R2 <a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">Household Analysis</a> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>R20 General</dd> <dd>R21 Housing Demand</dd> <dd>R22 Other Demand</dd> <dd>R23 Regional Migration • Regional Labor Markets • Population • Neighborhood Characteristics</dd> <dd>R28 Government Policy</dd> <dd>R29 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>R3 <a href="/wiki/Urban_economics" title="Urban economics">Real Estate Markets, Spatial Production Analysis, and Firm Location</a> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>R30 General</dd> <dd>R31 Housing Supply and Markets</dd> <dd>R32 Other Spatial Production and Pricing Analysis</dd> <dd>R33 Nonagricultural and Nonresidential Real Estate Markets</dd> <dd>R38 Government Policy</dd> <dd>R39 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>R4 <a href="/wiki/Transportation_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation economics">Transportation Economics</a> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>R40 General</dd> <dd>R41 Transportation: Demand, Supply, and Congestion • Travel Time • Safety and Accidents • Transportation Noise</dd> <dd>R42 Government and Private Investment Analysis • Road Maintenance • Transportation Planning</dd> <dd>R48 Government Pricing and Policy</dd> <dd>R49 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>R5 Regional Government Analysis </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>R50 General</dd> <dd>R51 Finance in <a href="/wiki/Urban_economics" title="Urban economics">Urban</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rural_economics" title="Rural economics">Rural Economies</a></dd> <dd>R52 Land Use and Other Regulations</dd> <dd>R53 Public Facility Location Analysis • Public Investment and Capital Stock</dd> <dd>R58 Regional Development Planning and Policy</dd> <dd>R59 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Y._Miscellaneous_Categories"><span class="anchor" id="JEL:_Y"></span> Y. Miscellaneous Categories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JEL_classification_codes&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Y. Miscellaneous Categories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Y1 Data: Tables and Charts </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Y10 Data: Tables and Charts</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Y2 Introductory Material </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Y20 Introductory Material</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Y3 Book Reviews (unclassified) </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Y30 Book Reviews (unclassified)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Y4 Dissertations (unclassified) </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Y40 Dissertations (unclassified)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Y5 Further Reading (unclassified) </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Y50 Further Reading (unclassified)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Y6 Excerpts </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Y60 Excerpts</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Y7 No Author General Discussions </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Y70 No Author General Discussions</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Y8 Related Disciplines </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Y80 Related Disciplines</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Y9 Other </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Y90 Other</dd> <dd>Y91 Pictures and Maps</dd> <dd>Y92 Novels, Self-Help Books, etc.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Z._Other_Special_Topics"><span class="anchor" id="JEL:_Z"></span> Z. Other Special Topics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JEL_classification_codes&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Z. Other Special Topics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Z00 General</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Z1 <a href="/wiki/Cultural_economics" title="Cultural economics">Cultural Economics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Economic_sociology" title="Economic sociology">Economic Sociology</a> • <a href="/wiki/Economic_anthropology" title="Economic anthropology">Economic Anthropology</a> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Z10 General</dd> <dd>Z11 <a href="/wiki/Economics_of_the_arts_and_literature" title="Economics of the arts and literature">Economics of the Arts and Literature</a></dd> <dd>Z12 <a href="/wiki/Economics_of_religion" title="Economics of religion">Religion</a></dd> <dd>Z13 <a href="/wiki/Economic_sociology" title="Economic sociology">Economic Sociology</a> • <a href="/wiki/Economic_anthropology" title="Economic anthropology">Economic Anthropology</a> • <a href="/wiki/Economics_of_language" title="Economics of language">Language</a> • <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_stratification" title="Economic stratification">Economic Stratification</a></dd> <dd>Z18 Public Policy</dd> <dd>Z19 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Z2 <a href="/wiki/Sport_management" title="Sport management">Sports Economics</a> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Z20 General</dd> <dd>Z21 Industry Studies</dd> <dd>Z22 Labor Issues</dd> <dd>Z23 Finance</dd> <dd>Z28 Policy</dd> <dd>Z29 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Z3 <a href="/wiki/Tourism_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourism economics">Tourism Economics</a> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Z30 General</dd> <dd>Z31 Industry Studies</dd> <dd>Z32 Tourism and Development</dd> <dd>Z33 Marketing and Finance</dd> <dd>Z38 Policy</dd> <dd>Z39 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JEL_classification_codes&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Alpha"><b><a href="#ref_Alpha">^α</a></b></span> JEL codes A through Z denote primary categories (e.g. <i><b>D</b> Microeconomics</i>). Secondary categories are specified by an additional Arabic numeral (e.g. <i>D<b>3</b> Distribution</i>), tertiary categories by a following second Arabic numeral (e.g. <i>D3<b>0</b> General</i>). Articles in economics publications use JEL codes in this manner: <i>JEL: B12</i>.</dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Beta"><b><a href="#ref_Beta">^β</a></b></span> Developed in the context of the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Economic_Literature" title="Journal of Economic Literature">Journal of Economic Literature</a>, the JEL classification system became a standard method of classifying economics literature, including journal articles, books, collective volume articles, dissertations, working papers in economics, book reviews from the <i>Journal of Economic Literature</i>, and <a href="/wiki/EconLit" title="EconLit">EconLit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AEA-JEL-2017_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AEA-JEL-2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JEL_classification_codes&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aeaweb.org/econlit/index.php">EconLit – American Economic Association</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Works cited in the <i>Index of Economic Articles</i> are classified by author and subject. Coverage includes v. 1-7 for 1886–1965 and v. 8-36 for each year thereafter to 1996 (per Baylor University Libraries, "International Business Sources", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baylor.edu/content/services/document.php/14779.pdf">p. 1</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AEA-JEL-2017-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AEA-JEL-2017_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AEA-JEL-2017_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aeaweb.org/econlit/jelCodes.php?view=jel">"JEL Classification System / EconLit Subject Descriptors"</a>. <i>American Economic Association</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Economic+Association&rft.atitle=JEL+Classification+System+%2F+EconLit+Subject+Descriptors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aeaweb.org%2Feconlit%2FjelCodes.php%3Fview%3Djel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJEL+classification+codes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An alphabetic list of category links constructed as corresponding JEL-code (sub)categories and listed below is at <a href="/wiki/Category:Categories_which_are_included_in_the_JEL_classification_codes" title="Category:Categories which are included in the JEL classification codes">Category:Categories which are included in the JEL classification codes</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JEL_classification_codes&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aeaweb.org/econlit/jelCodes.php">Full list of JEL classifications</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aeaweb.org/jel/guide/jel.php">JEL Classification Codes Guide</a>, a more detailed explanation of the classification system</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JEL_classification_codes&oldid=1235702185">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JEL_classification_codes&oldid=1235702185</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Library_cataloging_and_classification" title="Category:Library cataloging and classification">Library cataloging and classification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economics_journals" title="Category:Economics journals">Economics journals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economics_profession_and_organizations" title="Category:Economics profession and organizations">Economics profession and organizations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economics_lists" title="Category:Economics lists">Economics lists</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_excerpts" title="Category:Articles with excerpts">Articles with excerpts</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 July 2024, at 19:08<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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