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mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qustav_fon_%C5%9Emoller" title="Qustav fon Şmoller – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qustav fon Şmoller" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Густав фон Шмолер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Густав фон Шмолер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_von_Schmoller" title="Gustav von Schmoller – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gustav von Schmoller" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_von_Schmoller" title="Gustav von Schmoller – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gustav von Schmoller" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_von_Schmoller_(%C3%96konom)" title="Gustav von Schmoller (Ökonom) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gustav von Schmoller (Ökonom)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_von_Schmoller" title="Gustav von Schmoller – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gustav von Schmoller" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%88_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B1" title="گوستاو فون شمولر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گوستاو فون شمولر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_von_Schmoller" title="Gustav von Schmoller – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gustav von Schmoller" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_von_Schmoller" title="Gustav von Schmoller – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gustav von Schmoller" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%80%ED%94%84_%EC%8A%88%EB%AA%B0%EB%9F%AC" title="구스타프 슈몰러 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="구스타프 슈몰러" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BE_%D6%86%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D5%87%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Գուստավ ֆոն Շմոլլեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գուստավ ֆոն Շմոլլեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_von_Schmoller" title="Gustav von Schmoller – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gustav von Schmoller" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_von_Schmoller" title="Gustav von Schmoller – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gustav von Schmoller" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_von_Schmoller" title="Gustav von Schmoller – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gustav von Schmoller" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%DA%A4_%DA%A4%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="جوستاڤ ڤون ستشمولير – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جوستاڤ ڤون ستشمولير" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_von_Schmoller" title="Gustav von Schmoller – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gustav von Schmoller" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%95%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC" title="グスタフ・フォン・シュモラー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グスタフ・フォン・シュモラー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_von_Schmoller_(ekonomista)" title="Gustav von Schmoller (ekonomista) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gustav von Schmoller (ekonomista)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_von_Schmoller" title="Gustav von Schmoller – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gustav von Schmoller" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_von_Schmoller" title="Gustav von Schmoller – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gustav von Schmoller" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%93%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Шмоллер, Густав фон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шмоллер, Густав фон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_von_Schmoller" title="Gustav von Schmoller – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gustav von Schmoller" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_von_Schmoller" title="Gustav von Schmoller – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gustav von Schmoller" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%A8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Густав Шмоллер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Густав Шмоллер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q62833#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German economist (1838–1917)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Gustav von Schmoller</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gustav_von_Schmoller_by_Nicola_Perscheid_c1908.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gustav_von_Schmoller_by_Nicola_Perscheid_c1908.jpg/220px-Gustav_von_Schmoller_by_Nicola_Perscheid_c1908.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gustav_von_Schmoller_by_Nicola_Perscheid_c1908.jpg/330px-Gustav_von_Schmoller_by_Nicola_Perscheid_c1908.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gustav_von_Schmoller_by_Nicola_Perscheid_c1908.jpg/440px-Gustav_von_Schmoller_by_Nicola_Perscheid_c1908.jpg 2x" data-file-width="632" data-file-height="842" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Gustav von Schmoller by <a href="/wiki/Nicola_Perscheid" title="Nicola Perscheid">Nicola Perscheid</a> c. 1908</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1838-06-24</span>)</span>24 June 1838<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Heilbronn" title="Heilbronn">Heilbronn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Kingdom of Württemberg</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">27 June 1917<span style="display:none">(1917-06-27)</span> (aged 79)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Bad_Harzburg" title="Bad Harzburg">Bad Harzburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic career</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Field</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">School or<br />tradition</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Historical_school_of_economics" title="Historical school of economics">Historical school of economics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influences</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Wolfgang_Christoph_Sch%C3%BCz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Wolfgang Christoph Schüz (page does not exist)">Karl Wolfgang Christoph Schüz</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Wolfgang_Christoph_Sch%C3%BCz" class="extiw" title="de:Karl Wolfgang Christoph Schüz">de</a>]</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Contributions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Inductive_reasoning" title="Inductive reasoning">Inductive approach</a> to economics</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Gustav Friedrich</b> (after 1908: <b>von</b>) <b>Schmoller</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈʃmɔlɐ]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/72\/Gustav_von_Schmoller.ogg\/Gustav_von_Schmoller.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Gustav von Schmoller.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/Gustav_von_Schmoller.ogg/Gustav_von_Schmoller.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Gustav_von_Schmoller.ogg" title="File:Gustav von Schmoller.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; 24 June 1838 – 27 June 1917) was the leader of the "younger" <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> <a href="/wiki/Historical_school_of_economics" title="Historical school of economics">historical school of economics</a>. </p><p>He was a leading <i>Sozialpolitiker</i> (more derisively, <i>Kathedersozialist</i>, "Socialist of the Chair"), and a founder and long-time chairman of the <i><a href="/wiki/Verein_f%C3%BCr_Socialpolitik" title="Verein für Socialpolitik">Verein für Socialpolitik</a></i>, the German Economic Association, which continues to exist.<sup id="cite_ref-bonn_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The appellation "Kathedersozialist" was given to Schmoller and other members of the Verein by their enemies. Schmoller disavowed the "socialist" label, instead tracing his thought to the heterodox liberalism represented by <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me-Adolphe_Blanqui" title="Jérôme-Adolphe Blanqui">Jérôme-Adolphe Blanqui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Charles_L%C3%A9onard_de_Sismondi" title="Jean Charles Léonard de Sismondi">Jean Charles Léonard de Sismondi</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_von_Th%C3%BCnen" title="Johann Heinrich von Thünen">Johann Heinrich von Thünen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Hildebrand" title="Bruno Hildebrand">Bruno Hildebrand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edward_Cliffe_Leslie" title="Thomas Edward Cliffe Leslie">Thomas Edward Cliffe Leslie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lorenz_von_Stein" title="Lorenz von Stein">Lorenz von Stein</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_de_Laveleye" title="Émile de Laveleye">Émile de Laveleye</a> and radicals such as <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Harrison" title="Frederic Harrison">Frederic Harrison</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Spencer_Beesly" title="Edward Spencer Beesly">Edward Spencer Beesly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grimmer_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grimmer-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His goal was to reconcile the Prussian monarchy and bureaucracy "with the idea of the Liberal state and complemented by the best elements of parliamentarianism" to carry out social reform.<sup id="cite_ref-Grimmer_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grimmer-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustav_von_Schmoller&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Schmoller was born in <a href="/wiki/Heilbronn" title="Heilbronn">Heilbronn</a>. His father was a <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Württemberg">Württemberg</a> civil servant. Young Schmoller studied <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kameralwissenschaft&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kameralwissenschaft (page does not exist)">Kameralwissenschaft</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kameralwissenschaft" class="extiw" title="de:Kameralwissenschaft">de</a>]</span></i> (a combination of <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a>, <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>, and civil administration) at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_T%C3%BCbingen" title="University of Tübingen">University of Tübingen</a> (1857–1861). In 1861, he obtained an appointment at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=W%C3%BCrttemberg_Statistical_Department&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Württemberg Statistical Department (page does not exist)">Württemberg Statistical Department</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistisches_Landesamt_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="extiw" title="de:Statistisches Landesamt Baden-Württemberg">de</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his academic career, he held appointments as a professor at the universities of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Halle" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Halle">Halle</a> (1864–72), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Strasbourg" title="University of Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a> (1872–1882), and <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">Berlin</a> (1882–1913).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 1899, he represented the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Berlin">University of Berlin</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_House_of_Lords" title="Prussian House of Lords">Prussian House of Lords</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Schmoller's influence on academic policy, economic, social and fiscal reform, and economics as an academic discipline for the time between 1875 and 1910<sup id="cite_ref-powers_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-powers-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can hardly be overstated. He was an outspoken proponent of the assertion of <a href="/wiki/German_naval_power" class="mw-redirect" title="German naval power">German naval power</a> and the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German colonial empire</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work">Work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustav_von_Schmoller&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Menger_-_Untersuchungen_%C3%BCber_das_Methode_der_socialwissenschaften_und_der_politischen_%C3%96konomie_insbesondere,_1933_-_5787924.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Menger_-_Untersuchungen_%C3%BCber_das_Methode_der_socialwissenschaften_und_der_politischen_%C3%96konomie_insbesondere%2C_1933_-_5787924.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Menger_-_Untersuchungen_%C3%BCber_das_Methode_der_socialwissenschaften_und_der_politischen_%C3%96konomie_insbesondere%2C_1933_-_5787924.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="370" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Menger_-_Untersuchungen_%C3%BCber_das_Methode_der_socialwissenschaften_und_der_politischen_%C3%96konomie_insbesondere%2C_1933_-_5787924.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Menger_-_Untersuchungen_%C3%BCber_das_Methode_der_socialwissenschaften_und_der_politischen_%C3%96konomie_insbesondere%2C_1933_-_5787924.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Menger_-_Untersuchungen_%C3%BCber_das_Methode_der_socialwissenschaften_und_der_politischen_%C3%96konomie_insbesondere%2C_1933_-_5787924.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Menger_-_Untersuchungen_%C3%BCber_das_Methode_der_socialwissenschaften_und_der_politischen_%C3%96konomie_insbesondere%2C_1933_-_5787924.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1922" data-file-height="3233" /></a><figcaption><i>Untersuchungen über das Methode der socialwissenschaften und der politischen Ökonomie insbesondere</i>, 1933</figcaption></figure> <p>As an outspoken leader of the "younger" historical school, Schmoller opposed what he saw as the <a href="/wiki/Hypothetico-deductive_model" title="Hypothetico-deductive model">axiomatic-deductive</a> approach of <a href="/wiki/Classical_economics" title="Classical economics">classical economics</a> and, later, the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian school">Austrian school</a>—indeed, Schmoller coined the term to suggest provincialism in an unfavorable review of the 1883 book <i>Investigations into the Method of the Social Sciences with Special Reference to Economics (Untersuchungen über die Methode der Socialwissenschaften und der politischen Oekonomie insbesondere)</i> by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Menger" title="Carl Menger">Carl Menger</a>, which attacked the methods of the historical school. This led to the controversy known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Methodenstreit" title="Methodenstreit">Methodenstreit</a></i>. Schmoller's primarily <a href="/wiki/Inductive_reasoning" title="Inductive reasoning">inductive approach</a>, requesting careful study, comparative in time and space,<sup id="cite_ref-powers_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-powers-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of economic performance and phenomena generally, his focus on the evolution of economic processes and institutions, and his insistence on the cultural specificity of economics and the centrality of values in shaping economic exchanges stand in stark contrast to some <a href="/wiki/Classical_economics" title="Classical economics">classical</a> and most <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">neoclassical economists</a>, so that he and his school fell out of the mainstream of economics by the 1930s, being replaced in Germany by the successor <a href="/wiki/Freiburg_school" title="Freiburg school">Freiburg school</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>To Schmoller, psychology and ethics were key aspects of political economy.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a critic of liberal individualism.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, it is often overlooked that Schmoller's primary preoccupation in his lifetime was not with economic <i>method</i> but with economic and social <i>policy</i> to address the challenges posed by rapid industrialization and urbanization. That is, Schmoller was first and foremost a social reformer.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, Schmoller's influence extended throughout Europe, to the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive movement">Progressive movement</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, and to social reformers in <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji Japan">Meiji Japan</a>. His most prominent non-German students and followers included <a href="/wiki/William_Ashley_(economic_historian)" title="William Ashley (economic historian)">William Ashley</a>, <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_T._Ely" title="Richard T. Ely">Richard T. Ely</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albion_Woodbury_Small" title="Albion Woodbury Small">Albion Woodbury Small</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edwin_R._A._Seligman" title="Edwin R. A. Seligman">Edwin R. A. Seligman</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Since the 1980s, Schmoller's work has been re-evaluated and found relevant to some branches of <a href="/wiki/Heterodox_economics" title="Heterodox economics">heterodox economics</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Development_economics" title="Development economics">development economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">behavioral economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">evolutionary economics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_institutional_economics" title="New institutional economics">new institutional economics</a>. He has long had an influence within the subfield of <a href="/wiki/Economic_history" title="Economic history">economic history</a> and the discipline of <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <dl><dt>Works by Schmoller</dt></dl> <p>His works, the majority of which deal with economic history and policy, include: </p> <ul><li><i>Der französiche Handelsvertrag und seine Gegner</i> (The French trade treaty and its opponents, 1862)</li> <li><i>Zur Geschichte der deutschen Kleingewerbe im 19. Jahrhundert</i> (History of German Small Businesses in the 19th Century, 1870)</li> <li><i>Strassburg zur Zeit der Zunftkämpfe</i> (Strassburg During the Guild Fights, 1875)</li> <li><i>Zur Litteraturgeschichte der Staats- und Sozialwissenschaften</i> (1888)</li> <li><i>Umrisse und Untersuchungen zur Verfassungs-, Verwaltungs-, und Wirtschaftsgeschichte</i> (1898)</li> <li><i>Grundriss der allgemeinen Volkswirthschaftslehre</i> (Layout of General Economics, 1900–1904)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Ueber einige Grundfragen der Sozialpolitik</i> (About a few Questions of Social Politics, 1904)</li></ul> <p>After 1881, Schmoller was editor of the <i>Jahrbuch für Gesetzebung, Verwaltung, und Volkswirthschaft im deutschen Reich</i>. From 1878 to 1903, he edited a series of monographs entitled <i>Staats- und sozialwissenschaftliche Forschungen</i>. He was also an editor and major contributor to <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acta_Borussica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acta Borussica (page does not exist)">Acta Borussica</a></i>, an extensive collection of Prussian historical sources undertaken by the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Academy_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin Academy of Science">Berlin Academy of Science</a> upon Schmoller's and <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Sybel" title="Heinrich von Sybel">Sybel</a>'s instigation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>One of the reasons why Schmoller is not more widely known today is that most of his books and articles were not translated,<sup id="cite_ref-bonn_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as during his time Anglo-American economists generally read German, which was the dominant scholarly language of the time. German having fallen out of favor, the untranslated texts are now inaccessible to readers without knowledge of German. Two exceptions are: </p> <ul><li><i>The Mercantile System and Its Historical Significance</i>, New York: Macmillan, 2nd ed. 1910. This is a chapter from Schmoller's much larger work <i>Studien über die wirtschaftliche Politik Friedrichs des Grossen</i> which was published in 1884. The chapter was translated by William J. Ashley and published in 1897 under the English title above. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=autMAAAAIAAJ">online edition</a></li> <li>"The Idea of Justice in Political Economy." <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_the_American_Academy_of_Political_and_Social_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science">Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science</a></i>. 4 (1894): 697–737. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/1008698">in JSTOR</a></li></ul> <p>His <i><a href="/wiki/Masterpiece" title="Masterpiece">magnum opus</a></i> is </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grundrissderall00schmgoog"><i>Grundriss der allgemeinen Volkswirtschaftslehre</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-bonn_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, 1900–1904.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Important recent books on Schmoller in English</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%BCrgen_Backhaus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jürgen Backhaus (page does not exist)">Backhaus, Jürgen G.</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Backhaus" class="extiw" title="de:Jürgen Backhaus">de</a>]</span> (1994), ed. <i>Gustav Schmoller and the Problems of Today</i>. <i>History of Economic Ideas</i>, vol.s I/1993/3, II/1994/1.</li> <li>Backhaus, Jürgen G. (1997), ed. <i>Essays in Social Security and Taxation. Gustav von Schmoller and Adolph Wagner Reconsidered</i>. Marburg: Metropolis.</li> <li>Balabkins, Nicholas W. (1988). <i>Not by theory alone...: The Economics of Gustav von Schmoller and Its Legacy to America.</i> Berlin: Duncker u. Humblot.</li> <li>Grimmer-Solem, Erik (2003). <i>The Rise of Historical Economics and Social Reform in Germany, 1864–1894.</i> Oxford: Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Koslowski, Peter, ed. <i>The Theory of Ethical Economy in the Historical School. Wilhelm Roscher, Lorenz v. Stein, Gustav Schmoller, Wilhelm Dilthey and Contemporary Thought.</i> Berlin etc.: Springer.</li> <li>Shionoya, Yuichi (2001), ed. <i>The German Historical School: The Historical and Ethical Approach to Economics.</i> London etc.: Routledge.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustav_von_Schmoller&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1900, Schmoller added a section on "Races and Peoples" to his "Grundriß der Allgemeinen Volkswirtschaftslehre" and in it, on twenty pages of alleged findings on diverse personality traits, described a hierarchical order of "races", which he presented as a basis of economics.<sup id="cite_ref-digitale-sammlungen.de_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-digitale-sammlungen.de-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, the <a href="/wiki/Verein_f%C3%BCr_Socialpolitik" title="Verein für Socialpolitik">Verein für Socialpolitik</a>, which awards the Gustav Schmoller Medal for outstanding services to the Association, has suspended the award from June 2021 to May 2026 and decided to discuss the subject of the relevant section of Schmoller's book at upcoming annual meetings during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The decision was made by the Verein für Socialpolitik on the basis of an expert opinion by Erik Grimmer-Solem (Wesleyan University, Middletown, USA).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustav_von_Schmoller&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Methodenstreit" title="Methodenstreit">Methodenstreit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Werturteilsstreit" title="Werturteilsstreit">Werturteilsstreit</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustav_von_Schmoller&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-bonn-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bonn_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bonn_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bonn_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBonn1938" class="citation journal cs1">Bonn, M.J. (1938). "Gustav Schmoller und die Volkswirtschaftslehre". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economic_Journal" title="The Economic Journal">The Economic Journal</a></i>. <b>48</b> (192): 713–714. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2225060">10.2307/2225060</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2225060">2225060</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Journal&rft.atitle=Gustav+Schmoller+und+die+Volkswirtschaftslehre&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=192&rft.pages=713-714&rft.date=1938&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2225060&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2225060%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bonn&rft.aufirst=M.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustav+von+Schmoller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grimmer-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grimmer_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grimmer_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimmer-Solem2003" class="citation book cs1">Grimmer-Solem, Erik (2003). <i>The Rise of Historical Economics and Social Reform in Germany, 1864-1894</i>. Clarendon Press. pp. 197–198.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Historical+Economics+and+Social+Reform+in+Germany%2C+1864-1894&rft.pages=197-198&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Grimmer-Solem&rft.aufirst=Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustav+von+Schmoller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNau2000" class="citation journal cs1">Nau, Heino Heinrich (2000). "Gustav Schmoller's Historico-Ethical Political Economy : ethics, politics and economics in the younger German Historical School, 1860-1917". <i>European Journal of the History of Economic Thought</i>. <b>7</b> (4): 523. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09672560050210098">10.1080/09672560050210098</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154920944">154920944</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+the+History+of+Economic+Thought&rft.atitle=Gustav+Schmoller%27s+Historico-Ethical+Political+Economy+%3A+ethics%2C+politics+and+economics+in+the+younger+German+Historical+School%2C+1860-1917&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=523&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09672560050210098&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154920944%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Nau&rft.aufirst=Heino+Heinrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustav+von+Schmoller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Schmoller, Gustav"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Schmoller,_Gustav">"Schmoller, Gustav" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 344.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Schmoller%2C+Gustav&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=344&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustav+von+Schmoller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Encyclopedia of Law and Society: American and Global Perspectives</i>, 3rd ed., "Schmoller, Gustav von."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-powers-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-powers_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-powers_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowers1995" class="citation journal cs1">Powers, Charles H. (1995). "Review". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Economics_and_Sociology" class="mw-redirect" title="American Journal of Economics and Sociology">American Journal of Economics and Sociology</a></i>. <b>54</b> (3): 287–288. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1536-7150.1995.tb03427.x">10.1111/j.1536-7150.1995.tb03427.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3487093">3487093</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Economics+and+Sociology&rft.atitle=Review&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=287-288&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1536-7150.1995.tb03427.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3487093%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Powers&rft.aufirst=Charles+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustav+von+Schmoller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltman1904" class="citation journal cs1">Altman, S. P. (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/251103">"Schmoller's Political Economy"</a>. <i>Journal of Political Economy</i>. <b>13</b> (1): 82–89. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F251103">10.1086/251103</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3808">0022-3808</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=Schmoller%27s+Political+Economy&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=82-89&rft.date=1904&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F251103&rft.issn=0022-3808&rft.aulast=Altman&rft.aufirst=S.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2F10.1086%2F251103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustav+von+Schmoller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grimmer-Solem, Erik (2003) <i>The Rise of Historical Economics and Social Reform in Germany, 1864–1894</i> (Oxford: Oxford University Press).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/250832">"Grundriss der Allgemeinen Volkswirtschaftslehre . Von Gustav Schmoller"</a>. <i>Journal of Political Economy</i>. <b>10</b> (2): 282–284. 1902. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F250832">10.1086/250832</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3808">0022-3808</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=Grundriss+der+Allgemeinen+Volkswirtschaftslehre+.+Von+Gustav+Schmoller&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=282-284&rft.date=1902&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F250832&rft.issn=0022-3808&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2F10.1086%2F250832&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustav+von+Schmoller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-digitale-sammlungen.de-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-digitale-sammlungen.de_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb11123584?page=670">Deutsches Textarchiv – Schmoller, Gustav: Grundriß der Allgemeinen Volkswirtschaftslehre. Bd. 1. Leipzig, 1900.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerein_für_Socialpolitik" class="citation web cs1">Verein für Socialpolitik. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.socialpolitik.de/de/gustav-schmoller-medal">"Gustav-Schmoller-Medaille"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gustav-Schmoller-Medaille&rft.au=Verein+f%C3%BCr+Socialpolitik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.socialpolitik.de%2Fde%2Fgustav-schmoller-medal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustav+von+Schmoller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Georg Weizsäcker: <i>Gustav Schmoller und das R-Wort</i>. In: <i><a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung">Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung</a></i> vom 21. Juni 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.socialpolitik.de/en/consent?dest=%2Fen%2F">"Cookie Consent | Verein für Socialpolitik e.V"</a>. <i>www.socialpolitik.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.socialpolitik.de&rft.atitle=Cookie+Consent+%7C+Verein+f%C3%BCr+Socialpolitik+e.V&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.socialpolitik.de%2Fen%2Fconsent%3Fdest%3D%252Fen%252F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustav+von+Schmoller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustav_von_Schmoller&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Clark, David S. <i>Encyclopedia of Law and Society American and Global Perspectives</i> . Minneapolis: Sage Publications, Inc, 2007.</li> <li>Grimmer-Solem, Erik. <i>The Rise of Historical Economics and Social Reform in Germany, 1864–1894.</i> Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.</li> <li>Iggers, Georg G. <i>Historiography in the Twentieth Century: From Scientific Objectivity to the Postmodern Challenge</i> (Wesleyan University Press, 1997).</li> <li>Richter, Rudolf. "Bridging Old and New Institutional Economics: Gustav Schmoller, the Leader of the Younger German Historical School, Seen With Neoinstitutionalists' Eyes," <i>Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics (JITE) / Zeitschrift für die gesamte Staatswissenschaft</i> Vol. 152, No. 4 (December 1996), pp. 567–592 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40751932">in JSTOR</a>).</li> <li>Shionoya, Yuichi. <i>The Soul of The German Historical School: Methodological Essays on Schmoller, Weber and Schumpeter</i> New York: Springer, 2005.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Veblen, Thorstein</a>. "Gustav Schmoller's Economics," <i>The Quarterly Journal of Economics</i>, vol. 16 no. 1 (Nov. 1901): 69–93 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1882903">in JSTOR</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustav_von_Schmoller&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gustav_Schmoller" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Gustav Schmoller">Gustav Schmoller</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Schmoller%2C%20Gustav%20von%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Schmoller%2C%20Gustav%20v%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Schmoller%2C%20G%2E%20v%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Gustav%20von%20Schmoller%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Gustav%20v%2E%20Schmoller%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22G%2E%20v%2E%20Schmoller%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Schmoller%2C%20Gustav%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Gustav%20Schmoller%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Gustav%20von%20Schmoller%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Gustav%20v%2E%20Schmoller%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22G%2E%20v%2E%20Schmoller%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22G%2E%20von%20Schmoller%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Schmoller%2C%20Gustav%20von%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Schmoller%2C%20Gustav%20v%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Schmoller%2C%20G%2E%20v%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Schmoller%2C%20G%2E%20von%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Gustav%20Schmoller%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Schmoller%2C%20Gustav%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Gustav%20von%20Schmoller%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Gustav%20v%2E%20Schmoller%22%20OR%20title%3A%22G%2E%20v%2E%20Schmoller%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Gustav%20Schmoller%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Gustav%20von%20Schmoller%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Gustav%20v%2E%20Schmoller%22%20OR%20description%3A%22G%2E%20v%2E%20Schmoller%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Schmoller%2C%20Gustav%20von%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Schmoller%2C%20Gustav%20v%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Gustav%20Schmoller%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Schmoller%2C%20Gustav%22%29%20OR%20%28%221838-1917%22%20AND%20Schmoller%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Gustav von Schmoller</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060615151836/http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/schmoller.htm">Short biography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.punkerslut.com/critiques/schmoller/class.html">'A Leftist Criticism of Gustav Schmoller's "On Class Conflict in General"' (1915)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/015733">Newspaper clippings about Gustav von Schmoller</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="width:1%">Economists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_B%C3%BCcher" title="Karl Bücher">Karl Bücher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gustav_Droysen" title="Johann Gustav Droysen">Johann Gustav Droysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Hildebrand" title="Bruno Hildebrand">Bruno Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_Knapp" title="Georg Friedrich Knapp">Georg Friedrich Knapp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Knies" title="Karl Knies">Karl Knies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Laspeyres" title="Étienne Laspeyres">Étienne Laspeyres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List">Friedrich List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Karl Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">Leopold von Ranke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Georg_Friedrich_Roscher" title="Wilhelm Georg Friedrich Roscher">Wilhelm Roscher</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gustav von Schmoller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Joseph Schumpeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Werner Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Treitschke" title="Heinrich von Treitschke">Heinrich von Treitschke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_Wagner" title="Adolph Wagner">Adolph Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contributions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creative_destruction" title="Creative destruction">Creative destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disenchantment" title="Disenchantment">Disenchantment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_movement" title="Double movement">Double movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economistic_fallacy" title="Economistic fallacy">Economistic fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embeddedness" title="Embeddedness">Embeddedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightened_absolutism" title="Enlightened absolutism">Enlightened absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictitious_commodities" title="Fictitious commodities">Fictitious commodities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_type" title="Ideal type">Ideal type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovation_economics" title="Innovation economics">Innovation economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_cage" title="Iron cage">Iron cage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_index#Paasche_and_Laspeyres_price_indices" title="Price index">Laspeyres price index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_chances" title="Life chances">Life chances</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Methodenstreit" title="Methodenstreit">Methodenstreit</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodological_individualism" title="Methodological individualism">Methodological individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">Monopoly on violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_innovation_system" title="National innovation system">National innovation system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(philosophy)" title="Identity (philosophy)">Philosophy of identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalization_(sociology)" title="Rationalization (sociology)">Rationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schumpeterian_rent" title="Schumpeterian rent">Schumpeterian rent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_action" title="Social action">Social action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantivism" title="Substantivism">Substantivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy#Max_Weber" title="Bureaucracy">Theory of Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_cycle" title="Business cycle">Theory of business cycles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-component_theory_of_stratification" title="Three-component theory of stratification">Three-component theory of stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_classification_of_authority" title="Tripartite classification of authority">Tripartite classification of authority</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Verstehen" title="Verstehen">Verstehen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner%27s_law" title="Wagner's law">Wagner's law</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Werturteilsstreit" title="Werturteilsstreit">Werturteilsstreit</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62833#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62833#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62833#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000108751819">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/17346852">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/202901/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjxyfGFY8yf3fvpWCr8YP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118609378">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n87873094">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12726145r">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12726145r">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00455660">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Schmoller, Gustav"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/IEIV036701">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35481472">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=skuk0001233&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1440353">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/222709">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p074718711">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Schmoller, Gustav, 1838-1917"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000103909&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=153233">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810700749105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/101706">Vatican</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/225764">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007267789305171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14479512">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00896017?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=137066">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/968727">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118609378.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118609378">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/029396026">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6gr0brr">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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