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<span>Revival in 18th- and 19th-century Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revival_in_18th-_and_19th-century_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Humanitas_as_benevolence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Humanitas_as_benevolence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Humanitas as benevolence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Humanitas_as_benevolence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitas" title="Humanitas – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Humanitas" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitas" title="Humanitas – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Humanitas" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BC%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3_%D1%91%D2%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Хүмүүнлиг ёһон – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хүмүүнлиг ёһон" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85" title="Çынлăх – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çынлăх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitas" title="Humanitas – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Humanitas" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humaneco" title="Humaneco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Humaneco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Covje%C4%8Dnost" title="Čovječnost – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Čovječnost" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitas" title="Humanitas – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Humanitas" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Адамгершілік – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Адамгершілік" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitas" title="Humanitas – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Humanitas" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitas" title="Humanitas – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Humanitas" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cz%C5%82owiecze%C5%84stwo" title="Człowieczeństwo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Człowieczeństwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Гуманность – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гуманность" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Гуманність – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гуманність" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1260024#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Latin noun</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Humanitas_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Humanitas (disambiguation)">Humanitas (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p> <b><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Humanitas</i></span></b> (from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">hūmānus</i></span>, "human") is a <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> noun meaning <a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">human nature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Human civilization">civilization</a>, and kindness. It has uses in <a href="/wiki/The_Enlightenment" class="mw-redirect" title="The Enlightenment">the Enlightenment</a>, which are discussed below. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classical_origins_of_term">Classical origins of term</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humanitas&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classical origins of term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Latin word <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">humanitas</i></span> corresponded to the Greek concepts of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Philanthropy#Classical_Philanthropy" title="Philanthropy">philanthrôpía</a></i></span> (loving what makes us human) and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">paideia</a></i></span> (education) which were amalgamated with a <a href="/wiki/Virtue#Roman_Virtues" title="Virtue">series of qualities</a> that made up the traditional unwritten Roman code of conduct (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Mos_maiorum" title="Mos maiorum">mos maiorum</a></i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> (106–43 <span title="Before Common Era">BCE</span>) used <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">humanitas</i></span> in describing the formation of an ideal speaker (<a href="/wiki/Orator" title="Orator">orator</a>) who he believed should be <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">educated</a> to possess a collection of virtues of character suitable both for an active life of public service and a decent and fulfilling private life; these would include a fund of learning acquired from the study of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">bonae litterae</i></span> ("good letters", i.e., classical literature, especially poetry), which would also be a source of continuing cultivation and pleasure in leisure and retirement, youth and old age, and good and bad fortune.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Insofar as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">humanitas</i></span> corresponded to <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">philanthrôpía</i></span> and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">paideia</i></span>, it was particularly applicable to guiding the proper exercise of power over others. Hence Cicero's advice to his brother that "if fate had given you authority over Africans or <a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">Spaniards</a> or Gauls, wild and barbarous nations, you would still owe it to your <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">humanitas</i></span> to be concerned about their comforts, their needs, and their safety."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Echoing Cicero over a century later, <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a> (61–112 <span title="Common Era">CE</span>) defined <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">humanitas</i></span> as the capacity to win the affections of lesser folk without impinging on greater.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revival_in_Early_Italian_Renaissance"><span class="anchor" id="Revival"></span>Revival in Early Italian Renaissance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humanitas&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Revival in Early Italian Renaissance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept was of great importance during the re-discovery of <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> by the Italian <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Humanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaissance Humanism">umanisti</a></i></span>, beginning with the illustrious Italian poet <a href="/wiki/Petrarch" title="Petrarch">Petrarch</a>, who revived Cicero's injunction to cultivate the <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a>, which were understood during the Renaissance as grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, and moral philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1333, in <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, Petrarch found and copied out in his own hand a manuscript of Cicero's speech, <i><a href="/wiki/Pro_Archia_Poeta" title="Pro Archia Poeta">Pro Archia</a></i>, which contained a famous passage in defense of poetry and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">litterae</i></span> (letters): </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:italic;text-align:left" lang="la" class="poem"> <p><i>Haec studia adolescentiam alunt, senectutem oblectant, secundas res ornant, adversis perfugium ac solacium praebent, delectant domi, non impediunt foris, pernoctant nobiscum, peregrinantur, rusticantur.</i> </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="en" class="poem"> <p>These studies nourish youth, entertain old age, enhance prosperity, offer refuge and solace too in adversity, delight us at home, not hindering us out of doors, spend the night with us, go abroad, and live in the countryside. </p> </div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;font-size:90%"> <td style="padding-left:1.6em;text-align:left">—<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=1695391"><i>Pro Archia</i> paragraph 16.</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:3.6em;text-align:left"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Petrarch liked this quotation and referred to it often, and where Cicero used the phrase "<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">litterarum lumen</i></span>", "the light of literature", Petrarch in the margin wrote <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">lumen litterarum</i></span> alongside and drew a sketch of a lamp or candle. The Liège manuscript is lost and so is Petrarch's copy, but Petrarch's copy "can be shown to be behind all but one of the later manuscripts" and preserves Petrarch's marginal annotations.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Petrarch, in many respects a Medieval man, regretted that Cicero had not been a Christian and believed that he certainly would have been one had he not died before the birth of Jesus. To Petrarch and the Renaissance <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">umanisti</i></span> who immediately followed him, Cicero's <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">humanitas</i></span> was not seen as in conflict with Christianity or a Christian education. In this they followed the fifth century Church fathers such as <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a>, who taught that Greek and Roman learning and literature were gifts of God and models of excellence, provided, of course, they were filtered and purified in order to serve Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Humanitas_during_the_French_Enlightenment">Humanitas during the French Enlightenment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humanitas&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Humanitas during the French Enlightenment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gay" title="Peter Gay">Peter Gay</a>, the eighteenth-century French <a href="/wiki/Philosophes" title="Philosophes">philosophes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> found Cicero's eclectic, <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoic</a>-tinged paganism congenial:<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>The ideal of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">humanitas</i></span> was first brought to Rome by the philosophic circle around Scipio and further developed by <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>. For Cicero, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">humanitas</i></span> was a style of thought, not a formal doctrine. It asserted man's importance as a cultivated being, in control of his moral universe. The man who practiced <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">humanitas</i></span> was confident of his worth, courteous to others, decent in his social conduct, and active in his political role. He was a man, moreover, who faced life with courageous skepticism: he knows that the consolations of popular religion are for more credulous beings than himself, that life is uncertain, and that sturdy pessimism is superior to self-deceptive optimism. Man becomes man as he refines himself; he even becomes godlike: “<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Deus est mortali iuvare mortalem</i></span>,” wrote Pliny, translating a Greek Stoic, “To help man is man's true God.” Finally, the man who practiced <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">humanitas</i></span> cultivated his aesthetic sensibilities as he listened to his reason: "<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Cum musis</i></span>,” wrote Cicero, “<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">id est, cum humanitate et doctrina habere commercium</i></span>".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Virtue, Cicero insisted, is nothing but nature perfected and developed to its highest point, and there is therefore a resemblance between man and God: "<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Est autem virtus nihil aliud quam in se perfecta et ad summum perducta natura; est igitur homini cum deo similitudio</i></span>"<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>...</p><p> Cicero's <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">humanitas</i></span>... reappeared in the first century in <a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca</a>'s claim – made in the midst of a lament over Roman bestiality – that man is a sacred thing to man: “<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">homo res sacra homini</i></span>”;<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and reappeared once more in the eighteenth century in <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a>'s call for human autonomy and in <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>'s stern injunction: “Remember your dignity as a man.”<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the beginning of his <i><a href="/wiki/Meditations" title="Meditations">Meditations</a></i>, the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> elaborated a veritable catalog of qualities which, all together, made up the virtues which Cicero had called <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">humanitas</i></span> and which the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">philosophes</i></span> hoped they possessed in good measure: modesty, self-control, manliness, beneficence, practicality, generosity, rationality, tolerance, and obedience to the dictates of nature.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revival_in_18th-_and_19th-century_Germany">Revival in 18th- and 19th-century Germany</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humanitas&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Revival in 18th- and 19th-century Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> During the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Aufkl%C3%A4rung" class="mw-redirect" title="Aufklärung">Aufklärung</a></i></span> (the German version of the eighteenth-century <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>), the term "<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Humanität</i></span>" was used to designate the intellectual, physical, and moral formation of "a better <a href="/wiki/Human_being" class="mw-redirect" title="Human being">human being</a>" (or <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a>). It was used, for example, by theologian <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann Gottfried Herder</a> in his <i>Briefe zur Beförderung der Humanität</i> (<i>Letters for the Advancement of Humanity</i>), 1792, and by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a>, among others.</p><blockquote><p>Herder's <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Humanität</i></span> is a broad concept he defines variously as the gradual fulfillment of best human potential, the achievement of reason and fairness in all classes and in all affairs of men, and the joint product of the creative actions of legislators, poets, artists, philosophers, inventors, and educators through the ages.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Although Herder is considered the originator of ethnic nationalism, he was no chauvinist. He maintained that each person loves his own nation, family, language, and customs not because they are better than other peoples' but because they are his. Love for one's own individuality ought to lead to respect for that of others. For Herder, the image of God was imprinted in each human being, along with an internal impulse for self-improvement and growth. Historian William McNeil writes that Herder boldly proclaimed that:</p><blockquote><p>each age and every people embody ideals and capacities peculiar to themselves, thus allowing a fuller and more complete expression of the multiform potentialities of humankind than could otherwise occur. Herder expressly denied that one people or civilization was better than another. They were just different, in the same way that the German language was different from the French.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Humanitas_as_benevolence">Humanitas as benevolence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humanitas&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Humanitas as benevolence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Roman humanism, benevolence (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">benevolentia</i></span>) was considered a feature of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">humanitas</i></span>. This is particularly emphasized in the works of Cicero and Seneca.<sup id="cite_ref-Poma_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poma-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this context, benevolence drives the idea of humaneness and is understood as a feeling either of love or tenderness that makes "someone willing to participate, at the level of feeling, in whatever is human."<sup id="cite_ref-Poma_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poma-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such participation entails a willingness to engage both in human suffering and joy. This was echoed in the Kantian position on love, which cited a so-called rational benevolence driven by natural sympathetic joy and pity.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Others have also discussed benevolence in modern humanism. Max Scheler, for example, used it in his discourse on sympathy. In one of his works, he linked benevolence and the concept of "fellow-feeling," which allows self-love, self-centred choice, solipsism, and egoism<span class="cleanup-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">"</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="where does this quote begin? (August 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> to finally be wholly overcome.<sup id="cite_ref-Scheler_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheler-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 98">: 98 </span></sup> Scheler equated benevolence with humanitarianism, explaining that these concepts — along with fellow-feeling — embrace all men, "simply because they are men."<sup id="cite_ref-Scheler_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheler-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 99">: 99 </span></sup> </p><p><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Humanitas</i></span> as <a href="/wiki/Altruism" title="Altruism">benevolence</a> is also a cornerstone of the credo of <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a> and constituted one of the bases for its position that nationality and religion do not matter, only universal humanity.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some orders of Freemasonry are called "Humanitas".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humanitas&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a> – Academic disciplines that study society and culture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal arts">Liberal arts</a> – Traditional academic course in Western higher education<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Paideia</a> – Educational model once used in Athens</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humanitas&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The opening chapter of Cicero's <a href="/wiki/Tusculan_Disputations" class="mw-redirect" title="Tusculan Disputations">Tusculan Disputations</a> enumerates some of them: <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Quae enim tanta gravitas, quae tanta constantia, magnitudo animi, probitas, fides, quae tam excellens in omni genere virtus in ullis fuit, ut sit cum maioribus nostris comparanda?</i></span> "For what weight of character, what firmness, magnanimity, probity, good faith, what surpassing virtue of any type, has been found in any people to such a degree as to make them the equals of our ancestors?" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/cicero/tusculan-disputations/c-d-yonge/text/chapter-1"><i>Tusculanae Disputationes</i> 1.2</a>). Of the Roman political virtues, Richard Bauman judges clemency as the most important. See <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBauman2000" class="citation book cs1">Bauman, Richard A. (2000). <i>Human Rights in Ancient Rome</i>. London: Routledge. p. 21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Rights+in+Ancient+Rome&rft.place=London&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Bauman&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanitas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The word occurs also in other Latin writers of the Classical period. For example, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">cultus atque humanitas</i></span> ("culture and humanity"), meaning "civilization", appears in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130327014904/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=CaeComm.sgm&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&tag=public&part=1&division=div2">opening sentences</a> of <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a> (1.1.3), where Caesar calls the tribe of the Belgae the bravest, because farthest away from Romanized Southern France (<a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a>). It also occurs five times in the <i><a href="/wiki/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium" title="Rhetorica ad Herennium">Rhetorica ad Herennium</a></i>, for centuries erroneously attributed to Cicero but which in fact predates him. However, the concept was most fully elaborated by Cicero, who uses the word 299 times, accounting for about half of the 463 occurrences in all the other Classical Latin writers together. See Renato Oniga, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tulliana.eu/documenti/Oniga_Humanitas.pdf"><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">L'Idea Latina Di</i></span> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Humanitas</i></span></a> in <i>Tulliana</i> (2009) II. On the distinctly Roman cast of Cicero's adaptation of the concept of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">humanitas</i></span> from the Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Paidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Paidea">paidea</a></i></span>, Oniga cites a 1973 study by the German scholar Wolfgang Schadewaldt:<blockquote><p><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">...l’essenza della <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">humanitas</i></span> romana sta propriamente nell’essere l’altra faccia di un insieme ordinato di valori molto precisi e severi, che facevano parte del codice di comportamento del cittadino romano fin dalle origini, e sono pressoché intraducibili in greco: la <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">pietas</i></span> (che è qualcosa di diverso dalla <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">eusébeia</i></span>), <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">mores</i></span> (che non coincidono esattamente con l’<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">ethos</i></span>), e poi la <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">dignitas</i></span>, la <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">gravitas</i></span>, l’<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">integritas</i></span>, e così via. L’idea di <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">humanitas</i></span> riassumeva in sé tuttiquesti valori... ma nello stesso tempo li sfumava, li rendeva meno rigidi e più universali.</i></span></p></blockquote> <blockquote><p> ...the essence of Roman <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">humanitas</i></span> is that it constitutes one of the aspects of an orderly complex of very distinct and severe values that had been part of the code of conduct of a Roman citizen from the outset and are virtually untranslatable in Greek: <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">pietas</i></span> (which is different from <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Eusebeia#Classical_Greek_usage" title="Eusebeia">eusébeia</a></i></span>), <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">mores</i></span> (which do not coincide exactly with <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ethos" title="Ethos">ethos</a></i></span>), and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">dignitas</i></span>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">gravitas</i></span>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">integritas</i></span>, and so on. The idea of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">humanitas</i></span> subsumed all these values... simultaneously blurring their outlines, rendering them less rigid and more universal.</p></blockquote> See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchadewaldt1973" class="citation book cs1">Schadewaldt, Wolfgang (1973). "Humanitas Romana". In Temporini, Hildegard; Haase, Wolfgang (eds.). <i>Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt</i>. Vol. I.4. p. 47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Humanitas+Romana&rft.btitle=Aufstieg+und+Niedergang+der+r%C3%B6mischen+Welt&rft.pages=47&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Schadewaldt&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanitas" class="Z3988"></span> For further discussion of Schadewaldt's essay, see also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauman" class="citation book cs1">Bauman, Richard A. <i>Human Rights in Ancient Rome</i>. London: Routledge. pp. 21–27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Rights+in+Ancient+Rome&rft.place=London&rft.pages=21-27&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.aulast=Bauman&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanitas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoolf1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Greg_Woolf" title="Greg Woolf">Woolf, Greg</a> (1998). <i>Becoming Roman: The Origins of Provincial Civilization in Gaul</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 68.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+Roman%3A+The+Origins+of+Provincial+Civilization+in+Gaul&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Woolf&rft.aufirst=Greg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanitas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPliny_the_Younger" class="citation book cs1">Pliny the Younger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.attalus.org/old/pliny9.html#5">"To Tiro"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Epistulae_(Pliny)" title="Epistulae (Pliny)"><i>Epistulae</i></a>. IX.5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=To+Tiro&rft.btitle=Epistulae&rft.pages=IX.5&rft.au=Pliny+the+Younger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.attalus.org%2Fold%2Fpliny9.html%235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanitas" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li>See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYavetz1988" class="citation book cs1">Yavetz, Zvi (1988). <i>Plebs and Princeps</i>. Transaction Publishers. p. 102.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plebs+and+Princeps&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Yavetz&rft.aufirst=Zvi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanitas" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKristeller1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Oskar_Kristeller" title="Paul Oskar Kristeller">Kristeller, Paul Oskar</a> (1965). <i>Renaissance Thought II: Papers on Humanism and the Arts</i>. New York: Harper Torchbooks. p. 178. <q>Early Italian humanism, which in many respects continued the grammatical and rhetorical traditions of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, not merely provided the old <a href="/wiki/Trivium_(education)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trivium (education)">Trivium</a> with a new and more ambitious name (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Studia humanitatis</i></span>), but also increased its actual scope, content, and significance in the curriculum of the schools and universities and in its own extensive literary production. The <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">studia humanitatis</i></span> excluded logic, but they added to the traditional grammar and rhetoric not only history, Greek, and moral philosophy, but also made poetry, once a sequel of grammar and rhetoric, the most important member of the whole group.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Renaissance+Thought+II%3A+Papers+on+Humanism+and+the+Arts&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Harper+Torchbooks&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Kristeller&rft.aufirst=Paul+Oskar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanitas" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li>See also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKristeller1944–45" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-year-range-abbreviated">Kristeller, Paul Oskar (1944–45). "Humanism and Scholasticism In the Italian Renaissance". <i>Byzantion</i>. <b>17</b>: 346–74.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Byzantion&rft.atitle=Humanism+and+Scholasticism+In+the+Italian+Renaissance&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=346-74&rft.date=1944%2F1945&rft.aulast=Kristeller&rft.aufirst=Paul+Oskar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanitas" class="Z3988"></span> Reprinted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Renaissance Thought</i>. New York: Harper Torchbooks. 1961.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Renaissance+Thought&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+Torchbooks&rft.date=1961&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanitas" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael D. Reeve writes: <blockquote><p>If it is true that Italian humanists had no expression closer to ‘classical scholarship’ than <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">studia humanitatis</i></span>, the <i>Pro Archia</i> provided classical scholarship in the Renaissance with its charter of foundation. In Petrarch's attention to <i>Pro Archia</i> eight elements can be distinguished: </p><ol><li>He discovered the speech.</li> <li>He liked it because it extolled poetry</li> <li>He used it in works of his own</li> <li>He marked details in it, sometimes because related things had struck him elsewhere in his reading of ancient literature</li> <li>He adjusted its text</li> <li>He spoke of his discovery in correspondence that he put in wider circulation</li> <li>He put the speech itself into wide circulation</li> <li>Such was his prestige both as a writer and as a collector that after his death <i>Pro Archia</i> became one of many texts in his library sought out for copying.</li></ol> </blockquote> <p>See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReeve1996" class="citation book cs1">Reeve, Michael D. (1996). "Classical Scholarship". In Kraye, Jill (ed.). <i>The Cambridge Companion to Renaissance Humanism</i>. Cambridge. pp. 21–22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Classical+Scholarship&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Renaissance+Humanism&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=21-22&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Reeve&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanitas" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span> </p> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, Ernst Robert Curtius recounts that "St. Jerome furnished the Middle Ages with an oft repeated argument for utilizing antique learning in the service of Christianity: In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Deuteronomy%2021:12&version=nrsv">Deuteronomy 21:12</a>: If a Hebrew desires to marry a heathen slave, he shall cut her hair and her nails. In like manner the Christian who loves secular learning shall purify it from all errors. Then it is worthy to serve God." St. Augustine "in his allegorical exposition of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Exodus%203:22&version=nrsv">Exodus 3:22</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Exodus%2012:35&version=nrsv">12:35</a>: When they went out of Egypt the Israelites took gold and silver vessels with them, thus the Christian must rid pagan learning of what is superfluous and pernicious, that he may place it in the service of truth." See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtius1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Robert_Curtius" title="Ernst Robert Curtius">Curtius, Ernst Robert</a> (1973) [1953]. <i>European Literature in the Latin Middle Ages</i>. Bollingen Series. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. pp. 40 and passim.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Literature+in+the+Latin+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Princeton%2C+N.J.&rft.series=Bollingen+Series&rft.pages=40+and+passim&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Curtius&rft.aufirst=Ernst+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanitas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGay1995" class="citation book cs1">Gay, Peter (1995) [1966]. <i>The Enlightenment: The Rise of Modern Paganism</i>. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. pp. 107–108.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Enlightenment%3A+The+Rise+of+Modern+Paganism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=107-108&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Gay&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanitas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Gay's citation of the phrase, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Cum musis</i></span>, etc., refers to an anecdote in the <i>Tusculan Disputations</i>, in which Cicero recounts how during a visit to Syracuse, in Sicily, he had chanced to discover the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Archimedes" title="Archimedes">Archimedes</a>, at that time unknown to the inhabitants of the city, but which he, Cicero, recognized from its description in a line of poetry he had memorized; and he contrasted the enduring fame of Archimedes, the mathematician, to the obloquy of the notorious Sicilian tyrant <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_I_of_Syracuse" title="Dionysius I of Syracuse">Dionysius the Elder</a>, buried nearby: “Who is there who has had anything at all to do with the Muses, that is, with humanity and learning, who would not prefer to be this mathematician rather than that tyrant? If we look into their manner of life and employment, the mind of the one was nourished by seeking out and pondering theories, accompanied by the delight in his cleverness, which is the sweetest sustenance of souls, that of the other in murder and wrongdoing, accompanied by fear both day and night” (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/cicero/tusculan-disputations/c-d-yonge/text/chapter-5"><i>TD</i> 5.64–5</a>). This anecdote is one of the sources for the humanist commonplace that poetry is a more lasting monument than stone. See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaeger2002" class="citation journal cs1">Jaeger, Mary (2002). "Cicero and Archimedes Tomb". <i>The Journal of Roman Studies</i>. <b>92</b>: 51–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3184859">10.2307/3184859</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3184859">3184859</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162402665">162402665</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Roman+Studies&rft.atitle=Cicero+and+Archimedes+Tomb&rft.volume=92&rft.pages=51-52&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162402665%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3184859%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3184859&rft.aulast=Jaeger&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanitas" class="Z3988"></span> The incident is recalled by <a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">Wordsworth</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Call Archimedes from his buried tomb<br /> Upon the plain of vanished Syracuse,<br /> And feelingly the Sage shall make report<br /> How insecure, how baseless in itself,<br /> Is the Philosophy, whose sway depends<br /> On mere material instruments;—how weak<br /> Those arts, and high inventions, if unpropped<br /> By virtue.—He, sighing with pensive grief,<br /> Amid his calm abstractions, would admit<br /> That not the slender privilege is theirs<br /> To save themselves from blank forgetfulness! </p> </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>"The Parsonage", in William Wordsworth, <i>The Excursion</i> (Book Eighth, lines 220–230)</cite></div></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCicero" class="citation cs2">Cicero, M.T., <a href="/wiki/De_Legibus" title="De Legibus"><i>De Legibus</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/leg1.shtml">I.8.25</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Legibus&rft.pages=I.8.25&rft.aulast=Cicero&rft.aufirst=M.T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanitas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeneca" class="citation book cs1">Seneca, L.A. <i>Moral letters to Lucilius</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Moral_letters_to_Lucilius/Letter_95">95</a>.33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moral+letters+to+Lucilius&rft.pages=95.33&rft.aulast=Seneca&rft.aufirst=L.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanitas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoltaire" class="citation book cs1">Voltaire. "Evil". <a href="/wiki/Dictionnaire_philosophique" title="Dictionnaire philosophique"><i>Philosophical Dictionary</i></a>. Vol. II. p. 378.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Evil&rft.btitle=Philosophical+Dictionary&rft.pages=378&rft.au=Voltaire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanitas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReed2015" class="citation book cs1">Reed, T.J. (2015). <i>Light in Germany: Scenes from an Unknown Enlightenment</i>. University of Chicago. p. 59.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Light+in+Germany%3A+Scenes+from+an+Unknown+Enlightenment&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=T.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanitas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNiell1981" class="citation journal cs1">McNiell, William Hardy (1981). "Discrepancies among the social sciences". <i>Conspectus of History</i>. <b>1</b> (7): 37–38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Conspectus+of+History&rft.atitle=Discrepancies+among+the+social+sciences&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=37-38&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=McNiell&rft.aufirst=William+Hardy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanitas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Poma-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Poma_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poma_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoma2017" class="citation book cs1">Poma, Andrea (2017). <i>Cadenzas: Philosophical Notes for Postmodernism</i>. Berlin: Springer. p. 231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319528113" title="Special:BookSources/9783319528113"><bdi>9783319528113</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cadenzas%3A+Philosophical+Notes+for+Postmodernism&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=231&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9783319528113&rft.aulast=Poma&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanitas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRinne2018" class="citation book cs1">Rinne, Pärttyli (2018). <i>Kant on Love</i>. Berlin: Walter de Gryuter. p. 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110543858" title="Special:BookSources/9783110543858"><bdi>9783110543858</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kant+on+Love&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gryuter&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9783110543858&rft.aulast=Rinne&rft.aufirst=P%C3%A4rttyli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanitas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scheler-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scheler_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scheler_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheler2008" class="citation book cs1">Scheler, Max (2008). <i>The Nature of Sympathy</i>. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412806879" title="Special:BookSources/9781412806879"><bdi>9781412806879</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nature+of+Sympathy&rft.place=New+Brunswick&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781412806879&rft.aulast=Scheler&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanitas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSorrels2016" class="citation book cs1">Sorrels, Katherine (2016). <i>Cosmopolitan Outsiders: Imperial Inclusion, National Exclusion, and the Pan-European Idea, 1900-1930</i>. Berlin: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781349720620" title="Special:BookSources/9781349720620"><bdi>9781349720620</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cosmopolitan+Outsiders%3A+Imperial+Inclusion%2C+National+Exclusion%2C+and+the+Pan-European+Idea%2C+1900-1930&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781349720620&rft.aulast=Sorrels&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumanitas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/The_arts#Literary_arts" title="The arts">Language arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">Performing arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">Theatre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filmmaking" title="Filmmaking">Filmmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Interdisciplinary_fields" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interdisciplinary fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_humanities" title="Digital humanities">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_humanities" title="Environmental humanities">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_humanities" title="Health humanities">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_humanities" title="Medical humanities">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_humanities" title="Public humanities">Public</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abductive_reasoning" title="Abductive reasoning">Abductive reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipositivism" title="Antipositivism">Antipositivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_arts" title="The arts">The arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">Beauty</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Belles-lettres" title="Belles-lettres">Belles-lettres</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bildung" title="Bildung">Bildung</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism" title="Criticism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_literacy" title="Cultural literacy">Cultural literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_culture" title="High culture">High</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_knowledge" title="General knowledge">General knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_condition" title="Human condition">Human condition</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Humanitas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts_education" title="Liberal arts education">Liberal arts education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trivium" title="Trivium">Trivium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrivium" title="Quadrivium">Quadrivium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_character" title="Moral character">Moral character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-realization" title="Self-realization">Self-realization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-reflection" title="Self-reflection">Self-reflection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_of_art" title="Work of art">Work of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Archaeology" title="American Journal of Archaeology">American Journal of Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daedalus_(journal)" title="Daedalus (journal)">Daedalus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Humanities" title="History of Humanities">History of Humanities</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitas_(journal)" title="Humanitas (journal)">Humanitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities_and_Social_Sciences_Communications" title="Humanities and Social Sciences Communications">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Controversial_Ideas" title="Journal of Controversial Ideas">Journal of Controversial Ideas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Asiatic_Society" title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_(journal)" title="Leonardo (journal)">Leonardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Religio" title="Nova Religio">Nova Religio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revue_des_%C3%89tudes_Arm%C3%A9niennes" title="Revue des Études Arméniennes">Revue des Études Arméniennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teaching_Philosophy" title="Teaching Philosophy">Teaching Philosophy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_humanities_journals" title="List of humanities journals">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Humanities_Research_Council" title="Arts and Humanities Research Council">Arts and Humanities Research Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_science" title="Human science">Human science</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Geisteswissenschaft" title="Geisteswissenschaft">Geisteswissenschaft</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities,_arts,_and_social_sciences" title="Humanities, arts, and social sciences">Humanities, arts, and social sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Humanities" title="Master of Humanities">Master of Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_University_for_the_Humanities" title="Moscow University for the Humanities">Moscow University for the Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Humanities" title="National Endowment for the Humanities">National Endowment for the Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Humanities_Medal" title="National Humanities Medal">National Humanities Medal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antihumanism" title="Antihumanism">Antihumanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philistinism" title="Philistinism">Philistinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_culture#Criticism" title="Popular culture">Criticism of mass culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_essentialism" title="Educational essentialism">Educational essentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities_in_the_United_States" title="Humanities in the United States">Humanities in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_considered_a_founder_in_a_Humanities_field" class="mw-redirect" title="List of people considered a founder in a Humanities field">List of people considered a founder in a Humanities field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_humanities" title="Outline of the humanities">Outline of the humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Latin_school#Studia_Humanitatis" title="Latin school">Studia Humanitatis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Virtues" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Virtues" title="Template:Virtues"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Virtues" title="Template talk:Virtues"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Virtues" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Virtues"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Virtues" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">Virtues</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">About virtues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endowment_(philosophy)" title="Endowment (philosophy)">Endowment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_character" title="Moral character">Moral character</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nicomachean_Ethics" title="Nicomachean Ethics">Nicomachean Ethics</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_psychology" title="Positive psychology">Positive psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trait_theory" title="Trait theory">Trait theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue ethics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Virtue families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyā dhammā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihārās</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bushido" title="Bushido">Bushidō</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Vices_and_Virtues" title="Catalogue of Vices and Virtues">Catalogue of Vices and Virtues</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emi_Omo_Eso" title="Emi Omo Eso">Emi Omo Eso</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemic_virtue" title="Epistemic virtue">Epistemic virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_virtues" title="Five virtues">Five virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Cardinal_Principles_and_Eight_Virtues" title="Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues">Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_ethics#Intellectual_virtue" title="Aristotelian ethics">Intellectual virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_ethics#Moral_virtue" title="Aristotelian ethics">Moral virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Noble_Virtues" title="Nine Noble Virtues">Nine Noble Virtues</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Omoluwabi" title="Omoluwabi">Omoluwabi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramīs</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_virtues" title="Prussian virtues">Prussian virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_Law" title="Scout Law">Scout Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_virtues" title="Seven virtues">Seven virtues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Cardinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_virtues" title="Theological virtues">Theological</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teachings_of_the_Seven_Grandfathers" title="Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers">Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Treasures_(Taoism)" title="Three Treasures (Taoism)">Three Treasures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_in_Action_Inventory_of_Strengths" title="Values in Action Inventory of Strengths">Values in Action Inventory of Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individual virtues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accountability" title="Accountability">Accountability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alertness" title="Alertness">Alertness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altruism" title="Altruism">Altruism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_(philosophy)" title="Authenticity (philosophy)">Authenticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calmness" title="Calmness">Calmness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charisma" title="Charisma">Charisma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charity_(practice)" title="Charity (practice)">Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chastity" title="Chastity">Chastity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">Chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleanliness" title="Cleanliness">Cleanliness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion" title="Compassion">Compassion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientiousness" title="Conscientiousness">Conscientiousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courage" title="Courage">Courage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_courage" title="Civil courage">Civil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_courage" title="Moral courage">Moral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtesy" title="Courtesy">Courtesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diligence" title="Diligence">Diligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discernment_(Christianity)" title="Discernment (Christianity)">Discernment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">Discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">Empathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurance" title="Endurance">Endurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equanimity" title="Equanimity">Equanimity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette" title="Etiquette">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faithfulness" title="Faithfulness">Faithfulness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidelity" title="Fidelity">Fidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foresight_(psychology)" title="Foresight (psychology)">Foresight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frugality" title="Frugality">Frugality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generosity" title="Generosity">Generosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glory_(honor)" title="Glory (honor)">Glory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_faith" title="Good faith">Good faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratitude" title="Gratitude">Gratitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_virtue" title="Heroic virtue">Heroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honesty" title="Honesty">Honesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope_(virtue)" title="Hope (virtue)">Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitality" title="Hospitality">Hospitality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanity_(virtue)" title="Humanity (virtue)">Humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humility" title="Humility">Humility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impartiality" title="Impartiality">Impartiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocence" title="Innocence">Innocence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insight" title="Insight">Insight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrity" title="Integrity">Integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_intelligence" title="Emotional intelligence">Emotional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_intelligence" title="Social intelligence">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgement" title="Judgement">Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_(virtue)" title="Justice (virtue)">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindness" title="Kindness">Kindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnanimity" title="Magnanimity">Magnanimity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificence_(history_of_ideas)" title="Magnificence (history of ideas)">Magnificence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meekness" title="Meekness">Meekness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy" title="Mercy">Mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderation" title="Moderation">Moderation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modesty" title="Modesty">Modesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonattachment_(philosophy)" title="Nonattachment (philosophy)">Nonattachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patience" title="Patience">Patience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspicacity" title="Perspicacity">Perspicacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philanthropy" title="Philanthropy">Philanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piety" title="Piety">Piety</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filial_piety" title="Filial piety">Filial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pity" title="Pity">Pity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politeness" title="Politeness">Politeness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prudence" title="Prudence">Prudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punctuality" title="Punctuality">Punctuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_(virtue)" title="Religion (virtue)">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renunciation" title="Renunciation">Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_resilience" title="Psychological resilience">Resilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respect" title="Respect">Respect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverence_(emotion)" title="Reverence (emotion)">Reverence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteous_indignation" title="Righteous indignation">Righteous indignation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteousness" title="Righteousness">Righteousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-control" title="Self-control">Self-control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-cultivation" title="Self-cultivation">Self-cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-transcendence" title="Self-transcendence">Self-transcendence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sincerity" title="Sincerity">Sincerity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sportsmanship" title="Sportsmanship">Sportsmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympathy" title="Sympathy">Sympathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_taste" title="Aesthetic taste">Taste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)" title="Temperance (virtue)">Temperance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tranquillity" title="Tranquillity">Tranquillity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wit" title="Wit">Wit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workmanship" title="Workmanship">Workmanship</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chinese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/De_(Chinese)" title="De (Chinese)">De</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jing_(philosophy)" title="Jing (philosophy)">Jing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Li_(Confucianism)" title="Li (Confucianism)">Li</a></i></li> <li><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ren_(philosophy)" title="Ren (philosophy)">Ren</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yi_(philosophy)" title="Yi (philosophy)">Yi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greek</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Agape" title="Agape">Agape</a></i></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Arete" title="Arete">Arete</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ataraxia" title="Ataraxia">Ataraxia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eutrapelia" title="Eutrapelia">Eutrapelia</a></i></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Philotimo" title="Philotimo">Philotimo</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Phronesis" title="Phronesis">Phronesis</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sophia_(wisdom)" title="Sophia (wisdom)">Sophia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sophrosyne" title="Sophrosyne">Sophrosyne</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adhi%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Adhiṭṭhāna">Adhiṭṭhāna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arjava" title="Arjava">Ārjava</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhrti" title="Dhrti">Dhṛti</a></i></li> <li><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Hr%C4%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Hrī (Buddhism)">Hrī</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kshama" title="Kshama">Kshama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kshanti" title="Kshanti">Kshanti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Muditā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shaucha" title="Shaucha">Shaucha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sev%C4%81" title="Sevā">Sevā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Hinduism" title="Faith in Hinduism">Śraddhā</a></i>/<i><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Saddhā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekṣā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Latin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">Auctoritas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charity_(Christian_virtue)" title="Charity (Christian virtue)">Caritas</a></i></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Decorum" title="Decorum">Decorum</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Dignitas_(Roman_concept)" title="Dignitas (Roman concept)">Dignitas</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Fides_(deity)" title="Fides (deity)">Fides</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gravitas" title="Gravitas">Gravitas</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Humanitas</a></i></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Pietas" title="Pietas">Pietas</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virtus" title="Virtus">Virtus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ganbaru" title="Ganbaru">Ganbaru</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Giri_(Japanese)" title="Giri (Japanese)">Giri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sadaqah" title="Sadaqah">Sadaqah</a></i></li> <li><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca"><a href="/wiki/Seny" title="Seny">Seny</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sisu" title="Sisu">Sisu</a></i></li> <li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Virt%C3%B9" title="Virtù">Virtù</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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