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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Workmanship_and_craftsmanship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Workmanship_and_craftsmanship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Workmanship and craftsmanship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Workmanship_and_craftsmanship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Workmanship_in_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Workmanship_in_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Workmanship in society</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Workmanship_in_society-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Workmanship in society subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Workmanship_in_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Electronics_manufacturing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronics_manufacturing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Electronics manufacturing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronics_manufacturing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Workmanship_and_aversion_to_labor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Workmanship_and_aversion_to_labor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Workmanship and aversion to labor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Workmanship_and_aversion_to_labor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p><b>Workmanship</b> is a human attribute relating to knowledge and skill at performing a task. Workmanship is also a <a href="/wiki/Quality_(philosophy)" title="Quality (philosophy)">quality</a> imparted to a product. The type of work may include the creation of <a href="/wiki/Handcrafts" class="mw-redirect" title="Handcrafts">handcrafts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">writing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Machinery" class="mw-redirect" title="Machinery">machinery</a> and other products. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Workmanship_and_craftsmanship">Workmanship and craftsmanship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Workmanship&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Workmanship and craftsmanship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rubens_-_Vulcano_forjando_los_rayos_de_J%C3%BApiter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Rubens_-_Vulcano_forjando_los_rayos_de_J%C3%BApiter.jpg/220px-Rubens_-_Vulcano_forjando_los_rayos_de_J%C3%BApiter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="420" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Rubens_-_Vulcano_forjando_los_rayos_de_J%C3%BApiter.jpg/330px-Rubens_-_Vulcano_forjando_los_rayos_de_J%C3%BApiter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Rubens_-_Vulcano_forjando_los_rayos_de_J%C3%BApiter.jpg/440px-Rubens_-_Vulcano_forjando_los_rayos_de_J%C3%BApiter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1597" data-file-height="3051" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Rubens</a>'s 1536 rendition of <a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(mythology)" title="Vulcan (mythology)">Vulcan</a>, the Roman counterpart of <a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a>, the Greek God of Craftsmen.</figcaption></figure> <p>Workmanship and craftsmanship are sometimes considered synonyms, but many draw a distinction between the two terms, or at least consider craftsmanship to mean "workmanship of the better sort".<sup id="cite_ref-Pye_1968_loc=_Chpt_2:_The_workmanship_of_risk_and_the_workmanship_of_certainty_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pye_1968_loc=_Chpt_2:_The_workmanship_of_risk_and_the_workmanship_of_certainty-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among those who consider workmanship and craftsmanship to be different, the word "workmanlike" is sometimes even used as a pejorative, for example to suggest that while an author might understand the basics of their craft, they lack flair. David Pye wrote that no one can definitively state where workmanship ends and craftsmanship begins.<sup id="cite_ref-Pye_1968_loc=_Chpt_2:_The_workmanship_of_risk_and_the_workmanship_of_certainty_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pye_1968_loc=_Chpt_2:_The_workmanship_of_risk_and_the_workmanship_of_certainty-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Sing clear-voiced Muse, of Hephaestus famed for skill. With bright-eyed Athena he taught men glorious crafts throughout the world—men who before used to dwell in caves in the mountains like wild beasts. But now that they have learned craftsmanship through Hephaestus famous for his art they live a peaceful life in own houses the whole year round.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>from a Homeric hymn celebrating craftsmanship<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>During the Middle Ages, smiths and especially armor smiths developed unique symbols of workmanship to distinguish the quality of their work.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are comparable to the <i>mon</i> family crests of Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Workmanship_in_society">Workmanship in society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Workmanship&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Workmanship in society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Workmanship was likely a valued human attribute even in prehistoric times. In the opinion of the economist and sociologist <a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Thorstein Veblen</a>, the sense of workmanship is the single most important attribute governing the material well-being of a people, with the parental instinct coming a close second.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There have been periods in history when workmanship was looked down on; for example in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a>, where it had become associated with slavery. This was not always the case—in the <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">archaic period</a> Greeks had valued workmanship, celebrating it in <a href="/wiki/Homeric_hymns" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeric hymns">Homeric hymns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western world</a>, a return to a more positive attitude towards work emerged with the rise of Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-Rasmussen_2008_loc=_Chpt_2:_Work_Curse_or_Blessing_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rasmussen_2008_loc=_Chpt_2:_Work_Curse_or_Blessing-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Veblen said the social value of workmanship in Europe reached its peak with the "Era of handicraft". The era began as workmanship flourished in response to the relative peace and security of property rights that Europe had achieved by the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a>. The era ended as machine-driven processes began to displace the need for workmanship after the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>. </p><p>Workmanship was so central during the handicraft era, that, according to Veblen, even key theological questions were re-framed from "What has God ordained?" to "What has God wrought?".<sup id="cite_ref-Veblen_1914_loc=_Chpt_6:_The_era_of_handicraft_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Veblen_1914_loc=_Chpt_6:_The_era_of_handicraft-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The high value placed on workmanship could sometimes be oppressive. For example, one explanation for the origin of the English phrase <a href="/wiki/Sent_to_Coventry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sent to Coventry">sent to Coventry</a> is that it reflects the practice where London <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guild</a> members who were expelled due to poor workmanship were forced to move to Coventry, which used to be a guild-free town. But workmanship was widely appreciated by <a href="/wiki/Common_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Common people">common people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Veblen_1914_loc=_Chpt_6:_The_era_of_handicraft_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Veblen_1914_loc=_Chpt_6:_The_era_of_handicraft-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When workers accustomed to practicing high standards of workmanship were first recruited to work on production lines in factories, it was common for them to walk out, as the new roles were relatively monotonous, giving them little scope to use their skills. After <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a> introduced the first <a href="/wiki/Assembly_line" title="Assembly line">assembly line</a> in 1913, had to recruit about ten men to find one willing to stay in the job. Over time, and with Ford offering high rates of pay, aversion to the new ways of working was reduced.<sup id="cite_ref-soulCraft_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soulCraft-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Workmanship began to receive attention from scholars after its place in society came under threat by the rise of industrialization. The <a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement" title="Arts and Crafts movement">Arts and Crafts movement</a> arose in the late 19th and early 20th century, as workmanship was being displaced by emphases on process, machine work, and the separation of design and planning skills from the execution of work. Founders of the movement like <a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Eliot_Norton" title="Charles Eliot Norton">Charles Eliot Norton</a> argued that the opportunity to engage in workmanship used to be a great source of fulfillment for the working class.<sup id="cite_ref-Veblen_1914_loc=_Chpt_6:_The_era_of_handicraft_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Veblen_1914_loc=_Chpt_6:_The_era_of_handicraft-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The arts and crafts movement has since been interpreted as a palliative, which unintentionally reduced resistance to the displacement of workmanship.<sup id="cite_ref-soulCraft_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soulCraft-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a book on the nature of workmanship, <a href="/wiki/David_Pye_(furniture)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Pye (furniture)">David Pye</a> writes that the displacement of workmanship continued into the late 20th century. He writes that since World War II especially, there has been "an enormous intensification of interest in design" at the expense of workmanship. Industrial processes are increasingly designed to minimize the skill needed for workers to produce quality products.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 21st century scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Crawford" title="Matthew Crawford">Matthew Crawford</a> argued that office and other <a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">white-collar work</a> is now being displaced by similar technological developments to those that caused manual workers to be made redundant from the late 19th to early 20th century. For those jobs that remain, cognitive aspects of the jobs are taken away from workers as knowledge is centralized. Crawford calls for a revaluing of workmanship, saying that certain manual roles like mechanics, plumbers, and carpenters have been resistant to further automation, and are among the most likely to continue offering the worker the chance for independent thought.<sup id="cite_ref-soulCraft_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soulCraft-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writers like <a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Botton" title="Alain de Botton">Alain de Botton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jane_McGonigal" title="Jane McGonigal">Jane McGonigal</a> argued that the world of work needs to be reformed to make it more fulfilling and less stressful. In particular, workers need to be able to make a deeply felt, imaginative connection between their own efforts and the end product. McGonigal argues that computer games can be a source of ideas for doing this; she says the primary reason for <a href="/wiki/World_of_Warcraft" title="World of Warcraft">World of Warcraft</a> being so popular is the sense of "blissful productivity" that its players enjoy.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electronics_manufacturing">Electronics manufacturing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Workmanship&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Electronics manufacturing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The reliability of electronic devices is greatly affected by the quality of the workmanship. Therefore, the <a href="/wiki/Electronics_manufacturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronics manufacturing">electronics manufacturing</a> industry has developed several <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_consensus_standards" class="mw-redirect" title="Voluntary consensus standards">voluntary consensus standards</a> to provide guidance on how products should be designed, built, inspected, and tested.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Workmanship_and_aversion_to_labor">Workmanship and aversion to labor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Workmanship&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Workmanship and aversion to labor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Older economic writings hold that people are averse to labor and can only be motivated to work using incentives like rewards and punishments. </p><p>Christianity is generally approving of workmanship, though certain Bible passages such as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%203:17&version=nrsv">Genesis 3:17</a> ("...Cursed is the ground because of you; through painful toil you will eat food from it all the days of your life.") contribute to the view that labor is a necessary evil, a punishment for <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">original sin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rasmussen_2008_loc=_Chpt_2:_Work_Curse_or_Blessing_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rasmussen_2008_loc=_Chpt_2:_Work_Curse_or_Blessing-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Though work did not originate with the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">fall of man</a>, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%202:15&version=nrsv">Genesis 2:15</a>—"Yahweh God took the man and put him in the garden of Eden to work it and keep it.") </p><p>Veblen is among those who now believe that work can be inherently joyful and satisfying. Veblen acknowledges that people tend towards idleness, but asserts that they also value work for its own sake, as is demonstrated by the vast amount of work that people do without obvious external pressure. Veblen also notes the near-universal tendency for people to approve of others' good work.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Psychologist Pernille Rasmussen believes that the tendency to value work can become so strong that it stops being a positive source of motivation, contributing instead to some people losing balance and becoming workaholics.<sup id="cite_ref-Rasmussen_2008_loc=_Chpt_2:_Work_Curse_or_Blessing_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rasmussen_2008_loc=_Chpt_2:_Work_Curse_or_Blessing-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Workmanship&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Software_craftsmanship" title="Software craftsmanship">Software craftsmanship</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Workmanship&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Citations</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Pye_1968_loc=_Chpt_2:_The_workmanship_of_risk_and_the_workmanship_of_certainty-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pye_1968_loc=_Chpt_2:_The_workmanship_of_risk_and_the_workmanship_of_certainty_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pye_1968_loc=_Chpt_2:_The_workmanship_of_risk_and_the_workmanship_of_certainty_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPye1968">Pye 1968</a>, Chpt 2: The workmanship of risk and the workmanship of certainty</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSennett2009">Sennett 2009</a>, p. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFfoulkes1988">Ffoulkes 1988</a>, pp. 62-72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMatsuya_Piece-Goods_Store1972" class="citation book cs1">Matsuya Piece-Goods Store (1972) [1913]. <i>Japanese Design Motifs: 4,260 Illustrations of Japanese Crests</i>. Translated by Adachi, Fumie. New York: Dover.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Design+Motifs%3A+4%2C260+Illustrations+of+Japanese+Crests&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dover&rft.date=1972&rft.au=Matsuya+Piece-Goods+Store&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorkmanship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVeblen1914">Veblen 1914</a>, Chpt 1: Introduction</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSennett2009">Sennett 2009</a>, pp. 22–23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rasmussen_2008_loc=_Chpt_2:_Work_Curse_or_Blessing-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rasmussen_2008_loc=_Chpt_2:_Work_Curse_or_Blessing_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rasmussen_2008_loc=_Chpt_2:_Work_Curse_or_Blessing_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rasmussen_2008_loc=_Chpt_2:_Work_Curse_or_Blessing_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRasmussen2008">Rasmussen 2008</a>, Ch. 2: Work Curse or Blessing</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Veblen_1914_loc=_Chpt_6:_The_era_of_handicraft-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Veblen_1914_loc=_Chpt_6:_The_era_of_handicraft_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Veblen_1914_loc=_Chpt_6:_The_era_of_handicraft_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Veblen_1914_loc=_Chpt_6:_The_era_of_handicraft_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVeblen1914">Veblen 1914</a>, Chpt 6: The era of handicraft</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-soulCraft-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-soulCraft_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-soulCraft_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-soulCraft_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrawford2006">Crawford 2006</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jackson-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJackson_Lears1994">Jackson Lears 1994</a>, Chpt 2: The figure of the artisan: arts and crafts ideology</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPye1968">Pye 1968</a>, Chpt 1: Design proposes: Workmanship disposes</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Botton2010">de Botton 2010</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcGonigal2011">McGonigal 2011</a>, Chpt 3: More satisfying work</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://suppliers.bcs.l3harris.com/docs/quality/workmanship-and-specifications-manual/WS-000.pdf">"WS-000: Workmanship Standards Introduction"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>L3Harris</i>. L3Harris<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=L3Harris&rft.atitle=WS-000%3A+Workmanship+Standards+Introduction&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsuppliers.bcs.l3harris.com%2Fdocs%2Fquality%2Fworkmanship-and-specifications-manual%2FWS-000.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorkmanship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVeblin1898">Veblin 1898</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFVeblin1898 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Sources</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford2006" class="citation journal cs1">Crawford, Matthew B. (Summer 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenewatlantis.com/publications/shop-class-as-soulcraft">"Shop Class as Soulcraft"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Atlantis_(journal)" title="The New Atlantis (journal)">The New Atlantis</a></i>. <b>13</b>: 7–24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-06-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Atlantis&rft.atitle=Shop+Class+as+Soulcraft&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=7-24&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Matthew+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenewatlantis.com%2Fpublications%2Fshop-class-as-soulcraft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorkmanship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Botton2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Botton" title="Alain de Botton">de Botton, Alain</a> (2010). <i>The Pleasures and Sorrows of Work</i>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0141027913" title="Special:BookSources/978-0141027913"><bdi>978-0141027913</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pleasures+and+Sorrows+of+Work&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0141027913&rft.aulast=de+Botton&rft.aufirst=Alain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorkmanship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFfoulkes1988" class="citation book cs1">Ffoulkes, John (1988). <i>The Armourer and His Craft: From the XIth to the XVIth Century</i>. Dover.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armourer+and+His+Craft%3A+From+the+XIth+to+the+XVIth+Century&rft.pub=Dover&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Ffoulkes&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorkmanship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson_Lears1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/T._J._Jackson_Lears" title="T. J. Jackson Lears">Jackson Lears, T.J</a> (1994). <i>No Place of Grace</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226469700" title="Special:BookSources/0226469700"><bdi>0226469700</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Place+of+Grace&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0226469700&rft.aulast=Jackson+Lears&rft.aufirst=T.J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorkmanship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGonigal2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jane_McGonigal" title="Jane McGonigal">McGonigal, Jane</a> (2011). <i>Reality is Broken</i>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780099540281" title="Special:BookSources/9780099540281"><bdi>9780099540281</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reality+is+Broken&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780099540281&rft.aulast=McGonigal&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorkmanship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPye1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Pye_(furniture)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Pye (furniture)">Pye, David</a> (1968). <i>The Nature and Art of Workmanship</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521060165" title="Special:BookSources/9780521060165"><bdi>9780521060165</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nature+and+Art+of+Workmanship&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=9780521060165&rft.aulast=Pye&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorkmanship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRasmussen2008" class="citation book cs1">Rasmussen, Pernille (2008). <i>When Work Takes Control: The Psychology and Effects of Work Addiction</i>. Karnack books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1855755932" title="Special:BookSources/978-1855755932"><bdi>978-1855755932</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Work+Takes+Control%3A+The+Psychology+and+Effects+of+Work+Addiction&rft.pub=Karnack+books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1855755932&rft.aulast=Rasmussen&rft.aufirst=Pernille&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorkmanship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSennett2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Sennett" title="Richard Sennett">Sennett, Richard</a> (2009). <i>The Craftsman</i>. Penguine. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780141022093" title="Special:BookSources/9780141022093"><bdi>9780141022093</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Craftsman&rft.pub=Penguine&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780141022093&rft.aulast=Sennett&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorkmanship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeblen1898" class="citation journal cs1">Veblen, Thorstein (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webspace.utexas.edu/hcleaver/www/368/368vebleninstinct.html">"The Instinct of Workmanship and the Irksomeness of Labor"</a>. <i>American Journal of Sociology</i>. <b>4</b> (2): 187–201. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F210791">10.1086/210791</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145426319">145426319</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=The+Instinct+of+Workmanship+and+the+Irksomeness+of+Labor&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=187-201&rft.date=1898&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F210791&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145426319%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Veblen&rft.aufirst=Thorstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebspace.utexas.edu%2Fhcleaver%2Fwww%2F368%2F368vebleninstinct.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorkmanship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeblen1914" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Veblen, Thorstein</a> (1914). <i>The Instinct of Workmanship and the State of the Industrial Arts</i>. Transaction Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780887388071" title="Special:BookSources/9780887388071"><bdi>9780887388071</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Instinct+of+Workmanship+and+the+State+of+the+Industrial+Arts&rft.pub=Transaction+Pub&rft.date=1914&rft.isbn=9780887388071&rft.aulast=Veblen&rft.aufirst=Thorstein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorkmanship" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Workmanship&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Risatti, Howard (2009). "Design, Workmanship, and Craftsmanship". <i>A Theory of Craft: Function and Aesthetic Expression</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807889077" title="Special:BookSources/9780807889077"><bdi>9780807889077</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Design%2C+Workmanship%2C+and+Craftsmanship&rft.btitle=A+Theory+of+Craft%3A+Function+and+Aesthetic+Expression&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780807889077&rft.aulast=Risatti&rft.aufirst=Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorkmanship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Smith, Kate (2010), <i>The Potter's Skill: perceptions of workmanship in the English ceramic industries, 1760-1800</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Potter%27s+Skill%3A+perceptions+of+workmanship+in+the+English+ceramic+industries%2C+1760-1800&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Kate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorkmanship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Kate (2012). "Sensing Design and Workmanship: The Haptic Skills of Shoppers in Eighteenth-Century London". <i>Journal of Design History</i>. <b>25</b> (1): 1–10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjdh%2Fepr053">10.1093/jdh/epr053</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22530251">22530251</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Design+History&rft.atitle=Sensing+Design+and+Workmanship%3A+The+Haptic+Skills+of+Shoppers+in+Eighteenth-Century+London&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-10&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjdh%2Fepr053&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22530251&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Kate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorkmanship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Van der Beek, Karine (2013), <i>England's Eighteenth Century Demand for High-Quality Workmanship: Evidence from Apprenticeship, 1710–1770</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=England%27s+Eighteenth+Century+Demand+for+High-Quality+Workmanship%3A+Evidence+from+Apprenticeship%2C+1710%E2%80%931770&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Van+der+Beek&rft.aufirst=Karine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorkmanship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Quiller-Couch" title="Arthur Quiller-Couch">Quiller-Couch, Arthur</a> (2008). <i>Shakespeare's Workmanship</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521736817" title="Special:BookSources/9780521736817"><bdi>9780521736817</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shakespeare%27s+Workmanship&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780521736817&rft.aulast=Quiller-Couch&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorkmanship" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endowment_(philosophy)" title="Endowment (philosophy)">Endowment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_character" title="Moral character">Moral character</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nicomachean_Ethics" title="Nicomachean Ethics">Nicomachean Ethics</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_psychology" title="Positive psychology">Positive psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trait_theory" title="Trait theory">Trait theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue ethics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Virtue families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyā dhammā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihārās</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bushido" title="Bushido">Bushidō</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Vices_and_Virtues" title="Catalogue of Vices and Virtues">Catalogue of Vices and Virtues</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emi_Omo_Eso" title="Emi Omo Eso">Emi Omo Eso</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemic_virtue" title="Epistemic virtue">Epistemic virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_virtues" title="Five virtues">Five virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Cardinal_Principles_and_Eight_Virtues" title="Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues">Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_ethics#Intellectual_virtue" title="Aristotelian ethics">Intellectual virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_ethics#Moral_virtue" title="Aristotelian ethics">Moral virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Noble_Virtues" title="Nine Noble Virtues">Nine Noble Virtues</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Omoluwabi" title="Omoluwabi">Omoluwabi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramīs</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_virtues" title="Prussian virtues">Prussian virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_Law" title="Scout Law">Scout Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_virtues" title="Seven virtues">Seven virtues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Cardinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_virtues" title="Theological virtues">Theological</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teachings_of_the_Seven_Grandfathers" title="Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers">Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Treasures_(Taoism)" title="Three Treasures (Taoism)">Three Treasures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_in_Action_Inventory_of_Strengths" title="Values in Action Inventory of Strengths">Values in Action Inventory of Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individual virtues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accountability" title="Accountability">Accountability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alertness" title="Alertness">Alertness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altruism" title="Altruism">Altruism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_(philosophy)" title="Authenticity (philosophy)">Authenticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calmness" title="Calmness">Calmness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charisma" title="Charisma">Charisma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charity_(practice)" title="Charity (practice)">Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chastity" title="Chastity">Chastity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">Chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleanliness" title="Cleanliness">Cleanliness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion" title="Compassion">Compassion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientiousness" title="Conscientiousness">Conscientiousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courage" title="Courage">Courage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_courage" title="Civil courage">Civil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_courage" title="Moral courage">Moral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtesy" title="Courtesy">Courtesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diligence" title="Diligence">Diligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discernment_(Christianity)" title="Discernment (Christianity)">Discernment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">Discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">Empathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurance" title="Endurance">Endurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equanimity" title="Equanimity">Equanimity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette" title="Etiquette">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faithfulness" title="Faithfulness">Faithfulness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidelity" title="Fidelity">Fidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foresight_(psychology)" title="Foresight (psychology)">Foresight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frugality" title="Frugality">Frugality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generosity" title="Generosity">Generosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glory_(honor)" title="Glory (honor)">Glory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_faith" title="Good faith">Good faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratitude" title="Gratitude">Gratitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_virtue" title="Heroic virtue">Heroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honesty" title="Honesty">Honesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope_(virtue)" title="Hope (virtue)">Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitality" title="Hospitality">Hospitality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanity_(virtue)" title="Humanity (virtue)">Humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humility" title="Humility">Humility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impartiality" title="Impartiality">Impartiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocence" title="Innocence">Innocence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insight" title="Insight">Insight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrity" title="Integrity">Integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_intelligence" title="Emotional intelligence">Emotional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_intelligence" title="Social intelligence">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgement" title="Judgement">Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_(virtue)" title="Justice (virtue)">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindness" title="Kindness">Kindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnanimity" title="Magnanimity">Magnanimity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificence_(history_of_ideas)" title="Magnificence (history of ideas)">Magnificence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meekness" title="Meekness">Meekness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy" title="Mercy">Mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderation" title="Moderation">Moderation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modesty" title="Modesty">Modesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonattachment_(philosophy)" title="Nonattachment (philosophy)">Nonattachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patience" title="Patience">Patience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspicacity" title="Perspicacity">Perspicacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philanthropy" title="Philanthropy">Philanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piety" title="Piety">Piety</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filial_piety" title="Filial piety">Filial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pity" title="Pity">Pity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politeness" title="Politeness">Politeness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prudence" title="Prudence">Prudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punctuality" title="Punctuality">Punctuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_(virtue)" title="Religion (virtue)">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renunciation" title="Renunciation">Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_resilience" title="Psychological resilience">Resilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respect" title="Respect">Respect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverence_(emotion)" title="Reverence (emotion)">Reverence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteous_indignation" title="Righteous indignation">Righteous indignation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteousness" title="Righteousness">Righteousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-control" title="Self-control">Self-control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-cultivation" title="Self-cultivation">Self-cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-transcendence" title="Self-transcendence">Self-transcendence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sincerity" title="Sincerity">Sincerity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sportsmanship" title="Sportsmanship">Sportsmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympathy" title="Sympathy">Sympathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_taste" title="Aesthetic taste">Taste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)" title="Temperance (virtue)">Temperance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tranquillity" title="Tranquillity">Tranquillity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wit" title="Wit">Wit</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Workmanship</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chinese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/De_(Chinese)" title="De (Chinese)">De</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jing_(philosophy)" title="Jing (philosophy)">Jing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Li_(Confucianism)" title="Li (Confucianism)">Li</a></i></li> <li><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ren_(philosophy)" title="Ren (philosophy)">Ren</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yi_(philosophy)" title="Yi (philosophy)">Yi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greek</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Agape" title="Agape">Agape</a></i></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Arete" title="Arete">Arete</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ataraxia" title="Ataraxia">Ataraxia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eutrapelia" title="Eutrapelia">Eutrapelia</a></i></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Philotimo" title="Philotimo">Philotimo</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Phronesis" title="Phronesis">Phronesis</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sophia_(wisdom)" title="Sophia (wisdom)">Sophia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sophrosyne" title="Sophrosyne">Sophrosyne</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adhi%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Adhiṭṭhāna">Adhiṭṭhāna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arjava" title="Arjava">Ārjava</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhrti" title="Dhrti">Dhṛti</a></i></li> <li><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Hr%C4%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Hrī (Buddhism)">Hrī</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kshama" title="Kshama">Kshama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kshanti" title="Kshanti">Kshanti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Muditā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shaucha" title="Shaucha">Shaucha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sev%C4%81" title="Sevā">Sevā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Hinduism" title="Faith in Hinduism">Śraddhā</a></i>/<i><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Saddhā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekṣā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Latin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">Auctoritas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charity_(Christian_virtue)" title="Charity (Christian virtue)">Caritas</a></i></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Decorum" title="Decorum">Decorum</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Dignitas_(Roman_concept)" title="Dignitas (Roman concept)">Dignitas</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Fides_(deity)" title="Fides (deity)">Fides</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gravitas" title="Gravitas">Gravitas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Humanitas" title="Humanitas">Humanitas</a></i></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Pietas" title="Pietas">Pietas</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virtus" title="Virtus">Virtus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ganbaru" title="Ganbaru">Ganbaru</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Giri_(Japanese)" title="Giri (Japanese)">Giri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sadaqah" title="Sadaqah">Sadaqah</a></i></li> <li><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca"><a href="/wiki/Seny" title="Seny">Seny</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sisu" title="Sisu">Sisu</a></i></li> <li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Virt%C3%B9" title="Virtù">Virtù</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div 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