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<span>Jainism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jainism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Hinduism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Discussion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discussion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Discussion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discussion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_concepts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_concepts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Related concepts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_concepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Difference_from_aparigraha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Difference_from_aparigraha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Difference from <span><i>aparigraha</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Difference_from_aparigraha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> 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Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_(%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A3)" title="অস্তেয় (গুণ) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অস্তেয় (গুণ)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF" title="अस्तेय – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="अस्तेय" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Achourya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Астея – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Астея" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteya" title="Asteya – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Asteya" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%AF" title="અસ્તેય – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="અસ્તેય" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF" title="अस्तेय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अस्तेय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%AF" title="ಅಸ್ತೇಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಸ್ತೇಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aszt%C3%A9ja" title="Asztéja – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Asztéja" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF" title="अस्तेय – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अस्तेय" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteya" title="Asteya – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Asteya" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A4" title="アステーヤ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アステーヤ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Астея – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Астея" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Achourya" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="அஸ்தேயம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அஸ்தேயம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%8F" title="Астейя – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Астейя" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Non-stealing, a virtue in Indian religions</div> <p> <b><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Achourya</i></span></b> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>: <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">अचौर्यः</span></span>, <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Acauryaḥ</i></span>) or <b><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Asteya</i></span></b> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>: <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">अस्तेय</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Asteya</i></span>) is the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> term for "non-stealing". It is a <a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">virtue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Jainism.</a> The practice of <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">asteya</i></span> demands that one must not steal, nor have the intent to steal, another's property through action, speech, and thoughts.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kntiwari87_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kntiwari87-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Asteya</i></span> is one of five major vows of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_Jainism#Maha_vratas_(Major_vows)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethics of Jainism">Jainism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jw_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jw-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also one of ten forms of <a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)" title="Temperance (virtue)">temperance</a> (virtuous self-restraint) in <a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian philosophy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-knaiyar_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knaiyar-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achourya&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word "<span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">asteya</i></span>" is a compound derived from Sanskrit, where "<span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">a</i></span>" refers to "non-" and "<span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">steya</i></span>" refers to "practice of stealing" or "something that can be stolen". Thus, <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">asteya</i></span> means "non-stealing". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jainism">Jainism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achourya&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Jainism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, it is one of the five vows that all <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka_(Jainism)" title="Śrāvaka (Jainism)"><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">śrāvakas</i></span> and <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">śrāvikā</i></span>s</a> (householders) as well as <a href="/wiki/Jain_monasticism" title="Jain monasticism">monastics</a> must observe.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The five transgressions of this vow, as mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Jain_text" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain text">Jain text</a> <i>Tattvārthsūtra</i>, are: "Prompting another to steal, receiving stolen goods, underbuying in a disordered state, using false weights and measures, and deceiving others with artificial or imitation goods".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.A._Jain1992208_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES.A._Jain1992208-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> This is explained in the Jain text, <i><a href="/wiki/Sarv%C4%81rthasiddhi" title="Sarvārthasiddhi">Sarvārthasiddhi</a></i> as (translated by S.A. Jain): <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Prompting a person to steal, or prompting him through another or approving of the theft, is the first transgression. The second is receiving stolen goods from a person, whose action has neither been prompted nor approved by the recipient. Receiving or buying goods otherwise than by lawful and just means is an irregularity or a transgression. An attempt to buy precious things very cheaply in a disordered state is the third transgression. Cheating others by the use of false weights and measures in order to obtain more from others and give less to others, is the fourth transgression. Deceiving others with artificial gold, synthetic diamonds and so on, is the fifth transgression. These five are the transgressions of the vow of non-stealing.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Sarvārthasiddhi</i> (7–27)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.A._Jain1992208_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES.A._Jain1992208-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achourya&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hinduism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Asteya</i></span> is defined in Hindu texts as "the abstinence, in one's deeds or words or thoughts, from unauthorized appropriation of things of value from another human being".<sup id="cite_ref-jw_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jw-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a widely discussed virtue in ethical theories of Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-kntiwari87_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kntiwari87-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in the <a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sūtras</a> (II.30), <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Asteya</i></span> is listed as the third <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">yama</a></i></span> or virtue of self-restraint, along with <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">ahimsa</a></i></span> (nonviolence), <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">satya</a></i></span> (non-falsehoods, truthfulness), <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">brahmacharya</a></i></span> (sexual chastity in one's feelings and actions) and <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">aparigraha</a></i></span> (non-possessiveness, non-craving).<sup id="cite_ref-jw_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jw-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> <p><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">अहिंसासत्यास्तेय ब्रह्मचर्यापरिग्रहाः यमाः</span></span><br /> <br /> Non-violence, Non-falsehood, Non-stealing, Non-cheating (celibacy, chastity), and Non-possessiveness are the five Yamas. </p> </div> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patañjali</a>, Yoga Sutra 2.30<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Asteya</i></span> is thus one of the five essential restraints (<span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">yamas</i></span>, "the don'ts") in Hinduism, that with five essential practices (<span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">niyamas</i></span>, "the dos") are suggested for right, virtuous, enlightened living.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discussion">Discussion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achourya&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Discussion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Asteya</i></span> in practice implies to "not steal", "not cheat", nor unethically manipulate other's property or others for one's own gain.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Asteya</i></span> as virtue demands not only that one "not steal", but that one should not encourage cheating through speech or writing, or want to cheat even in one's thinking. The virtue of <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">asteya</i></span> arises out of the understanding that all misappropriation is an expression of craving and lack of <a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">compassion</a> for other beings.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To steal or want to steal expresses lack of faith in oneself: one's ability to learn and create property. To steal another's property is also stealing from one's own potential ability to develop.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a> reason that misappropriation, conspiring to misappropriate, or wanting to misappropriate, at its root reflects the sin of <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">lobha</i></span> (bad greed), <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">moha</i></span> (material delusion), or <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">krodha</i></span> (bad anger).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a> held <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">ahimsa</a></i></span> as essential to the human right to life and liberty without fear, and <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">asteya</i></span> as essential to the human right to property without fear.<sup id="cite_ref-nikam_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nikam-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Asteya</i></span> follows from <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">ahimsa</i></span>, in Gandhi's views, because stealing is a form of violence and injury to another person.<sup id="cite_ref-nikam_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nikam-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Asteya</i></span> is not merely "theft by action", but it includes "theft by intent" and "theft by manipulation". Persistent exploitation of the weak or poor is a form of "<span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">asteya</i></span> in one's thought".<sup id="cite_ref-nikam_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nikam-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_concepts">Related concepts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achourya&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Related concepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></i></span>—charity to a deserving person without any expectation in return—is a recommended <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">niyama</a></i></span> in Hinduism. The motive behind <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">dāna</i></span> is reverse to that of "stealing from others". <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Dāna</i></span> is a complementary practice to the <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">yama</i></span> (restraint) of <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">asteya</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Difference_from_aparigraha">Difference from <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">aparigraha</i></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achourya&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Difference from aparigraha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Asteya</i></span> and <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">aparigraha</a></i></span> are two of several important virtues in Hinduism and Jainism. They both involve interaction between a person and material world, either as property, fame or ideas; yet <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">asteya</i></span> and <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">aparigraha</i></span> are different concepts. <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Asteya</i></span> is the virtue of non-stealing and not wanting to appropriate, or take by force or deceit or exploitation, by deeds or words or thoughts, what is owned by and belongs to someone else.<sup id="cite_ref-nikam_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nikam-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Aparigraha</i></span>, in contrast, is the virtue of non-possessiveness and non-clinging to one's own property, non-accepting of any gifts or particularly improper gifts offered by others, and of non-avarice/non-craving in the motivation of one's deeds, words, and thoughts.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Aparigraha</i></span> means non-covetousness. <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Graham</i></span> is where one stands. <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Pari</i></span> is the limit. When one crosses the limit of one's <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">graha</i></span>, even by intention it's covetousness, not a virtue. It's misappropriation or manipulation. This principle applies not only to physical property, but also to intellectual property.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Crossing one's limit, craving for something or someone rightfully belonging to others even by thoughts or intentions is a sin. “...whosever looketh on a woman to lust after her hath committed adultery with her already in his heart” (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%205:27–28&version=nrsv">Matthew 5:27–28</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achourya&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCorner2009" class="citation journal cs1">Corner, Patricia (2009). "Workplace spirituality and business ethics: Insights from an Eastern spiritual tradition". <i>Journal of Business Ethics</i>. <b>85</b> (3): 377–389. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10551-008-9776-2">10.1007/s10551-008-9776-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144273760">144273760</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Business+Ethics&rft.atitle=Workplace+spirituality+and+business+ethics%3A+Insights+from+an+Eastern+spiritual+tradition&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=377-389&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10551-008-9776-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144273760%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Corner&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchourya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kntiwari87-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kntiwari87_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kntiwari87_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTiwari1998" class="citation book cs1">Tiwari, Kedar Nath (1998). <i>Classical Indian Ethical Thought</i>. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1607-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1607-7"><bdi>978-81-208-1607-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Indian+Ethical+Thought&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1607-7&rft.aulast=Tiwari&rft.aufirst=Kedar+Nath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchourya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jw-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jw_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jw_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jw_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Yoga-System of Patañjali</i>. Translated by Wood, James. Harvard University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/yogasystemofpata00wooduoft#page/178/mode/2up">178</a>–182.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yoga-System+of+Pata%C3%B1jali&rft.pages=178-182&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchourya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-knaiyar-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-knaiyar_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Śāṇdilya-Upanishad of Atharvaṇaveḍa". <i>Thirty Minor Upanishads</i>. Translated by Aiyar, K. Narayanasvami. Madras: Kessinger Publishing. 1914. pp. 173–176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1164026419" title="Special:BookSources/978-1164026419"><bdi>978-1164026419</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C5%9A%C4%81%E1%B9%87dilya-Upanishad+of+Atharva%E1%B9%87ave%E1%B8%8Da&rft.btitle=Thirty+Minor+Upanishads&rft.place=Madras&rft.pages=173-176&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=1914&rft.isbn=978-1164026419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchourya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlasenapp1999" class="citation cs2">Glasenapp, Helmuth Von (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WzEzXDk0v6sC"><i>Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation</i></a>, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-1376-6" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-1376-6"><bdi>81-208-1376-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jainism%3A+An+Indian+Religion+of+Salvation&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=81-208-1376-6&rft.aulast=Glasenapp&rft.aufirst=Helmuth+Von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWzEzXDk0v6sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchourya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTES.A._Jain1992208-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.A._Jain1992208_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.A._Jain1992208_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFS.A._Jain1992">S.A. Jain 1992</a>, p. 208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeuerstein1997" class="citation book cs1">Feuerstein, Georg (1997). Feuerstein, Georg; Miller, Jeanine (eds.). <i>The Essence of Yoga</i>. Inner Traditions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89281-738-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89281-738-2"><bdi>978-0-89281-738-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essence+of+Yoga&rft.pub=Inner+Traditions&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-89281-738-2&rft.aulast=Feuerstein&rft.aufirst=Georg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchourya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ashtangayoga.info/source-texts/yoga-sutra-patanjali/chapter-2/">Yoga Sutra</a>, Sadhana Pada, Verse 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke2013" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, Matthew (2013). <i>Handbook of Research on Development and Religion</i>. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85793-357-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85793-357-7"><bdi>978-0-85793-357-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Research+on+Development+and+Religion&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-85793-357-7&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchourya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorner2008" class="citation journal cs1">Corner, Patricia (August 2008). "Extending Theory through Experience: A Framework for Business Ethics from Yoga". <i>Academy of Management Proceedings</i>. <b>2008</b> (1). Academy of Management: 1–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5465%2Fambpp.2008.33643327">10.5465/ambpp.2008.33643327</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academy+of+Management+Proceedings&rft.atitle=Extending+Theory+through+Experience%3A+A+Framework+for+Business+Ethics+from+Yoga&rft.volume=2008&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-6&rft.date=2008-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5465%2Fambpp.2008.33643327&rft.aulast=Corner&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchourya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2007" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, D'Arcy (2007). "The Issue of Vocal Practice: Finding a Vocabulary for Our Blocks and Resistances". <i>Voice and Speech Review</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 128–131. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F23268263.2007.10769748">10.1080/23268263.2007.10769748</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:62730554">62730554</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Voice+and+Speech+Review&rft.atitle=The+Issue+of+Vocal+Practice%3A+Finding+a+Vocabulary+for+Our+Blocks+and+Resistances&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=128-131&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F23268263.2007.10769748&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A62730554%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=D%27Arcy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchourya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalk2005" class="citation journal cs1">Falk, J.P. (2005). "Yoga and Ethics in High School". <i>Journal of Dance Education</i>. <b>5</b> (4): 132–134. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15290824.2005.10387302">10.1080/15290824.2005.10387302</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144230474">144230474</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Dance+Education&rft.atitle=Yoga+and+Ethics+in+High+School&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=132-134&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F15290824.2005.10387302&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144230474%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Falk&rft.aufirst=J.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchourya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlostermaier2007" class="citation book cs1">Klostermaier, Klaus K. (5 July 2007). <i>A Survey of Hinduism</i> (3rd ed.). State University of New York Press. p. 347. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7082-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7082-4"><bdi>978-0-7914-7082-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Survey+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=347&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2007-07-05&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-7082-4&rft.aulast=Klostermaier&rft.aufirst=Klaus+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchourya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nikam-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nikam_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nikam_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nikam_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nikam_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNikam1954" class="citation journal cs1">Nikam, N.A. (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20123409">"Gandhi's Philosophy"</a>. <i>The Review of Metaphysics</i>. <b>7</b> (4): 668–678. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20123409">20123409</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Review+of+Metaphysics&rft.atitle=Gandhi%27s+Philosophy&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=668-678&rft.date=1954&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20123409%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Nikam&rft.aufirst=N.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20123409&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchourya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatañjali" class="citation book cs1">Patañjali. <i>Yoga Sutras of Patanjali: With the Exposition of Vyasa</i>. Vol. 2. Translated by Bharti, Swami Jnaneshvara. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 684–686. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120818255" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120818255"><bdi>978-8120818255</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoga+Sutras+of+Patanjali%3A+With+the+Exposition+of+Vyasa&rft.pages=684-686&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.isbn=978-8120818255&rft.au=Pata%C3%B1jali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchourya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarhi2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donna_Farhi" title="Donna Farhi">Farhi, Donna</a> (2011). <i>Yoga Mind, Body & Spirit: A Return to Wholeness</i>. MacMillan. pp. 10–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0805059700" title="Special:BookSources/978-0805059700"><bdi>978-0805059700</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoga+Mind%2C+Body+%26+Spirit%3A+A+Return+to+Wholeness&rft.pages=10-11&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0805059700&rft.aulast=Farhi&rft.aufirst=Donna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchourya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Frawley, Yoga and the Sacred Fire, Motilal Banarsidas, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120827462" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120827462">978-8120827462</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrawley2006" class="citation book cs1">Frawley, David (2006). <i>Yoga and the Sacred Fire: Self-Realization and Planetary Transformation</i>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-2746-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-2746-2"><bdi>978-81-208-2746-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoga+and+the+Sacred+Fire%3A+Self-Realization+and+Planetary+Transformation&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-208-2746-2&rft.aulast=Frawley&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchourya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell2011" class="citation book cs1">Bell, Charlotte (2011). <i>Mindful Yoga, Mindful Life: A Guide for Everyday Practice</i>. <a href="/wiki/Rodmell_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodmell Press">Rodmell Press</a>. pp. 74–89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-930485-20-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-930485-20-4"><bdi>978-1-930485-20-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mindful+Yoga%2C+Mindful+Life%3A+A+Guide+for+Everyday+Practice&rft.pages=74-89&rft.pub=Rodmell+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-930485-20-4&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchourya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achourya&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS.A._Jain1992" class="citation cs2">Jain, Prof. S.A. (1992) [First edition 1960], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Reality_JMT"><i>Reality (English Translation of Srimat Pujyapadacharya's Sarvarthasiddhi)</i></a> (Second ed.), Jwalamalini Trust, <q><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reality+%28English+Translation+of+Srimat+Pujyapadacharya%27s+Sarvarthasiddhi%29&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Jwalamalini+Trust&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Prof.+S.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FReality_JMT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchourya" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Virtue families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyā dhammā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihārās</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bushido" title="Bushido">Bushidō</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Vices_and_Virtues" title="Catalogue of Vices and Virtues">Catalogue of Vices and Virtues</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emi_Omo_Eso" title="Emi Omo Eso">Emi Omo Eso</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemic_virtue" title="Epistemic virtue">Epistemic virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_virtues" title="Five virtues">Five virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Cardinal_Principles_and_Eight_Virtues" title="Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues">Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_ethics#Intellectual_virtue" title="Aristotelian ethics">Intellectual virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_ethics#Moral_virtue" title="Aristotelian ethics">Moral virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Noble_Virtues" title="Nine Noble Virtues">Nine Noble Virtues</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Omoluwabi" title="Omoluwabi">Omoluwabi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramīs</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_virtues" title="Prussian virtues">Prussian virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_Law" title="Scout Law">Scout Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_virtues" title="Seven virtues">Seven virtues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Cardinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_virtues" title="Theological virtues">Theological</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teachings_of_the_Seven_Grandfathers" title="Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers">Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Treasures_(Taoism)" title="Three Treasures (Taoism)">Three Treasures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_in_Action_Inventory_of_Strengths" title="Values in Action Inventory of Strengths">Values in Action Inventory of Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individual virtues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accountability" title="Accountability">Accountability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alertness" title="Alertness">Alertness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altruism" title="Altruism">Altruism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_(philosophy)" title="Authenticity (philosophy)">Authenticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calmness" title="Calmness">Calmness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charisma" title="Charisma">Charisma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charity_(practice)" title="Charity (practice)">Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chastity" title="Chastity">Chastity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">Chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleanliness" title="Cleanliness">Cleanliness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion" title="Compassion">Compassion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientiousness" title="Conscientiousness">Conscientiousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courage" title="Courage">Courage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_courage" title="Civil courage">Civil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_courage" title="Moral courage">Moral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtesy" title="Courtesy">Courtesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diligence" title="Diligence">Diligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discernment_(Christianity)" title="Discernment (Christianity)">Discernment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">Discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">Empathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurance" title="Endurance">Endurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equanimity" title="Equanimity">Equanimity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette" title="Etiquette">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faithfulness" title="Faithfulness">Faithfulness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidelity" title="Fidelity">Fidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foresight_(psychology)" title="Foresight (psychology)">Foresight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frugality" title="Frugality">Frugality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generosity" title="Generosity">Generosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glory_(honor)" title="Glory (honor)">Glory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_faith" title="Good faith">Good faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratitude" title="Gratitude">Gratitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_virtue" title="Heroic virtue">Heroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honesty" title="Honesty">Honesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope_(virtue)" title="Hope (virtue)">Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitality" title="Hospitality">Hospitality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanity_(virtue)" title="Humanity (virtue)">Humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humility" title="Humility">Humility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impartiality" title="Impartiality">Impartiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocence" title="Innocence">Innocence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insight" title="Insight">Insight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrity" title="Integrity">Integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_intelligence" title="Emotional intelligence">Emotional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_intelligence" title="Social intelligence">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgement" title="Judgement">Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_(virtue)" title="Justice (virtue)">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindness" title="Kindness">Kindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnanimity" title="Magnanimity">Magnanimity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificence_(history_of_ideas)" title="Magnificence (history of ideas)">Magnificence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meekness" title="Meekness">Meekness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy" title="Mercy">Mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderation" title="Moderation">Moderation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modesty" title="Modesty">Modesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonattachment_(philosophy)" title="Nonattachment (philosophy)">Nonattachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patience" title="Patience">Patience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspicacity" title="Perspicacity">Perspicacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philanthropy" title="Philanthropy">Philanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piety" title="Piety">Piety</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filial_piety" title="Filial piety">Filial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pity" title="Pity">Pity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politeness" title="Politeness">Politeness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prudence" title="Prudence">Prudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punctuality" title="Punctuality">Punctuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_(virtue)" title="Religion (virtue)">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renunciation" title="Renunciation">Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_resilience" title="Psychological resilience">Resilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respect" title="Respect">Respect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverence_(emotion)" title="Reverence (emotion)">Reverence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteous_indignation" title="Righteous indignation">Righteous indignation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteousness" title="Righteousness">Righteousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-control" title="Self-control">Self-control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-cultivation" title="Self-cultivation">Self-cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-transcendence" title="Self-transcendence">Self-transcendence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sincerity" title="Sincerity">Sincerity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sportsmanship" title="Sportsmanship">Sportsmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympathy" title="Sympathy">Sympathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_taste" title="Aesthetic taste">Taste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)" title="Temperance (virtue)">Temperance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tranquillity" title="Tranquillity">Tranquillity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wit" title="Wit">Wit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workmanship" title="Workmanship">Workmanship</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chinese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/De_(Chinese)" title="De (Chinese)">De</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jing_(philosophy)" title="Jing (philosophy)">Jing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Li_(Confucianism)" title="Li (Confucianism)">Li</a></i></li> <li><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ren_(philosophy)" title="Ren (philosophy)">Ren</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yi_(philosophy)" title="Yi (philosophy)">Yi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greek</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Agape" title="Agape">Agape</a></i></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Arete" title="Arete">Arete</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ataraxia" title="Ataraxia">Ataraxia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eutrapelia" title="Eutrapelia">Eutrapelia</a></i></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Philotimo" title="Philotimo">Philotimo</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Phronesis" title="Phronesis">Phronesis</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sophia_(wisdom)" title="Sophia (wisdom)">Sophia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sophrosyne" title="Sophrosyne">Sophrosyne</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adhi%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Adhiṭṭhāna">Adhiṭṭhāna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arjava" title="Arjava">Ārjava</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Asteya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhrti" title="Dhrti">Dhṛti</a></i></li> <li><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Hr%C4%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Hrī (Buddhism)">Hrī</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kshama" title="Kshama">Kshama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kshanti" title="Kshanti">Kshanti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Muditā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shaucha" title="Shaucha">Shaucha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sev%C4%81" title="Sevā">Sevā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Hinduism" title="Faith in Hinduism">Śraddhā</a></i>/<i><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Saddhā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekṣā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Latin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">Auctoritas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charity_(Christian_virtue)" title="Charity (Christian virtue)">Caritas</a></i></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Decorum" title="Decorum">Decorum</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Dignitas_(Roman_concept)" title="Dignitas (Roman concept)">Dignitas</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Fides_(deity)" title="Fides (deity)">Fides</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gravitas" title="Gravitas">Gravitas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Humanitas" title="Humanitas">Humanitas</a></i></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Pietas" title="Pietas">Pietas</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virtus" title="Virtus">Virtus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ganbaru" title="Ganbaru">Ganbaru</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Giri_(Japanese)" title="Giri (Japanese)">Giri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sadaqah" title="Sadaqah">Sadaqah</a></i></li> <li><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca"><a href="/wiki/Seny" title="Seny">Seny</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sisu" title="Sisu">Sisu</a></i></li> <li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Virt%C3%B9" 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