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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain_(1518-1821)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain_(1518-1821)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Viceroyalty of New Spain (1518-1821)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain_(1518-1821)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico_(since_1821)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico_(since_1821)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Mexico (since 1821)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico_(since_1821)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landmarks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landmarks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Landmarks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landmarks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Port_of_Veracruz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Port_of_Veracruz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Port of Veracruz</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Port_of_Veracruz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Veracruz (city)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 72 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">72 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2_(%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9)" title="فيراكروز (مدينة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيراكروز (مدينة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Veracruz" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Veracruz" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4)" title="Веракрус (горад) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Веракрус (горад)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81_(%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81)" title="Веракрус (Веракрус) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Веракрус (Веракрус)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz_(Veracruz)" title="Veracruz (Veracruz) – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Veracruz (Veracruz)" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Veracruz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Veracruz" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz_(lungsod_sa_Mehiko,_Estado_de_Veracruz-Llave,_Veracruz)" title="Veracruz (lungsod sa Mehiko, Estado de Veracruz-Llave, Veracruz) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Veracruz (lungsod sa Mehiko, Estado de Veracruz-Llave, Veracruz)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz_(Veracruz)" title="Veracruz (Veracruz) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Veracruz (Veracruz)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz_(dinas)" title="Veracruz (dinas) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Veracruz (dinas)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz_(by)" title="Veracruz (by) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Veracruz (by)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz_(Veracruz)" title="Veracruz (Veracruz) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Veracruz (Veracruz)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Veracruz" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%B6_(%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B7)" title="Βερακρούζ (πόλη) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βερακρούζ (πόλη)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Veracruz" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz_(urbo)" title="Veracruz (urbo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Veracruz (urbo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz_(hiria)" title="Veracruz (hiria) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Veracruz (hiria)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_(%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1)" title="وراکروس (شهر) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وراکروس (شهر)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Veracruz" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz_(cathair)" title="Veracruz (cathair) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Veracruz (cathair)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Veracruz" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EB%9D%BC%ED%81%AC%EB%A3%A8%EC%8A%A4" title="베라크루스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베라크루스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD" title="Վերակրուս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վերակրուս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz_(siudad)" title="Veracruz (siudad) – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Veracruz (siudad)" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz,_Veracruz" title="Veracruz, Veracruz – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Veracruz, Veracruz" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81_(%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80)" title="Веракрус (сахар) – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Веракрус (сахар)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz_(borg)" title="Veracruz (borg) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Veracruz (borg)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Veracruz" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1" title="וראקרוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וראקרוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ვერაკრუსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვერაკრუსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz,_Veracruz" title="Veracruz, Veracruz – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Veracruz, Veracruz" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vil_Veracruz" title="Vil Veracruz – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Vil Veracruz" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81_(%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0)" title="Веракрус (хала) – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Веракрус (хала)" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz_(Veracruz)" title="Veracruz (Veracruz) – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Veracruz (Veracruz)" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera_Crux_(urbs)" title="Vera Crux (urbs) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vera Crux (urbs)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verakrusa_(Verakrusa)" title="Verakrusa (Verakrusa) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Verakrusa (Verakrusa)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verakrusas_(miestas)" title="Verakrusas (miestas) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Verakrusas (miestas)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Veracruz" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz_(Mexik%C3%B3)" title="Veracruz (Mexikó) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Veracruz (Mexikó)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A5_(%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0)" title="बेराक्रुथ (शहर) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बेराक्रुथ (शहर)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ვერაკრუსი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ვერაკრუსი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2" title="مدينة فيراكروز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مدينة فيراكروز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz_(stad)" title="Veracruz (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Veracruz (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9" title="ベラクルス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベラクルス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz_(by)" title="Veracruz (by) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Veracruz (by)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byen_Veracruz" title="Byen Veracruz – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Byen Veracruz" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verakrus_(shahar)" title="Verakrus (shahar) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Verakrus (shahar)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz_(Veracruz)" title="Veracruz (Veracruz) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Veracruz (Veracruz)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz_(cidade)" title="Veracruz (cidade) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Veracruz (cidade)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz,_Veracruz" title="Veracruz, Veracruz – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Veracruz, Veracruz" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Veracruz" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Веракрус (город) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Веракрус (город)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz,_Veracruz" title="Veracruz, Veracruz – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Veracruz, Veracruz" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz,_Veracruz" title="Veracruz, Veracruz – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Veracruz, Veracruz" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz_(Veracruz)" title="Veracruz (Veracruz) – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Veracruz (Veracruz)" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%86%D8%B2" title="ڤێراکرۆز – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڤێراکرۆز" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7" title="Веракруз – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Веракруз" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Veracruz" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz_(kaupunki)" title="Veracruz (kaupunki) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Veracruz (kaupunki)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Veracruz" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_(%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D)" title="வேராகுரூசு (நகரம்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வேராகுரூசு (நகரம்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Веракрус – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Веракрус" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%8B" title="เบรากรุซ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เบรากรุซ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Veracruz" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz_(%C5%9Fehir)" title="Veracruz (şehir) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Veracruz (şehir)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81_(%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE)" title="Веракрус (місто) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Веракрус (місто)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2_(%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C)" title="ویراکروز (سٹی) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ویراکروز (سٹی)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz_(th%C3%A0nh_ph%E1%BB%91)" title="Veracruz (thành phố) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Veracruz (thành phố)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz_(syudad)" title="Veracruz (syudad) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Veracruz (syudad)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%A6%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E9%B2%81%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%82" title="韦拉克鲁斯市 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="韦拉克鲁斯市" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%A6%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E9%B2%81%E6%96%AF_(%E9%9F%A6%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E9%B2%81%E6%96%AF%E5%B7%9E)" title="韦拉克鲁斯 (韦拉克鲁斯州) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="韦拉克鲁斯 (韦拉克鲁斯州)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q173270#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Veracruz</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Veracruz" title="Municipalities of Veracruz">City and municipality</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Heroica Veracruz</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid white;width:260px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:2px 0 0 2px"><div style="display:table;background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Teatro_Francisco_Javier_Clavijero.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Teatro_Francisco_Javier_Clavijero.jpg/129px-Teatro_Francisco_Javier_Clavijero.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Teatro_Francisco_Javier_Clavijero.jpg/194px-Teatro_Francisco_Javier_Clavijero.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Teatro_Francisco_Javier_Clavijero.jpg/258px-Teatro_Francisco_Javier_Clavijero.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2020-02-17_Municipal_palace_of_Veracruz_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/2020-02-17_Municipal_palace_of_Veracruz_01.jpg/129px-2020-02-17_Municipal_palace_of_Veracruz_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/2020-02-17_Municipal_palace_of_Veracruz_01.jpg/194px-2020-02-17_Municipal_palace_of_Veracruz_01.jpg 1.5x, 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2x" data-file-width="1444" data-file-height="1915" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Faro_Venustiano_Carranza_Veracruz_2020p1_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Faro_Venustiano_Carranza_Veracruz_2020p1_%28cropped%29.jpg/85px-Faro_Venustiano_Carranza_Veracruz_2020p1_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Faro_Venustiano_Carranza_Veracruz_2020p1_%28cropped%29.jpg/128px-Faro_Venustiano_Carranza_Veracruz_2020p1_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Faro_Venustiano_Carranza_Veracruz_2020p1_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Faro_Venustiano_Carranza_Veracruz_2020p1_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2596" data-file-height="3448" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Torre_Catedral_de_Veracruz_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Torre_Catedral_de_Veracruz_%28cropped%29.jpg/85px-Torre_Catedral_de_Veracruz_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Torre_Catedral_de_Veracruz_%28cropped%29.jpg/128px-Torre_Catedral_de_Veracruz_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Torre_Catedral_de_Veracruz_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Torre_Catedral_de_Veracruz_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1906" data-file-height="2567" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vista_San_Juan_de_Ul%C3%BAa_09_(cropped2).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Vista_San_Juan_de_Ul%C3%BAa_09_%28cropped2%29.JPG/129px-Vista_San_Juan_de_Ul%C3%BAa_09_%28cropped2%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="129" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Vista_San_Juan_de_Ul%C3%BAa_09_%28cropped2%29.JPG/194px-Vista_San_Juan_de_Ul%C3%BAa_09_%28cropped2%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Vista_San_Juan_de_Ul%C3%BAa_09_%28cropped2%29.JPG/258px-Vista_San_Juan_de_Ul%C3%BAa_09_%28cropped2%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2637" data-file-height="1764" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portales_de_Lerdo_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Portales_de_Lerdo_%28cropped%29.jpg/129px-Portales_de_Lerdo_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Portales_de_Lerdo_%28cropped%29.jpg/194px-Portales_de_Lerdo_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Portales_de_Lerdo_%28cropped%29.jpg/258px-Portales_de_Lerdo_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1943" data-file-height="1296" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div style="font-size:95%">Top: <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatro_Francisco_Javier_Clavijero" class="extiw" title="es:Teatro Francisco Javier Clavijero">Clavijero Theatre</a> (left) and City Hall (right); middle top: aerial view of Veracruz; middle bottom: <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal_de_Miranda" class="extiw" title="es:Portal de Miranda">Portal de Miranda</a> (left), <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faro_de_Venustiano_Carranza" class="extiw" title="es:Faro de Venustiano Carranza">Venustiano Carranza Lighthouse</a> (center) and <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Veracruz" title="Cathedral of Veracruz">Veracruz Cathedral</a> (right) ; bottom: <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_de_Ul%C3%BAa" title="San Juan de Ulúa">Castle of San Juan de Ulúa</a> (left) and Portales de Lerdo (right)</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Escudo_del_municipio_de_Veracruz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Veracruz"><img alt="Coat of arms of Veracruz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Escudo_del_municipio_de_Veracruz.svg/70px-Escudo_del_municipio_de_Veracruz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Escudo_del_municipio_de_Veracruz.svg/105px-Escudo_del_municipio_de_Veracruz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Escudo_del_municipio_de_Veracruz.svg/140px-Escudo_del_municipio_de_Veracruz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="912" data-file-height="1082" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexico_Veracruz_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Veracruz is located in Veracruz"><img alt="Veracruz is located in Veracruz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Mexico_Veracruz_location_map.svg/250px-Mexico_Veracruz_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Mexico_Veracruz_location_map.svg/375px-Mexico_Veracruz_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Mexico_Veracruz_location_map.svg/500px-Mexico_Veracruz_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2404" data-file-height="2644" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:60.825%;left:49.938%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Veracruz"><img alt="Veracruz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Veracruz</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Veracruz</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexico_States_blank_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Veracruz is located in Mexico"><img alt="Veracruz is located in Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Mexico_States_blank_map.svg/250px-Mexico_States_blank_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Mexico_States_blank_map.svg/375px-Mexico_States_blank_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Mexico_States_blank_map.svg/500px-Mexico_States_blank_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2029" data-file-height="1326" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:73.873%;left:69.4%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Veracruz"><img alt="Veracruz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Veracruz</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Mexico</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Veracruz_(city)&params=19_11_25_N_96_09_12_W_region:MX_type:city(537963)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">19°11′25″N</span> <span class="longitude">96°09′12″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">19.19028°N 96.15333°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">19.19028; -96.15333</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/State_(Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="State (Mexico)">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Municipality_(Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipality (Mexico)">Municipality</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Veracruz_(municipality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Veracruz (municipality)">Veracruz</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">22 April 1519<sup id="cite_ref-Stacy2002_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stacy2002-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br />(505 years ago)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded as</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz</i></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Municipal_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal President">Municipal President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patricia_Lobeira_Rodr%C3%ADguez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patricia Lobeira Rodríguez (page does not exist)">Patricia Lobeira Rodríguez</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Lobeira_Rodr%C3%ADguez" class="extiw" title="es:Patricia Lobeira Rodríguez">es</a>]</span> (PAN)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">79 km<sup>2</sup> (31 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,641.6 km<sup>2</sup> (633.8 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">10 m (30 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2020)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Veracruz" title="Municipalities of Veracruz">City and municipality</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">537,963</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">6,700/km<sup>2</sup> (17,300/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">968,070 (metro)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP (PPP, constant 2015 values)</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Year</th><td class="infobox-data">2023</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total</th><td class="infobox-data">$19.1 billion<sup id="cite_ref-TelluBase_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TelluBase-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data">$20,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%926" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−6">UTC−6</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_Standard_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Standard Time">CST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%925" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−5">UTC−5</a> (CDT)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.veracruzmunicipio.gob.mx/">veracruzmunicipio.gob.mx</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Veracruz</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Latin American Spanish pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-419-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[beɾaˈkɾus]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/16\/VeracruzPronunciation.ogg\/VeracruzPronunciation.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"VeracruzPronunciation.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/16/VeracruzPronunciation.ogg/VeracruzPronunciation.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:VeracruzPronunciation.ogg" title="File:VeracruzPronunciation.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>), also known as <b>Heroica Veracruz</b>, is a major <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">port</a> city and municipal seat for the surrounding <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Mexico" title="Municipalities of Mexico">municipality</a> of Veracruz on the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> and the most populous city in the <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> <a href="/wiki/States_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Mexico">state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a>. The city is located along the coast in the central part of the state,<sup id="cite_ref-encmuc_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encmuc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 90 km (56 mi) southeast of the state capital <a href="/wiki/Xalapa" title="Xalapa">Xalapa</a>. </p><p>It is the state's most populous city, with a population that is greater than the municipality's population, as part of the city of Veracruz extends into the neighboring municipality of <a href="/wiki/Boca_del_R%C3%ADo,_Veracruz" title="Boca del Río, Veracruz">Boca del Río</a>. At the 2020 census, Veracruz Municipality had a population of 607,209 inhabitants. The city of Veracruz had a population of 537,952 inhabitants, 405,952 in Veracruz municipality and 132,011 in Boca del Río municipality.<sup id="cite_ref-2020_census_tables:_INEGI_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020_census_tables:_INEGI-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Developed during Spanish colonization, Veracruz is Mexico's oldest, largest, and historically most significant port.<sup id="cite_ref-encmuc_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encmuc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-alisau_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alisau-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rueda_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rueda-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the Spanish explorer <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a> arrived in what is now Mexican territory on 22 April 1519, he founded a city, which he named <i>Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz</i>, referring to the area's gold and dedicated to the "<a href="/wiki/True_Cross" title="True Cross">True Cross</a>", because he landed on the Christian holy day of <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a>, the day of the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion">Crucifixion</a>. It was the first Spanish settlement on the mainland of the Americas to receive a coat-of-arms.<sup id="cite_ref-encmuc_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encmuc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the colonial period, this city had the largest mercantile class and was at times wealthier than the capital, Mexico City.<sup id="cite_ref-ayuntamiento_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ayuntamiento-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its wealth attracted the raids of 17th-century pirates, against which fortifications such as <a href="/wiki/Fort_San_Juan_de_Ul%C3%BAa" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort San Juan de Ulúa">Fort San Juan de Ulúa</a> were built. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, Veracruz was invaded on different occasions by France and the United States; in the aftermath of the 1914 <a href="/wiki/Tampico_Affair" title="Tampico Affair">Tampico Affair</a>, US troops <a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Veracruz" class="mw-redirect" title="United States occupation of Veracruz">occupied the city for seven months</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-encmuc_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encmuc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For much of the 20th century, the production of petroleum was most important for the state's economy<sup id="cite_ref-bestday_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bestday-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but, in the latter 20th century and into the 21st, the port has re-emerged as the main economic engine. It has become the principal port for most of Mexico's imports and exports, especially for the automotive industry.<sup id="cite_ref-Rueda_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rueda-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Veracruz has a blend of cultures, mostly <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous peoples in Mexico">indigenous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spaniards_in_Mexico" title="Spaniards in Mexico">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afro-Caribbean_people" title="Afro-Caribbean people">Afro-Caribbean</a>. The influence of these three is best seen in the <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Veracruz" title="Cuisine of Veracruz">food</a> and music of the area, which has strong Spanish, Caribbean and African influences.<sup id="cite_ref-alisau_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alisau-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hursh_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hursh-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-snapper_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snapper-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veracruz_(city)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name <i>Veracruz</i> (originally <i>Vera Cruz</i>), derives from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>Vera Crux</i> (<a href="/wiki/True_Cross" title="True Cross">True Cross</a>). Having established the settlement of <i>Villa Rica</i> (Rich Village) on <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a>, 22 April 1519, Cortés dedicated the place to the True Cross as an <a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">offering</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veracruz_(city)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain_(1518-1821)"><span id="Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain_.281518-1821.29"></span>Viceroyalty of New Spain (1518-1821)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veracruz_(city)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Viceroyalty of New Spain (1518-1821)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eagle_Relief_MET_DT4850.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Eagle_Relief_MET_DT4850.jpg/220px-Eagle_Relief_MET_DT4850.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Eagle_Relief_MET_DT4850.jpg/330px-Eagle_Relief_MET_DT4850.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Eagle_Relief_MET_DT4850.jpg/440px-Eagle_Relief_MET_DT4850.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1905" data-file-height="1525" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Toltec" title="Toltec">Toltec</a> carving representing the Aztec Eagle, found in Veracruz, 10th–13th century. <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ciudad_de_Veracruz_y_San_Ju%C3%A1n_de_Ul%C3%BAa_en_1615_-_Veracruz,_Veracruz._M%C3%A9xico_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Ciudad_de_Veracruz_y_San_Ju%C3%A1n_de_Ul%C3%BAa_en_1615_-_Veracruz%2C_Veracruz._M%C3%A9xico_%28cropped%29.png/220px-Ciudad_de_Veracruz_y_San_Ju%C3%A1n_de_Ul%C3%BAa_en_1615_-_Veracruz%2C_Veracruz._M%C3%A9xico_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Ciudad_de_Veracruz_y_San_Ju%C3%A1n_de_Ul%C3%BAa_en_1615_-_Veracruz%2C_Veracruz._M%C3%A9xico_%28cropped%29.png/330px-Ciudad_de_Veracruz_y_San_Ju%C3%A1n_de_Ul%C3%BAa_en_1615_-_Veracruz%2C_Veracruz._M%C3%A9xico_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Ciudad_de_Veracruz_y_San_Ju%C3%A1n_de_Ul%C3%BAa_en_1615_-_Veracruz%2C_Veracruz._M%C3%A9xico_%28cropped%29.png/440px-Ciudad_de_Veracruz_y_San_Ju%C3%A1n_de_Ul%C3%BAa_en_1615_-_Veracruz%2C_Veracruz._M%C3%A9xico_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1303" data-file-height="897" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of Veracruz and the <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_de_Ul%C3%BAa" title="San Juan de Ulúa">Castle of San Juan de Ulúa</a> in 1615.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Spanish captain <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Grijalva" title="Juan de Grijalva">Juan de Grijalva</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Bernal_D%C3%ADaz_del_Castillo" title="Bernal Díaz del Castillo">Bernal Díaz del Castillo</a>, first arrived in 1518 at the island later known as <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_de_Ul%C3%BAa" title="San Juan de Ulúa">San Juan de Ulúa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-histchan_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-histchan-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish gave it that name because they landed on the Christian feast of <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> (24 June), and in honor of the captain.<sup id="cite_ref-sinopsis_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sinopsis-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>De Ulúa</i> is derived from the local name for the Aztecs, <i>coluha</i> or <i>acolhua.</i> The word for Aztec evolved into Ulúa.<sup id="cite_ref-sinopsis_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sinopsis-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sanjuanhistoria_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sanjuanhistoria-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Veracruz itself was founded by <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a> who arrived in 1519, the area at the time was within the jurisdiction of <a href="/wiki/Moctezuma_II" title="Moctezuma II">Moctezuma II</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cortés and his men landed at the shore opposite the island where Grijalva had moored, which has the pre-Hispanic name of Chalchihuecan.<sup id="cite_ref-encmuc_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encmuc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cortés, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Montejo" title="Francisco de Montejo">Francisco de Montejo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alonso_Hern%C3%A1ndez_Puertocarrero" title="Alonso Hernández Puertocarrero">Alonso Hernández Puertocarrero</a> founded the settlement, naming it Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz.<sup id="cite_ref-Diaz_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diaz-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 102">: 102 </span></sup> The name <i>Villa Rica</i> (rich village) referred to the gold that was found here and <i>Vera Cruz</i> (True Cross) was added because the Cortés expedition landed on <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a>, a Christian holy day.<sup id="cite_ref-encmuc_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encmuc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Cortés and his soldiers abolished the Aztec despotism and elected a <i>Justicia Mayor</i> and a <i>Capitán General</i>, they created the first city council on the American continent.<sup id="cite_ref-sinopsis_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sinopsis-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city was the first on mainland America to receive a European coat of arms, which was authorized by <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Carlos V</a> in <a href="/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a>, Spain, on 4 July 1523.<sup id="cite_ref-encmuc_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encmuc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nebel_Voyage_01_Veracruz_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Nebel_Voyage_01_Veracruz_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Nebel_Voyage_01_Veracruz_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Nebel_Voyage_01_Veracruz_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Nebel_Voyage_01_Veracruz_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Nebel_Voyage_01_Veracruz_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Nebel_Voyage_01_Veracruz_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3941" data-file-height="2267" /></a><figcaption>The Zócalo of Veracruz in 1836.</figcaption></figure> <p>The original settlement was moved in 1525 to what is now known as Antigua, at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Antigua_River" title="Antigua River">Huitzilapan</a> (or Antigua River) shortly thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-encmuc_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encmuc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This separated the city from the port, as ships could not enter the shallow river. Ships continued to dock at San Juan de Ulúa, with small boats being used to ferry goods on and off the ships. </p><p>As in other parts of Mexico, the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous peoples</a> suffered from epidemics of European infectious diseases, which decimated the population after contact. The <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a> began to import African slaves via the port of Veracruz. In the 16th century, the state had more slaves than any other in Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-histchan_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-histchan-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the slave trade was abolished, Mexico had the second-highest population of African slaves in the Americas, following Brazil.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Veracruz was the most important port in <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a>, with a large wealthy merchant class that was more prosperous than that of Mexico City.<sup id="cite_ref-ayuntamiento_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ayuntamiento-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each of the two yearly voyages of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet" title="Spanish treasure fleet">Spanish treasure fleet</a> to and from Spain were to gather at Veracruz stevedores, muleteers, navigators, sailors, contractors, merchants and civil servants. In 1568 the Armada admiral Francisco Luján defeated the British pirates <a href="/wiki/John_Hawkins_(naval_commander)" title="John Hawkins (naval commander)">John Hawkins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a> on their attempt <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_de_Ul%C3%BAa_(1568)" title="Battle of San Juan de Ulúa (1568)">to take hold</a> of Veracruz. By the end of the 16th century, the Spanish had constructed roads to link Veracruz with other cities such as <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Veracruz" title="Córdoba, Veracruz">Córdoba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orizaba,_Veracruz" class="mw-redirect" title="Orizaba, Veracruz">Orizaba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puebla,_Puebla" class="mw-redirect" title="Puebla, Puebla">Puebla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xalapa" title="Xalapa">Xalapa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perote,_Veracruz" title="Perote, Veracruz">Perote</a>. Their gold and silver were the principal exports.<sup id="cite_ref-histchan_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-histchan-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sinopsis_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sinopsis-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This caused the city problems with pirates, prompting the construction of Fort San Juan de Ulúa on the island where Grijalva had landed in the mid-16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-encmuc_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encmuc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1600, when large-scale smuggling of goods took place to avoid customs officials,<sup id="cite_ref-sinopsis_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sinopsis-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Spanish Crown ordered the settlement returned to its original site to cut down on that traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-encmuc_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encmuc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Docks and an observation tower were constructed on the island to ensure that goods went through customs officials.<sup id="cite_ref-sinopsis_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sinopsis-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major public buildings were constructed at the beginning of the 17th century: the municipal palace, the monastery of <i>Nuestra Señora de la Merced</i>, and the <i>Hospital de Nuestra Señora de Loreto</i>. In 1618, a fire nearly reduced much of the city to ashes. In 1640, the Barlovento Armada was stationed here for additional defense against pirates.<sup id="cite_ref-encmuc_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encmuc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pirates, led by Spain's rival nations, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_van_Hoorn" title="Nicholas van Hoorn">Nicholas van Hoorn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laurens_de_Graaf" title="Laurens de Graaf">Laurens de Graaf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Grammont" title="Michel de Grammont">Michel de Grammont</a> <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Veracruz" title="Attack on Veracruz">attacked Vera Cruz in 1683</a>. </p><p>During the 18th century Veracruz's defence was improved with the construction of a wall around it (1790), bastions <a href="/wiki/Baluarte_de_Santiago" title="Baluarte de Santiago">Baluarte de Santiago</a> and gates, and San Juan de Ulua's renovation to today's appearance. The reason was to protect this valuable port after the threat of an invasion such as the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Havana" title="Siege of Havana">siege of Havana</a> (1762) by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">British</a>. The Spanish empire's talented military engineers were gathered in Veracruz to work on the New Spanish <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico's</a> defence against the attack of Spain's enemies in a time when the Spanish Empire stretched from current <a href="/wiki/Guayana_Province" title="Guayana Province">Venezuela</a> to <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Florida</a>. Many of the buildings and institutions which form Veracruz's Historic Centre date from that time such as the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Veracruz" title="Cathedral of Veracruz">cathedral</a> (1731), the Military Hospital of San Carlos (1731) or modern water supply and sewerage systems. </p><p>In 1804 the <a href="/wiki/Balmis_Expedition" title="Balmis Expedition">Balmis Expedition</a> arrived at Veracruz with the smallpox vaccine, which was from here transported to the whole of New Spain. The 19th century was marked by armed conflicts. During the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">Mexican War of Independence</a>, Spain placed troops here to maintain Mexico City's sea link with Spain. In 1816, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna">Antonio López de Santa Anna</a> commanded royalist troops countering the insurgency. In 1820, insurgents took the city, despite Santa Anna's attempts to stop them. The last viceroy of New Spain, <a href="/wiki/Juan_O%27Donoj%C3%BA" title="Juan O'Donojú">Juan O'Donojú</a>, arrived here in 1821, where he signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Treaty of Córdoba">Treaty of Córdoba</a> with <a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_de_Iturbide" title="Agustín de Iturbide">Agustín de Iturbide</a> at Fort San Juan de Ulúa. In 1823, Spanish troops remaining at Fort San Juan de Ulúa fired on the newly independent Mexican city of Veracruz. In 1825 the last Spanish troops left San Juan de Ulúa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexico_(since_1821)"><span id="Mexico_.28since_1821.29"></span>Mexico (since 1821)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veracruz_(city)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mexico (since 1821)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Veracruz" title="Siege of Veracruz">Siege of Veracruz</a></div> <p>The city's defense against the attack earned its first title of "Heroic City". During the <a href="/wiki/Pastry_War" title="Pastry War">Pastry War</a> in 1837, the city mounted a defense against a French attack, and earned its second title of "Heroic City."<sup id="cite_ref-encmuc_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encmuc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scene_in_Vera_Cruz_during_the_bombardment,_March_25,_1847_LCCN95509314_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Scene_in_Vera_Cruz_during_the_bombardment%2C_March_25%2C_1847_LCCN95509314_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Scene_in_Vera_Cruz_during_the_bombardment%2C_March_25%2C_1847_LCCN95509314_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Scene_in_Vera_Cruz_during_the_bombardment%2C_March_25%2C_1847_LCCN95509314_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Scene_in_Vera_Cruz_during_the_bombardment%2C_March_25%2C_1847_LCCN95509314_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Scene_in_Vera_Cruz_during_the_bombardment%2C_March_25%2C_1847_LCCN95509314_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Scene_in_Vera_Cruz_during_the_bombardment%2C_March_25%2C_1847_LCCN95509314_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4873" data-file-height="3186" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Veracruz" title="Siege of Veracruz">1847 Siege of Veracruz</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Mexican-American_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican-American War">Mexican-American War</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1847 during the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a>, United States forces invaded the city. It was defended by generals Juan Morales and José Juan de Landero. The siege continued with brisk firing until 27 March, by which time a considerable breach had been made in the wall surrounding the city. Upon this General Morales, who was Governor of both the city and of San Juan de Ulúa, commenced a correspondence with <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">General Winfield Scott</a> looking to the surrender of the town, forts and garrison. On the 29th Vera Cruz and San Juan de Ulúa were occupied by Scott's army. About five thousand prisoners and four hundred pieces of artillery, in addition to large amounts of small arms and ammunition, fell into the hands of the victorious invaders. The casualties on the US side during the siege amounted to sixty-four officers and men, killed and wounded. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nouvelle_g%C3%A9ographie_universelle_-_la_terre_et_les_hommes_(1876)_(14777086672).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Nouvelle_g%C3%A9ographie_universelle_-_la_terre_et_les_hommes_%281876%29_%2814777086672%29.jpg/220px-Nouvelle_g%C3%A9ographie_universelle_-_la_terre_et_les_hommes_%281876%29_%2814777086672%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Nouvelle_g%C3%A9ographie_universelle_-_la_terre_et_les_hommes_%281876%29_%2814777086672%29.jpg/330px-Nouvelle_g%C3%A9ographie_universelle_-_la_terre_et_les_hommes_%281876%29_%2814777086672%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Nouvelle_g%C3%A9ographie_universelle_-_la_terre_et_les_hommes_%281876%29_%2814777086672%29.jpg/440px-Nouvelle_g%C3%A9ographie_universelle_-_la_terre_et_les_hommes_%281876%29_%2814777086672%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2992" data-file-height="2042" /></a><figcaption>Veracruz city center in 1876.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ten years later, civil war between liberals and conservatives forced <a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Benito Juárez</a>'s government to flee Mexico City. Juárez went to Veracruz and governed from there in 1857.<sup id="cite_ref-histchan_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-histchan-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1861 Spain sent its troops to occupy the port in an effort to secure payment of debts, which Juárez had suspended. French military forces accompanied them to prepare for <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_of_Mexico" title="Maximilian I of Mexico">Maximiliano I</a> and occupied the city when the emperor and his wife <a href="/wiki/Carlota_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlota of Belgium">Carlota of Belgium</a> arrived in 1864.<sup id="cite_ref-encmuc_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encmuc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veracruz_(city)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Veracruz" class="mw-redirect" title="United States occupation of Veracruz">United States occupation of Veracruz</a></div> <p>The conflicts and damaged trade relations with Europe took its toll on the port of Veracruz. By 1902, the port facilities had deteriorated, and it was considered one of the most dangerous on the American coast. President <a href="/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz" title="Porfirio Díaz">Porfirio Díaz</a> contracted with foreign enterprises to modernize the port's infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-sinopsis_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sinopsis-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexican_Revolution_(121)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Mexican_Revolution_%28121%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Mexican_Revolution_%28121%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Mexican_Revolution_%28121%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Mexican_Revolution_%28121%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Mexican_Revolution_%28121%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Mexican_Revolution_%28121%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1375" data-file-height="862" /></a><figcaption>Soldiers at the port of Veracruz during the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Between April and November 1914, during the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> (1910–1920), the US <a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Veracruz" class="mw-redirect" title="United States occupation of Veracruz">attacked and occupied</a> the port in an effort to try to preserve trade in the dispute with President <a href="/wiki/Victoriano_Huerta" title="Victoriano Huerta">Victoriano Huerta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city gained its fourth title of "Heroic City".<sup id="cite_ref-encmuc_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encmuc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Revolution, most port workers became unionized. Through most of the 20th century, federal and state legal and political initiatives intended to better workers' lives had effects on the operations of the port. Eventually, unions came to have great power over the operations and tariffs charged. By the latter part of the 20th century, competing unions made the operations of the port difficult. Some blocked access to the port from federal roads and financial corruption was a problem. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lot-10907-1_(27288019645).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Lot-10907-1_%2827288019645%29.jpg/220px-Lot-10907-1_%2827288019645%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Lot-10907-1_%2827288019645%29.jpg/330px-Lot-10907-1_%2827288019645%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Lot-10907-1_%2827288019645%29.jpg/440px-Lot-10907-1_%2827288019645%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2684" data-file-height="1956" /></a><figcaption>American troops during the 1914 <a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Veracruz" class="mw-redirect" title="United States occupation of Veracruz">United States occupation of Veracruz</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1970s, a federal commission was established to design a new administrative system for the ports of Mexico. The legislature passed laws authorizing the federal government to take control over important ports such as Veracruz. The federal government modernized the port, adopting automation of loading and unloading. This resulted in a reduction of 80% of the port's jobs and labor resistance through strikes. The dockworkers' unions unified, negotiating for members to have a stake in a new company to manage the port's functions, named the <i>Empresa de Servicios Portuarios de Veracruz, S.A. de C.V</i>. The old <i>Compañia Terminal de Veracruz</i> was dissolved in 1988 and the new organization was fully in place by 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-sinopsis_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sinopsis-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veracruz_(city)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In September 2010, <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Karl_(2010)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Karl (2010)">Hurricane Karl</a>, a small, strong Category 3 hurricane, caused widespread flooding and damage affecting approximately half a million people. Sixteen were confirmed dead with another eleven missing. Sixty-five municipalities in the state were declared disaster areas. Preliminary damage estimates total up to US$3.9 billion and $50 billion MXN.<sup id="cite_ref-karl1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-karl1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veracruz_(city)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Veracruz_satelital_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Veracruz_satelital_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Veracruz_satelital_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Veracruz_satelital_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Veracruz_satelital_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Veracruz_satelital_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Veracruz_satelital_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="507" data-file-height="352" /></a><figcaption>Satellite view of Veracruz.</figcaption></figure> <p>As the municipal seat, the city of Veracruz is the governing authority for 128 other named localities during the 2010 census, forming a municipality with a territory of 241 km<sup>2</sup> (93 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-encmuc_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encmuc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population of the municipality is 552,156 inhabitants, of whom 428,323 or approximately 77.6% live in municipality's portion of the city proper.<sup id="cite_ref-2010_census_tables:_INEGI_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010_census_tables:_INEGI-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The municipality is bordered by the municipalities of <a href="/wiki/La_Antigua,_Veracruz" title="La Antigua, Veracruz">La Antigua</a>, Boca del Río, <a href="/wiki/Manlio_Fabio_Altamirano,_Veracruz" title="Manlio Fabio Altamirano, Veracruz">Manlio Fabio Altamirano</a>, Medellín, and Paso de Ovejas, with the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> to the northeast, and has an average altitude of ten meters above sea level. The area is flat with little in the way of elevations and is crossed by the Medio, Grande and Tonayán Rivers. There are also beaches here such as the Sacrificios and Verde. Its climate is tropical with an average temperature of 25.3 °C (77.5 °F). Vegetation is mostly of the rainforest type, with many trees losing leaves during the winter dry season. Fauna mostly consists of birds, small mammals and insects.<sup id="cite_ref-encmuc_3-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encmuc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isla_de_Sacrificio_desde_el_acuario_de_Veracruz_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Isla_de_Sacrificio_desde_el_acuario_de_Veracruz_01.jpg/220px-Isla_de_Sacrificio_desde_el_acuario_de_Veracruz_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Isla_de_Sacrificio_desde_el_acuario_de_Veracruz_01.jpg/330px-Isla_de_Sacrificio_desde_el_acuario_de_Veracruz_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Isla_de_Sacrificio_desde_el_acuario_de_Veracruz_01.jpg/440px-Isla_de_Sacrificio_desde_el_acuario_de_Veracruz_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>View of <a href="/wiki/Isla_de_Sacrificios" title="Isla de Sacrificios">Isla de Sacrificios</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Much of the land in the municipality outside of the city is used for agriculture and livestock. Principal crops include corn, beans, watermelon, oranges, <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mango" title="Mango">mango</a>, pineapple and sugar cane. Livestock raised includes cattle, pigs, sheep, fowl and horses. There is also some forestry. The municipality contains deposits of marble, lime, cement, sand and clay. In and around the city there are a number of industrial sites producing paints and solvents, food products, plastics, petrochemicals and metals.<sup id="cite_ref-encmuc_3-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encmuc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Veracruz has many beaches and off coast islands. Controversy has accompanied the clean-up of the island called <a href="/wiki/Isla_de_Sacrificios" title="Isla de Sacrificios">Isla de Sacrificios</a>, which lies just off the coast of the city and measures 450 meters long and 198 meters wide. The island is part of a system of twenty-three coral reefs called the <a href="/wiki/Veracruz_Reef_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Veracruz Reef System">Veracruz Reef System</a>, which is protected as a national park.<sup id="cite_ref-jornada_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jornada-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Visitors can kayak to the Isla de Sacrificios to observe seagulls, pelicans and the fish that inhabit the coral reef.<sup id="cite_ref-portal_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-portal-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1983, a study and initial cleanup project was undertaken at the island, which collected fifty tons of trash. Shortly thereafter, the island was closed to the public and since then, there has been a struggle among authorities, tour operators and fisherman as to the fate and uses of the island. However, access to the island has been restricted to research, teaching and the occasional sporting event.<sup id="cite_ref-jornada_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jornada-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Veracruz_Plaza_de_la_Concordia_(cropped).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Veracruz_Plaza_de_la_Concordia_%28cropped%29.jpeg/220px-Veracruz_Plaza_de_la_Concordia_%28cropped%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Veracruz_Plaza_de_la_Concordia_%28cropped%29.jpeg/330px-Veracruz_Plaza_de_la_Concordia_%28cropped%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Veracruz_Plaza_de_la_Concordia_%28cropped%29.jpeg/440px-Veracruz_Plaza_de_la_Concordia_%28cropped%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3481" data-file-height="2310" /></a><figcaption>Plaza de la Concordia.</figcaption></figure> <p>Other small islands and shoals off the coast include: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isla_de_Enmedio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isla de Enmedio (page does not exist)">Isla de Enmedio</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isla_Verde,_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isla Verde, Mexico (page does not exist)">Isla Verde</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anegada_de_Adentro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anegada de Adentro (page does not exist)">Anegada de Adentro</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Santiaguillo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Santiaguillo (page does not exist)">Santiaguillo</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anegada_de_Afuera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anegada de Afuera (page does not exist)">Anegada de Afuera</a>, the last two next to Antón Lizardo beach. All of them are included within the Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano national park and make fine sites for SCUBA diving. Several operators in Veracruz and in Boca del Rio offer scuba equipment and tours. The best season for scuba diving is May to August. </p><p>The mainland has several beaches. Playa Martí is located between the city of Veracruz and Boca del Río. The Playa de Hornos is located next to the Veracruz Aquarium. There are also boats that take tourist to the Isla Canuncito. Villa del Mar is just south of Playa de Hornos.<sup id="cite_ref-portal_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-portal-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veracruz_(city)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ocean_From_Enmedio_Island_(232798967).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ocean_From_Enmedio_Island_%28232798967%29.jpeg/220px-Ocean_From_Enmedio_Island_%28232798967%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ocean_From_Enmedio_Island_%28232798967%29.jpeg/330px-Ocean_From_Enmedio_Island_%28232798967%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ocean_From_Enmedio_Island_%28232798967%29.jpeg/440px-Ocean_From_Enmedio_Island_%28232798967%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption>Isla de Enmedio in the <a href="/wiki/Veracruz_Reef_System_National_Park" title="Veracruz Reef System National Park">Veracruz Reef System National Park</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Like the majority of the coastal part of the state of Veracruz and southern parts of <a href="/wiki/Tamaulipas" title="Tamaulipas">Tamaulipas</a>, the city of Veracruz has a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_savanna_climate" title="Tropical savanna climate">tropical savanna climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Koppen</a>: <i>Aw</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-koppen_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koppen-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wet season typically lasts from June to October, when a vast majority of the yearly precipitation falls. Large tropical thunderstorms occur nearly daily in the late afternoon, originating in the moist atmosphere above the Gulf of Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-SMN_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMN-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-colpos_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colpos-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wet season has slightly hotter temperatures and is more humid than other seasons; the <a href="/wiki/Dewpoint" class="mw-redirect" title="Dewpoint">dewpoint</a> can easily exceed 25 °C (77.0 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-SMN_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMN-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-colpos_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colpos-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has fewer foggy days than the dry season (averaging around 4-7 foggy days).<sup id="cite_ref-SMN_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMN-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-colpos_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colpos-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dry season of the year spans from November to May, with slightly cooler temperatures and less humid days; making it the much more desirable part of the year for visiting tourists as opposed to the stormy, humid wet season. Despite the dryness, winters are foggy and cloudy, averaging 10-17 overcast days and 11-17 foggy days per month during the dry season.<sup id="cite_ref-SMN_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMN-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-colpos_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colpos-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many tourists visit Veracruz during Christmas and March break, in the midst of the winter's comfortably warm dry season. </p><p>Veracruz receives an average of 1,564 mm (61.6 in) of precipitation annually.<sup id="cite_ref-SMN_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMN-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wettest month of the year is July with an average monthly total of 385 mm (15.2 in) of rainfall, while the driest month of the year is March with an only 13 mm (0.51 in) of rainfall.<sup id="cite_ref-SMN_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMN-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Temperature-wise, the hottest months of the year are June and August, both sharing mean temperatures of 28 °C (82.4 °F), while the coolest month of the year is January with a mean temperature of 21.2 °C (70.2 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-noaa_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noaa-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Veracruz (Synoptic Observatory), elevation: 19.4 m, 1981-2000 averages, extremes 1951-2000<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF2E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.7<br />(94.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.2<br />(91.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF0F00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.2<br />(102.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF0D00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.5<br />(103.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF0D00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.5<br />(103.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF2100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.7<br />(98.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.0<br />(98.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.0<br />(96.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF2A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.4<br />(95.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.0<br />(95.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.0<br />(93.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.0<br />(96.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF0D00; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">39.5<br />(103.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.7<br />(76.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.0<br />(77.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.4<br />(81.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.2<br />(84.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.1<br />(88.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.4<br />(88.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.2<br />(88.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.2<br />(88.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.8<br />(87.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.7<br />(85.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.7<br />(81.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.9<br />(78.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5700; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">28.8<br />(83.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF8914; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.5<br />(70.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF870F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.9<br />(71.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.0<br />(75.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.8<br />(78.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.8<br />(82.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.1<br />(82.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.5<br />(81.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.6<br />(81.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.2<br />(81.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.2<br />(79.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.2<br />(75.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8205; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.6<br />(72.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">25.4<br />(77.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9F3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.4<br />(65.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9C39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.8<br />(65.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8F1F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.7<br />(69.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8206; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.5<br />(72.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.6<br />(76.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.8<br />(76.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.8<br />(74.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.9<br />(75.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6<br />(74.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8104; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.7<br />(72.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8F1F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.7<br />(69.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3<br />(66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">22.0<br />(71.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFF6ED; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8<br />(42.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFECD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2<br />(45.0) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.0<br />(35.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0<br />(48.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.5<br />(58.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.0<br />(62.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF952C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.8<br />(67.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.2<br />(55.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.0<br />(62.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0<br />(53.6) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.0<br />(35.6) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2<br />(32.4) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">0.2<br />(32.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #C6FFC6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.9<br />(1.49) </td> <td style="background: #E1FFE1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.8<br />(0.70) </td> <td style="background: #EBFFEB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.1<br />(0.52) </td> <td style="background: #D9FFD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4<br />(0.96) </td> <td style="background: #90FF90; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74.2<br />(2.92) </td> <td style="background: #00CF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">196.3<br />(7.73) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">385.1<br />(15.16) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">320.5<br />(12.62) </td> <td style="background: #003B00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">292.6<br />(11.52) </td> <td style="background: #3CFF3C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">130.7<br />(5.15) </td> <td style="background: #CDFFCD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.0<br />(1.26) </td> <td style="background: #C3FFC3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39.6<br />(1.56) </td> <td style="background: #39FF39; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,564<br />(61.57) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.1 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #BDBDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.3 </td> <td style="background: #D5D5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.1 </td> <td style="background: #D0D0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.8 </td> <td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.8 </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0 </td> <td style="background: #5B5BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.8 </td> <td style="background: #1A1AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">18.5 </td> <td style="background: #3434FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.4 </td> <td style="background: #3A3AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.4 </td> <td style="background: #7C7CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6 </td> <td style="background: #AFAFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.2 </td> <td style="background: #B8B8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7 </td> <td style="background: #8F8FFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">106.7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000E6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000CB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000D5; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">77.6 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #C9C900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">162.0 </td> <td style="background: #D2D200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">165.0 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">192.0 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">205.0 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">203.0 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">207.0 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">187.0 </td> <td style="background: #D0D000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">177.0 </td> <td style="background: #CCCC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">162.0 </td> <td style="background: #CDCD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">170.0 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">179.0 </td> <td style="background: #C9C900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">161.0 </td> <td style="background: #D3D300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,170 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/Servicio_Meteorol%C3%B3gico_Nacional_(Mexico)" title="Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (Mexico)">SMN</a><sup id="cite_ref-SMN_23-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMN-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Veracruz (Synoptic Observatory), elevation: 19.4 m, 1961-1990 normals </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF7600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.3<br />(75.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.6<br />(76.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.5<br />(79.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.7<br />(83.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.4<br />(86.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.8<br />(87.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.9<br />(87.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.2<br />(88.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.8<br />(87.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.6<br />(85.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.6<br />(81.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.5<br />(77.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">28.4<br />(83.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF8B18; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.2<br />(70.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8913; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.6<br />(70.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.4<br />(74.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.6<br />(78.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.4<br />(81.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.0<br />(82.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.6<br />(81.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.0<br />(82.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.6<br />(81.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.5<br />(79.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.5<br />(76.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8206; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.5<br />(72.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6F00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">25.3<br />(77.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFA143; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.1<br />(64.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9E3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.5<br />(65.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9021; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.6<br />(69.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8002; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.8<br />(73.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.6<br />(76.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.5<br />(76.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6<br />(74.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.9<br />(75.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6<br />(74.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8104; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.7<br />(72.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.9<br />(69.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3<br />(66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF870F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">21.9<br />(71.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #DEFFDE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.0<br />(0.87) </td> <td style="background: #E3FFE3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.0<br />(0.67) </td> <td style="background: #E5FFE5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.0<br />(0.67) </td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.0<br />(0.87) </td> <td style="background: #BAFFBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46.0<br />(1.81) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">302.0<br />(11.89) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">411.0<br />(16.18) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">352.0<br />(13.86) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">352.0<br />(13.86) </td> <td style="background: #3BFF3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">131.0<br />(5.16) </td> <td style="background: #ABFFAB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.0<br />(2.13) </td> <td style="background: #D6FFD6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.0<br />(1.06) </td> <td style="background: #21FF21; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,753<br />(69.03) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.1 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0 </td> <td style="background: #C8C8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0 </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0 </td> <td style="background: #CCCCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0 </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0 </td> <td style="background: #4C4CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000FA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">21.0 </td> <td style="background: #1414FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">19.0 </td> <td style="background: #1919FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">18.0 </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0 </td> <td style="background: #9999FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0 </td> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0 </td> <td style="background: #8282FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">119 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000DD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000DD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000E1; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000E6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000E4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000DD; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">75.4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #C2C217; color:#000000;" class="notheme">146.3 </td> <td style="background: #CECE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">157.9 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">188.9 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">205.9 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">205.4 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">208.0 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">205.1 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">222.5 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">188.7 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">193.5 </td> <td style="background: #D3D300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">178.7 </td> <td style="background: #C2C219; color:#000000;" class="notheme">145.8 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,246.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">NOAA</a><sup id="cite_ref-noaa_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noaa-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Veracruz (Synoptic Observatory), elevation: 19.4 m, 1951-1980 normals and extremes </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF3C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.7<br />(90.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.2<br />(91.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF1A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.7<br />(99.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF0D00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.5<br />(103.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF2000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.8<br />(98.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF2300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.3<br />(97.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.0<br />(96.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF2A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.3<br />(95.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.0<br />(95.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.4<br />(93.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.6<br />(90.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.0<br />(96.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF0D00; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">39.5<br />(103.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF7400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.6<br />(76.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.9<br />(76.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.5<br />(79.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.6<br />(83.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.2<br />(86.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.7<br />(87.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.7<br />(87.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.2<br />(88.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.7<br />(87.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.6<br />(85.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.4<br />(81.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.4<br />(77.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">28.4<br />(83.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF8A16; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.4<br />(70.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8710; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.8<br />(71.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.5<br />(74.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.7<br />(78.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.4<br />(81.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.9<br />(82.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.6<br />(81.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.0<br />(82.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.6<br />(81.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.4<br />(79.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.2<br />(75.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF850B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.2<br />(72.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6F00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">25.3<br />(77.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF8A16; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.4<br />(70.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8710; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.8<br />(71.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.5<br />(74.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.7<br />(78.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.4<br />(81.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.9<br />(82.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.6<br />(81.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.0<br />(82.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.6<br />(81.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.4<br />(79.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.2<br />(75.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF850B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.2<br />(72.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6F00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">25.3<br />(77.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5<br />(50.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7<br />(47.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC68D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.7<br />(54.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.8<br />(60.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7<br />(63.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.0<br />(62.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.4<br />(68.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9022; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.5<br />(68.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.0<br />(62.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA55; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.8<br />(62.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC388; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.1<br />(55.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0<br />(48.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C5; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8.7<br />(47.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #DBFFDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.1<br />(0.95) </td> <td style="background: #E4FFE4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.0<br />(0.63) </td> <td style="background: #E9FFE9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.5<br />(0.57) </td> <td style="background: #E4FFE4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.4<br />(0.69) </td> <td style="background: #B7FFB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.2<br />(1.90) </td> <td style="background: #003200; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">298.3<br />(11.74) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">419.9<br />(16.53) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">323.1<br />(12.72) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">358.6<br />(14.12) </td> <td style="background: #1BFF1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">152.9<br />(6.02) </td> <td style="background: #A3FFA3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.6<br />(2.35) </td> <td style="background: #DAFFDA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4<br />(0.96) </td> <td style="background: #20FF20; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,757<br />(69.18) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.1 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #C3C3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.83 </td> <td style="background: #CFCFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.51 </td> <td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.17 </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.31 </td> <td style="background: #C2C2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.93 </td> <td style="background: #4242FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.82 </td> <td style="background: #0000FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">20.63 </td> <td style="background: #1919FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">18.6 </td> <td style="background: #1D1DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17.7 </td> <td style="background: #7272FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.36 </td> <td style="background: #A0A0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4 </td> <td style="background: #B7B7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8 </td> <td style="background: #8585FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">116.06 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000CB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000CB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000CB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000CB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">79.0 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #C2C215; color:#000000;" class="notheme">147.3 </td> <td style="background: #D2D200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">166.2 </td> <td style="background: #CFCF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">175.7 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">182.1 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">194.7 </td> <td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">203.2 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">200.0 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">227.0 </td> <td style="background: #D1D100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">174.5 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">193.0 </td> <td style="background: #CDCD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">165.5 </td> <td style="background: #BFBF27; color:#000000;" class="notheme">140.7 </td> <td style="background: #D3D300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,169.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colegio_de_Postgraduados" class="extiw" title="es:Colegio de Postgraduados">COLPOS</a><sup id="cite_ref-colpos_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colpos-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veracruz_(city)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Veleros_en_Veracruz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Veleros_en_Veracruz.jpg/220px-Veleros_en_Veracruz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Veleros_en_Veracruz.jpg/330px-Veleros_en_Veracruz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Veleros_en_Veracruz.jpg/440px-Veleros_en_Veracruz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Ships at the 2022 Latin American Festival of Sailing.</figcaption></figure> <p>Because of its importance as Mexico's principal Caribbean and Atlantic sea port, Veracruz has always been a locus for the mixture of different cultures, particularly <a href="/wiki/Spaniards_in_Mexico" title="Spaniards in Mexico">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" title="Indigenous peoples of Mexico">Native Mexican</a>, and <a href="/wiki/African_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="African culture">African</a>. During the colonial period, African slaves were imported to work in the fields and shipyards. Following Mexico's independence from Spain in 1821, immigrants from Italy and Cuba settled in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-alisau_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alisau-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bestday_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bestday-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hursh_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hursh-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Veracruz Carnaval has been celebrated every year since 1866, during the empire of <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_of_Mexico" title="Maximilian I of Mexico">Maximilian I</a>. At that time, a request was made to sponsor a "Festival of Masks", which would consist of dances at the principal social gathering sites of the city such as the main theater. While the events were officially held at these locations, many residents took advantage of the celebration on the streets near these sites. Eventually, the event became based in the historic center of the city and focused on the <a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">Carnaval</a> Parade of Veracruz. Today, the event begins with the "Burning of Bad Humor" and ends with the "Burial of Juan Carnaval".<sup id="cite_ref-vcarnaval_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vcarnaval-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carnaval here is the largest celebration in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-bestday_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bestday-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carnaval_Veracruz_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Carnaval_Veracruz_2014.jpg/220px-Carnaval_Veracruz_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Carnaval_Veracruz_2014.jpg/330px-Carnaval_Veracruz_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Carnaval_Veracruz_2014.jpg/440px-Carnaval_Veracruz_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnaval_de_Veracruz" class="extiw" title="es:Carnaval de Veracruz">Carnaval of Veracruz</a> parade.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sugar and rum production have been mainstays as commodities; during colonial times they were produced by slave labor and later, immigrants often entered labor and industrial jobs. Together these ethnic groups have created rich cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-snapper_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snapper-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hughson_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hughson-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Naval Academy attracts both Mexican and international sailors and officers, adding to the cosmopolitan mix of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Hughson_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hughson-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city has a reputation for being lively, with many people out in the squares listening to music late into the night. In the morning, they frequent sidewalk cafes for their morning coffee.<sup id="cite_ref-vcity_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vcity-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Veracruz has become a popular location for filming. The government has supported the development of filmmaking in the municipality. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veracruz_(city)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Platzkonzert_in_Veracruz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Platzkonzert_in_Veracruz.jpg/220px-Platzkonzert_in_Veracruz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Platzkonzert_in_Veracruz.jpg/330px-Platzkonzert_in_Veracruz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Platzkonzert_in_Veracruz.jpg/440px-Platzkonzert_in_Veracruz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5500" data-file-height="3087" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Son_Jarocho" class="mw-redirect" title="Son Jarocho">Son Jarocho</a> players in a plaza in Veracruz's historic center.</figcaption></figure> <p>The song "<a href="/wiki/La_Bamba_(song)" title="La Bamba (song)">La Bamba</a>", made famous by <a href="/wiki/Ritchie_Valens" title="Ritchie Valens">Ritchie Valens</a>, has its roots in the Veracruz <a href="/wiki/Son_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Son (music)">"son"</a> style of music, which originated in southern part of the state of Veracruz. It has African and Caribbean influence and is popular throughout Mexico, Latin America and the United States. </p><p>Traditional Veracruzian music is called "<a href="/wiki/Son_Jarocho" class="mw-redirect" title="Son Jarocho">Son Jarocho</a>". Although there are many types of son music found in Mexico, the Son Jarocho is typically associated with the city of Veracruz. Other types of son include "Son Comercial". This style is faster and flashier than the traditional Son Jarocho and can be heard in <a href="/wiki/Ballet_Folklorico_de_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballet Folklorico de Mexico">Mexican folkdance exhibitions</a>, when Veracruz women with long white dresses and fans dance with partners also dressed in white. The Son Comercial developed in the 1940s from the Son Jarocho; in the 21st century it is so pervasive that many mistakenly believe it to be the first version. The Casa de Cultura has a workshops for traditional music and son singers can be heard just about anytime on the main plaza (Zócalo)<sup id="cite_ref-carraher_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carraher-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veracruz_(city)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GrandCafeParroquiaVeracruz.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/GrandCafeParroquiaVeracruz.JPG/220px-GrandCafeParroquiaVeracruz.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/GrandCafeParroquiaVeracruz.JPG/330px-GrandCafeParroquiaVeracruz.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/GrandCafeParroquiaVeracruz.JPG/440px-GrandCafeParroquiaVeracruz.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>"El Gran Café de la Parroquia" is the most famous cafe in Veracruz.</figcaption></figure> <p>Veracruz recipes use corn, beans and squash as staples, a practice dating to the indigenous peoples. Local diets also include indigenous tropical foods such as <a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili peppers</a>, tomatoes, <a href="/wiki/Avocado" title="Avocado">avocados</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pineapple" title="Pineapple">pineapples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papaya" title="Papaya">papaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mamey_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Mamey (disambiguation)">mamey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">sweet potatoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peanut" title="Peanut">peanuts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sapote" title="Sapote">sapote</a> fruit, all of which have been cultivated since pre-Columbian times. The Spanish introduced the use of herbs such as <a href="/wiki/Parsley" title="Parsley">parsley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thyme" title="Thyme">thyme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marjoram" title="Marjoram">marjoram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bay_laurel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay laurel">bay laurel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coriander" title="Coriander">coriander</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">saffron</a>, wheat, rice, almonds, olives/olive oil, garlic and <a href="/wiki/Capers" class="mw-redirect" title="Capers">capers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hursh_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hursh-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the lengthy colonial period and international port, these ingredients are used more widely here than in other parts of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-snapper_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snapper-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A signature dish of the area, <i><a href="/wiki/Huachinango_a_la_Veracruzana" title="Huachinango a la Veracruzana">Huachinango a la Veracruzana</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Red_snapper_(fish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red snapper (fish)">red snapper</a> Veracruz-style), uses local fruits and vegetables (tomatoes, chili peppers) and Spanish ingredients (olive oil, garlic and capers). Other popular dishes include <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">arroz a la tumbada</i></span>, a rice dish baked with a variety of seafood and <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">caldo de mariscos</i></span>, a seafood soup reputed to cure <a href="/wiki/Hangover" title="Hangover">hangovers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hursh_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hursh-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coffeehouses are a center of social life in the city, and the <i>Gran Café del Portal</i> and the <i>Café de la Parroquia</i> are the two best-known establishments. To request a refill, customers clink the sides of their glasses (not cups) with their spoons. This clinking can be heard from the early morning to late at night. The story behind this custom is that a trolley driver used to ring his bell when he was a block away from the Gran Café del Portal to let the waiters know he was coming. When the driver died, his casket was borne on the trolley and when it passed the establishment, the customers and waiters tapped their glasses in his honor.<sup id="cite_ref-alisau_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alisau-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landmarks">Landmarks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veracruz_(city)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Landmarks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_San_Juan_de_Ul%C3%BAa_innen_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Fort_San_Juan_de_Ul%C3%BAa_innen_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Fort_San_Juan_de_Ul%C3%BAa_innen_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Fort_San_Juan_de_Ul%C3%BAa_innen_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Fort_San_Juan_de_Ul%C3%BAa_innen_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Fort_San_Juan_de_Ul%C3%BAa_innen_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Fort_San_Juan_de_Ul%C3%BAa_innen_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2421" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_de_Ul%C3%BAa" title="San Juan de Ulúa">Castle of San Juan de Ulúa</a>, built by the Spanish beginning in 1519.</figcaption></figure> <p>Veracruz is not as popular a tourist destination as many other resort areas.<sup id="cite_ref-alisau_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alisau-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the city has been promoting an identity as a tourist destination, emphasizing new attractions such as the <a href="/wiki/Veracruz_Aquarium" class="mw-redirect" title="Veracruz Aquarium">Veracruz Aquarium</a> and the City Museum, and the renovation of historic ones, such as Fort San Juan de Ulúa and the Naval Academy.<sup id="cite_ref-bestday_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bestday-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cultural center of the city is its main plaza, officially named Plaza de las Armas but commonly called the Zócalo. This tree-shaded square, in which a number of foreign invading armies have camped, is occupied from morning to night with people playing dominos, selling food, cigars, etc. playing music, dancing and other activities. It is more crowded in the evening, when nearly every night the <a href="/wiki/Danz%C3%B3n" title="Danzón">danzón</a> is danced. This dance was brought over to Mexico from Cuba by refugees in the 1870s. It was originally restricted to the lower classes but eventually gained accepted by all levels of society. The danzón is sponsored by several dance schools dedicated to keeping the tradition alive. Around the plaza are numerous shops and restaurants, as well as the municipal palace and the cathedral.<sup id="cite_ref-alisau_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alisau-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-portalCH_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-portalCH-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Faro_Venustiano_Carranza2019p2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Faro_Venustiano_Carranza2019p2.jpg/220px-Faro_Venustiano_Carranza2019p2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Faro_Venustiano_Carranza2019p2.jpg/330px-Faro_Venustiano_Carranza2019p2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Faro_Venustiano_Carranza2019p2.jpg/440px-Faro_Venustiano_Carranza2019p2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4299" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faro_de_Venustiano_Carranza" class="extiw" title="es:Faro de Venustiano Carranza">Venustiano Carranza Lighthouse</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Municipal Palace was built for the city council in 1608. The building was extensively remodeled in the 18th century. Its architectural style is a sober <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque</a> with a tower at one of the corners. Lookouts used this tower to keep watch on the ships entering and leaving the port. It has a large courtyard surrounded by wide arches and is the oldest city government building in Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-portalCH_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-portalCH-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Veracruz" title="Cathedral of Veracruz">Cathedral of Veracruz</a>, named <i>Catedral de la Virgen de la Asunción</i>, is also located on the Zócalo. This cathedral was begun in the 17th century and finished in 1731. It was modified in the 19th century but was not designated as a cathedral until 1963. The building has five <a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">naves</a>, with an octagonal <a href="/wiki/Cupola" title="Cupola">cupola</a> covered in <a href="/wiki/Talavera_(pottery)" class="mw-redirect" title="Talavera (pottery)">Puebla tiles</a>. The tower was begun in the early 20th century and has its own small cupola. The main façade is <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassic</a> with two levels and a crest. The lower level contains an arched entrance flanked by two <a href="/wiki/Doric_order" title="Doric order">Doric columns</a> and the upper level contains the choral window, above which is a medallion. The interior is simple with crystal candelabras.<sup id="cite_ref-catedral_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-catedral-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:5601-Catedral_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_la_Asunci%C3%B3n-Veracruz,_Veracruz,_M%C3%A9xico-Enrique_Carpio_Fot%C3%B3grafo-EDSC07115_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/5601-Catedral_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_la_Asunci%C3%B3n-Veracruz%2C_Veracruz%2C_M%C3%A9xico-Enrique_Carpio_Fot%C3%B3grafo-EDSC07115_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-5601-Catedral_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_la_Asunci%C3%B3n-Veracruz%2C_Veracruz%2C_M%C3%A9xico-Enrique_Carpio_Fot%C3%B3grafo-EDSC07115_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/5601-Catedral_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_la_Asunci%C3%B3n-Veracruz%2C_Veracruz%2C_M%C3%A9xico-Enrique_Carpio_Fot%C3%B3grafo-EDSC07115_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-5601-Catedral_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_la_Asunci%C3%B3n-Veracruz%2C_Veracruz%2C_M%C3%A9xico-Enrique_Carpio_Fot%C3%B3grafo-EDSC07115_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/5601-Catedral_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_la_Asunci%C3%B3n-Veracruz%2C_Veracruz%2C_M%C3%A9xico-Enrique_Carpio_Fot%C3%B3grafo-EDSC07115_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-5601-Catedral_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_la_Asunci%C3%B3n-Veracruz%2C_Veracruz%2C_M%C3%A9xico-Enrique_Carpio_Fot%C3%B3grafo-EDSC07115_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="2858" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Veracruz" title="Cathedral of Veracruz">Veracruz Cathedral</a>, built 1731.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the port area are the <a href="/wiki/Pemex" title="Pemex">Pemex</a> Tower, the old lighthouse, which was the seat of government for <a href="/wiki/Venustiano_Carranza" title="Venustiano Carranza">Venustiano Carranza</a>, and the Crafts Market. On Marina Mercante Street are located the Old Customs Building, the Postal and Telegraph twin buildings, as well as the old railroad terminal. In the 1920s, passenger traffic was such that the station had its own hotel. The Juárez Hemicycle Monument stands in front of the Civil Registry Building, which contains the first birth certificate issued in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-finsemana_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finsemana-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>malecón</i> (boardwalk) stretches for kilometers along the Gulf of Mexico, leading from the city center into the suburbs. This area is popular at night, when people stroll and exercise, enjoying the ocean breezes. Near the city center, the malecón is crowded with merchants selling knick-knacks, souvenirs, jewelry made with seashells, and T-shirts.<sup id="cite_ref-alisau_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alisau-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Detalles_de_Clavijero.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Detalles_de_Clavijero.jpg/220px-Detalles_de_Clavijero.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Detalles_de_Clavijero.jpg/330px-Detalles_de_Clavijero.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Detalles_de_Clavijero.jpg/440px-Detalles_de_Clavijero.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="1504" /></a><figcaption>The historic Clavijero Theatre.</figcaption></figure> <p>Fort San Juan de Ulúa is located on an island, now connected to land of the same name. The island is part of the La Gallega coral reef and has about 2,500 meters of beach. The full reef covers about 100 hectares and varies in depth between sixty and ninety centimeters, forming a natural break.<sup id="cite_ref-sinopsis_13-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sinopsis-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the pre-Hispanic era, this island was a sanctuary dedicated to the god Tezcatlipoca.<sup id="cite_ref-portalCH_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-portalCH-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site where the Spanish first landed has been developed over the centuries and today serves as the container ship terminal of the port.<sup id="cite_ref-sinopsis_13-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sinopsis-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the island is occupied by the fort. This fort was built where the Spanish first landed to conquer Mexico City. They used it for their last defense during and just after the Mexican War of Independence.<sup id="cite_ref-portalCH_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-portalCH-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between these periods, the fort helped defend the city against piracy and later was used for prisoners and interrogations of the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Inquisition" title="Mexican Inquisition">Mexican Inquisition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-alisau_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alisau-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fort was begun here in 1582 to protect the city from pirates<sup id="cite_ref-portalCH_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-portalCH-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was enlarged in 1635 during the period of frequent pirate raids. It was finished in 1707.<sup id="cite_ref-alisau_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alisau-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2020-02-17_Municipal_palace_of_Veracruz_03_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/2020-02-17_Municipal_palace_of_Veracruz_03_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-2020-02-17_Municipal_palace_of_Veracruz_03_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/2020-02-17_Municipal_palace_of_Veracruz_03_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-2020-02-17_Municipal_palace_of_Veracruz_03_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/2020-02-17_Municipal_palace_of_Veracruz_03_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-2020-02-17_Municipal_palace_of_Veracruz_03_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4624" data-file-height="3195" /></a><figcaption>The Municipal Palace of Veracruz.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the War of Independence ended in 1821, the Spanish kept control of the island and fort, and occasionally bombarded Mexican forces on land. They finally transferred this area to Mexico in 1825. The fort was used in 1838 during the Pastry War with the French. In 1847, it was used for an unsuccessful defense of the port when United States forces invaded during the Mexican–American War.<sup id="cite_ref-portalCH_32-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-portalCH-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 19th century, the fort was converted into a military prison.<sup id="cite_ref-portalCH_32-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-portalCH-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fort's narrow stone passageways lead to a series of dungeons with walls 24-feet thick in some places. Those cells which were darker and hotter were reserved for those charged with more serious crimes. A few of the most dreaded dungeons were nicknamed "Heaven", "Purgatory" and "Hell". Some of prison's more famous prisoners include Fray <a href="/wiki/Servando_Teresa_de_Mier" title="Servando Teresa de Mier">Servando Teresa de Mier</a> and Benito Juárez, both political prisoners. But the most famous is Jesús Arriaga, better known as "<a href="/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Arriaga" title="Jesús Arriaga">Chucho el Roto</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-alisau_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alisau-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most people visit San Juan de Ulúa out of attraction to the legend of this 19th-century bandit.<sup id="cite_ref-todd_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-todd-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palacio_Federal_en_la_Ciudad_de_Veracruz_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Palacio_Federal_en_la_Ciudad_de_Veracruz_02.jpg/220px-Palacio_Federal_en_la_Ciudad_de_Veracruz_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Palacio_Federal_en_la_Ciudad_de_Veracruz_02.jpg/330px-Palacio_Federal_en_la_Ciudad_de_Veracruz_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Palacio_Federal_en_la_Ciudad_de_Veracruz_02.jpg/440px-Palacio_Federal_en_la_Ciudad_de_Veracruz_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>The Palacio Federal de Veracruz.</figcaption></figure> <p>Jesús Arriaga, better known as <i>Chucho el Roto</i>, was held at Fort San Juan de Ulúa where he died. It is not known whether he died of natural causes, as a result of a fight with other prisoners or by other means. Chucho was a <a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood" title="Robin Hood">Robin Hood</a> figure who lived during the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-uvmx_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uvmx-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He stole from the rich and gave to the poor, inspiring songs and poetry such as the verses penned by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafael_de_Zayas_Enr%C3%ADquez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rafael de Zayas Enríquez (page does not exist)">Rafael de Zayas Enríquez</a>. Chucho was arrested in the city of <a href="/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro,_Quer%C3%A9taro" class="mw-redirect" title="Querétaro, Querétaro">Querétaro</a> after a jewelry store heist. He was sent to the Belén Prison in Mexico City, then to Veracruz. He was also renowned as a seducer of women, especially those who were rich and lonely. Most of his targets were jewelry shops, pawnshops and the homes of the wealthy.<sup id="cite_ref-uvmx_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uvmx-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Along with Fort San Juan de Ulúa, the city used to be walled in for protection against pirates and invasions. All that is left of these city walls is the <i>Baluarte</i>, a small fortress. The 1635 structure has thick, sturdy walls with cannons directed to cover sea approaches. Inside is a small museum featuring a collection of high-quality pre-Hispanic jewelry discovered in the 1970s by a fisherman.<sup id="cite_ref-baluarte_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baluarte-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CircTankVeracruz2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/CircTankVeracruz2.JPG/220px-CircTankVeracruz2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/CircTankVeracruz2.JPG/330px-CircTankVeracruz2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/CircTankVeracruz2.JPG/440px-CircTankVeracruz2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Veracruz Aquarium</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Veracruz_Aquarium" class="mw-redirect" title="Veracruz Aquarium">Veracruz Aquarium</a> was built in 1992 and is the largest and most important in Latin America.<sup id="cite_ref-alisau_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alisau-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-finsemana_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finsemana-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-acuario_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acuario-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Freshwater Gallery consists of thirteen exhibitions containing 562,177 liters of water. These exhibitions contain aquatic species from Asia, Africa, South America as well as Mexico. The Reef Tank is best known for its sharks. The Salt Water Gallery contains fourteen tanks with tanks dedicated to the species of Veracruz, the Red Sea and the Pacific Ocean. Another exhibit is devoted to sharks, containing 25 species that swim around visitors as they walk through a glass tunnel built through the tank. There is also an exhibit dedicated entirely to <a href="/wiki/Manatee" title="Manatee">manatees</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-acuario_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acuario-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plaza_enfrente_Atarazanas_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Plaza_enfrente_Atarazanas_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Plaza_enfrente_Atarazanas_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Plaza_enfrente_Atarazanas_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Plaza_enfrente_Atarazanas_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Plaza_enfrente_Atarazanas_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Plaza_enfrente_Atarazanas_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="3096" /></a><figcaption><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Atarazanas" class="extiw" title="es:Las Atarazanas">Las Atarazanas Cultural Center</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Heroica Escuela Naval (Heroic Naval School) was founded here in 1897 by José María de Vega, then <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Navy_(Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of the Navy (Mexico)">Secretary of the Navy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-encmuc_3-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encmuc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The school was founded because at the time, Mexico was dependent on the hiring of foreign sailors and foreign training of its officers to staff its Navy; prior attempts to establish an academy had failed. <a href="/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz" title="Porfirio Díaz">Porfirio Díaz</a> approved the institute to train both Navy and Merchant Marine officers, to be based on similar schools in Western Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-escuelanaval_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-escuelanaval-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The City Museum (Museo de la Ciudad) is located at the intersections of Zaragoza and Esteban Morales streets in the historic center. It is housed in a two-story building which is of <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">neoclassic</a> design built between the mid and latter 19th century. The main façade on Zaragoza Street has an enormous main door with posts, framed by <a href="/wiki/Ionic_order" title="Ionic order">Ionic</a> <a href="/wiki/Pilaster" title="Pilaster">pilasters</a>, which reach to the upper floor, and topped by a <a href="/wiki/Pediment" title="Pediment">pediment</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Cornice" title="Cornice">cornice</a>. The building was originally constructed as an asylum. When the <a href="/wiki/Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico" title="Second French intervention in Mexico">French invaded Veracruz</a> in 1861, the building was commandeered for other purposes until 1870. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:72-Antiguo_Baluarte_de_Santiago,_Veracruz,_Ver._Enrique_Carpio_Fot%C3%B3grafo-EDSC06929.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/72-Antiguo_Baluarte_de_Santiago%2C_Veracruz%2C_Ver._Enrique_Carpio_Fot%C3%B3grafo-EDSC06929.jpg/220px-72-Antiguo_Baluarte_de_Santiago%2C_Veracruz%2C_Ver._Enrique_Carpio_Fot%C3%B3grafo-EDSC06929.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/72-Antiguo_Baluarte_de_Santiago%2C_Veracruz%2C_Ver._Enrique_Carpio_Fot%C3%B3grafo-EDSC06929.jpg/330px-72-Antiguo_Baluarte_de_Santiago%2C_Veracruz%2C_Ver._Enrique_Carpio_Fot%C3%B3grafo-EDSC06929.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/72-Antiguo_Baluarte_de_Santiago%2C_Veracruz%2C_Ver._Enrique_Carpio_Fot%C3%B3grafo-EDSC06929.jpg/440px-72-Antiguo_Baluarte_de_Santiago%2C_Veracruz%2C_Ver._Enrique_Carpio_Fot%C3%B3grafo-EDSC06929.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Baluarte_de_Santiago" title="Baluarte de Santiago">Baluarte de Santiago</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The asylum took it back and operated here for almost 100 years. New facilities were constructed for it south of the city, and the building was renovated for adaptive reuse as a museum. The City Museum was inaugurated in 1970 and contains exhibits relating to the history of Veracruz.<sup id="cite_ref-museociudad_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-museociudad-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Agustín Lara House Museum exhibits works, photographs and personal effects of the poet <a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Lara" title="Agustín Lara">Agustín Lara</a>, located in what was his house in Boca del Río just outside Veracruz.<sup id="cite_ref-portalCH_32-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-portalCH-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> News clips, caricatures and a replica of the radio studio where he hosted "La Hora Azul" ("The Blue Hour") are among the items on display. Lara was one of the city's most famous sons as a popular songwriter and singer in Mexico. He began his career playing the piano in brothels and later became a bullfighter. Lara had seven wives, one of whom was Mexican screen diva <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_F%C3%A9lix" title="María Félix">María "La Doña" Félix</a>, for whom he wrote the song "María Bonita". To be a gentleman, when he and Félix were about to break up, he married her to "make an honest woman of her" even though they had lived together for years.<sup id="cite_ref-alisau_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alisau-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veracruz_(city)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buque_en_el_Puerto_de_Veracruz_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Buque_en_el_Puerto_de_Veracruz_02.jpg/220px-Buque_en_el_Puerto_de_Veracruz_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Buque_en_el_Puerto_de_Veracruz_02.jpg/330px-Buque_en_el_Puerto_de_Veracruz_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Buque_en_el_Puerto_de_Veracruz_02.jpg/440px-Buque_en_el_Puerto_de_Veracruz_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The port of Veracruz is the largest and most important in Mexico.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Laguna_Verde_Nuclear_Power_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Laguna Verde Nuclear Power Plant">Laguna Verde Nuclear Power Plant</a> (LVNPP) in nearby Alto Lucero, Veracruz, produces about 4.5% of Mexico's electrical energy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Port_of_Veracruz">Port of Veracruz</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veracruz_(city)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Port of Veracruz"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Port of Veracruz is the oldest and largest port in Mexico, deeply important to its history.<sup id="cite_ref-encmuc_3-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encmuc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-alisau_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alisau-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rueda_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rueda-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the colonial period, it was the most important port in New Spain, the connection to ports and the Atlantic trade creating a large wealthy merchant class, which was more prosperous than that of Mexico City.<sup id="cite_ref-ayuntamiento_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ayuntamiento-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the port of Veracruz were exported turkeys, corn, beans, avocados, and cotton to Spain. From Spain came <a href="/wiki/Fava_bean" class="mw-redirect" title="Fava bean">fava beans</a>, wheat, rice, cattle, pigs, fabric, wine and other goods. In the mid 16th century, so much gold and silver was found in Veracruz that these precious metals were the chief export to Spain on what were called treasure ships commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet" title="Spanish treasure fleet">Spanish treasure fleet</a>. The bounty attracted pirates, mostly from Britain and Holland, such as <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Hawkins_(naval_commander)" title="John Hawkins (naval commander)">John Hawkins</a>, who preyed on such ships.<sup id="cite_ref-ayuntamiento_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ayuntamiento-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Veracruz was invaded during conflicts with France and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-encmuc_3-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encmuc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Veracruz_06_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Veracruz_06_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Veracruz_06_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Veracruz_06_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Veracruz_06_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Veracruz_06_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Veracruz_06_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2532" data-file-height="1799" /></a><figcaption>Hotel in Veracruz's historic center.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the latter half of the 19th century, Veracruz's importance waned as trade to Europe diminished. The port was refurbished at the beginning of the 20th century, but petroleum production was the primary income for the state rather than the port.<sup id="cite_ref-sinopsis_13-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sinopsis-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This began to change in the latter half of the 20th century, and the port has surged back to the state's economic forefront.<sup id="cite_ref-bestday_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bestday-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1991, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Mexico">federal government</a> took over the port of Veracruz to correct<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Please clarify the preceding statement or statements with a good explanation from a reliable source. (May 2016)">how?</span></a></i>]</sup> the handling of merchandise. Later that same year, the first private shipping companies began operations. In 1993, the Law of Ports was passed regularizing the operations of ports in the country. This law created the Administración Portuaria de Veracruz (Port Authority of Veracruz).<sup id="cite_ref-puerto_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-puerto-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edificio_de_Correos_y_Tel%C3%A9grafos_Veracruz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Edificio_de_Correos_y_Tel%C3%A9grafos_Veracruz.jpg/220px-Edificio_de_Correos_y_Tel%C3%A9grafos_Veracruz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Edificio_de_Correos_y_Tel%C3%A9grafos_Veracruz.jpg/330px-Edificio_de_Correos_y_Tel%C3%A9grafos_Veracruz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Edificio_de_Correos_y_Tel%C3%A9grafos_Veracruz.jpg/440px-Edificio_de_Correos_y_Tel%C3%A9grafos_Veracruz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="1504" /></a><figcaption>Historic post office of Veracruz.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 2000s, the port continues to handle all kinds of cargo, moving 16.1 million tons<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (June 2010)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> of products in 2004. This figure is expected to rise once modernization efforts have finished, especially a truck bypass that leads directly from the highway to the port.<sup id="cite_ref-Rueda_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rueda-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Veracruz is the gateway for <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Mexico" title="Automotive industry in Mexico">Mexico's automobile industry</a>, which is concentrated in the center of the country, in the states around Mexico City. This port has several advantages. It is the first to be equipped specifically for shipping automobiles. Located on the south-central coast, Veracruz is closer to car manufacturers and has better access to both import and export markets in the U.S., Europe, Central and South America than other Mexican ports. In 2004, the port handled 70% of the automobiles exported. With traffic expected to rise, the port authorities unveiled a program to enlarge the port's infrastructure and expand operations by 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-Rueda_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rueda-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However conversion of port area for tourism challenges operations.<sup id="cite_ref-Ludwig3_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ludwig3-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The port handles 700,000 to 800,000 vehicles per year; the largest volume on the continent.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veracruz_(city)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UVER.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/UVER.jpg/220px-UVER.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/UVER.jpg/330px-UVER.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/UVER.jpg/440px-UVER.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Universidad_Veracruzana" title="Universidad Veracruzana">Universidad Veracruzana</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Universidad_Veracruzana" title="Universidad Veracruzana">Universidad Veracruzana</a> was established in 1944. It was created by joining a number of professional and higher education establishments together. It is now the main center of higher education in the state of Veracruz, with five campuses and twenty-two satellite locations in the state. The student population is approximately 70,000, offering degrees in sixty different fields.<sup id="cite_ref-introducc_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-introducc-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Private universities include <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crist%C3%B3bal_Col%C3%B3n_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cristóbal Colón University (page does not exist)">Cristóbal Colón University</a>, mainly dedicated to architecture and administration <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ver.ucc.mx/">[1]</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=UNIMEX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UNIMEX (page does not exist)">UNIMEX</a> was founded in 1991 and focuses on marketing, graphic design and law.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fachada_IIV_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Fachada_IIV_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Fachada_IIV_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Fachada_IIV_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Fachada_IIV_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Fachada_IIV_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Fachada_IIV_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1255" data-file-height="843" /></a><figcaption><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilustre_Instituto_Veracruzano" class="extiw" title="es:Ilustre Instituto Veracruzano">Ilustre Instituto Veracruzano</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Veracruz Institute of Technology was founded in 1946 by Ismael Lagunes Lastra. It started out as the School of Arts and Letters, with a mission to train students for the jobs associated with the developing port and industrial base of the city. It started teaching students at the secondary and high school level, later adding bachelor's degree programs. In 1952, the school received a grant of lands by the federal and state governments to expand. Technical programs were added in the 1960s and have become the main part of the school's work, Veracruz Institute of Technology is famous due to its bachelor of engineering in biochemical engineering, masters and PhD about food science and biochemical engineering.<sup id="cite_ref-itver_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itver-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilustre_Instituto_Veracruzano" class="extiw" title="es:Ilustre Instituto Veracruzano">Ilustre Instituto Veracruzano</a> (<i>Illustrious Veracruzan Institute</i>) was founded in 1853. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veracruz_(city)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Veracruz_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Veracruz_02.jpg/220px-Veracruz_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Veracruz_02.jpg/330px-Veracruz_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Veracruz_02.jpg/440px-Veracruz_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2474" data-file-height="1414" /></a><figcaption>Veracruz Train Depot.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/General_Heriberto_Jara_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="General Heriberto Jara International Airport">General Heriberto Jara International Airport</a> serves the city with daily service to Mexico City as well as international service to Houston only. The commercial passenger airlines to currently serve VER airport are <a href="/wiki/Aeromexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeromexico">Aeromexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines" title="United Airlines">United Airlines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aeromar" title="Aeromar">Aeromar</a> <a href="/wiki/Viva_Aerobus" class="mw-redirect" title="Viva Aerobus">Viva Aerobus</a> and Mayair. In 2021, the airport handled 1,103,460 passengers.<sup id="cite_ref-asur_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asur-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AMMVR_03_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/AMMVR_03_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-AMMVR_03_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/AMMVR_03_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-AMMVR_03_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/AMMVR_03_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-AMMVR_03_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1856" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Veracruz_International_Airport" title="Veracruz International Airport">Veracruz International Airport</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Non-passenger rail transport (<a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Southern_de_M%C3%A9xico" title="Kansas City Southern de México">Kansas City Southern de México</a>) connects Veracruz with Mexico City and state capital of <a href="/wiki/Xalapa" title="Xalapa">Xalapa</a>. </p><p>Veracruz is linked to Mexico City by a four-lane toll highway which also passes through Córdoba and Puebla. Halfway between Veracruz and Córdoba, it is connected to the La Tinaja-Cosoleacaque toll highway which goes as far as <a href="/wiki/Villahermosa,_Tabasco" class="mw-redirect" title="Villahermosa, Tabasco">Villahermosa, Tabasco</a>. Another toll highway goes to Xalapa. </p><p>Urban transport formerly was provided by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trams_in_Veracruz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trams in Veracruz (page does not exist)">Veracruz tram system</a>, from 1908 – 1981. Now the city has buses, including trolley-replica tour buses that looks like former trams and highlighted at evening. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sister_cities">Sister cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veracruz_(city)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Mexico" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Mexico">List of twin towns and sister cities in Mexico</a></div> <p>Veracruz is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with:<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Cádiz</a>, Spain</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru"><img alt="Peru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Callao" title="Callao">Callao</a>, Peru</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Galveston,_Texas" title="Galveston, Texas">Galveston</a>, United States<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba"><img alt="Cuba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>, Cuba</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Laredo,_Texas" title="Laredo, Texas">Laredo</a>, United States<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Miami-Dade_County,_Florida" title="Miami-Dade County, Florida">Miami-Dade County</a>, United States<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile</a>, United States<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ordes" title="Ordes">Ordes</a>, Spain</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Oviedo" title="Oviedo">Oviedo</a>, Spain</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pharr,_Texas" title="Pharr, Texas">Pharr</a>, United States</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala"><img alt="Guatemala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Quetzaltenango" title="Quetzaltenango">Quetzaltenango</a>, Guatemala</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose</a>, United States<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Santos,_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Santos, São Paulo">Santos</a>, Brazil</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, Spain</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tampa,_Florida" title="Tampa, Florida">Tampa</a>, United States<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a>, Spain</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile"><img alt="Chile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Valpara%C3%ADso" title="Valparaíso">Valparaíso</a>, Chile<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veracruz_(city)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/32px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/48px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/64px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mexico" title="Portal:Mexico">Mexico portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boca_del_R%C3%ADo,_Veracruz" title="Boca del Río, Veracruz">Boca del Río, Veracruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veracruz_Canyon" title="Veracruz Canyon">Veracruz Canyon</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veracruz_(city)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although the values have a record of more than two decades, it can not be used as an overview of the local climate, as it does not reach the minimum period of 30 years required by <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">WMO</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veracruz_(city)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Stacy2002-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stacy2002_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStacy2002" class="citation book cs1">Stacy, Lee (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DSzyMGh8pNwC&pg=PA845"><i>Mexico and the United States</i></a>. Marshall Cavendish. p. 845. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761474029" title="Special:BookSources/9780761474029"><bdi>9780761474029</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mexico+and+the+United+States&rft.pages=845&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780761474029&rft.aulast=Stacy&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDSzyMGh8pNwC%26pg%3DPA845&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeracruz+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TelluBase-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TelluBase_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tellusant.com/repo/tb/tellubase_factsheet_mex.pdf">"TelluBase—Mexico Fact Sheet (Tellusant Public Service Series)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TelluBase%E2%80%94Mexico+Fact+Sheet+%28Tellusant+Public+Service+Series%29&rft.pub=Tellusant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftellusant.com%2Frepo%2Ftb%2Ftellubase_factsheet_mex.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeracruz+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-encmuc-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-encmuc_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encmuc_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encmuc_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encmuc_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encmuc_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encmuc_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encmuc_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encmuc_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encmuc_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encmuc_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encmuc_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encmuc_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encmuc_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encmuc_3-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encmuc_3-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encmuc_3-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encmuc_3-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encmuc_3-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encmuc_3-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encmuc_3-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inafed.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/veracruz/">"Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México Veracruz Ignacio de la Llave"</a> (in Spanish). Mexico: INAFED<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Enciclopedia+de+los+Municipios+de+M%C3%A9xico+Veracruz+Ignacio+de+la+Llave&rft.place=Mexico&rft.pub=INAFED&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inafed.gob.mx%2Fwork%2Ftemplates%2Fenciclo%2Fveracruz%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeracruz+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2020_census_tables:_INEGI-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2020_census_tables:_INEGI_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ceieg.veracruz.gob.mx/">2020 census tables: INEGI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ceieg.veracruz.gob.mx/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/2021/06/VERACRUZ_2021.pdf">"Censo Veracruz 2020"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 2 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Censo+Veracruz+2020&rft.date=2023-05-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fceieg.veracruz.gob.mx%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F21%2F2021%2F06%2FVERACRUZ_2021.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeracruz+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alisau-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-alisau_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alisau_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alisau_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alisau_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alisau_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alisau_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alisau_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alisau_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alisau_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alisau_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alisau_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alisau_5-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alisau_5-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlisau_Graber" class="citation web cs1">Alisau Graber, Patricia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mexconnect.com/articles/1755-un-poco-de-gracia">"Un poco de gracia"</a>. MexConnect<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Un+poco+de+gracia&rft.pub=MexConnect&rft.aulast=Alisau+Graber&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mexconnect.com%2Farticles%2F1755-un-poco-de-gracia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeracruz+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rueda-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rueda_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rueda_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rueda_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rueda_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rueda_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRueda2005" class="citation journal cs1">Rueda, Marisol (August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BEK/is_8_13/ai_n15341623/">"Overdrive: Mexico's Port of Veracruz expands to move more goods—cars above all else"</a>. <i>Latin Trade</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latin+Trade&rft.atitle=Overdrive%3A+Mexico%27s+Port+of+Veracruz+expands+to+move+more+goods%E2%80%94cars+above+all+else&rft.date=2005-08&rft.aulast=Rueda&rft.aufirst=Marisol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_m0BEK%2Fis_8_13%2Fai_n15341623%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeracruz+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ayuntamiento-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ayuntamiento_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ayuntamiento_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ayuntamiento_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ayuntamiento_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080619065751/http://www.veracruz-puerto.gob.mx/cultura/enlahistoria.asp">"Veracruz in la"</a> [Veracruz in history] (in Spanish). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Cuisine+of+Veracruz%3A+A+Tasty+Blend+of+Cultures&rft.pub=MexConnect&rft.aulast=Hursh+Graber&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mexconnect.com%2Farticles%2F2085-the-cuisine-of-veracruz-a-tasty-blend-of-cultures&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeracruz+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-snapper-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-snapper_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-snapper_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-snapper_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epicurious.com/articlesguides/howtocook/cuisines/mexicosnapperrecipe">"Red Snapper Veracruzana"</a>. Epicurious<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Red+Snapper+Veracruzana&rft.pub=Epicurious&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epicurious.com%2Farticlesguides%2Fhowtocook%2Fcuisines%2Fmexicosnapperrecipe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeracruz+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/307599">"Eagle Relief, Toltec"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> website</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art+website&rft.atitle=Eagle+Relief%2C+Toltec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fcollection%2Fsearch%2F307599&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeracruz+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-histchan-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-histchan_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-histchan_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-histchan_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-histchan_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100208152822/http://www.history.com/states.do?action=detail&state=Veracruz&contentType=State_Generic&contentId=56434&parentId=MEXICO">"The History of Veracruz"</a>. The History Channel. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/states.do?action=detail&state=Veracruz&contentType=State_Generic&contentId=56434&parentId=MEXICO">the original</a> on 8 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Veracruz&rft.pub=The+History+Channel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fstates.do%3Faction%3Ddetail%26state%3DVeracruz%26contentType%3DState_Generic%26contentId%3D56434%26parentId%3DMEXICO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeracruz+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sinopsis-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sinopsis_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sinopsis_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sinopsis_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sinopsis_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sinopsis_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sinopsis_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sinopsis_13-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sinopsis_13-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sinopsis_13-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sinopsis_13-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sinopsis_13-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanchez_Diez2000" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sanchez Diez, Jaime R (18 October 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilo.int/public/spanish/dialogue/sector/papers/port-vc/mex2.htm">"Estudio sobre reestructuración portuaria - Impacto Social Sinopsis Histurica del Puerto de Veracruz"</a> [Study about the port's restructuring- Social Impact Historic Sinopsis of the Port of Veracruz] (in Spanish). Mexico: Puerto de Veracruz Organización Internacional<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Estudio+sobre+reestructuraci%C3%B3n+portuaria+-+Impacto+Social+Sinopsis+Histurica+del+Puerto+de+Veracruz&rft.place=Mexico&rft.pub=Puerto+de+Veracruz+Organizaci%C3%B3n+Internacional&rft.date=2000-10-18&rft.aulast=Sanchez+Diez&rft.aufirst=Jaime+R&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilo.int%2Fpublic%2Fspanish%2Fdialogue%2Fsector%2Fpapers%2Fport-vc%2Fmex2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeracruz+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sanjuanhistoria-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sanjuanhistoria_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100111034946/http://www.sanjuandeulua.com.mx/">"Historia de San Juan de Ulúa"</a> [History of Fort San Juan de Ulúa] (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanjuandeulua.com.mx/">the original</a> on 11 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historia+de+San+Juan+de+Ul%C3%BAa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sanjuandeulua.com.mx%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeracruz+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson1992" class="citation book cs1">Williamson, Edwin (1992). <i>The Penguin history of Latin America</i>. London: Allen Lane. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9076-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9076-8"><bdi>978-0-7139-9076-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+history+of+Latin+America&rft.place=London&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7139-9076-8&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeracruz+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Diaz-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Diaz_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diaz, B., 1963, The Conquest of New Spain, London: Penguin Books, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0140441239" title="Special:BookSources/0140441239">0140441239</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Merriam-Webster's geographical dictionary. (1972). Third Edition. Springfield, MA.: Merriam- Webster Inc, Publishers. p. 1257. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87779-546-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87779-546-0">0-87779-546-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-karl1-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-karl1_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlberto_Nájar2010" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Alberto Nájar (20 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/mundo/america_latina/2010/09/100920_mexico_devastacion_karl_veracruz_fp.shtml">"Sigue la devastación por el huracán Karl"</a> [Devastation from Hurricane Karl continues]. <i>BBC Mundo</i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+Mundo&rft.atitle=Sigue+la+devastaci%C3%B3n+por+el+hurac%C3%A1n+Karl&rft.date=2010-09-20&rft.au=Alberto+N%C3%A1jar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fmundo%2Famerica_latina%2F2010%2F09%2F100920_mexico_devastacion_karl_veracruz_fp.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeracruz+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2010_census_tables:_INEGI-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2010_census_tables:_INEGI_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mapserver.inegi.org.mx/mgn2k/?s=geo&c=1223">2010 census tables: INEGI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130502025339/http://mapserver.inegi.org.mx/mgn2k/?s=geo&c=1223">Archived</a> 2 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jornada-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jornada_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jornada_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCortanos_Delgado2005" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cortanos Delgado, Gabriela (31 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2005/10/31/eco-d.html">"La isla in disputa"</a> [The island in dispute]. <i>La Jornada Ecológica</i> (in Spanish). Mexico City: UNAM<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Jornada+Ecol%C3%B3gica&rft.atitle=La+isla+in+disputa&rft.date=2005-10-31&rft.aulast=Cortanos+Delgado&rft.aufirst=Gabriela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jornada.unam.mx%2F2005%2F10%2F31%2Feco-d.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeracruz+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-portal-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-portal_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-portal_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090405072945/http://portal.veracruz.gob.mx/portal/page?_pageid=153%2C4198113&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL">"Portal de Ciudadano Veracruz"</a> [Veracruz Citizen Portal] (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.veracruz.gob.mx/portal/page?_pageid=153,4198113&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL">the original</a> on 5 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Portal+de+Ciudadano+Veracruz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportal.veracruz.gob.mx%2Fportal%2Fpage%3F_pageid%3D153%2C4198113%26_dad%3Dportal%26_schema%3DPORTAL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeracruz+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-koppen-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-koppen_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKottekJ._GrieserC._BeckB._Rudolf2006" class="citation journal cs1">Kottek, M.; J. Grieser; C. Beck; B. Rudolf; F. Rubel (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.schweizerbart.de/resources/downloads/paper_free/55034.pdf">"World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Meteorol. Z</i>. <b>15</b> (3): 259–263. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006MetZe..15..259K">2006MetZe..15..259K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1127%2F0941-2948%2F2006%2F0130">10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Meteorol.+Z.&rft.atitle=World+Map+of+the+K%C3%B6ppen-Geiger+climate+classification+updated&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=259-263&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1127%2F0941-2948%2F2006%2F0130&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006MetZe..15..259K&rft.aulast=Kottek&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=J.+Grieser&rft.au=C.+Beck&rft.au=B.+Rudolf&rft.au=F.+Rubel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.schweizerbart.de%2Fresources%2Fdownloads%2Fpaper_free%2F55034.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeracruz+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SMN-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SMN_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SMN_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SMN_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SMN_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SMN_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SMN_23-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SMN_23-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141207111453/http://smn.cna.gob.mx/observatorios/historica/veracruz.pdf">"Veracruz Normales climatológicas 1981-2000"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Spanish). <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comisi%C3%B3n_Nacional_del_Agua" class="extiw" title="es:Comisión Nacional del Agua">Conagua</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://smn.cna.gob.mx/observatorios/historica/veracruz.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 7 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Veracruz+Normales+climatol%C3%B3gicas+1981-2000&rft.pub=Conagua&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsmn.cna.gob.mx%2Fobservatorios%2Fhistorica%2Fveracruz.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeracruz+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-colpos-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-colpos_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-colpos_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-colpos_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-colpos_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-colpos_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130221032138/http://www.cm.colpos.mx/meteoro/progde/norm/norm24/33066.htm">"Normales climatológicas para Veracruz, Veracruz (1951-1980)"</a> (in Spanish). <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colegio_de_Postgraduados" class="extiw" title="es:Colegio de Postgraduados">COLPOS</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cm.colpos.mx/meteoro/progde/norm/norm24/33066.htm">the original</a> on 21 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Normales+climatol%C3%B3gicas+para+Veracruz%2C+Veracruz+%281951-1980%29&rft.pub=COLPOS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cm.colpos.mx%2Fmeteoro%2Fprogde%2Fnorm%2Fnorm24%2F33066.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeracruz+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-noaa-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-noaa_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-noaa_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_IV/MX/76692.TXT">"Veracruz (76692) - WMO Weather Station"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">NOAA</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Veracruz+%2876692%29+-+WMO+Weather+Station&rft.pub=NOAA&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp.atdd.noaa.gov%2Fpub%2FGCOS%2FWMO-Normals%2FTABLES%2FREG_IV%2FMX%2F76692.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeracruz+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/2010BAMS2955.1">The Definition of the Standard WMO Climate Normal: The Key to Deriving Alternative Climate Normals</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/American_Meteorological_Society" title="American Meteorological Society">American Meteorological Society</a></i> (June 2011). Retrieved 8 February 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vcarnaval-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vcarnaval_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carnavaldeveracruz.com.mx/">"Carnaval de Veracruz Tradición"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Carnaval+de+Veracruz+Tradici%C3%B3n&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.carnavaldeveracruz.com.mx%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeracruz+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hughson-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hughson_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hughson_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughson_Graber" class="citation web cs1">Hughson Graber, Dean and Yoly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mexconnect.com/articles/1320-veracruz-for-gringos">"Veracruz For Gringos"</a>. MexConnect<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Veracruz+For+Gringos&rft.pub=MexConnect&rft.aulast=Hughson+Graber&rft.aufirst=Dean+and+Yoly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mexconnect.com%2Farticles%2F1320-veracruz-for-gringos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeracruz+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vcity-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vcity_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fodors.com/world/mexico-and-central-america/mexico/veracruz/veracruz-city/">"Veracruz City"</a>. Fodor's<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Veracruz+City&rft.pub=Fodor%27s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fodors.com%2Fworld%2Fmexico-and-central-america%2Fmexico%2Fveracruz%2Fveracruz-city%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeracruz+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-carraher-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-carraher_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarraher" class="citation web cs1">Carraher, Janice. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mexconnect.com/articles/1598-la-bamba-explained-or-the-music-of-veracruz">"La Bamba Explained - Or, The Music of Veracruz"</a>. MexConnect<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.veracruz.gob.mx/portal/page?_pageid=153,4202334&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL">the original</a> on 11 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Centro+Hist%C3%B3rico+de+la+Ciudad+y+Puerto+de+Veracruz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportal.veracruz.gob.mx%2Fportal%2Fpage%3F_pageid%3D153%2C4202334%26_dad%3Dportal%26_schema%3DPORTAL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeracruz+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-catedral-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-catedral_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arqhys.com/contenidos/consagrada-catedral-veracruz.html">"Consagrada Catedral de Veracruz"</a> [Consecrated Cathedral of Veracruz] (in Spanish). ARQHYS<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Mexico Desconocido. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mexicodesconocido.com.mx/notas/2751-Fin-de-semana-en-el-puerto-de-Veracruz-%28Veracruz%29">the original</a> on 16 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fin+de+semana+en+el+puerto+de+Veracruz&rft.pub=Mexico+Desconocido&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mexicodesconocido.com.mx%2Fnotas%2F2751-Fin-de-semana-en-el-puerto-de-Veracruz-%2528Veracruz%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeracruz+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-todd-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-todd_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodd" class="citation web cs1">Todd, John Jr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.johntoddjr.com/122%20Chucho/chucho01.htm">"Chucho el Roto: The Legend of a Mexican Bandit The Folk Hero of San Juan de Ulua"</a>. Universidad Veracruzana<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chucho+el+Roto%3A+The+Legend+of+a+Mexican+Bandit+The+Folk+Hero+of+San+Juan+de+Ulua&rft.pub=Universidad+Veracruzana&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=John+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.johntoddjr.com%2F122%2520Chucho%2Fchucho01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeracruz+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uvmx-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-uvmx_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uvmx_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastillo" class="citation web cs1">Castillo, Marko. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717082128/http://www.uv.mx/Popularte/esp/scriptphp.php?sid=495">"Chucho el Roto"</a>. Universidad Veracruzana. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uv.mx/Popularte/esp/scriptphp.php?sid=495">the original</a> on 17 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.veracruz.gob.mx/portal/page?_pageid=153,4202356&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL">the original</a> on 5 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FUNDACI%C3%93N+DE+LA+ESCUELA+NAVAL+MILITAR&rft.pub=Secretariat+of+the+Navy+%28Mexico%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.semar.gob.mx%2Fhistoria%2Fescuela.htm%23fundacion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeracruz+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-museociudad-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-museociudad_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080417220123/http://www.amiweb.com.mx/mc/">"Descripción e Historia del Edificio del Museo de la Ciudad "Coronel Manuel Gutierrez Zamora"</a> [Description and History of the building of the City Museum "Coronel Manuel Gutierrez Zamora"] (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amiweb.com.mx/mc/">the original</a> on 17 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Descripci%C3%B3n+e+Historia+del+Edificio+del+Museo+de+la+Ciudad+%22Coronel+Manuel+Gutierrez+Zamora&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amiweb.com.mx%2Fmc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeracruz+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-puerto-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-puerto_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gezily.com/ispanya-gezi-rehberi">"spain travel guide"</a> (in Turkish). Turkey: Gezily.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=spain+travel+guide&rft.place=Turkey&rft.pub=Gezily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgezily.com%2Fispanya-gezi-rehberi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeracruz+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ludwig3-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ludwig3_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLudwig2016" class="citation web cs1">Ludwig, Christopher (19 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://automotivelogistics.media/intelligence/volkswagen-audi-mexico-part-3-building-extra-level-efficiency">"Volkswagen & Audi in Mexico part 3: Building in an extra level of efficiency"</a>. Automotive Logistics<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2017</span>. <q>Volkswagen is set to lose a dedicated, covered parking garage for 4,000 vehicles that it has used for 30 years, which the port authority plans to redevelop for tourism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Volkswagen+%26+Audi+in+Mexico+part+3%3A+Building+in+an+extra+level+of+efficiency&rft.pub=Automotive+Logistics&rft.date=2016-07-19&rft.aulast=Ludwig&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fautomotivelogistics.media%2Fintelligence%2Fvolkswagen-audi-mexico-part-3-building-extra-level-efficiency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeracruz+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2017" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Marcus (5 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170803195428/https://automotivelogistics.media/data/north-american-ports-slowdown-growth-tests-capacity-cope">"North American ports: Slowdown after growth tests capacity to cope"</a>. Automotive Logistics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://automotivelogistics.media/data/north-american-ports-slowdown-growth-tests-capacity-cope">the original</a> on 3 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2017</span>. <q>Veracruz, which was the continent's largest vehicle-handling port for the sixth time in seven years.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=North+American+ports%3A+Slowdown+after+growth+tests+capacity+to+cope&rft.pub=Automotive+Logistics&rft.date=2017-07-05&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fautomotivelogistics.media%2Fdata%2Fnorth-american-ports-slowdown-growth-tests-capacity-cope&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeracruz+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-introducc-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-introducc_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170925181305/https://www.uv.mx/universidad/info/introduccion.html">"Introducción Universidad Veracruzana"</a> [Introduction Veracruzana University] (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uv.mx/universidad/info/introduccion.html">the original</a> on 25 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introducci%C3%B3n+Universidad+Veracruzana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uv.mx%2Funiversidad%2Finfo%2Fintroduccion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeracruz+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unimexver.edu.mx/">"UNIMEX® Universidad sin fronteras"</a>. <i>www.unimexver.edu.mx</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unimexver.edu.mx&rft.atitle=UNIMEX%C2%AE+Universidad+sin+fronteras&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unimexver.edu.mx%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeracruz+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-itver-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-itver_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itver.edu.mx/Templates/historia.htm">"Instituto Tecnologico de Veracruz-Historia"</a> [Veracruz Institute of Technology-History] (in Spanish). Veracruz: Instituto Tecnologico de Veracruz<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Instituto+Tecnologico+de+Veracruz-Historia&rft.place=Veracruz&rft.pub=Instituto+Tecnologico+de+Veracruz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itver.edu.mx%2FTemplates%2Fhistoria.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeracruz+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-asur-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-asur_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asur.com.mx/media/Inversionistas/Trafico%20de%20pasajeros/Trafico_de_pasajeros_ASUR.xlsx">"Passenger's Traffic"</a> (in Spanish). ASUR<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Passenger%27s+Traffic&rft.pub=ASUR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asur.com.mx%2Fmedia%2FInversionistas%2FTrafico%2520de%2520pasajeros%2FTrafico_de_pasajeros_ASUR.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeracruz+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://coordinacionpolitica.sre.gob.mx/index.php/entidades/152-veracruz">"Acuerdos interinstitucionales registrados por dependencias y municipios de Veracruz"</a> (in Spanish). Secretaría de relaciones exteriores<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Acuerdos+interinstitucionales+registrados+por+dependencias+y+municipios+de+Veracruz&rft.pub=Secretar%C3%ADa+de+relaciones+exteriores&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcoordinacionpolitica.sre.gob.mx%2Findex.php%2Fentidades%2F152-veracruz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeracruz+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eldictamen.mx/noticias-de-veracruz/boca-ver/tren-que-llevaria-pasajeros-de-veracruz-a-mexico-quedo-en-simple-noticia/">"Tren que llevaría pasajeros de Veracruz a México quedó en simple noticia"</a> (in Spanish). El Dictamen. 12 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tren+que+llevar%C3%ADa+pasajeros+de+Veracruz+a+M%C3%A9xico+qued%C3%B3+en+simple+noticia&rft.pub=El+Dictamen&rft.date=2018-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eldictamen.mx%2Fnoticias-de-veracruz%2Fboca-ver%2Ftren-que-llevaria-pasajeros-de-veracruz-a-mexico-quedo-en-simple-noticia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeracruz+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.galvestontx.gov/292/Sister-Cities">"Sister Cities"</a>. City of Galveston<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sister+Cities&rft.pub=City+of+Galveston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.galvestontx.gov%2F292%2FSister-Cities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeracruz+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cityoflaredo.com/SisterCities/SisterCityIndex.htm">"Sister Cities"</a>. City of Laredo<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sister+Cities&rft.pub=City+of+Laredo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cityoflaredo.com%2FSisterCities%2FSisterCityIndex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeracruz+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.miamidade.gov/global/government/international-trade/sister-cities.page">"Sister Cities"</a>. Miami-Dade County<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sister+Cities&rft.pub=Miami-Dade+County&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.miamidade.gov%2Fglobal%2Fgovernment%2Finternational-trade%2Fsister-cities.page&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeracruz+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncsmobile.org/sister_cities.php">"Mobile's Sister Cities"</a>. City of Mobile<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mobile%27s+Sister+Cities&rft.pub=City+of+Mobile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncsmobile.org%2Fsister_cities.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeracruz+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metroactive.com/features/columns/Silicon-Alleys-San-Jose-Okayama-Japan-International-Sister-Cities.html">"Silicon Alleys: San Jose, Okayama Celebrate Six Decades as Sister Cities"</a>. Metro Active. 12 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Silicon+Alleys%3A+San+Jose%2C+Okayama+Celebrate+Six+Decades+as+Sister+Cities&rft.pub=Metro+Active&rft.date=2019-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metroactive.com%2Ffeatures%2Fcolumns%2FSilicon-Alleys-San-Jose-Okayama-Japan-International-Sister-Cities.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeracruz+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tampagov.net/city-clerk/sister-cities">"Sister Cities"</a>. City of Tampa. 23 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sister+Cities&rft.pub=City+of+Tampa&rft.date=2016-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tampagov.net%2Fcity-clerk%2Fsister-cities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeracruz+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vregion.cl/valparaiso/valparaiso/hermanas.php">"Ciudades Hermanas"</a> (in Spanish). Región de Valparaíso<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ciudades+Hermanas&rft.pub=Regi%C3%B3n+de+Valpara%C3%ADso&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vregion.cl%2Fvalparaiso%2Fvalparaiso%2Fhermanas.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeracruz+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veracruz_(city)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Veracruz_City" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Veracruz City">Veracruz City</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Veracruz#Q173270" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Veracruz">Veracruz</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amiweb.com.mx/mc">Museum of Veracruz</a>—<span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Veracruz.svg/35px-Flag_of_Veracruz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Veracruz.svg/46px-Flag_of_Veracruz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> State of <a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Xalapa" title="Xalapa">Xalapa</a> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Municipalities_of_Veracruz"><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Veracruz" title="Municipalities of Veracruz">Municipalities of Veracruz</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Huasteca_Alta_Region" title="Huasteca Alta Region">Huasteca Alta Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalma_(municipality)" title="Chalma (municipality)">Chalma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiconamel_(municipality)" title="Chiconamel (municipality)">Chiconamel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinampa_de_Gorostiza" title="Chinampa de Gorostiza">Chinampa de Gorostiza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Higo_(municipality)" title="El Higo (municipality)">El Higo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naranjos_Amatl%C3%A1n" title="Naranjos Amatlán">Naranjos Amatlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozuluama_de_Mascare%C3%B1as_(municipality)" title="Ozuluama de Mascareñas (municipality)">Ozuluama de Mascareñas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nuco_Municipality,_Veracruz" title="Pánuco Municipality, Veracruz">Pánuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plat%C3%B3n_S%C3%A1nchez_(municipality)" title="Platón Sánchez (municipality)">Platón Sánchez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Viejo_Municipality,_Veracruz" title="Pueblo Viejo Municipality, Veracruz">Pueblo Viejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamal%C3%ADn" title="Tamalín">Tamalín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamiahua" title="Tamiahua">Tamiahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampico_Alto_(municipality)" title="Tampico Alto (municipality)">Tampico Alto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantima" title="Tantima">Tantima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantoyuca_(municipality)" title="Tantoyuca (municipality)">Tantoyuca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempoal_de_S%C3%A1nchez,_Veracruz" title="Tempoal de Sánchez, Veracruz">Tempoal de Sánchez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Huasteca_Baja_Region" title="Huasteca Baja Region">Huasteca Baja Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temapache" title="Temapache">Álamo Temapache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez_Municipality,_Veracruz" title="Benito Juárez Municipality, Veracruz">Benito Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castillo_de_Teayo,_Veracruz" title="Castillo de Teayo, Veracruz">Castillo de Teayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerro_Azul_(municipality)" title="Cerro Azul (municipality)">Cerro Azul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicontepec_de_Tejeda" title="Chicontepec de Tejeda">Chicontepec de Tejeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chontla" title="Chontla">Chontla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citlalt%C3%A9petl,_Veracruz" title="Citlaltépetl, Veracruz">Citlaltépetl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayacocotla" title="Huayacocotla">Huayacocotla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilamatl%C3%A1n" title="Ilamatlán">Ilamatlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixcatepec" title="Ixcatepec">Ixcatepec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixhuatl%C3%A1n_de_Madero" title="Ixhuatlán de Madero">Ixhuatlán de Madero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tancoco" title="Tancoco">Tancoco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepetzintla,_Veracruz" title="Tepetzintla, Veracruz">Tepetzintla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texcatepec" title="Texcatepec">Texcatepec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlachichilco" title="Tlachichilco">Tlachichilco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuxpan_Municipality,_Veracruz" title="Tuxpan Municipality, Veracruz">Tuxpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacualpan,_Veracruz" title="Zacualpan, Veracruz">Zacualpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zontecomatl%C3%A1n_de_L%C3%B3pez_y_Fuentes" title="Zontecomatlán de López y Fuentes">Zontecomatlán de López y Fuentes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Totonaca_Region" title="Totonaca Region">Totonaca Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cazones_de_Herrera" title="Cazones de Herrera">Cazones de Herrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumatl%C3%A1n" title="Chumatlán">Chumatlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coahuitl%C3%A1n" title="Coahuitlán">Coahuitlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coatzintla" title="Coatzintla">Coatzintla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coxquihui" title="Coxquihui">Coxquihui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coyutla" title="Coyutla">Coyutla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espinal,_Veracruz" title="Espinal, Veracruz">Espinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filomeno_Mata" title="Filomeno Mata">Filomeno Mata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guti%C3%A9rrez_Zamora" title="Gutiérrez Zamora">Gutiérrez Zamora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecatl%C3%A1n" title="Mecatlán">Mecatlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papantla" title="Papantla">Papantla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poza_Rica" title="Poza Rica">Poza Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tecolutla" title="Tecolutla">Tecolutla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tihuatl%C3%A1n_(municipality)" title="Tihuatlán (municipality)">Tihuatlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zozocolco_de_Hidalgo" title="Zozocolco de Hidalgo">Zozocolco de Hidalgo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nautla_Region" title="Nautla Region">Nautla Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atzal%C3%A1n" title="Atzalán">Atzalán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colipa,_Veracruz" title="Colipa, Veracruz">Colipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juchique_de_Ferrer" title="Juchique de Ferrer">Juchique de Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADnez_de_la_Torre" title="Martínez de la Torre">Martínez de la Torre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misantla" title="Misantla">Misantla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautla,_Veracruz" title="Nautla, Veracruz">Nautla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Rafael,_Veracruz" title="San Rafael, Veracruz">San Rafael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenochtitl%C3%A1n,_Veracruz" title="Tenochtitlán, Veracruz">Tenochtitlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlapacoyan" title="Tlapacoyan">Tlapacoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_de_Alatorre" title="Vega de Alatorre">Vega de Alatorre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yecuatla" title="Yecuatla">Yecuatla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capital_Region,_Veracruz" title="Capital Region, Veracruz">Capital Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acajete_Municipality,_Veracruz" class="mw-redirect" title="Acajete Municipality, Veracruz">Acajete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acatl%C3%A1n,_Veracruz" title="Acatlán, Veracruz">Acatlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actopan,_Veracruz" title="Actopan, Veracruz">Actopan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alto_Lucero" title="Alto Lucero">Alto Lucero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altotonga" title="Altotonga">Altotonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apazapan" title="Apazapan">Apazapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayahualulco" title="Ayahualulco">Ayahualulco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banderilla,_Veracruz" title="Banderilla, Veracruz">Banderilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiconquiaco" title="Chiconquiaco">Chiconquiaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coacoatzintla" title="Coacoatzintla">Coacoatzintla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coatepec,_Veracruz" title="Coatepec, Veracruz">Coatepec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosautl%C3%A1n_de_Carvajal" title="Cosautlán de Carvajal">Cosautlán de Carvajal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emiliano_Zapata_Municipality,_Veracruz" title="Emiliano Zapata Municipality, Veracruz">Emiliano Zapata</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dos_R%C3%ADos,_Veracruz" title="Dos Ríos, Veracruz">Dos Ríos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixhuac%C3%A1n" title="Ixhuacán">Ixhuacán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalacingo" title="Jalacingo">Jalacingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalcomulco" title="Jalcomulco">Jalcomulco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilotepec,_Veracruz" title="Jilotepec, Veracruz">Jilotepec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landero_y_Coss" title="Landero y Coss">Landero y Coss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Minas,_Veracruz" title="Las Minas, Veracruz">Las Minas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Vigas_de_Ram%C3%ADrez,_Veracruz" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Vigas de Ramírez, Veracruz">Las Vigas de Ramírez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miahuatl%C3%A1n,_Veracruz" title="Miahuatlán, Veracruz">Miahuatlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naolinco" title="Naolinco">Naolinco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perote,_Veracruz" title="Perote, Veracruz">Perote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Lucio" title="Rafael Lucio">Rafael Lucio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatatila" title="Tatatila">Tatatila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teocelo" title="Teocelo">Teocelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepetl%C3%A1n" title="Tepetlán">Tepetlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlacolulan" title="Tlacolulan">Tlacolulan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlalnelhuayocan" title="Tlalnelhuayocan">Tlalnelhuayocan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonay%C3%A1n" title="Tonayán">Tonayán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Aldama" title="Villa Aldama">Villa Aldama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xalapa" title="Xalapa">Xalapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xico,_Veracruz" title="Xico, Veracruz">Xico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sotavento_Region" title="Sotavento Region">Sotavento Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boca_del_R%C3%ADo,_Veracruz" title="Boca del Río, Veracruz">Boca del Río</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotaxtla" title="Cotaxtla">Cotaxtla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamapa" title="Jamapa">Jamapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Antigua,_Veracruz" title="La Antigua, Veracruz">La Antigua</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Cardel,_Veracruz" title="José Cardel, Veracruz">José Cardel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manlio_Fabio_Altamirano,_Veracruz" title="Manlio Fabio Altamirano, Veracruz">Manlio Fabio Altamirano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medell%C3%ADn_Municipality,_Veracruz" title="Medellín Municipality, Veracruz">Medellín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paso_de_Ovejas" title="Paso de Ovejas">Paso de Ovejas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puente_Nacional,_Veracruz" title="Puente Nacional, Veracruz">Puente Nacional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soledad_de_Doblado" title="Soledad de Doblado">Soledad de Doblado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlalixcoyan" title="Tlalixcoyan">Tlalixcoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Arsulo_Galv%C3%A1n" title="Úrsulo Galván">Úrsulo Galván</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veracruz_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Veracruz City">Veracruz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mountains_Region" title="Mountains Region">Mountains Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acultzingo" title="Acultzingo">Acultzingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpatl%C3%A1huac" title="Alpatláhuac">Alpatláhuac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatl%C3%A1n_de_los_Reyes" title="Amatlán de los Reyes">Amatlán de los Reyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquila,_Veracruz" title="Aquila, Veracruz">Aquila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astacinga" title="Astacinga">Astacinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlahuilco" title="Atlahuilco">Atlahuilco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atoyac,_Veracruz" title="Atoyac, Veracruz">Atoyac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atzacan" title="Atzacan">Atzacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcahualco" title="Calcahualco">Calcahualco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camar%C3%B3n_de_Tejeda" title="Camarón de Tejeda">Camarón de Tejeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camerino_Z._Mendoza_(municipality)" title="Camerino Z. Mendoza (municipality)">Camerino Z. Mendoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrillo_Puerto_(municipality)" title="Carrillo Puerto (municipality)">Carrillo Puerto</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamarindo,_Veracruz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamarindo, Veracruz (page does not exist)">Tamarindo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocam%C3%A1n" title="Chocamán">Chocamán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coetzala" title="Coetzala">Coetzala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comapa,_Veracruz" title="Comapa, Veracruz">Comapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Veracruz" title="Córdoba, Veracruz">Córdoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coscomatepec_de_Bravo" class="mw-redirect" title="Coscomatepec de Bravo">Coscomatepec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuichapa" title="Cuichapa">Cuichapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuitl%C3%A1huac,_Veracruz" title="Cuitláhuac, Veracruz">Cuitláhuac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort%C3%ADn_de_las_Flores" title="Fortín de las Flores">Fortín de las Flores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huatusco" title="Huatusco">Huatusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huiloapan_de_Cuauht%C3%A9moc" title="Huiloapan de Cuauhtémoc">Huiloapan de Cuauhtémoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixhuatl%C3%A1n_del_Caf%C3%A9" title="Ixhuatlán del Café">Ixhuatlán del Café</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixhuatlancillo" title="Ixhuatlancillo">Ixhuatlancillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixtaczoquitl%C3%A1n" title="Ixtaczoquitlán">Ixtaczoquitlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Perla,_Veracruz" title="La Perla, Veracruz">La Perla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Reyes,_Veracruz" title="Los Reyes, Veracruz">Los Reyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalena_Municipality,_Veracruz" title="Magdalena Municipality, Veracruz">Magdalena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltrata" title="Maltrata">Maltrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Escobedo,_Veracruz" title="Mariano Escobedo, Veracruz">Mariano Escobedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtla_de_Altamirano" title="Mixtla de Altamirano">Mixtla de Altamirano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naranjal,_Veracruz" title="Naranjal, Veracruz">Naranjal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogales_Municipality,_Veracruz" title="Nogales Municipality, Veracruz">Nogales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omealca,_Veracruz" title="Omealca, Veracruz">Omealca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orizaba" title="Orizaba">Orizaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paso_del_Macho" title="Paso del Macho">Paso del Macho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Delgado,_Veracruz" title="Rafael Delgado, Veracruz">Rafael Delgado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Blanco,_Veracruz" title="Río Blanco, Veracruz">Río Blanco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Andr%C3%A9s_Tenejapan" title="San Andrés Tenejapan">San Andrés Tenejapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sochiapa" title="Sochiapa">Sochiapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soledad_Atzompa" title="Soledad Atzompa">Soledad Atzompa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehuipango" title="Tehuipango">Tehuipango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenampa" title="Tenampa">Tenampa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepatlaxco" title="Tepatlaxco">Tepatlaxco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequila,_Veracruz" title="Tequila, Veracruz">Tequila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texhuac%C3%A1n" title="Texhuacán">Texhuacán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tezonapa" title="Tezonapa">Tezonapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlacotepec_de_Mej%C3%ADa" title="Tlacotepec de Mejía">Tlacotepec de Mejía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlaltetela" title="Tlaltetela">Tlaltetela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlaquilpa" title="Tlaquilpa">Tlaquilpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlilapan" title="Tlilapan">Tlilapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomatl%C3%A1n,_Veracruz" title="Tomatlán, Veracruz">Tomatlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totutla" title="Totutla">Totutla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xoxocotla,_Veracruz" title="Xoxocotla, Veracruz">Xoxocotla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanga,_Veracruz" title="Yanga, Veracruz">Yanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zentla" title="Zentla">Zentla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zongolica" title="Zongolica">Zongolica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papaloapan_Region_(Veracruz)" title="Papaloapan Region (Veracruz)">Papaloapan Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acula_(municipality)" title="Acula (municipality)">Acula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_R._Cabada_(municipality)" title="Ángel R. Cabada (municipality)">Ángel R. Cabada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvarado_(municipality)" title="Alvarado (municipality)">Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatitl%C3%A1n_(municipality)" title="Amatitlán (municipality)">Amatitlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_A._Carrillo,_Veracruz" title="Carlos A. Carrillo, Veracruz">Carlos A. Carrillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chacaltianguis" title="Chacaltianguis">Chacaltianguis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosamaloapan" title="Cosamaloapan">Cosamaloapan de Carpio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacio_de_la_Llave_(Municipality)" title="Ignacio de la Llave (Municipality)">Ignacio de la Llave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isla,_Veracruz" title="Isla, Veracruz">Isla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixmatlahuacan" title="Ixmatlahuacan">Ixmatlahuacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Azueta,_Veracruz" title="José Azueta, Veracruz">José Azueta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Clara" title="Juan Rodríguez Clara">Juan Rodríguez Clara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lerdo_de_Tejada,_Veracruz" title="Lerdo de Tejada, Veracruz">Lerdo de Tejada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otatitl%C3%A1n" title="Otatitlán">Otatitlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playa_Vicente" title="Playa Vicente">Playa Vicente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltabarranca" title="Saltabarranca">Saltabarranca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_Sochiapan" title="Santiago Sochiapan">Santiago Sochiapan</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Xochiapa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xochiapa (page does not exist)">Xochiapa</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tierra_Blanca,_Veracruz" title="Tierra Blanca, Veracruz">Tierra Blanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlacojalpan" title="Tlacojalpan">Tlacojalpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlacotalpan_(municipality)" title="Tlacotalpan (municipality)">Tlacotalpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tres_Valles" title="Tres Valles">Tres Valles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuxtilla" title="Tuxtilla">Tuxtilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Los_Tuxtlas_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Tuxtlas Region">Los Tuxtlas Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catemaco_(municipality)" title="Catemaco (municipality)">Catemaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Andr%C3%A9s_Tuxtla" title="San Andrés Tuxtla">San Andrés Tuxtla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_Tuxtla" title="Santiago Tuxtla">Santiago Tuxtla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hueyapan_de_Ocampo" title="Hueyapan de Ocampo">Hueyapan de Ocampo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Olmeca_Region" title="Olmeca Region">Olmeca Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acayucan_(municipality)" title="Acayucan (municipality)">Acayucan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agua_Dulce,_Veracruz" title="Agua Dulce, Veracruz">Agua Dulce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinameca,_Veracruz" title="Chinameca, Veracruz">Chinameca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coatzacoalcos_Municipality" title="Coatzacoalcos Municipality">Coatzacoalcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosoleacaque" title="Cosoleacaque">Cosoleacaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidalgotitl%C3%A1n" title="Hidalgotitlán">Hidalgotitlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixhuatl%C3%A1n_del_Sureste" title="Ixhuatlán del Sureste">Ixhuatlán del Sureste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1ltipan" title="Jáltipan">Jáltipan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Carranza,_Veracruz" title="Jesús Carranza, Veracruz">Jesús Carranza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Choapas" title="Las Choapas">Las Choapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecayapan" title="Mecayapan">Mecayapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minatitl%C3%A1n,_Veracruz" title="Minatitlán, Veracruz">Minatitlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moloac%C3%A1n" title="Moloacán">Moloacán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanchital" title="Nanchital">Nanchital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oluta" title="Oluta">Oluta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oteapan" title="Oteapan">Oteapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pajapan" title="Pajapan">Pajapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Evangelista" title="San Juan Evangelista">San Juan Evangelista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayula_de_Alem%C3%A1n" title="Sayula de Alemán">Sayula de Alemán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soconusco,_Veracruz" title="Soconusco, Veracruz">Soconusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soteapan" title="Soteapan">Soteapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatahuicapan" title="Tatahuicapan">Tatahuicapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texistepec" title="Texistepec">Texistepec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uxpanapa_(municipality)" title="Uxpanapa (municipality)">Uxpanapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaragoza,_Veracruz" title="Zaragoza, Veracruz">Zaragoza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20px&#124;link=_Heroic_Cities_of_Mexico" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heroic_Cities_of_Mexico" title="Template:Heroic Cities of Mexico"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heroic_Cities_of_Mexico" title="Template talk:Heroic Cities of Mexico"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heroic_Cities_of_Mexico" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heroic Cities of Mexico"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="20px&#124;link=_Heroic_Cities_of_Mexico" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="579" data-file-height="525" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Heroic_City" title="Heroic City">Heroic Cities of Mexico</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alvarado,_Veracruz" title="Alvarado, Veracruz">Alvarado</a> (<a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlixco" title="Atlixco">Atlixco</a> (<a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caborca" title="Caborca">Caborca</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cananea" title="Cananea">Cananea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1rdenas,_Tabasco" title="Cárdenas, Tabasco">Cárdenas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tabasco" title="Tabasco">Tabasco</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiapa_de_Corzo,_Chiapas" title="Chiapa de Corzo, Chiapas">Chiapa de Corzo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chiapas" title="Chiapas">Chiapas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Veracruz" title="Córdoba, Veracruz">Córdoba</a> (<a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosoleacaque" title="Cosoleacaque">Cosoleacaque</a> (<a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuautla,_Morelos" title="Cuautla, Morelos">Cuautla</a> (<a href="/wiki/Morelos" title="Morelos">Morelos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ejutla_de_Crespo" title="Ejutla de Crespo">Ejutla de Crespo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaymas" title="Guaymas">Guaymas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huajuapan_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Huajuapan de León">Huajuapan de León</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huamantla" title="Huamantla">Huamantla</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tlaxcala" title="Tlaxcala">Tlaxcala</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juchit%C3%A1n_de_Zaragoza" title="Juchitán de Zaragoza">Juchitán de Zaragoza</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matamoros,_Tamaulipas" title="Matamoros, Tamaulipas">Matamoros</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tamaulipas" title="Tamaulipas">Tamaulipas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogales,_Sonora" class="mw-redirect" title="Nogales, Sonora">Nogales</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puebla_(city)" title="Puebla (city)">Puebla</a> (<a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenango_del_Valle" title="Tenango del Valle">Tenango del Valle</a> (<a href="/wiki/State_of_Mexico" title="State of Mexico">México</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlapacoyan" title="Tlapacoyan">Tlapacoyan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlaxiaco" title="Tlaxiaco">Tlaxiaco</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valladolid,_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Valladolid, Yucatán">Valladolid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Yucatán">Yucatán</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veracruz_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Veracruz City">Veracruz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ures" title="Ures">Ures</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zit%C3%A1cuaro" title="Zitácuaro">Zitácuaro</a> (<a href="/wiki/Michoac%C3%A1n" title="Michoacán">Michoacán</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Veracruz_(city)&params=19_11_25_N_96_09_12_W_scale:50000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">19°11′25″N</span> <span class="longitude">96°09′12″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">19.19028°N 96.15333°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">19.19028; -96.15333</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173270#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173270#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173270#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121082373">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/126206931">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/125435784">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4672198-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82111837">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119826657">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119826657">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Veracruz (Mexiko)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge138174&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007557442905171">Israel</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007557353105171">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/715da277-1f21-41f1-b979-2a53f4a332c6">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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