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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Golden_Legend" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Golden_Legend"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span><i>The Golden Legend</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Golden_Legend-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Eastern Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tradition_of_Lot's_triple_tree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tradition_of_Lot's_triple_tree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Tradition of Lot's triple tree</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tradition_of_Lot's_triple_tree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Empress_Helena_and_the_Cross" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Empress_Helena_and_the_Cross"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Empress Helena and the Cross</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Empress_Helena_and_the_Cross-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Empress Helena and the Cross subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Empress_Helena_and_the_Cross-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eusebius" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eusebius"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Eusebius</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eusebius-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cyril_of_Jerusalem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyril_of_Jerusalem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Cyril of Jerusalem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyril_of_Jerusalem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gelasius_and_Rufinus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gelasius_and_Rufinus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Gelasius and Rufinus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gelasius_and_Rufinus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socrates_Scholasticus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socrates_Scholasticus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Socrates Scholasticus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socrates_Scholasticus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sozomen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sozomen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Sozomen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sozomen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theodoret" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theodoret"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Theodoret</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theodoret-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syriac_tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syriac_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Syriac tradition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syriac_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catholic_commemoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic_commemoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Catholic commemoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholic_commemoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_True_Cross_in_Jerusalem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_True_Cross_in_Jerusalem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>The True Cross in Jerusalem</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_True_Cross_in_Jerusalem-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The True Cross in Jerusalem subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_True_Cross_in_Jerusalem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Late_antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Late antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Perso-Byzantine_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Perso-Byzantine_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>The Perso-Byzantine Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Perso-Byzantine_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_rule_and_the_Crusades" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_rule_and_the_Crusades"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Islamic rule and the Crusades</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_rule_and_the_Crusades-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st-century_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st-century_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>21st-century status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st-century_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dispersion_of_relics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dispersion_of_relics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Dispersion of relics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dispersion_of_relics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Veneration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veneration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Veneration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Veneration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Image_gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Image_gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Image gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Image_gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">True Cross</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A" title="الصليب الحقيقي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الصليب الحقيقي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banal_na_Krus" title="Banal na Krus – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Banal na Krus" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82" title="Животворен кръст – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Животворен кръст" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracreu" title="Veracreu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Veracreu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%C4%83%C3%A7_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A5%C4%95%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Пурнăç паракан Хĕрес – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пурнăç паракан Хĕрес" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svat%C3%BD_K%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%BE" title="Svatý Kříž – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Svatý Kříž" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croce_di_Ghjes%C3%B9" title="Croce di Ghjesù – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Croce di Ghjesù" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heiliges_Kreuz" title="Heiliges Kreuz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Heiliges Kreuz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%99%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%8D_%CE%A7%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%8D" title="Σταυρός του Ιησού Χριστού – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σταυρός του Ιησού Χριστού" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera_Cruz_(cristianismo)" title="Vera Cruz (cristianismo) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vera Cruz (cristianismo)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera_Kruco" title="Vera Kruco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vera Kruco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benetako_Gurutzea" title="Benetako Gurutzea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Benetako Gurutzea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A8_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="صلیب راستین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="صلیب راستین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vraie_Croix" title="Vraie Croix – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vraie Croix" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B1%EC%8B%AD%EC%9E%90%EA%B0%80" title="성십자가 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="성십자가" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravi_kri%C5%BE" title="Pravi križ – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pravi križ" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9C" title="ভেরা ক্রুজ – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="ভেরা ক্রুজ" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salib_Sejati" title="Salib Sejati – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Salib Sejati" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera_Croce" title="Vera Croce – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vera Croce" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%9C%D7%91_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%99" title="הצלב האמיתי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הצלב האמיתי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera_Crux" title="Vera Crux – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vera Crux" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szent_kereszt" title="Szent kereszt – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szent kereszt" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82" title="Чесен Крст – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Чесен Крст" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salib_Sejati" title="Salib Sejati – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Salib Sejati" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relikwie%C3%ABn_van_het_Heilig_Kruis" title="Relikwieën van het Heilig Kruis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Relikwieën van het Heilig Kruis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E6%9E%B6" title="聖十字架 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="聖十字架" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Cross upon which Jesus was crucified</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giotto_Crucifixion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Giotto_Crucifixion.jpg/300px-Giotto_Crucifixion.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Giotto_Crucifixion.jpg/450px-Giotto_Crucifixion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Giotto_Crucifixion.jpg/600px-Giotto_Crucifixion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="1855" /></a><figcaption><i>Christ Crucified</i> by <a href="/wiki/Giotto" title="Giotto">Giotto</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1310</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>True Cross</b> is said to be the real <a href="/wiki/Instrument_of_Jesus%27_crucifixion" title="Instrument of Jesus' crucifixion">cross</a> that <a href="/wiki/Jesus_of_Nazareth" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus of Nazareth">Jesus of Nazareth</a> was <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">crucified</a> on, according to Christian tradition. </p><p>It is related by numerous historical accounts and <a href="/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">legends</a> that <a href="/wiki/Helena,_mother_of_Constantine_I" title="Helena, mother of Constantine I">Helena</a>, the mother of Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a>, recovered the True Cross at the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Sepulchre" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Sepulchre">Holy Sepulchre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, when she travelled to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a> in the years 326–328. The late 4th-century historians <a href="/wiki/Gelasius_of_Caesarea" title="Gelasius of Caesarea">Gelasius of Caesarea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tyrannius_Rufinus" title="Tyrannius Rufinus">Tyrannius Rufinus</a> wrote that while she was there, she discovered the hiding place of three crosses that were believed to have been used at the crucifixion of Jesus and the two thieves, <a href="/wiki/Penitent_thief" title="Penitent thief">Dismas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Impenitent_thief" title="Impenitent thief">Gestas</a>, who were executed with him. To one cross was affixed the <a href="/wiki/Titulus_(inscription)" title="Titulus (inscription)">titulus</a> bearing Jesus' name, but according to Rufinus, Helena was unsure of its legitimacy until a <a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">miracle</a> revealed that this was the True Cross.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This event is celebrated on the <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical calendar">liturgical calendar</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Exaltation_of_the_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast of the Exaltation of the Cross">Feast of the Exaltation of the Cross</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roodmas" title="Roodmas">Roodmas</a>) by the <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox Church">Oriental Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a>, Persian, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>, Lutheran, and Anglican churches. </p><p>The Roman Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Church, and the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> all claim to possess <a href="/wiki/Relics" class="mw-redirect" title="Relics">relics</a> of the True Cross as objects of <a href="/wiki/Veneration" title="Veneration">veneration</a>. Historians generally dispute the authenticity of the relics, as do <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> and other Christian churches, who do not hold them in high regard.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrijvers1992_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrijvers1992-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Provenance">Provenance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=True_Cross&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Provenance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piero_della_Francesca_011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Piero_della_Francesca_011.jpg/220px-Piero_della_Francesca_011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Piero_della_Francesca_011.jpg/330px-Piero_della_Francesca_011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Piero_della_Francesca_011.jpg/440px-Piero_della_Francesca_011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2536" data-file-height="3480" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba" title="Queen of Sheba">Queen of Sheba</a> venerates the wood from which the Cross will be made (<a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a> by <a href="/wiki/Piero_della_Francesca" title="Piero della Francesca">Piero della Francesca</a> in <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Francesco,_Arezzo" title="Basilica of San Francesco, Arezzo">San Francesco, Arezzo</a>).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Golden_Legend"><i>The Golden Legend</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=True_Cross&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The Golden Legend"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Latin-speaking traditions of Western Europe, the story of the pre-Christian origins of the True Cross was well established by the 13th century when, in 1260, it was recorded by <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_de_Voragine" title="Jacobus de Voragine">Jacobus de Voragine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Genoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Genoa">Bishop of Genoa</a>, in the <i><a href="/wiki/Golden_Legend" title="Golden Legend">Golden Legend</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>The Golden Legend</i> contains several versions of the origin of the True Cross. In <i>The Life of Adam</i>, Voragine writes that the True Cross came from three trees which grew from three seeds from the "Tree of Mercy" which <a href="/wiki/Seth" title="Seth">Seth</a> collected and planted in the mouth of <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>'s corpse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllis_&_al.,_Vol._I1900_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis_&_al.,_Vol._I1900-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In another account contained in "Of the Invention of the Holy Cross", Voragine writes that the True Cross came from a tree that grew from part of the <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_the_knowledge_of_good_and_evil" title="Tree of the knowledge of good and evil">Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil</a>, "the tree that Adam ate of", that Seth planted on Adam's grave where it "endured there unto the time of <a href="/wiki/King_Solomon" class="mw-redirect" title="King Solomon">Solomon</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllis_&_al.,_Vol._III1900_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis_&_al.,_Vol._III1900-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerzog196968_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerzog196968-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively, it reached Solomon via <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>, who used it as the <a href="/wiki/Staff_of_Moses" title="Staff of Moses">staff of Moses</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>, who planted it at Jerusalem. It was felled by Solomon to be a beam in <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Solomon" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Solomon">his temple</a> but not found suitable in the end.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerzog196968_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerzog196968-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After many centuries, the tree was cut down and the wood used to build a bridge over which the <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba" title="Queen of Sheba">Queen of Sheba</a> passed on her journey to meet Solomon. So struck was she by the <a href="/wiki/Omen" title="Omen">portent</a> contained in the timber of the bridge that she fell on her knees and revered it. On her visit to Solomon, she told him that a piece of wood from the bridge would bring about the replacement of <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_covenant" title="Mosaic covenant">God's covenant</a> with the Jewish people by a new order. Solomon, fearing the eventual destruction of his people, had the timber buried.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllis_&_al.,_Vol._III1900_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis_&_al.,_Vol._III1900-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerzog196968_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerzog196968-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After fourteen generations, the wood taken from the bridge was fashioned into the Cross used to <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion">crucify</a> Jesus Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllis_&_al.,_Vol._III1900_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis_&_al.,_Vol._III1900-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerzog196968_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerzog196968-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Voragine then goes on to describe its rediscovery by Helena, mother of the Emperor Constantine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllis_&_al.,_Vol._III1900_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis_&_al.,_Vol._III1900-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Renaissance">Early Renaissance</a>, there was wide general acceptance of the account of the cross's history as presented by Voragine. This general acceptance is displayed in numerous artworks on the subject, culminating in one of the most famous <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a> cycles of the Renaissance, the <i><a href="/wiki/Legend_of_the_True_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Legend of the True Cross">Legend of the True Cross</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Piero_della_Francesca" title="Piero della Francesca">Piero della Francesca</a>, which he painted on the walls of the <a href="/wiki/Chancel" title="Chancel">chancel</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Francesco,_Arezzo" title="Basilica of San Francesco, Arezzo">Church of San Francesco</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arezzo" title="Arezzo">Arezzo</a> between 1452 and 1466, faithfully reproducing the episodes of <i>The Golden Legend</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Christianity">Eastern Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=True_Cross&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Eastern Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred Tradition">sacred tradition</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> the True Cross was made from three different types of wood: <a href="/wiki/Cedrus" title="Cedrus">cedar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cypress" title="Cypress">cypress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Roman_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roman-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is an allusion to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1060.htm#13">Isaiah 60:13</a>: "The glory of <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> shall come unto thee, the fir tree, the pine tree, and the box [cypress] together to beautify the place of my sanctuary, and I will make the place of my feet glorious." The link between this verse and the crucifixion lies in the words "the place of my feet", which is interpreted as referring to the footrest (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">suppedāneum</i>) on which Jesus' feet were nailed and which appears on the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox cross">Orthodox cross</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> (Compare with the Jewish concepts of the <a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Ark of the Covenant">Ark of the Covenant</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem Temple">Jerusalem Temple</a> as being God's footstool,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKittel_&_al.1969[httpsbooksgooglecombooksideEITN4tLxtoCpgPA627_627]_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKittel_&_al.1969[httpsbooksgooglecombooksideEITN4tLxtoCpgPA627_627]-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the prescribed <a href="/wiki/Three_Pilgrimage_Festivals" title="Three Pilgrimage Festivals">Three Pilgrimage Festivals</a>, in Hebrew <i>aliya la-regel</i>, lit. <i>ascending to the foot</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tradition_of_Lot's_triple_tree"><span id="Tradition_of_Lot.27s_triple_tree"></span>Tradition of Lot's triple tree</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=True_Cross&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tradition of Lot's triple tree"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A further tradition holds that these three trees from which the True Cross was constructed grew together in one spot. A traditional Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icon</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_the_Cross" title="Monastery of the Cross">Monastery of the Cross</a> depicts <a href="/wiki/Lot_(biblical_person)" title="Lot (biblical person)">Lot</a>, the nephew of <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>, watering the trees.<sup id="cite_ref-Roman_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roman-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to tradition, these trees were used to construct the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a> ("to beautify the place of my sanctuary"). Later, during <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod's</a> <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Herod" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Herod">reconstruction of the Temple</a>, the wood from these trees was removed from the Temple and discarded, eventually being used to construct the cross on which Jesus was crucified ("and I will make the place of my feet glorious").<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Empress_Helena_and_the_Cross">Empress Helena and the Cross</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=True_Cross&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Empress Helena and the Cross"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agnolo_Gaddi_True_Cross_Detail_1380.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Agnolo_Gaddi_True_Cross_Detail_1380.jpg/220px-Agnolo_Gaddi_True_Cross_Detail_1380.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Agnolo_Gaddi_True_Cross_Detail_1380.jpg/330px-Agnolo_Gaddi_True_Cross_Detail_1380.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Agnolo_Gaddi_True_Cross_Detail_1380.jpg/440px-Agnolo_Gaddi_True_Cross_Detail_1380.jpg 2x" data-file-width="457" data-file-height="645" /></a><figcaption><i>The Finding of the True Cross</i>, <a href="/wiki/Agnolo_Gaddi" title="Agnolo Gaddi">Agnolo Gaddi</a>, Florence, 1380</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eusebius">Eusebius</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=True_Cross&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Eusebius"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Constantine" title="Life of Constantine">Life of Constantine</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius of Caesarea</a> (died 339) is the earliest and main historical source on the rediscovery of the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Jesus" title="Tomb of Jesus">Tomb of Jesus</a> and the construction of the first church at the site, but does not mention anything concerning the True Cross.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson1890_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson1890-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eusebius describes how the site of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Sepulchre" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Sepulchre">Holy Sepulchre</a>, once a site of veneration for the early Christian Church in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, had been covered over with earth and a <a href="/wiki/Temple" title="Temple">temple</a> of <a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a> had been built on top. Although Eusebius does not say as much, this would probably have been done as part of <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a>'s reconstruction of Jerusalem as a new pagan city, <a href="/wiki/Aelia_Capitolina" title="Aelia Capitolina">Aelia Capitolina</a>, after 130, following the destruction of the formerly Jewish city at the end of the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">Jewish Revolt</a> in the year 70, and in connection with <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba%27s_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar Kokhba's revolt">Bar Kokhba's revolt</a> of 132–135. Following his conversion to Christianity, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I of the Roman Empire">Constantine</a> ordered in about 325–326 that the site be uncovered and instructed <a href="/wiki/Macarius_of_Jerusalem" title="Macarius of Jerusalem">Macarius</a>, Bishop of Jerusalem, to build a church on the site. Eusebius' work contains details about the demolition of the pagan temple and the erection of the church, but does not mention anywhere the finding of the True Cross.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson1890_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson1890-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cyril_of_Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=True_Cross&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cyril of Jerusalem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Perhaps the earliest witness to the tradition of the True Cross is <a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril</a>, Bishop of Jerusalem (sed 350 to 386). In the fourth of his Catechetical Lectures which are dated to around the year 350, he says that "the whole world has since been filled with pieces of the wood of the Cross."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This text relates that pieces of the cross were dispersed as relics, but offers no information about the discovery of the cross itself. Elsewhere, in a letter to Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius</a>, Cyril only relates that the cross was found during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gelasius_and_Rufinus">Gelasius and Rufinus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=True_Cross&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gelasius and Rufinus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>About forty years after Cyril, there was a fully developed story about how the True Cross was discovered. Cyril's nephew <a href="/wiki/Gelasius_of_Caesarea" title="Gelasius of Caesarea">Gelasius of Caesarea</a> recorded the account in a now lost Greek Ecclesiatical History prior to his death in 395. This version was adapted circa 402 in <a href="/wiki/Tyrannius_Rufinus" title="Tyrannius Rufinus">Rufinus of Aquileia's</a> Latin additions to Eusebius' Church History. In this narrative, <a href="/wiki/Helena,_mother_of_Constantine_I" title="Helena, mother of Constantine I">Helena</a> went to Jerusalem in search of the relic and was made aware of its location by a heavenly sign. She tore down the temple of <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a> that had been built there, and beneath the rubble found three crosses. The cross of Jesus was identified, with the aid of Bishop <a href="/wiki/Macarius_of_Jerusalem" title="Macarius of Jerusalem">Macarius of Jerusalem</a>, by its miraculous affecting of a cure for a mortally ill woman. A Church was then built on the spot and the relic was divided, with part staying in Jerusalem and part given to Constantine along with the nails.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socrates_Scholasticus">Socrates Scholasticus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=True_Cross&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Socrates Scholasticus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piero_della_Francesca_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Piero_della_Francesca_003.jpg/300px-Piero_della_Francesca_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Piero_della_Francesca_003.jpg/450px-Piero_della_Francesca_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Piero_della_Francesca_003.jpg/600px-Piero_della_Francesca_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="1979" /></a><figcaption>The three crosses are discovered. An injured young man is healed by the True Cross. Fifteenth-century frescoes at the Church of <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Francesco,_Arezzo" title="Basilica of San Francesco, Arezzo">San Francesco, Arezzo</a> by <a href="/wiki/Piero_della_Francesca" title="Piero della Francesca">Piero della Francesca</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In his <i>Ecclesiastical History</i>, nearly a century after Eusebius and forty years after Rufinus, <a href="/wiki/Socrates_of_Constantinople" title="Socrates of Constantinople">Socrates Scholasticus</a> (died c. 440) gives a description of the discovery later repeated by <a href="#Sozomen">Sozomen</a> and <a href="#Theodoret">Theodoret</a>. Socrates' account is very similar to Rufinus'. In it he describes how <a href="/wiki/Helena,_mother_of_Constantine_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Helena, mother of Constantine the Great">Helena Augusta</a>, Constantine's aged mother, had the pagan temple destroyed and the Sepulchre uncovered, whereupon three crosses, the <a href="/wiki/Titulus_Crucis" title="Titulus Crucis">titulus</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Nails" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Nails">nails</a> from Jesus's crucifixion were uncovered as well. In Socrates's version of the story, Macarius had the three crosses placed in turn on a deathly ill woman. This woman recovered at the touch of the third cross, which was taken as a sign that this was the cross of Christ, the new Christian symbol. Socrates also reports that, having also found the cross's nails, Helena sent these to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, where they were incorporated into the emperor's helmet and the bridle of his horse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZenos1890[httpwwwccelorgccelschaffnpnf202iiivxviihtml_Ch._xvii]_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZenos1890[httpwwwccelorgccelschaffnpnf202iiivxviihtml_Ch._xvii]-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sozomen">Sozomen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=True_Cross&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sozomen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his <i>Ecclesiastical History</i>, <a href="/wiki/Sozomen" title="Sozomen">Sozomen</a> (died <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 450</span>) gives essentially the same version as Socrates. Without further attribution, he also adds that it was said that the location of the Sepulchre was "disclosed by a Hebrew who dwelt in the East and who derived his information from some documents which had come to him by paternal inheritance"—although Sozomen himself disputes this account—so that a dead person was also revived by the touch of the Cross.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartranft1890_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartranft1890-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later popular versions of this story state that the Jew who assisted Helena was named Jude or Judas but later converted to Christianity and took the name <a href="/wiki/Judas_Kyriakos" class="mw-redirect" title="Judas Kyriakos">Kyriakos</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theodoret">Theodoret</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=True_Cross&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Theodoret"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tres_Riches_Heures_Jean_de_Colombe_true_Cross.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Tres_Riches_Heures_Jean_de_Colombe_true_Cross.jpg/220px-Tres_Riches_Heures_Jean_de_Colombe_true_Cross.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Tres_Riches_Heures_Jean_de_Colombe_true_Cross.jpg/330px-Tres_Riches_Heures_Jean_de_Colombe_true_Cross.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Tres_Riches_Heures_Jean_de_Colombe_true_Cross.jpg/440px-Tres_Riches_Heures_Jean_de_Colombe_true_Cross.jpg 2x" data-file-width="579" data-file-height="764" /></a><figcaption>The proving of the True Cross, Jean Colombe in the <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures" class="mw-redirect" title="Très Riches Heures">Très Riches Heures</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Theodoret" title="Theodoret">Theodoret</a> (died <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 457</span>) in his <i>Ecclesiastical History</i> Chapter xvii gives what would become the standard version of the finding of the True Cross: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>When the empress beheld the place where the Saviour suffered, she immediately ordered the idolatrous temple, which had been there erected, to be destroyed, and the very earth on which it stood to be removed. When the tomb, which had been so long concealed, was discovered, three crosses were seen buried near the Lord's sepulchre. All held it as certain that one of these crosses was that of our Lord Jesus Christ, and that the other two were those of the thieves who were crucified with Him. Yet they could not discern to which of the three the Body of the Lord had been brought nigh, and which had received the outpouring of His precious Blood. But the wise and holy Macarius, the president of the city, resolved this question in the following manner. He caused a lady of rank, who had been long suffering from disease, to be touched by each of the crosses, with earnest prayer, and thus discerned the virtue residing in that of the Saviour. For the instant this cross was brought near the lady, it expelled the sore disease, and made her whole.</p></blockquote> <p>With the Cross were also found the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Nails" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Nails">Holy Nails</a>, which Helena took with her back to Constantinople. According to Theodoret, "She had part of the cross of our Saviour conveyed to the palace. The rest was enclosed in a covering of silver, and committed to the care of the bishop of the city, whom she exhorted to preserve it carefully, in order that it might be transmitted uninjured to posterity." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syriac_tradition">Syriac tradition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=True_Cross&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Syriac tradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another popular ancient version from the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> tradition replaced Helena with a fictitious first-century empress named Protonike, who is said to be the wife of emperor <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaint-Laurent201542_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaint-Laurent201542-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This story, which originated in Edessa in the 430s,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiles_&_al.200157_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiles_&_al.200157-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was transmitted in the so-called <i>Doctrina Addai</i>, which was believed to be written by <a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_of_Edessa" class="mw-redirect" title="Thaddeus of Edessa">Thaddeus of Edessa</a> (Addai in Syriac texts), one of the seventy disciples.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeerson_&_al.2014121_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeerson_&_al.2014121-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The narrative retrojected the Helena version to the first century. In the story, Protonike traveled to Jerusalem after she met <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Simon Peter</a> in Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaint-Laurent201542_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaint-Laurent201542-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was shown around the city by <a href="/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="James, brother of Jesus">James, brother of Jesus</a>, until she discovered the cross after it healed her daughter of some illness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaint-Laurent201542_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaint-Laurent201542-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She then converted to Christianity and had a church built on <a href="/wiki/Calvary" title="Calvary">Golgotha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaint-Laurent201542_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaint-Laurent201542-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aside from the Syriac tradition, the Protonike version was also cited by <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> sources.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPogossian2019167_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPogossian2019167-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholic_commemoration">Catholic commemoration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=True_Cross&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Catholic commemoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the 1955 Roman Catholic Marian Missal, Helena went to Jerusalem to search for the True Cross and found it 14 September 320. In the 8th century, the Feast of the Finding was transferred to 3 May and 14 September became the celebration of the "<a href="/wiki/Exaltation_of_the_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Exaltation of the Cross">Exaltation of the Cross</a>", the commemoration of a victory over the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Persians</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a>, as a result of which the relic was recovered and returned to Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_True_Cross_in_Jerusalem">The True Cross in Jerusalem</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=True_Cross&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The True Cross in Jerusalem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_antiquity">Late antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=True_Cross&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Late antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The silver reliquary that was left at the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of the Holy Sepulchre">Basilica of the Holy Sepulchre</a> in care of the bishop of Jerusalem was exhibited periodically to the faithful. In the 380s a nun named <a href="/wiki/Egeria_(pilgrim)" title="Egeria (pilgrim)">Egeria</a> who was travelling on <a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a> described the veneration of the True Cross at Jerusalem in a long letter known as her <i>Itinerary</i> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Itinerarium Egeriae</i>), which she sent back to her convent: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Then a chair is placed for the bishop in Golgotha behind the [liturgical] Cross, which is now standing; the bishop duly takes his seat in the chair, and a table covered with a linen cloth is placed before him; the deacons stand round the table, and a silver-gilt casket is brought in which is the holy wood of the Cross. The casket is opened and [the wood] is taken out, and both the wood of the Cross and the <a href="/wiki/INRI" class="mw-redirect" title="INRI">title</a> are placed upon the table. Now, when it has been put upon the table, the bishop, as he sits, holds the extremities of the sacred wood firmly in his hands, while the deacons who stand around guard it. It is guarded thus because the custom is that the people, both faithful and catechumens, come one by one and, bowing down at the table, kiss the sacred wood and pass through. And because, I know not when, some one is said to have bitten off and stolen a portion of the sacred wood, it is thus guarded by the deacons who stand around, lest any one approaching should venture to do so again. And as all the people pass by one by one, all bowing themselves, they touch the Cross and the title, first with their foreheads and then with their eyes; then they kiss the Cross and pass through, but none lays his hand upon it to touch it. When they have kissed the Cross and have passed through, a deacon stands holding the ring of Solomon and the horn from which the kings were anointed; they kiss the horn also and gaze at the ring...<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClure_&_al.1919_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClure_&_al.1919-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Before long, but perhaps not until after the visit of Egeria, it was possible also to venerate the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_thorns" title="Crown of thorns">crown of thorns</a>, the pillar at which Christ was scourged, and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Lance" title="Holy Lance">lance</a> that pierced his side. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Perso-Byzantine_Wars">The Perso-Byzantine Wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=True_Cross&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The Perso-Byzantine Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_dynasty" title="Sasanian dynasty">Sassanid</a> <a href="/wiki/Shahanshah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahanshah">Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrau_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Khosrau II">Khosrau II</a> ("Chosroes") removed the part of the cross held in Jerusalem as a trophy after he <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(614)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Jerusalem (614)">captured the city</a> in 614. Thirteen years later, in 628, the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a> defeated Khosrau and regained the relic from <a href="/wiki/Shahrbaraz" title="Shahrbaraz">Shahrbaraz</a>. He placed the cross in Constantinople at first, before restoring it to Jerusalem on 21 March 630.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997[httpsarchiveorgdetailshistorybyzantine00trea_749pagen317_299]_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997[httpsarchiveorgdetailshistorybyzantine00trea_749pagen317_299]-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars disagree with this narrative, with <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Zuckerman" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine Zuckerman">Constantin Zuckerman</a> going as far as to suggest that the True Cross was actually lost by the Persians and that the wood contained in the allegedly still sealed reliquary brought to Jerusalem by Heraclius in 629 was a fake. In his analysis, the hoax was designed to serve the political purposes of both Heraclius and his former foe, recently turned ally and father-in-law, the Persian general and soon-king Shahrbaraz.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZuckerman2013197–218_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZuckerman2013197–218-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_rule_and_the_Crusades">Islamic rule and the Crusades</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=True_Cross&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Islamic rule and the Crusades"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:5281-20080123-jerusalem-holy-sepulchre-treasure.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/5281-20080123-jerusalem-holy-sepulchre-treasure.jpg/220px-5281-20080123-jerusalem-holy-sepulchre-treasure.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/5281-20080123-jerusalem-holy-sepulchre-treasure.jpg/330px-5281-20080123-jerusalem-holy-sepulchre-treasure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/5281-20080123-jerusalem-holy-sepulchre-treasure.jpg/440px-5281-20080123-jerusalem-holy-sepulchre-treasure.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1555" data-file-height="1166" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Reliquary" title="Reliquary">Reliquary</a> of the True Cross at the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></figcaption></figure> <p>When Jerusalem <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(636%E2%80%93637)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (636–637)">fell to the Muslims</a> in 638, Heraclius retrieved the True Cross but did not attempt to retake the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorwich1988308_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1988308-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 1009, the year in which <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid caliph</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah</a> ordered the <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre">destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a>, Christians in Jerusalem hid part of the cross and it remained hidden until the city was taken by the European soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a>. <a href="/wiki/Arnulf_Malecorne" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnulf Malecorne">Arnulf Malecorne</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Latin_patriarch_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin patriarch of Jerusalem">Latin patriarch of Jerusalem</a>, had the Greek Orthodox priests who were supposedly in possession of the Cross tortured in order to reveal its location.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1951294_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1951294-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relic that Arnulf recovered was a small fragment of wood embedded in a golden cross, and it became the most sacred relic of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a>, with none of the controversy that had followed their discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Lance" title="Holy Lance">Holy Lance</a> in <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>. Displayed in a jewel-encrusted housing of gold and silver, it was housed in a northern chapel at the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a>, overseen by its <a href="/w/index.php?title=Canons_regular_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canons regular of the Holy Sepulchre (page does not exist)">canons</a> and protected by its <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Order of the Holy Sepulchre">knights</a>. A second chapel beside it was overseen by the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syrian Orthodox</a> and displayed another reliquary holding their fragment of the cross.<sup id="cite_ref-whatsmyname_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whatsmyname-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Latin fragment of the cross was repeatedly carried into battle against the Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-whatsmyname_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whatsmyname-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the course of each <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical calendar">liturgical calendar</a>, the Latin patriarch would oversee mass at the various churches around Jerusalem corresponding to the part of Jesus's life being celebrated. The celebrations of <a href="/wiki/Holy_Week" title="Holy Week">Holy Week</a> closely involved the Holy Sepulchre and its fragment of the True Cross. During <a href="/wiki/Lauds" title="Lauds">lauds</a> on each <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a>, the Latin relic was carried across the church to the chapel of <a href="/wiki/Calvary" title="Calvary">Calvary</a> on its south side, the supposed site of Jesus's crucifixion, and then venerated by the barefoot patriarch, the sepulchre's canons, and the assembled pilgrims until <a href="/wiki/Sext" title="Sext">sext</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-scotsman_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scotsman-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the liturgy on <a href="/wiki/Holy_Saturday" title="Holy Saturday">Holy Saturday</a>, four pilgrims selected by the patriarch—preceded by a <a href="/wiki/Thurifer" class="mw-redirect" title="Thurifer">thurifer</a> and 2 <a href="/wiki/Acolyte" title="Acolyte">acolytes</a>—carried the Latin relic from its chapel to the <a href="/wiki/Edicule" class="mw-redirect" title="Edicule">edicule</a> of the Holy Sepulchre while the congregation waited with unlit candles. A New Fire would "spontaneously" light within the sepulchre. The crossbearer then would light his own candle from it, transit the entire church, and light the candle of the waiting patriarch. The candles of the canons and then the congregation were then lit from one to another, gradually filling the church with light.<sup id="cite_ref-scotsman_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scotsman-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_I_of_Jerusalem" title="Baldwin I of Jerusalem">King Baldwin<span class="nowrap"> </span>I</a> of Jerusalem presented <a href="/wiki/Sigurd_I_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigurd I of Norway">King Sigurd<span class="nowrap"> </span>I</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Norway">Norway</a> with a splinter of the True Cross following the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Crusade" title="Norwegian Crusade">Norwegian Crusade</a> in 1110, the Cross was captured by <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hattin" title="Battle of Hattin">Battle of Hattin</a> in 1187. While some Christian rulers like <a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard the Lionheart</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalouf1983_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalouf1983-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine emperor">Byzantine emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Isaac_II_Angelos" title="Isaac II Angelos">Isaac<span class="nowrap"> </span>II</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tamar_of_Georgia" title="Tamar of Georgia">Queen Tamar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgia</a> sought to ransom it from Saladin,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECiggaarTeule199638_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECiggaarTeule199638-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the cross was not returned. In 1219 the True Cross was offered to the Knights Templar by Al-Kamil in exchange for lifting the siege of <a href="/wiki/Damietta" title="Damietta">Damietta</a>. The cross was never delivered as Al-Kamil did not, in fact, have it. Subsequently the cross disappeared from historical records. The True Cross was last seen in the city of Damascus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadden2005[httpsarchiveorgdetailsnewconcisehistor00maddpage76_76]_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadden2005[httpsarchiveorgdetailsnewconcisehistor00maddpage76_76]-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st-century_status">21st-century status</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=True_Cross&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 21st-century status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Greek Orthodox church presents a small True Cross relic shown in the Greek Treasury within the Church of the Holy Sepulchre at the foot of <a href="/wiki/Golgotha" class="mw-redirect" title="Golgotha">Golgotha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Syriac Orthodox Church also claims a small relic of the True Cross (held in the <a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_Mark" title="Monastery of Saint Mark">Monastery of Saint Mark</a> in Jerusalem),<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> as does the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a> (in Armenia).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the 15th-century <i>Book of Ṭeff Grains</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Emperors_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperors of Ethiopia">emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Dawit_I" title="Dawit I">Dawit<span class="nowrap"> </span>I</a> received four fragments of the True Cross around the year 1400 from <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Christians">Coptic Christians</a> as thanks for his protection.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a> claims these relics are still held at either Egziabher Ab or Tekle Maryam, two monasteries near the former imperial cemetery on <a href="/wiki/Amba_Geshen" title="Amba Geshen">Amba Geshen</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dispersion_of_relics">Dispersion of relics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=True_Cross&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Dispersion of relics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An inscription of 359 found at Tixter, in the neighbourhood of Sétif in <a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a> (in today Algeria), was said to mention, in an enumeration of relics, a fragment of the True Cross, according to an entry in <i>Roman Miscellanies</i>, X, 441. </p><p>Fragments of the Cross were broken up, and the pieces were widely distributed; in 348, in one of his <i>Catecheses</i>, Cyril of Jerusalem remarked that the "whole Earth is full of the relics of the Cross of Christ" and, in another, "The holy wood of the Cross bears witness, seen among us to this day, and from this place now almost filling the whole world, by means of those who in faith take portions from it."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGifford1894_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGifford1894-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Egeria's account testifies to how highly these relics of the crucifixion were prized. <a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a> relates that fragments of the True Cross were kept in golden reliquaries, "which men reverently wear upon their persons." Even two Latin inscriptions around 350 from today's Algeria testify to the keeping and admiration of small particles of the cross.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuval1982331-337_&_351–353_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuval1982331-337_&_351–353-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around the year 455, <a href="/wiki/Juvenal_of_Jerusalem" title="Juvenal of Jerusalem">Juvenal</a> <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Patriarch_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem">Patriarch of Jerusalem</a> sent to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Pope Leo I</a> a fragment of the "precious wood", according to the <i>Letters</i> of Pope Leo. A portion of the cross was taken to Rome in the seventh century by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_I" title="Pope Sergius I">Pope Sergius I</a>, who was of Byzantine origin. "In the small part is power of the whole cross", says an <a href="/wiki/Inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Inscription">inscription</a> in the Felix <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">Basilica</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nola" title="Nola">Nola</a>, built by bishop Paulinus at the beginning of 5th century. The cross particle was inserted in the altar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZiehr199762_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiehr199762-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a> <a href="/wiki/Poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Poem">poem</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Dream_of_the_Rood" class="mw-redirect" title="Dream of the Rood">Dream of the Rood</a></i> mentions the finding of the cross and the beginning of the tradition of the veneration of its relics. The <i><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a></i> also talks of King Alfred receiving a fragment of the cross from Pope Marinus (see: Annal Alfred the Great, year 883).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite_&_al.1915_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite_&_al.1915-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although it is possible, the poem need not be referring to this specific relic or have this incident as the reason for its composition. However, there is a later source that speaks of a bequest made to the 'Holy Cross' at <a href="/wiki/Shaftesbury_Abbey" title="Shaftesbury Abbey">Shaftesbury Abbey</a> in Dorset; Shaftesbury abbey was founded by King Alfred, supported with a large portion of state funds and given to the charge of his own daughter when he was alive—it is conceivable that if Alfred really received this relic, that he may have given it to the care of the nuns at Shaftesbury.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the very small relics of the True Cross in Europe came from <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. The city was captured and sacked by the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a> in 1204. The <i><a href="/wiki/Chronica_Regia_Coloniensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronica Regia Coloniensis">Chronica Regia Coloniensis</a></i> relates that "After the conquest of the city Constantinople inestimable wealth was found: incomparably precious jewels and also a part of the cross of the Lord, which Helena transferred from Jerusalem and [which] was decorated with gold and precious jewels. There it attained [the] highest admiration. It was carved up by the present bishops and was divided with other very precious relics among the knights; later, after their return to the homeland, it was donated to churches and monasteries."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French knight <a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Clari" title="Robert de Clari">Robert de Clari</a> wrote that "within this chapel were found many precious relics; for therein were found two pieces of the True Cross, as thick as a man's leg and a <a href="/wiki/Fathom" title="Fathom">fathom</a> in length."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone1939Ch._82:_Of_the_Marvels_of_Constantinople_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone1939Ch._82:_Of_the_Marvels_of_Constantinople-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The misplacement of which particular class relics of the Holy Cross (and others in general) <a href="/wiki/Relic#Classifications_and_prohibitions_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Relic">belong to</a>, either as a result of confusion or exaggeration; and the outright <a href="/wiki/Relic#Counterfeits" title="Relic">forgery of relics</a>, was a recurring controversy during the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Age">Medieval Age</a>. This happened, often in order to attract <a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">pilgrims</a>; or even to facilitate the lucrative practice of <a href="/wiki/Simony" title="Simony">Simony</a>. </p><p>By the end of the Middle Ages so many <a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">churches</a> claimed to possess relics of the True Cross, that <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a> is famously said to have remarked that there was enough wood in them to fill a ship: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There is no abbey so poor as not to have a specimen. In some places there are large fragments, as at the Holy Chapel in Paris, at Poitiers, and at Rome, where a good-sized crucifix is said to have been made of it. In brief, if all the pieces that could be found were collected together, they would make a big ship-load. Yet the Gospel testifies that a single man was able to carry it.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Calvin, <i>Traité Des Reliques</i></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Conflicting with this is the finding of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Rohault_de_Fleury" title="Charles Rohault de Fleury">Charles Rohault de Fleury</a>, who, in his <i>Mémoire sur les instruments de la Passion</i> of 1870 made a study of the relics in reference to the criticisms of Calvin and <a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a>. He drew up a catalogue of all known relics of the True Cross showing that, in spite of what various authors have claimed, the fragments of the Cross brought together again would not reach one-third that of a cross which has been supposed to have been three or four metres (9.8 or 13.1 feet) in height, with transverse branch of two metres (6.6 feet) wide, proportions not at all abnormal. He calculated: supposing the Cross to have been of pine-wood (based on his microscopic analysis of the fragments) and giving it a weight of about seventy-five kilogrammes, we find the original volume of the cross to be 0.178 cubic metres (6.286 cubic feet). The total known volume of known relics of the True Cross, according to his catalogue, amounts to approximately 0.004 cubic metres (0.141 cubic feet) (more specifically 3,942,000 cubic millimetres), leaving a volume of 0.174 m<sup>3</sup> (6.145 cu ft), almost 98%, lost, destroyed, or from which is otherwise unaccounted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarucchi_&_al.1908_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarucchi_&_al.1908-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four cross particles – of ten particles with surviving documentary provenances by Byzantine emperors – from European churches, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Santa_Croce_in_Gerusalemme" title="Santa Croce in Gerusalemme">Santa Croce</a> in Rome, <a href="/wiki/Caravaca_de_la_Cruz" title="Caravaca de la Cruz">Caravaca de la Cruz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre Dame de Paris">Notre Dame</a>, Paris, <a href="/wiki/Duomo_di_Pisa" class="mw-redirect" title="Duomo di Pisa">Pisa Cathedral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_del_Fiore" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Maria del Fiore">Florence Cathedral</a>, were microscopically examined. "The pieces came all together from olive."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZiehr199763_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiehr199763-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is possible that many alleged pieces of the True Cross are <a href="/wiki/Forgery" title="Forgery">forgeries</a>, created by travelling merchants in the Middle Ages, during which period a thriving trade in manufactured relics went on.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Smyrnakis notes that the largest surviving portion, of 870,760 cubic millimetres, is preserved in the Monastery of <a href="/wiki/Koutloumousiou" class="mw-redirect" title="Koutloumousiou">Koutloumousiou</a> on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a>, and also mentions the preserved relics in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> (consisting of 537,587 cubic millimetres), in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> (516,090 cubic millimetres), in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> (445,582 cubic millimetres), in <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a> (436,450 cubic millimetres) and in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> (237,731 cubic millimetres).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmyrnakis1903378–379_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmyrnakis1903378–379-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Santo_Toribio_de_Li%C3%A9bana" title="Santo Toribio de Liébana">Santo Toribio de Liébana</a> in Spain is also said to hold the largest of these pieces and is one of the most visited Roman Catholic <a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a> sites. In Asia, the only place where the other part of the True Cross is located is in the <a href="/wiki/Monasterio_de_Tarlac" title="Monasterio de Tarlac">Monasterio de Tarlac</a> at <a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_Tarlac" title="San Jose, Tarlac">San Jose, Tarlac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a> also claims to have the right wing of the true cross buried in the monastery of Gishen Mariam. This piece was gifted by the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian Republic">Venetian Republic</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a> in the medieval period and remained in the <a href="/wiki/Atse" class="mw-redirect" title="Atse">Atse Emperor's</a> personal possession into the 18th century, even being lost in battle, before being buried atop <a href="/wiki/Amba_Geshen" title="Amba Geshen">Amba Geshen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, a relic of True Cross held by <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Most_Holy_Trinity,_Waterford" title="Cathedral of the Most Holy Trinity, Waterford">Waterford Cathedral</a> in Ireland, was <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon dated</a> to the 11th century by <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-haha_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haha-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a> district archpriest Sergiy Khalyuta said that a piece of the True Cross was bought by a donor, and was to be placed on board the Russian missile cruiser <a href="/wiki/Russian_cruiser_Moskva" title="Russian cruiser Moskva"><i>Moskva</i></a>, which has a chapel on board.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovoderezhkin2020_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovoderezhkin2020-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ship <a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_Moskva" title="Sinking of the Moskva">sank in April 2022</a> during the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>. After the sinking, there was speculation that the fragment may have gone down with the ship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoth2022_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoth2022-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reliquary_True_Cross_c800_Byzantine.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An enamelled silver reliquary of the True Cross from Constantinople, c. 800"><img alt="An enamelled silver reliquary of the True Cross from Constantinople, c. 800" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Reliquary_True_Cross_c800_Byzantine.jpg/132px-Reliquary_True_Cross_c800_Byzantine.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Reliquary_True_Cross_c800_Byzantine.jpg/197px-Reliquary_True_Cross_c800_Byzantine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Reliquary_True_Cross_c800_Byzantine.jpg/263px-Reliquary_True_Cross_c800_Byzantine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="552" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An enamelled silver reliquary of the True Cross from Constantinople, <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lignum-crucis.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="One of the largest purported fragments of the True Cross is at Santo Toribio de Liébana in Spain (photo by F. J. Díez Martín)"><img alt="One of the largest purported fragments of the True Cross is at Santo Toribio de Liébana in Spain (photo by F. J. Díez Martín)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Lignum-crucis.jpg/135px-Lignum-crucis.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Lignum-crucis.jpg/202px-Lignum-crucis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Lignum-crucis.jpg/270px-Lignum-crucis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">One of the largest purported fragments of the <i>True Cross</i> is at <a href="/wiki/Santo_Toribio_de_Li%C3%A9bana" title="Santo Toribio de Liébana">Santo Toribio de Liébana</a> in Spain (photo by F. J. Díez Martín)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wien_(181).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A "Kreuzpartikel" or fragment of True Cross in the Schatzkammer (Vienna)"><img alt="A "Kreuzpartikel" or fragment of True Cross in the Schatzkammer (Vienna)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wien_%28181%29.JPG/135px-Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wien_%28181%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wien_%28181%29.JPG/202px-Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wien_%28181%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wien_%28181%29.JPG/270px-Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wien_%28181%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A "<i>Kreuzpartikel</i><span style="padding-left:.15em;">"</span> or fragment of <i>True Cross</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Schatzkammer_(Vienna)" class="mw-redirect" title="Schatzkammer (Vienna)">Schatzkammer (Vienna)</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Visoki_Decani_08.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Fragments of True Cross in the Serbian Orthodox Monastery of Visoki Dečani"><img alt="Fragments of True Cross in the Serbian Orthodox Monastery of Visoki Dečani" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Visoki_Decani_08.JPG/180px-Visoki_Decani_08.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Visoki_Decani_08.JPG/270px-Visoki_Decani_08.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Visoki_Decani_08.JPG/360px-Visoki_Decani_08.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fragments of True Cross in the Serbian Orthodox Monastery of <a href="/wiki/Visoki_De%C4%8Dani" title="Visoki Dečani">Visoki Dečani</a></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Veneration">Veneration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=True_Cross&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Veneration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Accademia_-_Procession_in_piazza_San_Marco_by_Gentile_Bellini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Accademia_-_Procession_in_piazza_San_Marco_by_Gentile_Bellini.jpg/450px-Accademia_-_Procession_in_piazza_San_Marco_by_Gentile_Bellini.jpg" decoding="async" width="450" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Accademia_-_Procession_in_piazza_San_Marco_by_Gentile_Bellini.jpg/675px-Accademia_-_Procession_in_piazza_San_Marco_by_Gentile_Bellini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Accademia_-_Procession_in_piazza_San_Marco_by_Gentile_Bellini.jpg/900px-Accademia_-_Procession_in_piazza_San_Marco_by_Gentile_Bellini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7010" data-file-height="3446" /></a><figcaption>A relic of the True Cross being carried in procession through the Piazza San Marco, Venice. <a href="/wiki/Gentile_Bellini" title="Gentile Bellini">Gentile Bellini</a> 15th century.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a> wrote homilies on the three crosses: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Kings removing their diadems take up the cross, the symbol of their Saviour's death; on the purple, the cross; in their prayers, the cross; on their armour, the cross; on the holy table, the cross; throughout the universe, the cross. The cross shines brighter than the sun.</p></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox Church">Oriental Orthodox Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a>, and a number of <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> denominations, celebrate the <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Cross" title="Feast of the Cross">Feast of the Exaltation of the Cross</a> on September 14, the anniversary of the dedication of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a>. In later centuries, these celebrations also included commemoration of the rescue of the True Cross from the <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persians</a> in 628. In the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Galician</a> usage, beginning about the seventh century, the Feast of the Cross was celebrated on May 3. According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>, when the Galician and Roman practices were combined, the September date, for which the Vatican adopted the official name "Triumph of the Cross" in 1963, was used to commemorate the rescue from the Persians and the May date was kept as the "Invention of the True Cross" to commemorate the finding.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The September date is often referred to in the West as <a href="/wiki/Holy_Cross_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Cross Day">Holy Cross Day</a>; the May date (see also <a href="/wiki/Roodmas" title="Roodmas">Roodmas</a>) was dropped from the <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical calendar">liturgical calendar</a> of the Catholic Church in 1960 when the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Breviary" title="Roman Breviary">Roman Breviary</a> was reformed by <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Orthodox still commemorate both events on September 14,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Great_Feasts" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve Great Feasts">Twelve Great Feasts</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_year" title="Liturgical year">liturgical year</a>, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Procession_of_the_Venerable_Wood_of_the_Cross&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Procession of the Venerable Wood of the Cross (page does not exist)">Procession of the Venerable Wood of the Cross</a> on 1 August, the day on which the relics of the True Cross would be carried through the streets of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> to bless the city.<sup id="cite_ref-OCA_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCA-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to celebrations on fixed days, there are certain days of the <a href="/wiki/Moveable_feast" title="Moveable feast">variable cycle</a> when the Cross is celebrated. The Catholic Church has a formal Adoration of the Cross during the services for <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a>. In Eastern Orthodox churches everywhere, a replica of the cross is brought out in procession during <a href="/wiki/Matins" title="Matins">Matins</a> of <a href="/wiki/Great_and_Holy_Friday" class="mw-redirect" title="Great and Holy Friday">Great and Holy Friday</a> for the people to venerate. The Orthodox also celebrate an additional Veneration of the Cross on the third Sunday of <a href="/wiki/Great_Lent" title="Great Lent">Great Lent</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Image_gallery">Image gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=True_Cross&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Image gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reliquary_of_the_True_Cross3.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Reliquary of the True Cross at Notre Dame in Paris"><img alt="Reliquary of the True Cross at Notre Dame in Paris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Reliquary_of_the_True_Cross3.JPG/128px-Reliquary_of_the_True_Cross3.JPG" decoding="async" width="128" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Reliquary_of_the_True_Cross3.JPG/192px-Reliquary_of_the_True_Cross3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Reliquary_of_the_True_Cross3.JPG/256px-Reliquary_of_the_True_Cross3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1474" data-file-height="2070" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Reliquary of the True Cross at <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre Dame de Paris">Notre Dame</a> in Paris</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reliquary_of_the_True_Cross2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Base of the reliquary with one of the Holy Nails"><img alt="Base of the reliquary with one of the Holy Nails" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Reliquary_of_the_True_Cross2.JPG/180px-Reliquary_of_the_True_Cross2.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Reliquary_of_the_True_Cross2.JPG/270px-Reliquary_of_the_True_Cross2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Reliquary_of_the_True_Cross2.JPG/360px-Reliquary_of_the_True_Cross2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Base of the reliquary with one of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Nail" title="Holy Nail">Holy Nails</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ReliquaryoftheTrueCross.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A second reliquary with another nail at Notre Dame"><img alt="A second reliquary with another nail at Notre Dame" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/ReliquaryoftheTrueCross.jpg/148px-ReliquaryoftheTrueCross.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/ReliquaryoftheTrueCross.jpg/222px-ReliquaryoftheTrueCross.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/ReliquaryoftheTrueCross.jpg/296px-ReliquaryoftheTrueCross.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1829" data-file-height="2224" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A second reliquary with another nail at Notre Dame</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:R%C3%BCti_-_Ortsmuseum_-_Klosterschatz_-_Kreuzpartikelmonstranz_IMG_5114.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A reliquary of the True Cross from the former Premonstratensian monastery in Rüti, Switzerland"><img alt="A reliquary of the True Cross from the former Premonstratensian monastery in Rüti, Switzerland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/R%C3%BCti_-_Ortsmuseum_-_Klosterschatz_-_Kreuzpartikelmonstranz_IMG_5114.JPG/120px-R%C3%BCti_-_Ortsmuseum_-_Klosterschatz_-_Kreuzpartikelmonstranz_IMG_5114.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/R%C3%BCti_-_Ortsmuseum_-_Klosterschatz_-_Kreuzpartikelmonstranz_IMG_5114.JPG/180px-R%C3%BCti_-_Ortsmuseum_-_Klosterschatz_-_Kreuzpartikelmonstranz_IMG_5114.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/R%C3%BCti_-_Ortsmuseum_-_Klosterschatz_-_Kreuzpartikelmonstranz_IMG_5114.JPG/240px-R%C3%BCti_-_Ortsmuseum_-_Klosterschatz_-_Kreuzpartikelmonstranz_IMG_5114.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1812" data-file-height="2718" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A reliquary of the True Cross from the former <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCti_Monastery" title="Rüti Monastery">Premonstratensian monastery</a> in Rüti, Switzerland</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=True_Cross&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Nicodemus" title="Gospel of Nicodemus">Gospel of Nicodemus</a>, apocryphal text</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Grail" title="Holy Grail">Holy Grail</a>, motif from the Arthurian literature</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holyrood_(cross)" title="Holyrood (cross)">Holyrood (cross)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_de_la_Cit%C3%A9" title="Île de la Cité">Île de la Cité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Croce_in_Gerusalemme" title="Santa Croce in Gerusalemme">Santa Croce in Gerusalemme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stavelot_Triptych" title="Stavelot Triptych">Stavelot Triptych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_Jesse" title="Tree of Jesse">Tree of Jesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Jesus" title="Relics associated with Jesus">Relics associated with Jesus</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arma_Christi" title="Arma Christi">Arma Christi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Chalice" title="Holy Chalice">Holy Chalice</a>, chalice used at the Last Supper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Lance" title="Holy Lance">Holy Lance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holy_Sponge" title="Holy Sponge">Holy Sponge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shroud_of_Turin" title="Shroud of Turin">Shroud of Turin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titulus_Crucis" title="Titulus Crucis">Titulus Crucis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Prepuce" title="Holy Prepuce">Holy Prepuce</a></li></ul></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=True_Cross&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An early account of the legend of <a href="/wiki/Helena,_mother_of_Constantine_I" title="Helena, mother of Constantine I">St<span class="nowrap"> </span>Helena</a> and the rediscovery of the True Cross was presented by the <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a> <a href="/wiki/Old_English_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English poetry">poet</a> <a href="/wiki/Cynewulf" title="Cynewulf">Cynewulf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolt1904_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolt1904-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A detailed account of known sources for the legends is presented in Drijvers (1992).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrijvers1992_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrijvers1992-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This sense of the word "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/legend" class="extiw" title="wikt:legend">legend</a>" is the less common one—borrowed directly from its <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <a href="/wiki/Etymon" class="mw-redirect" title="Etymon">etymon</a> "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/legenda" class="extiw" title="wikt:legenda">legenda</a>"—of anything which should be read, rather than a historically based myth. Compare its use for historic accounts of early leaders of the church such as <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Hagiographies" class="mw-redirect" title="Hagiographies">hagiographies</a> which produced its more usual modern sense.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Capta igitur urbe, divitiae repperiuntur inestimabiles, lapides preciosissime et incomparabiles, pars etiam ligni dominici, quod per Helenam de Iherosolimis translatum, auro et gemmis precioses insignitum in maxima illic veneratione habebatur, ab episcopis qui presentes aderant incisum, ab aliis preciosissimis reliquis per nobilis quosque partitur, et postea eis revertentibus ad natale solum, per ecclesias et cenobia distrbuitur.</i><br /><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Nach der Eroberung der Stadt wurden unschätzbare Reichtümer gefunden, unvergleichlich kostbare Edelsteine und auch ein Teil des Kreuzes des Herrn, das, von Helena aus Jerusalem überführt und mit Gold und kostbaren Edelsteinen geschmückt, dort höchste Verehrung erfuhr. Es wurde von den anwesenden Bischöfen zerstückelt und mit anderen sehr kostbaren Reliquien unter die Ritter aufgeteilt; später, nach deren Rückkehr in die Heimat, wurde es Kirchen und Klöstern gestiftet.</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaitz1880[httpwwwdmghdedefs1objectdisplaybsb00000768_00229htmlsortIndex0103A0703A00183A0103A003A00_203]_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaitz1880[httpwwwdmghdedefs1objectdisplaybsb00000768_00229htmlsortIndex0103A0703A00183A0103A003A00_203]-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also the discussion of the relics of the True Cross on the German Wikipedia at <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diskussion:Kreuzerh%C3%B6hung" class="extiw" title="de:Diskussion:Kreuzerhöhung">de:Diskussion:Kreuzerhöhung</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This sense of the word "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/invention" class="extiw" title="wikt:invention">invention</a>" is the less common one—borrowed directly from its <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <a href="/wiki/Etymon" class="mw-redirect" title="Etymon">etymon</a> "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/inventio" class="extiw" title="wikt:inventio">inventiō</a>"—of anything which has been found or come across, rather than something created entirely new.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=True_Cross&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolt1904-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolt1904_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolt1904">Holt (1904)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrijvers1992-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrijvers1992_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrijvers1992_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrijvers1992">Drijvers (1992)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis_&_al.,_Vol._I1900-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllis_&_al.,_Vol._I1900_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEllis_&_al.,_Vol._I1900">Ellis & al., Vol. I (1900)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis_&_al.,_Vol._III1900-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllis_&_al.,_Vol._III1900_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllis_&_al.,_Vol._III1900_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllis_&_al.,_Vol._III1900_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllis_&_al.,_Vol._III1900_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEllis_&_al.,_Vol._III1900">Ellis & al., Vol. III (1900)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerzog196968-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerzog196968_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerzog196968_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerzog196968_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerzog196968_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerzog1969">Herzog (1969)</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roman-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roman_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roman_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRoman" class="citation web cs1">Roman, Alexander. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303012320/http://www.ukrainian-orthodoxy.org/articles/2005/elevation.htm">"Feast of the Exaltation of the Cross"</a>. Ukrainian Orthodoxy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukrainian-orthodoxy.org/articles/2005/elevation.htm">the original</a> on 2016-03-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-10-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Feast+of+the+Exaltation+of+the+Cross&rft.pub=Ukrainian+Orthodoxy&rft.aulast=Roman&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukrainian-orthodoxy.org%2Farticles%2F2005%2Felevation.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrue+Cross" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKittel_&_al.1969[httpsbooksgooglecombooksideEITN4tLxtoCpgPA627_627]-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKittel_&_al.1969[httpsbooksgooglecombooksideEITN4tLxtoCpgPA627_627]_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKittel_&_al.1969">Kittel & al. (1969)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eEITN4tLxtoC&pg=PA627">627</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science20.com/news_releases/enormous_footshaped_enclosure_discovered_jordan_valley">"Enormous 'foot-shaped' enclosure discovered in Jordan Valley"</a>. Science 2.0. 6 April 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181119214419/https://www.science20.com/news_releases/enormous_footshaped_enclosure_discovered_jordan_valley">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Enormous+%27foot-shaped%27+enclosure+discovered+in+Jordan+Valley&rft.pub=Science+2.0&rft.date=2009-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science20.com%2Fnews_releases%2Fenormous_footshaped_enclosure_discovered_jordan_valley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrue+Cross" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblewalks.com/monastery-of-the-cross/">"Monastery of the Cross"</a>. <i>BibleWalks 500+ sites</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BibleWalks+500%2B+sites&rft.atitle=Monastery+of+the+Cross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblewalks.com%2Fmonastery-of-the-cross%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrue+Cross" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson1890-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson1890_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson1890_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichardson1890">Richardson (1890)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCyrillusGiffordSchaffWace2004" class="citation book cs1">Cyrillus; Gifford, Edwin Hamilton; Schaff, Philip; Wace, Henry (2004). <i>The catechetical lectures of S. 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Peabody, Mass: Hendrickson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56563-123-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56563-123-6"><bdi>978-1-56563-123-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+catechetical+lectures+of+S.+Cyril%2C+Archbishop+of+Jerusalem&rft.place=Peabody%2C+Mass&rft.series=Nicene+and+Post-Nicene+Fathers+%3A+a+select+library+of+the+Christian+church%3B+second+series+%2F+ed.+by+Philip+Schaff+and+Henry+Wace&rft.edition=Reprint+ed.+of+the+American+ed.+of+the+Nicene+and+Post-Nicene+Fathers%2C+second+series%2C+4.+print...+orig.+publ.+in+the+United+States+by+the+Christian+Literature+Publ.+Comp.%2C+1894&rft.pub=Hendrickson&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-56563-123-6&rft.au=Cyrillus&rft.au=Gifford%2C+Edwin+Hamilton&rft.au=Schaff%2C+Philip&rft.au=Wace%2C+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrue+Cross" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrijvers1999" class="citation cs2">Drijvers, Jan Willem (1999-01-01), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004295919/B9789004295919-s006.xml">"PROMOTING JERUSALEM: CYRIL AND THE TRUE CROSS"</a>, <i>Portraits of Spiritual Authority</i>, Brill, pp. 79–95, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-29591-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-29591-9"><bdi>978-90-04-29591-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-23</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Portraits+of+Spiritual+Authority&rft.atitle=PROMOTING+JERUSALEM%3A+CYRIL+AND+THE+TRUE+CROSS&rft.pages=79-95&rft.date=1999-01-01&rft.isbn=978-90-04-29591-9&rft.aulast=Drijvers&rft.aufirst=Jan+Willem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fdisplay%2Fbook%2Fedcoll%2F9789004295919%2FB9789004295919-s006.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrue+Cross" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZenos1890[httpwwwccelorgccelschaffnpnf202iiivxviihtml_Ch._xvii]-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZenos1890[httpwwwccelorgccelschaffnpnf202iiivxviihtml_Ch._xvii]_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZenos1890">Zenos (1890)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf202.ii.iv.xvii.html">Ch. xvii</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartranft1890-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartranft1890_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHartranft1890">Hartranft (1890)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaint-Laurent201542-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaint-Laurent201542_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaint-Laurent201542_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaint-Laurent201542_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaint-Laurent201542_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaint-Laurent2015">Saint-Laurent (2015)</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiles_&_al.200157-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiles_&_al.200157_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiles_&_al.2001">Wiles & al. 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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83638-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83638-8"><bdi>978-0-521-83638-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin+and+Greek+Monasticism+in+the+Crusader+States&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-521-83638-8&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft.au=Jotischky%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dedj8DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrue+Cross" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerzog1969" class="citation book cs1">Herzog, Sadja (1969). 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Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802822482" title="Special:BookSources/9780802822482"><bdi>9780802822482</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theological+Dictionary+of+the+New+Testament&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=9780802822482&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeEITN4tLxtoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrue+Cross" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadden2005" class="citation book cs1">Madden, Thomas F. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newconcisehistor00madd"><i>The New Concise History of the Crusades</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-3822-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-3822-2"><bdi>0-7425-3822-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Concise+History+of+the+Crusades&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7425-3822-2&rft.aulast=Madden&rft.aufirst=Thomas+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewconcisehistor00madd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrue+Cross" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalouf1983" class="citation book cs1">Malouf, Amin (1983). <i>The Crusades through Arab Eyes</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crusades+through+Arab+Eyes&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Malouf&rft.aufirst=Amin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrue+Cross" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarucchi_&_al.1908" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Orazio_Marucchi" title="Orazio Marucchi">Marucchi, Orazio</a>; <a href="/wiki/Fernand_Cabrol" title="Fernand Cabrol">Cabrol, Fernand</a>; <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Thurston" title="Herbert Thurston">Thurston, Herbert</a> (1908). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Cross and Crucifix"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Cross_and_Crucifix">"Cross and Crucifix" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. 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London: Guild Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantium%3A+The+Early+Centuries&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Guild+Publishing&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Norwich&rft.aufirst=John+Julius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrue+Cross" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovoderezhkin2020" class="citation news cs1">Novoderezhkin, Anton (26 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tass.com/society/1123855">"Christian Relic, a True Cross Piece, to Be Kept at Russia's Black Sea Fleet Flagship"</a>. <i>TASS</i>. Sevastopol<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Leiden: Brill. pp. 126–206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-40038-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-40038-2"><bdi>978-90-04-40038-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Relics%2C+Rulers%2C+Patronage%3A+The+True+Cross+of+Varag+and+the+Church+of+the+Holy+Cross+of+A%C5%82t%E2%80%98amar&rft.btitle=The+Church+of+the+Holy+Cross+of+A%C5%82t%27amar%3A+Politics%2C+Art%2C+Spirituality+in+the+Kingdom+of+Vaspurakan&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=%27%27Armenian+Texts+and+Studies%27%27%2C+vol.+3&rft.pages=126-206&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-90-04-40038-2&rft.aulast=Pogossian&rft.aufirst=Zaroui&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrue+Cross" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone1939" class="citation book cs1">Robert of Clari (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deremilitari.org/RESOURCES/SOURCES/clari.htm"><i>Three Old French Chronicles of the Crusades</i></a>. Translated by Stone, Edward N. Seattle: University of Washington.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Three+Old+French+Chronicles+of+the+Crusades&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pub=University+of+Washington&rft.date=1939&rft.au=Robert+of+Clari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deremilitari.org%2FRESOURCES%2FSOURCES%2Fclari.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrue+Cross" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoth2022" class="citation news cs1">Roth, Andrew (15 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/apr/15/loss-of-moskva-strikes-serious-blow-to-russian-militarys-prestige">"Loss of Moskva Strikes Serious Blow to Russian Military's Prestige"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220415192314/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/apr/15/loss-of-moskva-strikes-serious-blow-to-russian-militarys-prestige">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Loss+of+Moskva+Strikes+Serious+Blow+to+Russian+Military%27s+Prestige&rft.date=2022-04-15&rft.aulast=Roth&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2Fapr%2F15%2Floss-of-moskva-strikes-serious-blow-to-russian-militarys-prestige&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrue+Cross" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRunciman1951" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman">Runciman, Steven</a> (1951). <i>A History of the Crusades</i>. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-34770-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-34770-X"><bdi>0-521-34770-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Crusades&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1951&rft.isbn=0-521-34770-X&rft.aulast=Runciman&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrue+Cross" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaint-Laurent2015" class="citation book cs1">Saint-Laurent, Jeanne-Nicole Mellon (2015). <i>Missionary Stories and the Formation of the Syriac Churches</i>. Oakland: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-28496-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-28496-8"><bdi>978-0-520-28496-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Missionary+Stories+and+the+Formation+of+the+Syriac+Churches&rft.place=Oakland&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-520-28496-8&rft.aulast=Saint-Laurent&rft.aufirst=Jeanne-Nicole+Mellon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrue+Cross" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmyrnakis1903" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Smyrnakis, Gerasimos (1903). <i>Το Άγιο Όρος. Αρχαιολογίας κ.λπ., του Αγίου Όρους</i> [<i>The Holy Mountain. Archaeology, etc., of Mt. 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Athens: Anestes Konstandinides.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%CE%A4%CE%BF+%CE%86%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BF+%CE%8C%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82.+%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82+%CE%BA.%CE%BB%CF%80.%2C+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%8C%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82&rft.place=Athens&rft.pub=Anestes+Konstandinides&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Smyrnakis&rft.aufirst=Gerasimos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrue+Cross" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartranft1890" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sozomenus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sozomenus">Sozomenus</a> (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf202.toc.html"><i>Church History</i></a>. <i>A Select Library of the Christian Church: Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers</i>, 2nd ser., vol. II. Translated by Hartranft, Chester D.; et al. New York: Christian Literature Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Church+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=%27%27A+Select+Library+of+the+Christian+Church%3A+Nicene+and+Post-Nicene+Fathers%27%27%2C+2nd+ser.%2C+vol.+II&rft.pub=Christian+Literature+Publishing&rft.date=1890&rft.au=Sozomenus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fnpnf202.toc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrue+Cross" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZenos1890" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Socrates_of_Constantinople" title="Socrates of Constantinople">Socrates</a> (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf202.toc.html"><i>Church History</i></a>. <i>A Select Library of the Christian Church: Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers</i>, 2nd ser., vol. II. Translated by Zenos, A.C; et al. New York: Christian Literature Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Church+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=%27%27A+Select+Library+of+the+Christian+Church%3A+Nicene+and+Post-Nicene+Fathers%27%27%2C+2nd+ser.%2C+vol.+II&rft.pub=Christian+Literature+Publishing&rft.date=1890&rft.au=Socrates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fnpnf202.toc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrue+Cross" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreadgold1997" class="citation book cs1">Treadgold, Warren (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historybyzantine00trea_749"><i>A History of the Byzantine State and Society</i></a>. Stanford: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-2630-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-2630-2"><bdi>0-8047-2630-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Byzantine+State+and+Society&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-8047-2630-2&rft.aulast=Treadgold&rft.aufirst=Warren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistorybyzantine00trea_749&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrue+Cross" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaitz1880" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Waitz, Georg, ed. (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dmgh.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb00000768_00229.html"><i>Scriptores Rerum Germanicarum in Usum Scholarum</i></a>. Monumenta Germaniae Historica (in Latin). Vol. 18. Hannover: Impensis Bibliopolii Hahniani.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scriptores+Rerum+Germanicarum+in+Usum+Scholarum&rft.place=Hannover&rft.series=Monumenta+Germaniae+Historica&rft.pub=Impensis+Bibliopolii+Hahniani&rft.date=1880&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dmgh.de%2Fde%2Ffs1%2Fobject%2Fdisplay%2Fbsb00000768_00229.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrue+Cross" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2023">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite_&_al.1915" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/angsax-chron1.asp">"The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle on Alfred the Great"</a>. <i>Source Problems in English History</i>. Translated by White, Albert Beebe; et al. New York: Harper & Bros. 1915.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Anglo-Saxon+Chronicle+on+Alfred+the+Great&rft.btitle=Source+Problems+in+English+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Bros.&rft.date=1915&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsourcebooks.fordham.edu%2Fsource%2Fangsax-chron1.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrue+Cross" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiles_&_al.2001" class="citation book cs1">Wiles, Maurice F.; et al. (2001). <i>Studia Patristica: Papers Presented at the Thirteenth International Conference on Patristic Studies Held in Oxford, 1999</i>. Leuven: Peeters. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-429-0881-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-429-0881-9"><bdi>978-90-429-0881-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studia+Patristica%3A+Papers+Presented+at+the+Thirteenth+International+Conference+on+Patristic+Studies+Held+in+Oxford%2C+1999&rft.place=Leuven&rft.pub=Peeters&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-90-429-0881-9&rft.aulast=Wiles&rft.aufirst=Maurice+F.&rft.au=Yarnold%2C+Edward&rft.au=Parvis%2C+Paul+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrue+Cross" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiehr1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ziehr, William (1997). <i>Das Kreuz</i> (in German). Stuttgart: Belser.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Kreuz&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pub=Belser&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Ziehr&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrue+Cross" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuckerman2013" class="citation book cs1">Zuckerman, Constantin (2013). "Heraclius and the Return of the Holy Cross". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/10124428"><i>Constructing the Seventh Century</i></a>. Travaux et Mémoires. Vol. 17. Paris: Association des Amis du Centre d'Histoire et Civilisation de Byzance. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-916716-45-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-916716-45-9"><bdi>978-2-916716-45-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Heraclius+and+the+Return+of+the+Holy+Cross&rft.btitle=Constructing+the+Seventh+Century&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=Travaux+et+M%C3%A9moires&rft.pub=Association+des+Amis+du+Centre+d%27Histoire+et+Civilisation+de+Byzance&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-2-916716-45-9&rft.aulast=Zuckerman&rft.aufirst=Constantin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F10124428&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrue+Cross" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=True_Cross&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeuffic2005" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Deuffic, Jean-Luc, ed. (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080117182222/http://pagesperso-orange.fr/pecia/Revue%208-11%20bis.htm"><i>Reliques et Sainteté dans l'Espace Médiéval</i></a> (in French), Pecia, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://perso.orange.fr/pecia/Revue%208-11%20bis.htm">the original</a> on 2008-01-17</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reliques+et+Saintet%C3%A9+dans+l%27Espace+M%C3%A9di%C3%A9val&rft.pub=Pecia&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fperso.orange.fr%2Fpecia%2FRevue%25208-11%2520bis.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrue+Cross" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrolow1961" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Frolow, A. (1961), <i>La Relique de la Vraie Croix: Recherches sur le Développement d'un Culte</i> (in French), Paris: Institut français d'études byzantines</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Relique+de+la+Vraie+Croix%3A+Recherches+sur+le+D%C3%A9veloppement+d%27un+Culte&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Institut+fran%C3%A7ais+d%27%C3%A9tudes+byzantines&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Frolow&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrue+Cross" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray1998" class="citation cs2">Murray, Alan V. (1998), "Mighty against the Enemies of Christ: The Relic of the True Cross in the Armies of the Kingdom of Jerusalem", <i>The Crusades and Their Sources: Essays Presented to B. Hamilton</i>, Aldershot, pp. 217–238</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mighty+against+the+Enemies+of+Christ%3A+The+Relic+of+the+True+Cross+in+the+Armies+of+the+Kingdom+of+Jerusalem&rft.btitle=The+Crusades+and+Their+Sources%3A+Essays+Presented+to+B.+Hamilton&rft.pages=217-238&rft.pub=Aldershot&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Alan+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrue+Cross" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlmi2015" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Olmi, Massimo (2015), <i>Indagine sulla Croce di Cristo</i> (in Italian), Torino: La Fontana di Siloe</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indagine+sulla+Croce+di+Cristo&rft.place=Torino&rft.pub=La+Fontana+di+Siloe&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Olmi&rft.aufirst=Massimo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrue+Cross" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlmi2018" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Olmi, Massimo (2018), <i>I Segreti delle Reliquie Bibliche</i> (in Italian), Rome: XPublishing</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Segreti+delle+Reliquie+Bibliche&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=XPublishing&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Olmi&rft.aufirst=Massimo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrue+Cross" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span 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[\"CITEREFMcClure_\u0026amp;_al.1919\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeerson_\u0026amp;_al.2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurray1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorwich1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNovoderezhkin2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Shea2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlmi2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlmi2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPogossian2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichardson1890\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoth2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRunciman1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaint-Laurent2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmyrnakis1903\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStone1939\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTreadgold1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaitz1880\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite_\u0026amp;_al.1915\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiles_\u0026amp;_al.2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZenos1890\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZiehr1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZuckerman2013\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"*\"] = 1,\n [\"-\\\"\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bibleverse\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 4,\n [\"C.\"] = 1,\n [\"CathEncy\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation\"] = 6,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 31,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 12,\n [\"Columnslist\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 5,\n [\"Deadlink\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 5,\n [\"Gallery\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 2,\n [\"Langx\"] = 4,\n [\"Linktext\"] = 3,\n [\"Mdash\"] = 10,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 5,\n [\"Ndash\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 43,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 14,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-tfngh","timestamp":"20241128020058","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"True Cross","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/True_Cross","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q380356","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q380356","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-07-08T15:15:41Z","dateModified":"2024-10-21T12:10:42Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/0e\/Giotto_Crucifixion.jpg","headline":"concept of the cross upon which Jesus was crucified"}</script> </body> </html>