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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div 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Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_caddoanas" title="Llingües caddoanas – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües caddoanas" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="کادو دیللری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کادو دیللری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Кадаанскія мовы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кадаанскія мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_caddo" title="Llengües caddo – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengües caddo" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caddo-Sprachen" title="Caddo-Sprachen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Caddo-Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kado_keeled" title="Kado keeled – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kado keeled" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_caddoanas" title="Lenguas caddoanas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas caddoanas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_caddoanes" title="Langues caddoanes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues caddoanes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_caddo" title="Linguas caddo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linguas caddo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caddo_(jezi%C4%8Dna_porodica)" title="Caddo (jezična porodica) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Caddo (jezična porodica)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_caddoan" title="Lingue caddoan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue caddoan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kad%C5%B3_kalbos" title="Kadų kalbos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kadų kalbos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_cadoan" title="Linguas cadoan – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Linguas cadoan" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caddotalen" title="Caddotalen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Caddotalen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caddoanske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Caddoanske språk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Caddoanske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caddoanske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Caddoanske språk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Caddoanske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengas_caddoanas" title="Lengas caddoanas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lengas caddoanas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_caddoan" title="Lenghe caddoan – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenghe caddoan" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_kaddo" title="Języki kaddo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki kaddo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Каддоанские языки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Каддоанские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caddoan" title="Caddoan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Caddoan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caddolaiset_kielet" title="Caddolaiset kielet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Caddolaiset kielet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kado_dilleri" title="Kado dilleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kado dilleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Каддойські мови – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Family of Native American languages</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #c0dde6;">Caddoan</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br />distribution</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data">One of the world's primary <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language families</a></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>Northern</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddo_language" title="Caddo language">Caddo</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-5" title="ISO 639-5">ISO 639-5</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/cdd" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:cdd">cdd</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code>64-B</code></samp></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/cadd1255">cadd1255</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pre-Contact_Caddoan_languages_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Pre-Contact_Caddoan_languages_map.svg/300px-Pre-Contact_Caddoan_languages_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Pre-Contact_Caddoan_languages_map.svg/450px-Pre-Contact_Caddoan_languages_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Pre-Contact_Caddoan_languages_map.svg/600px-Pre-Contact_Caddoan_languages_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="310" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Pre-contact distribution of Caddoan languages</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Caddoan languages</b> are a <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">family</a> of languages native to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> spoken by tribal groups of the central <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, from present-day <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a> south to <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>. All Caddoan languages are critically endangered, as the number of speakers has declined markedly due to colonial legacy, lack of support, and other factors. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_division">Family division</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caddoan_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Family division"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Five languages belong to the Caddoan language family: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b>Caddoan languages</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caddo_language" title="Caddo language">Caddo</a> (2 speakers)</li> <li>Northern Caddoan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wichita_language" title="Wichita language">Wichita</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li>Pawnee–Kitsai <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitsai_language" title="Kitsai language">Kitsai</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li>Pawnee–Arikara <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_language" title="Pawnee language">Pawnee</a> (10 speakers)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arikara_language" title="Arikara language">Arikara</a> (10 speakers)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <p>Kitsai and Wichita have no speakers left. Kitsai stopped being spoken in the 19th century when its members were absorbed into the <a href="/wiki/Wichita_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Wichita tribe">Wichita tribe</a>. Wichita stopped being spoken in 2016, when the last native speaker of <a href="/wiki/Wichita_language" title="Wichita language">Wichita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doris_McLemore" title="Doris McLemore">Doris McLemore</a> (who left recordings and language materials), died. </p><p>All of the remaining Caddoan languages spoken today are severely endangered. As of 2007, both the <a href="/wiki/Pawnee_language" title="Pawnee language">Pawnee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arikara_language" title="Arikara language">Arikara</a> languages only had 10 speakers, with the <a href="/wiki/Caddo_language" title="Caddo language">Caddo language</a> only spoken by 2 (as of 2023).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caddo and Pawnee are spoken in Oklahoma by small numbers of tribal elders. Arikara is spoken on the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Berthold_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Berthold Reservation">Fort Berthold Reservation</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a>. </p><p>Prior to colonization and <a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">US expansion</a>, speakers of Caddoan languages were more widespread. The <a href="/wiki/Caddo" title="Caddo">Caddo</a>, for example, lived in northeastern <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, southwestern <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>, and northwestern <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, as well as southeastern Oklahoma. The <a href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee</a> formerly lived along the <a href="/wiki/Platte_River" title="Platte River">Platte River</a> in what is now <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caddoan_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Glottochronology" title="Glottochronology">Glottochronology</a> is a controversial method of reconstructing, in broad detail, the history of a language and its relationships, though it may still provide useful insights and generalizations regarding a family's history. In the case of Proto-Caddoan, it appeared to have divided into two branches, Northern and Southern, more than 3000 years ago (The division of the language implies also a geographic and/or political separation). </p><p>South Caddoan, or Caddo proper, evolved in north-eastern Texas and adjacent Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Louisiana. Other than Caddo, no daughter languages are known, but some unrecorded ones likely existed in the 16th and the 17th centuries. </p><p>Northern Caddoan evolved into several different languages. The language that became Wichita, with several different dialects, branched off about 2000 years ago. Kitsai separated from the Northern Caddoan stem about 1200 years ago, and Pawnee and Arikara separated 300 to 500 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_relations">External relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caddoan_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: External relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Adai_language" title="Adai language">Adai</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">language isolate</a> from Louisiana is known only from a 275-word list collected in 1804, and may be a Caddoan language, however documentation is too scanty to determine with certainty.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adjacent to the Caddo lived the <a href="/wiki/Eyeish" title="Eyeish">Eyeish</a> or Ais—not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Ais_people" title="Ais people">Ais</a> of Florida—who also spoke a language that may have been related to Caddoan.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some linguists believe that the Caddoan, <a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan languages</a> may be connected in a <a href="/wiki/Macro-Siouan_languages" title="Macro-Siouan languages">Macro-Siouan</a> language family, but their work is suggestive and the theory remains hypothetical. Similar attempts to find a connection with the <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian languages</a> have been inconclusive. There is insufficient evidence for linguists to propose a hypothetical Macro-Algonquian/Iroquoian language family.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reconstruction">Reconstruction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caddoan_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reconstruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some Proto-Northern Caddoan reconstructions by Chafe (1979):<sup id="cite_ref-Chafe-1979_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chafe-1979-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 220">: 220 </span></sup> </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>gloss</th> <th>Proto-<br />Northern<br /> Caddoan</th> <th>Pawnee</th> <th>Arikara</th> <th>Wichita</th> <th>Caddo </th></tr> <tr> <td>arm</td> <td>*win-</td> <td>pí:ruʔ</td> <td>wí:nuʔ</td> <td>wi:rʔa</td> <td>mí:suh </td></tr> <tr> <td>blood</td> <td>*pat-</td> <td>pá:tuʔ</td> <td>pá:tuʔ</td> <td>wa:ckicʔa</td> <td>bahʔuh </td></tr> <tr> <td>bone</td> <td>*kis-</td> <td>kí:suʔ</td> <td>čí:šuʔ</td> <td>ki:sʔa</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>egg</td> <td>*nipik-</td> <td>ripí:kuʔ</td> <td>nipí:kuʔ</td> <td>nikʷi:kʔa</td> <td>nibih </td></tr> <tr> <td>eye</td> <td>*kirik-</td> <td>kirí:kuʔ</td> <td>ciríːkuʔ</td> <td>kirikʔa</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>intestine</td> <td>*riyac-</td> <td>ré:cuʔ</td> <td>né:suʔ</td> <td>niya:cʔa</td> <td>nahč’uh </td></tr> <tr> <td>leg</td> <td>*kas-</td> <td>ká:suʔ</td> <td>ká:xuʔ</td> <td>ka:sʔa</td> <td>k’á:suh </td></tr> <tr> <td>liver</td> <td>*karik-</td> <td>karí:kuʔ</td> <td>karí:kuʔ</td> <td>karikʔa</td> <td>kánk’uh </td></tr> <tr> <td>skunk</td> <td>*niwit</td> <td>ríwit</td> <td>níwit</td> <td>niwi:c</td> <td>wihit </td></tr> <tr> <td>sun</td> <td>*sak-(h)un-</td> <td>sakú:ruʔ</td> <td>šakú:nuʔ</td> <td>sa:khirʔa</td> <td>sak’uh </td></tr> <tr> <td>wood</td> <td>*yak-</td> <td>rá:kuʔ ’box’</td> <td>há:kuʔ ’box’</td> <td>haːkʔa/-ya:k-</td> <td>yaʔk’uh </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>For Proto-Caddoan, Chafe (1979) reconstructs the following phonemes.<sup id="cite_ref-Chafe-1979_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chafe-1979-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>stops: /p t k/</li> <li>affricate: /ts/ <span class="nowrap">⟨c⟩</span></li> <li>spirant: /s/</li> <li>resonants: /w n r/ and /j/ <span class="nowrap">⟨y⟩</span></li> <li>laryngeals: /ʔ h/</li> <li>vowels: /i a u/</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caddoan_languages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Below is a list of basic vocabulary of Northern Caddoan languages from Parks (1979):<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>No.</th> <th>English</th> <th>Arikara</th> <th>Pawnee</th> <th>Kitsai</th> <th>Wichita </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>I</td> <td>-t-</td> <td>-t-</td> <td>-t-</td> <td>-c- </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>thou</td> <td>-x-</td> <td>-s-</td> <td>-s-</td> <td>-s- </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>we</td> <td>-sir-</td> <td>-cir-</td> <td>-ci- (incl. dual)</td> <td>-cíːy- </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>this</td> <td>ti</td> <td>ti</td> <td>tiʔi</td> <td>tiʔi </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>that</td> <td>i</td> <td>i</td> <td>i-, anini ‘by that’</td> <td>haːríːh </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>chest</td> <td>waːkuːkáu?</td> <td>awaːkiːsuʔ</td> <td>nikokíːsu</td> <td>khiːkʔa </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>not</td> <td>ka-</td> <td>ka-</td> <td>ka-</td> <td>kírih </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>all</td> <td>čitúːʔ</td> <td>kituː</td> <td>akwác</td> <td>asséːhah </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>many</td> <td>ranihuːn</td> <td>kari</td> <td>nirahkina ‘there are many’</td> <td>iyarhah </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>one</td> <td>áxkux</td> <td>ásku</td> <td>arísku</td> <td>ass </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td>two</td> <td>pítkux</td> <td>pítku</td> <td>cásu, cúsu</td> <td>wicha </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>big</td> <td>rihuːn</td> <td>rihuːr</td> <td>nikin</td> <td>tac; Riwaːc </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td>woman</td> <td>sápat</td> <td>cápat</td> <td>cakwákt</td> <td>kaːhiːkʔa </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td>man</td> <td>wíːta</td> <td>píːta</td> <td>wiːta</td> <td>wiːc </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td>person</td> <td>sáhniš</td> <td>cáhriks</td> <td>kírika</td> <td>ihaːs </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td>fish</td> <td>čiwáhtš</td> <td>kacíːki</td> <td>nitát</td> <td>kaːcʔa </td></tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td>bird</td> <td>níkus</td> <td>ríkucki</td> <td>kuːcáke, kucáki</td> <td>ichir </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td>dog</td> <td>xáːtš</td> <td>ásaːki</td> <td>anúːsa</td> <td>kicíyeːh </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td>tree</td> <td>naháːpi</td> <td>rahaːpe</td> <td>yáku (wood); ayákwi</td> <td>tiyaːhkw </td></tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td>seed</td> <td>načiríːkuʔ</td> <td>rákiriːkuʔ</td> <td>nikiríːkʔu</td> <td>nikiːsʔa </td></tr> <tr> <td>21</td> <td>leaf</td> <td>sčeːkaráːkuʔ</td> <td>kskéːkaraːkuʔ</td> <td>yakánu</td> <td>kíʔincaːcʔa </td></tr> <tr> <td>22</td> <td>root</td> <td>kasukaːwíuʔ</td> <td>rákapahcuʔ</td> <td>ayakakunayahkasa</td> <td>ʔaskiːcʔa </td></tr> <tr> <td>23</td> <td>bark</td> <td>haːkiskúːxuʔ</td> <td>ráːkickuːsuʔ</td> <td>yakatakuác</td> <td>tíːkʔacʔiyaːcʔa </td></tr> <tr> <td>24</td> <td>skin</td> <td>sahnišskúːxuʔ</td> <td>ckáriːtuʔ</td> <td>arahkita</td> <td>kithaːrʔa </td></tr> <tr> <td>25</td> <td>meat</td> <td>tsástš</td> <td>kísacki</td> <td>neːtanaːs, awánas</td> <td>ʔarasʔa </td></tr> <tr> <td>26</td> <td>blood</td> <td>páːtuʔ</td> <td>páːtuʔ</td> <td>kwáːtu</td> <td>waːckicʔa </td></tr> <tr> <td>27</td> <td>bone</td> <td>číːšuʔ</td> <td>kíːsuʔ</td> <td>kíːsu</td> <td>kiːsʔa </td></tr> <tr> <td>28</td> <td>grease</td> <td>čisahítš</td> <td>kícahihtuʔ</td> <td>yahtkiríyu ‘hot’; kinasíːtu ‘lard’</td> <td>kiraːsʔa </td></tr> <tr> <td>29</td> <td>egg</td> <td>nipíːkuʔ</td> <td>ripíːkuʔ</td> <td>nikwíːku</td> <td>nikwiːkʔa </td></tr> <tr> <td>30</td> <td>horn</td> <td>aríːkuʔ</td> <td>paːríːkuʔ, aríːkuʔ</td> <td>aríːku</td> <td>ʔarikʔa </td></tr> <tr> <td>31</td> <td>tail</td> <td>nitkúːʔ</td> <td>ritkuːʔu</td> <td>nitkúhu</td> <td>kiːyaːkʔa </td></tr> <tr> <td>32</td> <td>feather</td> <td>híːtuʔ</td> <td>íːtuʔ</td> <td>híːtuʔ</td> <td>niːsʔa </td></tr> <tr> <td>33</td> <td>hair</td> <td>úːxuʔ</td> <td>úːsuʔ</td> <td>ickóːsu</td> <td>tiyaːcʔa </td></tr> <tr> <td>34</td> <td>head</td> <td>páxuʔ</td> <td>páksuʔ</td> <td>kwitácuʔ íckoʔo ‘about head’</td> <td>weʔekʔa </td></tr> <tr> <td>35</td> <td>eye</td> <td>čiríːkuʔ</td> <td>kiríːkuʔ</td> <td>kiriːkʔu</td> <td>kirikʔa </td></tr> <tr> <td>36</td> <td>nose</td> <td>siníːtuʔ</td> <td>icúːsuʔ</td> <td>icúːsu</td> <td>tisʔa </td></tr> <tr> <td>37</td> <td>mouth</td> <td>haːkáʔuʔ</td> <td>háːkauʔ</td> <td>háːku</td> <td>haːkaʔa </td></tr> <tr> <td>38</td> <td>tooth</td> <td>áːnuʔ</td> <td>áːruʔ</td> <td>anhíːsuʔ</td> <td>aːkʔa </td></tr> <tr> <td>39</td> <td>tongue</td> <td>háːtuʔ</td> <td>háːtuʔ</td> <td>háːtuʔ</td> <td>hacʔa </td></tr> <tr> <td>40</td> <td>fingernail</td> <td>šwíːtuʔ</td> <td>kspíːtuʔ</td> <td>kskwíːtu</td> <td>iskwicʔa </td></tr> <tr> <td>41</td> <td>foot</td> <td>áxuʔ</td> <td>ásuʔ</td> <td>asúʔ</td> <td>asʔa </td></tr> <tr> <td>42</td> <td>knee</td> <td>paːčíːšuʔ</td> <td>páːkiːsuʔ</td> <td>kirikisnayus</td> <td>kiːskwasʔa </td></tr> <tr> <td>43</td> <td>hand</td> <td>íšuʔ</td> <td>íksuʔ</td> <td>íksuʔ</td> <td>iskʔa </td></tr> <tr> <td>44</td> <td>neck</td> <td>číːsuʔ</td> <td>kíːcuʔ</td> <td>natíːnu</td> <td>kiticʔa </td></tr> <tr> <td>45</td> <td>breasts</td> <td>éːtuʔ</td> <td>éːtuʔ</td> <td>isáːtu</td> <td>eːcʔa </td></tr> <tr> <td>46</td> <td>liver</td> <td>karíːkuʔ</td> <td>karíːkuʔ</td> <td>karíːku</td> <td>karikʔa </td></tr> <tr> <td>47</td> <td>drink</td> <td>čiːka</td> <td>kíːka</td> <td>kíːka</td> <td>-kikʔa </td></tr> <tr> <td>48</td> <td>eat</td> <td>waːwa-a</td> <td>waːwa-a</td> <td>wawaʔánu, wáwaʔa</td> <td>-waːwaʔa </td></tr> <tr> <td>49</td> <td>bite</td> <td>kaʔus</td> <td>kauc</td> <td>takocóhu ‘bite it’</td> <td>-taʔa </td></tr> <tr> <td>50</td> <td>see</td> <td>ut... e.rik</td> <td>ut... eːrik</td> <td>tuciʔeːriksu ‘he sees it’</td> <td>ʔiːs </td></tr> <tr> <td>51</td> <td>hear</td> <td>atka-u</td> <td>atka-u</td> <td>atkarahkus ‘hear it’</td> <td>ʔaːckhéʔe </td></tr> <tr> <td>52</td> <td>know</td> <td>ut...reːsiːš</td> <td>ir...raːʔiːta</td> <td>atihayaki ‘I know it’</td> <td>wickaʔa </td></tr> <tr> <td>53</td> <td>sleep</td> <td>itka</td> <td>itka</td> <td>itka</td> <td>-hiʔinck </td></tr> <tr> <td>54</td> <td>die</td> <td>koːt</td> <td>hurahac</td> <td>híːksta ‘died’</td> <td>-teʔes </td></tr> <tr> <td>55</td> <td>kill</td> <td>koːtik</td> <td>kuːtik</td> <td>ki</td> <td>ki </td></tr> <tr> <td>56</td> <td>swim</td> <td>huːseːriːtik</td> <td>huːceːriːtik</td> <td>nutoceríːtik ‘he swims’</td> <td>-arhiya ‘to bathe’ </td></tr> <tr> <td>57</td> <td>fly</td> <td>awanu</td> <td>awari</td> <td>niahak, -a-</td> <td>ʔiːtoː (+loc.)ʔa </td></tr> <tr> <td>58</td> <td>laugh</td> <td>awaxk</td> <td>awask</td> <td>awas naʔaʔa ‘comes in air’</td> <td>-wakharikikw </td></tr> <tr> <td>59</td> <td>come</td> <td>in...a</td> <td>in...a</td> <td>ináhu ‘he is coming’</td> <td>u-a... ʔa </td></tr> <tr> <td>60</td> <td>lie</td> <td>ša</td> <td>sa</td> <td>sa</td> <td>ʔirhawi </td></tr> <tr> <td>61</td> <td>sit</td> <td>kux</td> <td>ku</td> <td>wi</td> <td>ʔicaki </td></tr> <tr> <td>62</td> <td>stand</td> <td>arič</td> <td>arik</td> <td>áriki</td> <td>ariki </td></tr> <tr> <td>63</td> <td>cut</td> <td>kakatk</td> <td>kakatk</td> <td>kakatk</td> <td>-kack </td></tr> <tr> <td>64</td> <td>say</td> <td>waːko</td> <td>waːku</td> <td>wáku</td> <td>wakʔa </td></tr> <tr> <td>65</td> <td>sun</td> <td>šakúːnuʔ</td> <td>sakúːruʔ</td> <td>sakúːnu</td> <td>saːkhirʔa </td></tr> <tr> <td>66</td> <td>moon</td> <td>páh</td> <td>pá</td> <td>cúhkwá</td> <td>wáːh </td></tr> <tr> <td>67</td> <td>star</td> <td>sákaːʔa</td> <td>úːpirit</td> <td>nikwírik</td> <td>híːkwirikʔa </td></tr> <tr> <td>68</td> <td>water</td> <td>tstóːxuʔ</td> <td>kíːcuʔ</td> <td>akicóːnu</td> <td>kicʔa </td></tr> <tr> <td>69</td> <td>rain</td> <td>tsuhíːnuʔ</td> <td>ácuhuːruʔ</td> <td>nahacaʔa</td> <td>a...hiriʔa (verb only) </td></tr> <tr> <td>70</td> <td>stone</td> <td>kanítš</td> <td>karítki</td> <td>kátanu</td> <td>ʔikaːʔa </td></tr> <tr> <td>71</td> <td>sand</td> <td>čiwíhtuʔ</td> <td>kíwiktuʔ</td> <td>kiwíktu</td> <td>kiːchaːrʔa </td></tr> <tr> <td>72</td> <td>earth</td> <td>hunáːnuʔ</td> <td>huráːruʔ</td> <td>hunáːna</td> <td>hiraːrʔa </td></tr> <tr> <td>73</td> <td>cloud</td> <td>skarahkataháːnuʔ</td> <td>ckáuʔ</td> <td>nácton</td> <td>keʔeːrʔa </td></tr> <tr> <td>74</td> <td>smoke</td> <td>naːwíːšuʔ</td> <td>ráːwiːsuʔ</td> <td>aːrosː</td> <td>ickweʔeːkʔa </td></tr> <tr> <td>75</td> <td>fire</td> <td>čeːkáʔuʔ</td> <td>keːkauʔ ‘flame’</td> <td>akiak</td> <td>yecʔa (n.); -keʔe ‘be a fire’ </td></tr> <tr> <td>76</td> <td>ash</td> <td>itkanahtúːsuʔ</td> <td>karáktuhcuʔ</td> <td>itkáːnu</td> <td>ickhaːrʔa ‘dust, sand’ </td></tr> <tr> <td>77</td> <td>burn</td> <td>in...kunistaʔa</td> <td>kahuːriktik, ir...kunstaʔa</td> <td>nahúniku, -hurik</td> <td>-hiri </td></tr> <tr> <td>78</td> <td>path</td> <td>hatúːnuʔ, -sat-</td> <td>hatúːruʔ</td> <td>nuhyaːtáta ‘path goes’</td> <td>hachirʔa; -yac ‘to be path’ </td></tr> <tr> <td>79</td> <td>mountain</td> <td>wáːʔuʔ</td> <td>wáːuʔ</td> <td>arakauh</td> <td>nawaːreʔerhárih ‘where there are mountains’ </td></tr> <tr> <td>80</td> <td>red</td> <td>pahaːt</td> <td>pahaːt</td> <td>kwahtnyú</td> <td>kwaːc </td></tr> <tr> <td>81</td> <td>blue</td> <td>tareːʔuːx</td> <td>tareːʔuːs</td> <td>arayósː</td> <td>kawʔac </td></tr> <tr> <td>82</td> <td>yellow</td> <td>rahkatáːn</td> <td>rahkataːr</td> <td>kisísː, kwanis</td> <td>narisis </td></tr> <tr> <td>83</td> <td>white</td> <td>čiːsawatáːn</td> <td>taːkaːr</td> <td>kahcnú</td> <td>khac </td></tr> <tr> <td>84</td> <td>black</td> <td>katíːt</td> <td>katíːt</td> <td>katinuk</td> <td>kaːrʔiːs </td></tr> <tr> <td>85</td> <td>night</td> <td>nitkaháːnuʔ</td> <td>rátkahaːruʔ</td> <td>natki-</td> <td>ckhaːrʔa </td></tr> <tr> <td>86</td> <td>hot</td> <td>in...awiristo</td> <td>ir...awirictu</td> <td>rahtátkiu ‘it’s hot’</td> <td>wariːckhaːrʔa </td></tr> <tr> <td>87</td> <td>cold</td> <td>in...raːnanaːxitu</td> <td>ir...raraːsitu</td> <td>nahenóːku ‘it’s cold’</td> <td>-hkwic </td></tr> <tr> <td>88</td> <td>sated</td> <td>kaːwačiːt</td> <td>kaːwakiːt</td> <td>ahinoːsana ‘becomes sated’</td> <td>tawaːwi </td></tr> <tr> <td>89</td> <td>good</td> <td>un...heːr</td> <td>ur...heːr</td> <td>ickuruːku, ickorók</td> <td>acs </td></tr> <tr> <td>90</td> <td>round</td> <td>riwiru</td> <td>riwiru</td> <td>ariwíok</td> <td>táriwiːk </td></tr> <tr> <td>91</td> <td>three</td> <td>tawihk-</td> <td>tawihk-</td> <td>táwihko</td> <td>tawhaː </td></tr> <tr> <td>92</td> <td>grass</td> <td>húːnuʔ</td> <td>íːruʔ</td> <td>acíːu</td> <td>híːyaːkhaːrʔa </td></tr> <tr> <td>93</td> <td>guts</td> <td>néːsuʔ</td> <td>réːcuʔ</td> <td>kiréːcu, kiriacu</td> <td>niyaːcʔa </td></tr> <tr> <td>94</td> <td>wind</td> <td>hutúːnuʔ</td> <td>hutúːruʔ</td> <td>hutúːnu</td> <td>niweʔéːrʔa </td></tr> <tr> <td>95</td> <td>foggy</td> <td>pihuː</td> <td>pihuː</td> <td>rúsca</td> <td>-ʔiskwaːwi </td></tr> <tr> <td>96</td> <td>urinate</td> <td>kaːsuː</td> <td>kaːcuː</td> <td>wíahas ‘he urinates’</td> <td>-aːhas </td></tr> <tr> <td>97</td> <td>tie</td> <td>ut...tareːpi</td> <td>ut...tareːpu</td> <td>atonocakósk ‘I tie it’</td> <td>-thiyaki </td></tr> <tr> <td>98</td> <td>sing</td> <td>raːkaroːk</td> <td>raːkaruːk</td> <td>kurawáknu ‘he is singing’</td> <td>kiraːh </td></tr> <tr> <td>99</td> <td>spit out</td> <td>hawat</td> <td>hawat</td> <td>ahatkicowati ‘he spits’</td> <td>hawati </td></tr> <tr> <td>100</td> <td>cry</td> <td>čikak</td> <td>kikak</td> <td>akikakóhu</td> <td>ʔiriki </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caddoan_languages&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.keranews.org/texas-news/2023-03-15/caddo-nation-language-program">"Only 2 people alive can speak the Caddo language fluently. They hope a new program can save it"</a>. <i>KERA News</i>. 2023-03-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KERA+News&rft.atitle=Only+2+people+alive+can+speak+the+Caddo+language+fluently.+They+hope+a+new+program+can+save+it&rft.date=2023-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.keranews.org%2Ftexas-news%2F2023-03-15%2Fcaddo-nation-language-program&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaddoan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/tejas/fundamentals/images/caddoan_tree.html">Caddoan Tree</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093456/http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/tejas/fundamentals/images/caddoan_tree.html">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", Texas Beyond History website, accessed 30 May 2011; Schleser, Karl H. <i>Plains Indians, A.D. 500 to 1500: The Archaeological Past of Historic Groups</i>. Norman: U of OK Press, 1994, pp. 147-148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.native-languages.org/adai.htm">Adai</a>." Native Languages, accessed 1 Jun 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/dolores/ais.html">Who were the Ais</a>." Texas Beyond History, accessed 1 Jun 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mithun, Marianne. <i>The Languages of Native North America</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. 305</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chafe-1979-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chafe-1979_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chafe-1979_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chafe, Wallace L. 1979. Caddoan. In Lyle Campbell and Marianne Mithun (eds.), <i>The Languages of Native America: Historical and Comparative Assessment</i>, 213-235. Austin: University of Texas Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parks, Douglas R. 1979. The Northern Caddoan Languages: Their Subgrouping and Time Depths. <i>Nebraska History</i> 60: 197-213.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caddoan_languages&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyle_Campbell" title="Lyle Campbell">Campbell, Lyle</a>. (1997). <i>American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-509427-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-509427-1">0-19-509427-1</a>.</li> <li>Chafe, Wallace L. (1973). Siouan, Iroquoian, and Caddoan. In <a href="/wiki/T._Sebeok" class="mw-redirect" title="T. Sebeok">T. Sebeok</a> (Ed.), <i>Current Trends in Linguistics</i> (Vol. 10, pp. 1164–1209). The Hague: Mouton. (Reprinted as Chafe 1976).</li> <li>Chafe, Wallace L. (1976). "Siouan, Iroquoian, and Caddoan", In T. Sebeok (Ed.), <i>Native Languages in the Americas</i> (pp. 527–572). New York: Plenum. (Originally published as Chafe 1973).</li> <li>Chafe, Wallace L. (1976). <i>The Caddoan, Iroquioan, and Siouan languages</i>. Trends in Linguistics; State-of-the-art report (No. 3). The Hague: Mouton. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-279-3443-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-279-3443-6">90-279-3443-6</a>.</li> <li>Chafe, Wallace L. (1979). <i>Caddoan</i>. In L. Campbell & M. Mithun (Eds.), <i>The languages of Native America: Historical and Comparative Assessment</i> (pp. 213–235). Austin: University of Texas Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-74624-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-74624-5">0-292-74624-5</a>.</li> <li>Chafe, Wallace L. (1993). "Indian Languages: Siouan–Caddoan". <i>Encyclopedia of the North American colonies</i> (Vol. 3). New York: C. Scribner's Sons <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-19611-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-19611-5">0-684-19611-5</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lesser" title="Alexander Lesser">Lesser, Alexander</a>; & <a href="/wiki/Gene_Weltfish" title="Gene Weltfish">Weltfish, Gene</a>. (1932). "Composition of the Caddoan linguistic stock". <i>Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections</i>, <i>87</i> (6), 1-15.</li> <li>Melnar, Lynette R. Caddo Verb Morphology(2004) University of Nebraska Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-2088-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-2088-1">978-0-8032-2088-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Mithun" title="Marianne Mithun">Mithun, Marianne</a>. (1999). <i>The Languages of Native North America</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-23228-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-23228-7">0-521-23228-7</a> (hbk); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-29875-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-29875-X">0-521-29875-X</a>.</li> <li>Taylor, Allan. (1963). "Comparative Caddoan", <i>International Journal of American Linguistics</i>, <i>29</i>, 113-131.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caddoan_languages&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a> has a word list at <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Caddoan_word_lists" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:Caddoan word lists">Appendix:Caddoan word lists</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161209081841/http://zia.aisri.indiana.edu/~corpora/">American Indian Studies Research Institute's Northern Caddoan Linguistic Text Corpora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_(Bloomington)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indiana University (Bloomington)">Indiana University-Bloomington</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zia.aisri.indiana.edu/~dictsearch/">Dictionary Database Search</a> (includes Arikara, Skiri Pawnee, South Band Pawnee, <a href="/wiki/Assiniboine_language" title="Assiniboine language">Assiniboine</a> [Nakoda], and <a href="/wiki/Yanktonai" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanktonai">Yanktonai</a> Sioux [Dakota]), Indiana University</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Pawnee_language" title="Pawnee language">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arikara_language" title="Arikara language">Arikara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Primary_language_families" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoe%E2%80%93Kwadi_languages" title="Khoe–Kwadi languages">Khoe–Kwadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kx%CA%BCa_languages" title="Kxʼa languages">Kx'a</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a></b>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuu_languages" title="Tuu languages">Tuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mande_languages" title="Mande languages">Mande</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhay_languages" title="Songhay languages">Songhay</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijaw_languages" title="Ijaw languages">Ijaw</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubangian_languages" title="Ubangian languages">Ubangian</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadu_languages" title="Kadu languages">Kadu</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangime_language" title="Bangime language">Bangime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadza_language" title="Hadza language">Hadza</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jalaa_language" title="Jalaa language">Jalaa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandawe_language" title="Sandawe language">Sandawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laal_language" title="Laal language">Laal</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabo_language" title="Shabo language">Shabo</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eurasia<br />(<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Europe</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Asia</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_languages" title="Ainu languages">Ainu</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukotko-Kamchatkan_languages" title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Andamanese_languages" title="Great Andamanese languages">Great Andamanese</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hurro-Urartian_languages" title="Hurro-Urartian languages">Hurro-Urartian</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreanic_languages" title="Koreanic languages">Koreanic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_languages" title="Nivkh languages">Nivkh</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongan_languages" title="Ongan languages">Ongan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tyrsenian_languages" title="Tyrsenian languages">Tyrsenian</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeniseian_languages" title="Yeniseian languages">Yeniseian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_languages" title="Yukaghir languages">Yukaghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digaro_languages" title="Digaro languages">Digaro</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrusish_languages" title="Hrusish languages">Hrusish</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho-Bwa_languages" title="Kho-Bwa languages">Kho-Bwa</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijiic_languages" title="Mijiic languages">Mijiic</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miju_languages" title="Miju languages">Miju</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siangic_languages" title="Siangic languages">Siangic</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">Hattic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenaboi_language" title="Kenaboi language">Kenaboi</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusunda_language" title="Kusunda language">Kusunda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihali_language" title="Nihali language">Nihali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shompen_language" title="Shompen language">Shompen</a>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a>?</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papuan_languages" title="Papuan languages">New Guinea</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">the Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arai%E2%80%93Samaia_languages" title="Arai–Samaia languages">Arai–Samaia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binanderean%E2%80%93Goilalan_languages" title="Binanderean–Goilalan languages">Binanderean–Goilalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_languages_(New_Guinea)" title="Border languages (New Guinea)">Border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulaka_River_languages" title="Bulaka River languages">Bulaka River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Solomon_languages" title="Central Solomon languages">Central Solomons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimbu%E2%80%93Wahgi_languages" title="Chimbu–Wahgi languages">Chimbu–Wahgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demta%E2%80%93Sentani_languages" title="Demta–Sentani languages">Demta–Sentani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doso%E2%80%93Turumsa_languages" title="Doso–Turumsa languages">Doso–Turumsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Geelvink_Bay_languages" title="East Geelvink Bay languages">East Geelvink Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_New_Britain_languages" title="East New Britain languages">East New Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Strickland_languages" title="East Strickland languages">East Strickland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleman_languages" title="Eleman languages">Eleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engan_languages" title="Engan languages">Engan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fas_languages" title="Fas languages">Fas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foja_Range_languages" title="Foja Range languages">Foja Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaure%E2%80%93Kosare_languages" title="Kaure–Kosare languages">Kaure–Kosare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwaian_languages" title="Kiwaian languages">Kiwaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutubuan_languages" title="Kutubuan languages">Kutubuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakes_Plain_languages" title="Lakes Plain languages">Lakes Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Mamberamo_languages" title="Lower Mamberamo languages">Lower Mamberamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sepik_languages" title="Lower Sepik languages">Lower Sepik</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Madang_languages" title="Madang languages">Madang</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mairasi_languages" title="Mairasi languages">Mairasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bougainville_languages" title="North Bougainville languages">North Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauwasi_languages" title="Pauwasi languages">Pauwasi</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ramu_languages" title="Ramu languages">Ramu</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senagi_languages" title="Senagi languages">Senagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senu_River_languages" title="Senu River languages">Senu River</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sepik_languages" title="Sepik languages">Sepik</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skou_languages" title="Skou languages">Skou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bougainville_languages" title="South Bougainville languages">South Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teberan_languages" title="Teberan languages">Teberan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Torricelli_languages" title="Torricelli languages">Torricelli</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Fly_languages" title="Trans-Fly languages">Trans-Fly</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages" title="Trans–New Guinea languages">Trans–New Guinea</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turama%E2%80%93Kikorian_languages" title="Turama–Kikorian languages">Turama–Kikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Yuat_languages" title="Upper Yuat languages">Upper Yuat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Papuan_languages" title="West Papuan languages">West Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_languages" title="Yam languages">Yam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawa_languages" title="Yawa languages">Yawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuat_languages" title="Yuat languages">Yuat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Papuan_languages" title="Northwest Papuan languages">Northwest Papuan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_Gulf_languages" title="Papuan Gulf languages">Papuan Gulf</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abinomn_language" title="Abinomn language">Abinomn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abun_language" title="Abun language">Abun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C3%AAm_language" title="Anêm language">Anêm</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_language" title="Ata language">Ata</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kol_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Kol language (Papua New Guinea)">Kol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuot_language" title="Kuot language">Kuot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maybrat_language" title="Maybrat language">Maybrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpur_language" title="Mpur language">Mpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawaia_language" title="Pawaia language">Pawaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porome_language" title="Porome language">Porome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulka_language" title="Sulka language">Sulka</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayap_language" title="Tayap language">Taiap</a>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiru_language" title="Wiru language">Wiru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal languages">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Gunwinyguan_languages" title="Macro-Gunwinyguan languages">Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunuban_languages" title="Bunuban languages">Bunuban</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Region_languages" title="Darwin Region languages">Darwin Region</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Daly_languages" title="Eastern Daly languages">Eastern Daly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Eastern Tasmanian languages">Eastern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garawan_languages" title="Garawan languages">Garawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwaidjan_languages" title="Iwaidjan languages">Iwaidjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarrakan_languages" title="Jarrakan languages">Jarrakan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marrku%E2%80%93Wurrugu_languages" title="Marrku–Wurrugu languages">Marrku–Wurrugu</a></i>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirndi_languages" title="Mirndi languages">Mirndi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Northern Tasmanian languages">Northern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Northeastern Tasmanian languages">Northeastern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyulnyulan_languages" title="Nyulnyulan languages">Nyulnyulan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Daly_languages" title="Southern Daly languages">Southern Daly</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkic_languages" title="Tangkic languages">Tangkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagaydyic_languages" title="Wagaydyic languages">Wagaydyic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Daly_languages" title="Western Daly languages">Western Daly</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Western_Tasmanian_languages" title="Western Tasmanian languages">Western Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worrorran_languages" title="Worrorran languages">Worrorran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardaman_language" title="Wardaman language">Yangmanic</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Wagiman_language" title="Wagiman language">Wagiman</a>)?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Giimbiyu_language" title="Giimbiyu language">Giimbiyu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malak-Malak_language" title="Malak-Malak language">Malak-Malak</a> (Northern Daly?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwi_language" title="Tiwi language">Tiwi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">North<br />America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alsea_language" title="Alsea language">Alsea</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Caddoan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimakuan_languages" title="Chimakuan languages">Chimakuan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chinookan_languages" title="Chinookan languages">Chinookan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chumashan_languages" title="Chumashan languages">Chumashan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comecrudan_languages" title="Comecrudan languages">Comecrudan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coosan_languages" title="Coosan languages">Coosan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalapuyan_languages" title="Kalapuyan languages">Kalapuyan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keres_language" title="Keres language">Keres</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maiduan_languages" title="Maiduan languages">Maiduan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">Na-Dene</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palaihnihan_languages" title="Palaihnihan languages">Palaihnihan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Penutian_languages" title="Plateau Penutian languages">Plateau Penutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomoan_languages" title="Pomoan languages">Pomoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shastan_languages" title="Shastan languages">Shastan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanoan_languages" title="Tanoan languages">Tanoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshianic_languages" title="Tsimshianic languages">Tsimshianic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utian_languages" title="Utian languages">Utian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wintuan_languages" title="Wintuan languages">Wintuan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuki%E2%80%93Wappo_languages" title="Yuki–Wappo languages">Yukian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuman%E2%80%93Cochim%C3%AD_languages" title="Yuman–Cochimí languages">Yuman–Cochimí</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimariko_language" title="Chimariko language">Chimariko</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Esselen_language" title="Esselen language">Esselen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuk_language" title="Karuk language">Karuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seri_language" title="Seri language">Seri</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siuslaw_language" title="Siuslaw language">Siuslaw</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Takelma_language" title="Takelma language">Takelma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timucua_language" title="Timucua language">Timucua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa_language" title="Tonkawa language">Tonkawa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waikuri_language" title="Waikuri language">Waikuri</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washo_language" title="Washo language">Washo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yana_language" title="Yana language">Yana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokuts_language" title="Yokuts language">Yokuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_language" title="Zuni language">Zuni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_languages" title="Mesoamerican languages">Mesoamerica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicaquean_languages" title="Jicaquean languages">Jicaquean</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lencan_languages" title="Lencan languages">Lencan</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misumalpan_languages" title="Misumalpan languages">Misumalpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque_languages" title="Mixe–Zoque languages">Mixe–Zoque</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oto-Manguean_languages" title="Oto-Manguean languages">Oto-Manguean</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequistlatecan_languages" title="Tequistlatecan languages">Tequistlatecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totonacan_languages" title="Totonacan languages">Totonacan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xincan_languages" title="Xincan languages">Xincan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cuitlatec_language" title="Cuitlatec language">Cuitlatec</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huave_language" title="Huave language">Huave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_language" title="Purépecha language">Tarascan/Purépecha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">South<br />America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andoque%E2%80%93Urequena_languages" title="Andoque–Urequena languages">Andoque–Urequena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arawan_languages" title="Arawan languages">Arauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araucanian_languages" title="Araucanian languages">Araucanian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arutani%E2%80%93Sape_languages" title="Arutani–Sape languages">Arutani–Sape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymaran_languages" title="Aymaran languages">Aymaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbacoan_languages" title="Barbacoan languages">Barbacoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boran_languages" title="Boran languages">Boran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahuapanan_languages" title="Cahuapanan languages">Cahuapanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catacaoan_languages" title="Catacaoan languages">Catacaoan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapacuran_languages" title="Chapacuran languages">Chapacuran</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charruan_languages" title="Charruan languages">Charruan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choco_languages" title="Choco languages">Choco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonan_languages" title="Chonan languages">Chonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaicuruan_languages" title="Guaicuruan languages">Guaicuruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guajiboan_languages" title="Guajiboan languages">Guajiboan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har%C3%A1kmbut%E2%80%93Katukinan_languages" title="Harákmbut–Katukinan languages">Harákmbut–Katukinan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jirajaran_languages" title="Jirajaran languages">Jirajaran</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicham_languages" title="Chicham languages">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katembri%E2%80%93Taruma_languages" title="Katembri–Taruma languages">Katembri–Taruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascoian_languages" title="Mascoian languages">Mascoian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matacoan_languages" title="Matacoan languages">Matacoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadahup_languages" title="Nadahup languages">Nadahup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambikwaran_languages" title="Nambikwaran languages">Nambikwaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otom%C3%A1koan_languages" title="Otomákoan languages">Otomákoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pano-Tacanan_languages" title="Pano-Tacanan languages">Pano-Tacanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peba%E2%80%93Yaguan_languages" title="Peba–Yaguan languages">Peba–Yaguan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechuan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piaroa%E2%80%93Saliban_languages" title="Piaroa–Saliban languages">Piaroa–Saliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticuna%E2%80%93Yuri_languages" title="Ticuna–Yuri languages">Ticuna–Yuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timotean_languages" title="Timotean languages">Timotean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiniguan_languages" title="Tiniguan languages">Tiniguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucanoan_languages" title="Tucanoan languages">Tucanoan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tupian_languages" title="Tupian languages">Tupian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uru%E2%80%93Chipaya_languages" title="Uru–Chipaya languages">Uru–Chipaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witotoan_languages" title="Witotoan languages">Witotoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanomaman_languages" title="Yanomaman languages">Yanomaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamucoan_languages" title="Zamucoan languages">Zamucoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaparoan_languages" title="Zaparoan languages">Zaparoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bora%E2%80%93Witoto_languages" title="Bora–Witoto languages">Bora-Witoto</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimuan_languages" title="Chimuan languages">Chimuan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmeralda%E2%80%93Yaruroan_languages" title="Esmeralda–Yaruroan languages">Esmeralda–Yaruro</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibito%E2%80%93Cholon_languages" title="Hibito–Cholon languages">Hibito–Cholón</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lule%E2%80%93Vilela_languages" title="Lule–Vilela languages">Lule–Vilela</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-J%C3%AA_languages" title="Macro-Jê languages">Macro-Jê</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequiraca%E2%80%93Canichana_languages" title="Tequiraca–Canichana languages">Tequiraca–Canichana</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates <br />(extant in 2000)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikan%C3%A3_language" title="Aikanã language">Aikanã</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alacalufan_languages" title="Alacalufan languages">Alacalufan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cams%C3%A1_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Camsá language">Camsá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candoshi-Shapra_language" title="Candoshi-Shapra language">Candoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimane_language" title="Chimane language">Chimane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiquitano_language" title="Chiquitano language">Chiquitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cof%C3%A1n_language" title="Cofán language">Cofán</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulni%C3%B4_language" title="Fulniô language">Fulniô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guat%C3%B3_language" title="Guató language">Guató</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hod%C3%AF_language" title="Hodï language">Hodï/Joti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irantxe_language" title="Irantxe language">Irantxe</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itonama_language" title="Itonama language">Itonama</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kunza_language" title="Kunza language">Kunza</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leco_language" title="Leco language">Leco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maku_language_of_Auari" title="Maku language of Auari">Maku</a> (Maku-Auari/Jukude)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movima_language" title="Movima language">Movima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mura_language" title="Mura language">Mura-Pirahã</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukak_language" title="Nukak language">Nukak</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1ez_language" title="Páez language">Páez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puinave_language" title="Puinave language">Puinave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waorani_language" title="Waorani language">Huaorani/Waorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumai_language" title="Trumai language">Trumai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urarina_language" title="Urarina language">Urarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warao_language" title="Warao language">Warao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahgan_language" title="Yahgan language">Yamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuracar%C3%A9_language" title="Yuracaré language">Yuracaré</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_sign-language_family" title="Arab sign-language family">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BANZSL" title="BANZSL">BANZSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Sign_Language" title="Chinese Sign Language">Chinese</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Francosign</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language_family" title="German Sign Language family">Germanosign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Sign_Language" title="Indo-Pakistani Sign Language">Indo-Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Sign_Language_family" title="Japanese Sign Language family">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chiangmai%E2%80%93Bangkok_Sign_Language_family" title="Old Chiangmai–Bangkok Sign Language family">Original Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Sign_Language_family" title="Swedish Sign Language family">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_sign_languages" title="Tanzanian sign languages">Tanzanian</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>See <a href="/wiki/List_of_sign_languages" title="List of sign languages">list of sign languages</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">Constructed languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">Language isolates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">Pidgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unclassified_language" title="Unclassified language">Unclassified languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.</li><li>Families in <i>italics</i> have no living members.</li><li>Families with more than 30 languages are in <b>bold</b>.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indigenous_language_families_and_isolates_of_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_American_languages" title="Template:North American languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_American_languages" title="Template talk:North American languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_American_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North American languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indigenous_language_families_and_isolates_of_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous language families and isolates</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous languages of North America">North America</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language families <br />and isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Haida_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Haida languages">Haida</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuki%E2%80%93Wappo_languages" title="Yuki–Wappo languages">Yuki–Wappo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumashan_languages" title="Chumashan languages">Chumashan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adai_language" title="Adai language">Adai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beothuk_language" title="Beothuk language">Beothuk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bidai_language" title="Bidai language">Bidai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cayuse_language" title="Cayuse language">Cayuse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timucua_language" title="Timucua language">Timucua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waikuri_language" title="Waikuri language">Waikuri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peric%C3%BA_language" title="Pericú language">Pericú</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aleut_language" title="Aleut language">Aleut</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eskimoan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Eskimoan languages">Eskimoan</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">Na-Dene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tlingit_language" title="Tlingit language">Tlingit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eyak_language" title="Eyak language">Eyak</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Athabaskan_languages" title="Athabaskan languages">Athabaskan</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wiyot_language" title="Wiyot language">Wiyot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yurok_language" title="Yurok language">Yurok</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mosan_languages" title="Mosan languages">Mosan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimakuan_languages" title="Chimakuan languages">Chimakuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Macro-Siouan_languages" title="Macro-Siouan languages">Macro-Siouan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></b></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Caddoan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Penutian_languages" title="Penutian languages">Penutian</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinookan_languages" title="Chinookan languages">Chinookan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wintuan_languages" title="Wintuan languages">Wintuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiduan_languages" title="Maiduan languages">Maiduan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yok-Utian_languages" title="Yok-Utian languages">Yok-Utian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yokuts_language" title="Yokuts language">Yokuts</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utian_languages" title="Utian languages">Utian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshianic_languages" title="Tsimshianic languages">Tsimshianic</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Penutian_languages" title="Plateau Penutian languages">Plateau</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Klamath_language" title="Klamath language">Klamath</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Molala_language" title="Molala language">Molala</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahaptian_languages" title="Sahaptian languages">Sahaptian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coast_Oregon_Penutian_languages" title="Coast Oregon Penutian languages">Coast Oregon</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsea_language" title="Alsea language">Alsean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coosan_languages" title="Coosan languages">Coosan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siuslaw_language" title="Siuslaw language">Siuslaw</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Takelma%E2%80%93Kalapuyan_languages" title="Takelma–Kalapuyan languages">Takelma–Kalapuyan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Takelma_language" title="Takelma language">Takelma</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalapuyan_languages" title="Kalapuyan languages">Kalapuyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hokan_languages" title="Hokan languages">Hokan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shastan_languages" title="Shastan languages">Shastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaihnihan_languages" title="Palaihnihan languages">Palaihnihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomoan_languages" title="Pomoan languages">Pomoan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yuman_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuman languages">Yuman</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequistlatecan_languages" title="Tequistlatecan languages">Tequistlatecan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimariko_language" title="Chimariko language">Chimariko</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Esselen_language" title="Esselen language">Esselen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicaquean_languages" title="Jicaquean languages">Jicaquean</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karuk_language" title="Karuk language">Karuk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salinan_language" title="Salinan language">Salinan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seri_language" title="Seri language">Seri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washo_language" title="Washo language">Washo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yana_language" title="Yana language">Yana</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_linguistic_area" title="Pueblo linguistic area">Pueblo <br />linguistic area</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanoan_languages" title="Tanoan languages">Tanoan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Keres_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Keres languages">Keres</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zuni_language" title="Zuni language">Zuni</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coahuiltecan_languages" title="Coahuiltecan languages">Coahuiltecan</a> <br />linguistic area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aranama_language" title="Aranama language">Aranama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karankawa_language" title="Karankawa language">Karankawa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maratino_language" title="Maratino language">Maratino</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naolan_language" title="Naolan language">Naolan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quinigua_language" title="Quinigua language">Quinigua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Solano_language" title="Solano language">Solano</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa_language" title="Tonkawa language">Tonkawa</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pakawan_?" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pakawan_languages" title="Pakawan languages">Pakawan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coahuilteco_language" title="Coahuilteco language">Coahuilteco</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cotoname_language" title="Cotoname language">Cotoname</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comecrudo_language" title="Comecrudo language">Comecrudo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garza_language" title="Garza language">Garza</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mamulique_language" title="Mamulique language">Mamulique</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_languages" title="Gulf languages">Gulf</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Natchez_language" title="Natchez language">Natchez</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atakapa_language" title="Atakapa language">Atakapa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chitimacha_language" title="Chitimacha language">Chitimacha</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Calusa–Tunica_?" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calusa%E2%80%93Tunica_languages" title="Calusa–Tunica languages">Calusa–Tunica</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tunica_language" title="Tunica language">Tunica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Calusa_language" title="Calusa language">Calusa</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_languages" title="Mesoamerican languages">Mesoamerican</a> <br />linguistic area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicaquean_languages" title="Jicaquean languages">Jicaquean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lencan_languages" title="Lencan languages">Lencan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Misumalpan_languages" title="Misumalpan languages">Misumalpan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oto-Manguean_languages" title="Oto-Manguean languages">Oto-Manguean</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequistlatecan_languages" title="Tequistlatecan languages">Tequistlatecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totozoquean_languages" title="Totozoquean languages">Totozoquean</a> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Totonacan_languages" title="Totonacan languages">Totonacan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque_languages" title="Mixe–Zoque languages">Mixe–Zoque</a></b></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xincan_languages" title="Xincan languages">Xincan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cuitlatec_language" title="Cuitlatec language">Cuitlatec</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huave_language" title="Huave language">Huave</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_language" title="Purépecha language">Purépecha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alag%C3%BCilac_language" title="Alagüilac language">Alagüilac</a></i> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Caribbean" title="Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <br />linguistic area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pre-Arawakan" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Arawakan_languages_of_the_Greater_Antilles" title="Pre-Arawakan languages of the Greater Antilles">Pre-Arawakan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Guanahatabey_language" title="Guanahatabey language">Guanahatabey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macorix_language" title="Macorix language">Macorix</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ciguayo_language" title="Ciguayo language">Ciguayo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amerind_languages" title="Amerind languages">Amerind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algonquian%E2%80%93Wakashan_languages" title="Algonquian–Wakashan languages">Algonquian–Wakashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec%E2%80%93Tanoan_languages" title="Aztec–Tanoan languages">Aztec–Tanoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Mayan_languages" title="Macro-Mayan languages">Macro-Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Chibchan_languages" title="Macro-Chibchan languages">Macro-Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolatecan_languages" title="Tolatecan languages">Tolatecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waroid_languages" title="Waroid languages">Waroid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas#North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_languages_of_North_America" title="List of extinct languages of North America">Extinct languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unclassified_languages_of_North_America" title="List of unclassified languages of North America">Unclassified languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_areas_of_the_Americas" title="Linguistic areas of the Americas">Linguistic areas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Texas&#124;link=Texas_Native_American_tribes_in_Texas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Native_American_Tribes_in_Texas" title="Template:Native American Tribes in Texas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Native_American_Tribes_in_Texas" title="Template talk:Native American Tribes in Texas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Native_American_Tribes_in_Texas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Native American Tribes in Texas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Texas&#124;link=Texas_Native_American_tribes_in_Texas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas"><img alt="Texas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/23px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/35px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/45px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Native_American_tribes_in_Texas" title="Native American tribes in Texas">Native American tribes in Texas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of federally recognized tribes">Federally recognized<br />tribes</a><br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama%E2%80%93Coushatta_Tribe_of_Texas" title="Alabama–Coushatta Tribe of Texas">Alabama–Coushatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_Traditional_Tribe_of_Texas" title="Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas">Kickapoo Traditional Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ysleta_del_Sur_Pueblo" title="Ysleta del Sur Pueblo">Ysleta del Sur Pueblo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages</a><br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aranama_language" title="Aranama language">Araname</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atakapa_language" title="Atakapa language">Atacapan</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borrado_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Borrado language">Borrado</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddo_language" title="Caddo language">Caddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coahuiltecan_languages" title="Coahuiltecan languages">Coahuiltecan</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotoname_language" title="Cotoname language">Cotoname</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garza_language" title="Garza language">Garzan</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakawan_languages" title="Pakawan languages">Pakawan</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solano_language" title="Solano language">Solano</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamaulipeco_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamaulipeco language">Tamaulipecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanpachoa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanpachoa language">Tanpachoan</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Tiwa_language" title="Southern Tiwa language">Tiwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa_language" title="Tonkawa language">Tonkawan</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita_language" title="Wichita language">Wichita</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical Indigenous<br />peoples of Texas<br />(Several are in<br />Oklahoma today)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adai_people" title="Adai people">Adai</a><sup>≠</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anxau (page does not exist)">Anxau</a><sup>≠</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lipan_Apache" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipan Apache">Lipan Apache</a><sup>°</sup>, <a href="/wiki/Querecho_Indians" title="Querecho Indians">Querecho</a><sup><small> >< </small></sup>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranama_people" title="Aranama people">Aranama</a><sup>≠</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atakapa" title="Atakapa">Atakapa</a><sup>≠</sup> (<a href="/wiki/Akokna_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Akokna people">Akokna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akokisa" title="Akokisa">Akokisa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bidai" title="Bidai">Bidai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deadose" title="Deadose">Deadose</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddo_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Caddo Nation">Caddo</a><sup>*</sup> (<a href="/wiki/Eyeish" title="Eyeish">Eyeish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hasinai" title="Hasinai">Hasinai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hainai" title="Hainai">Hainai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kadohadacho" title="Kadohadacho">Kadohadacho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nabedache" title="Nabedache">Nabedache</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nabiti" title="Nabiti">Nabiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nacogdoche" title="Nacogdoche">Nacogdoche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nacono" title="Nacono">Nacono</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nadaco" title="Nadaco">Nadaco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanatsoho" title="Nanatsoho">Nanatsoho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nasoni" title="Nasoni">Lower Nasoni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neche_people" title="Neche people">Neche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nechaui" title="Nechaui">Nechaui</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Cherokees" title="Texas Cherokees">Cherokee, Texas</a><sup>°*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coahuiltecan" title="Coahuiltecan">Coahuiltecan</a><sup>≠</sup> (<a href="/wiki/Ervipiame" title="Ervipiame">Ervipiame</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pajalat" title="Pajalat">Pajalat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Payaya_people" title="Payaya people">Payaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sijame" title="Sijame">Sijame</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xarames" title="Xarames">Xarames</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deacose_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deacose people (page does not exist)">Decose</a><sup>≠</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emet_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emet people (page does not exist)">Emet</a><sup>≠</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumanos" title="Jumanos">Jumanos</a><sup>≠</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karankawa_people" title="Karankawa people">Karankawa</a><sup>≠</sup> (<a href="/wiki/Copano_people" title="Copano people">Copano</a><sup>≠</sup>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kohani_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kohani people (page does not exist)">Kohani</a><sup>≠</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayeye" title="Mayeye">Mayeye</a><sup>≠</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pachal_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pachal people (page does not exist)">Pachal</a><sup>≠</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacoa_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pacoa people (page does not exist)">Pacoa</a><sup>≠</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paguame&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paguame (page does not exist)">Paguame</a><sup>≠</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pampopa_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pampopa people (page does not exist)">Pampopa</a><sup>≠</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papanac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Papanac (page does not exist)">Papanac</a><sup>≠</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastia_people" title="Pastia people">Pastia</a><sup>≠</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasxa_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasxa people (page does not exist)">Pasxa</a><sup>≠</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Patiri">Patiri</a><sup>≠</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulacuam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pulacuam (page does not exist)">Pulacuam</a><sup>≠</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sana_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sana people">Sana</a><sup>≠</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saracuam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saracuam (page does not exist)">Saracuam</a><sup>≠</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semonam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semonam (page does not exist)">Semonam</a><sup>≠</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamique_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamique people (page does not exist)">Tamique</a><sup>≠</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teyas_Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="Teyas Indians">Teyas</a><sup>°</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tilijae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tilijae (page does not exist)">Tilijae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tomoacas_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tomoacas people (page does not exist)">Tomoacas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa" title="Tonkawa">Tonkawa</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita_and_Affiliated_Tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Wichita and Affiliated Tribes">Wichita and Affiliated Tribes</a><sup>*</sup> (<a href="/wiki/Kichai_people" title="Kichai people">Kichai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taovaya_people" title="Taovaya people">Taovaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tawakoni" title="Tawakoni">Tawakoni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waco_people" title="Waco people">Waco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wichita_people" title="Wichita people">Wichita proper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yojuane" title="Yojuane">Yojuane</a><sup>≠</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston_and_Native_American_relations" title="Sam Houston and Native American relations">Sam Houston and Native American relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><sup>†</sup> extinct language / <sup>≠</sup> extinct tribe / <sup><small> >< </small></sup> early, <a href="/wiki/Post-Classic_stage" title="Post-Classic stage">obsolete name</a> of Indigenous tribe / <sup>°</sup> people absorbed into other tribe(s) / <sup>*</sup> headquartered in Oklahoma today</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span 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