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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numbers_of_speakers_and_political_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Numbers of speakers and political recognition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numbers_of_speakers_and_political_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_families_and_unclassified_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_families_and_unclassified_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Language families and unclassified languages </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Language_families_and_unclassified_languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Language families and unclassified languages subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Language_families_and_unclassified_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Northern_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Northern America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_America_and_Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_America_and_Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Central America and Mexico </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_America_and_Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_America_and_the_Caribbean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_America_and_the_Caribbean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 South America and the Caribbean </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_America_and_the_Caribbean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_stock_proposals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_stock_proposals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Language stock proposals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_stock_proposals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Pronouns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linguistic_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linguistic_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Linguistic areas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linguistic_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unattested_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unattested_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Unattested languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unattested_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pidgins_and_mixed_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pidgins_and_mixed_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Pidgins and mixed languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pidgins_and_mixed_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Writing systems </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Bibliography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Bibliography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 North America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 South America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Indigenous languages of the Americas</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 64 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" > 64 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inheemse_tale_van_die_Amerikas" title="Inheemse tale van die Amerikas – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Inheemse tale van die Amerikas" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86" title="اللغات الأصلية للأمريكتين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغات الأصلية للأمريكتين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luengas_amerindias" title="Luengas amerindias – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Luengas amerindias" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_ind%C3%ADxenes_d%27Am%C3%A9rica" title="Llingües indíxenes d'América – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües indíxenes d'América" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9rika_%C3%B1e%27%E1%BA%BDngu%C3%A9ra_tee" title="Amérika ñe'ẽnguéra tee – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Amérika ñe'ẽnguéra tee" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awya_Yala_arunaka" title="Awya Yala arunaka – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Awya Yala arunaka" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Индиански езици – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Индиански езици" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_amer%C3%ADndies" title="Llengües ameríndies – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengües ameríndies" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indi%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Indiánské jazyky – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Indiánské jazyky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieithoedd_brodorol_yr_Amerig" title="Ieithoedd brodorol yr Amerig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ieithoedd brodorol yr Amerig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikanske_sprog" title="Amerikanske sprog – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Amerikanske sprog" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigene_amerikanische_Sprachen" title="Indigene amerikanische Sprachen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Indigene amerikanische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameerika_p%C3%B5liskeeled" title="Ameerika põliskeeled – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ameerika põliskeeled" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%B8%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%AF%CF%82_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82" title="Ιθαγενείς γλώσσες της Αμερικής – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιθαγενείς γλώσσες της Αμερικής" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_ind%C3%ADgenas_de_Am%C3%A9rica" title="Lenguas indígenas de América – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas indígenas de América" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indi%C4%9Denaj_lingvoj_de_Ameriko" title="Indiĝenaj lingvoj de Ameriko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Indiĝenaj lingvoj de Ameriko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="زبان‌های بومی آمریکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌های بومی آمریکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_am%C3%A9rindiennes" title="Langues amérindiennes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues amérindiennes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_ind%C3%ADxenas_de_Am%C3%A9rica" title="Linguas indíxenas de América – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linguas indíxenas de América" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%A9%94%EB%A6%AC%EC%B9%B4_%EC%9B%90%EC%A3%BC%EB%AF%BC_%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4" title="아메리카 원주민 언어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아메리카 원주민 언어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6-%D5%B0%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ամերիկյան-հնդկացիական լեզուներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ամերիկյան-հնդկացիական լեզուներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%81" title="अमेरिकी भाषाएँ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अमेरिकी भाषाएँ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indijanski_jezici" title="Indijanski jezici – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Indijanski jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_indigena_de_America" title="Linguas indigena de America – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Linguas indigena de America" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amer%C3%ADsk_frumbyggjam%C3%A1l" title="Amerísk frumbyggjamál – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Amerísk frumbyggjamál" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_native_americane" title="Lingue native americane – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue native americane" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="שפות ילידי אמריקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שפות ילידי אמריקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yethow_Teythyek_an_Amerikaow" title="Yethow Teythyek an Amerikaow – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Yethow Teythyek an Amerikaow" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Индей тилдери – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Индей тилдери" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikas_pamatiedz%C4%ABvot%C4%81ju_valodas" title="Amerikas pamatiedzīvotāju valodas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Amerikas pamatiedzīvotāju valodas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ind%C4%97n%C5%B3_kalbos" title="Indėnų kalbos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Indėnų kalbos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerindische_spraoke" title="Amerindische spraoke – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Amerindische spraoke" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_american_orijinal" title="Linguas american orijinal – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Linguas american orijinal" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikai_indi%C3%A1n_nyelvek" title="Amerikai indián nyelvek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Amerikai indián nyelvek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Американски староседелски јазици – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Американски староседелски јазици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vondrom-piteny_amerindiana" title="Vondrom-piteny amerindiana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Vondrom-piteny amerindiana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AE_%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86" title="سرخ پوستی زبون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سرخ پوستی زبون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inheemse_talen_van_Amerika" title="Inheemse talen van Amerika – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Inheemse talen van Amerika" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%85%88%E4%BD%8F%E6%B0%91%E8%AB%B8%E8%AA%9E" title="アメリカ先住民諸語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカ先住民諸語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikanske_urfolkspr%C3%A5k" title="Amerikanske urfolkspråk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Amerikanske urfolkspråk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikanske_urfolkspr%C3%A5k" title="Amerikanske urfolkspråk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Amerikanske urfolkspråk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengas_indig%C3%A8nas_d%27America" title="Lengas indigènas d'America – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lengas indigènas d'America" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indeys_tillari" title="Indeys tillari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Indeys tillari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="امریکین دی مقامی زباناں – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="امریکین دی مقامی زباناں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_amerindie" title="Lenghe amerindie – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenghe amerindie" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_autochtoniczne_Ameryk" title="Języki autochtoniczne Ameryk – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki autochtoniczne Ameryk" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_ind%C3%ADgenas_da_Am%C3%A9rica" title="Línguas indígenas da América – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Línguas indígenas da América" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbi_amerindiene" title="Limbi amerindiene – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limbi amerindiene" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apya_Yala_simikuna" title="Apya Yala simikuna – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Apya Yala simikuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Индейские языки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Индейские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_leids_o_Americae" title="Indigenous leids o Americae – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Indigenous leids o Americae" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indi%C3%A1nske_jazyky" title="Indiánske jazyky – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Indiánske jazyky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Амерички домородачки језици – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Амерички домородачки језици" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indijanski_jezici" title="Indijanski jezici – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Indijanski jezici" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikan_alkuper%C3%A4iskielet" title="Amerikan alkuperäiskielet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Amerikan alkuperäiskielet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikanska_ursprungsspr%C3%A5k" title="Amerikanska ursprungsspråk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Amerikanska ursprungsspråk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="அமெரிக்க முதற்குடிகளின் மொழிகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அமெரிக்க முதற்குடிகளின் மொழிகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika%27n%C4%B1n_yerel_dilleri" title="Amerika'nın yerel dilleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Amerika'nın yerel dilleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Індіанські мови – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Індіанські мови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%BA" title="امریکین کی مقامی زبانیں – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="امریکین کی مقامی زبانیں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%B4n_ng%E1%BB%AF_b%E1%BA%A3n_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Ba_ch%C3%A2u_M%E1%BB%B9" title="Ngôn ngữ bản địa châu Mỹ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngôn ngữ bản địa châu Mỹ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E5%8E%9F%E4%BD%8F%E6%B0%91%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="美洲原住民语言 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="美洲原住民语言" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indienu_kalbas" title="Indienu kalbas – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Indienu kalbas" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E5%8E%9F%E4%BD%8F%E6%B0%91%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="美洲原住民語言 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="美洲原住民語言" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q51739#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="View the content page [c]" 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For the proposed language family, see <a href="/wiki/Amerind_languages" title="Amerind languages">Amerind languages</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-External_links plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-external_links" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's use of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a> may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas&action=edit">improve this article</a> by removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_mirror_or_a_repository_of_links,_images,_or_media_files" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">excessive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">inappropriate</a> external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">footnote references</a>. (January 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dresden_codex,_page_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Dresden_codex%2C_page_2.jpg/220px-Dresden_codex%2C_page_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="477" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Dresden_codex%2C_page_2.jpg/330px-Dresden_codex%2C_page_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Dresden_codex%2C_page_2.jpg/440px-Dresden_codex%2C_page_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2254" data-file-height="4886" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yucatec_Maya_language" title="Yucatec Maya language">Yucatec Maya writing</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Dresden_Codex" title="Dresden Codex">Dresden Codex</a>, ca. 11–12th century, <a href="/wiki/Chichen_Itza" title="Chichen Itza">Chichen Itza</a></figcaption></figure> The Indigenous languages of the Americas are the <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">languages</a> that were used by the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a> <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">before the arrival of non-Indigenous peoples</a>. Over a thousand of these languages are still used today, while many more are now <a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">extinct</a>. The Indigenous languages of the Americas are not all <a href="/wiki/Genetic_relationship_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic relationship (linguistics)">related</a> to each other; instead, they are classified into a hundred or so <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language families</a> and <a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">isolates</a>, as well as a number of extinct languages that are <a href="/wiki/Unclassified_language" title="Unclassified language">unclassified</a> due to the lack of information on them. Many proposals have been made to relate some or all of these languages to each other, with varying degrees of success. The most widely reported is <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Greenberg" title="Joseph Greenberg">Joseph Greenberg</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Amerind_languages" title="Amerind languages">Amerind</a> hypothesis,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> which, however, nearly all specialists reject because of severe methodological flaws; spurious data; and a failure to distinguish <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Language_contact" title="Language contact">contact</a>, and coincidence.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, most of the Indigenous languages of the Americas are critically endangered, and many are <a href="/wiki/Dormant_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dormant language">dormant</a> (without native speakers but with a community of heritage-language users) or entirely extinct.<a href="#cite_note-online-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The most widely spoken Indigenous languages are <a href="/wiki/Southern_Quechua" title="Southern Quechua">Southern Quechua</a> (spoken primarily in southern Peru and Bolivia) and <a href="/wiki/Guarani_language" title="Guarani language">Guarani</a> (centered in Paraguay, where it shares national language status with Spanish), with perhaps six or seven million speakers apiece (including many of European descent in the case of Guarani). Only half a dozen others have more than a million speakers; these are <a href="/wiki/Aymara_language" title="Aymara language">Aymara</a> of Bolivia and <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahuatl language">Nahuatl</a> of Mexico, with almost two million each; the Mayan languages <a href="/wiki/Kekchi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kekchi language">Kekchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quich%C3%A9_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Quiché language">Quiché</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yucatec_Maya_language" title="Yucatec Maya language">Yucatec</a> of Guatemala and Mexico, with about 1 million apiece; and perhaps one or two additional Quechuan languages in Peru and Ecuador. In the United States, 372,000 people reported speaking an Indigenous language at home in the 2010 census.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> In Canada, 133,000 people reported speaking an Indigenous language at home in the 2011 census.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> In Greenland, about 90% of the population speaks <a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_language" title="Greenlandic language">Greenlandic</a>, the most widely spoken <a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut language</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a></div> Over a thousand known languages were spoken by various peoples in North and South America prior to their first contact with Europeans. These encounters occurred between the beginning of the 11th century (with the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic</a> settlement of <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> and failed efforts in <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a>) and the end of the 15th century (the voyages of <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>). Several Indigenous cultures of the Americas had also developed their own <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a>,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> the best known being the <a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Maya script</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The Indigenous languages of the Americas had widely varying demographics, from the <a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechuan languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aymara_language" title="Aymara language">Aymara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guarani_language" title="Guarani language">Guarani</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a>, which had millions of active speakers, to many languages with only several hundred speakers. After pre-Columbian times, several Indigenous <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole languages</a> developed in the Americas, based on European, Indigenous and African languages. The European colonizing nations and their successor states had widely varying attitudes towards Native American languages. In Brazil, friars learned and promoted the <a href="/wiki/Tupi_language" title="Tupi language">Tupi language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> In many Spanish colonies, Spanish missionaries often learned local languages and culture in order to preach to the natives in their own tongue and relate the Christian message to their Indigenous religions. In the British American colonies, <a href="/wiki/John_Eliot_(missionary)" title="John Eliot (missionary)">John Eliot</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay Colony</a> <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations" title="Bible translations">translated the Bible</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Massachusett_language" title="Massachusett language">Massachusett language</a>, also called Wampanoag, or Natick (1661–1663); he published the first Bible printed in North America, the <a href="/wiki/Eliot_Indian_Bible" title="Eliot Indian Bible">Eliot Indian Bible</a>. The Europeans also suppressed use of Indigenous languages, establishing their own languages for official communications, destroying texts in other languages, and insisted that Indigenous people learn European languages in schools. As a result, Indigenous languages suffered from cultural suppression and loss of speakers. By the 18th and 19th centuries, Spanish, English, Portuguese, French, and Dutch, brought to the Americas by European settlers and administrators, had become the official or national languages of modern nation-states of the Americas. Many Indigenous languages have become critically endangered, but others are vigorous and part of daily life for millions of people. Several Indigenous languages have been given official status in the countries where they occur, such as <a href="/wiki/Guarani_language" title="Guarani language">Guaraní</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a>. In other cases official status is limited to certain regions where the languages are most spoken. Although sometimes enshrined in constitutions as official, the languages may be used infrequently in de facto official use. Examples are <a href="/wiki/Quechua_people" title="Quechua people">Quechua</a> in Peru and <a href="/wiki/Aymara_people" title="Aymara people">Aymara</a> in Bolivia, where in practice, Spanish is dominant in all formal contexts. In the North American Arctic region, Greenland in 2009 elected <a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_language" title="Greenlandic language">Kalaallisut</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> as its sole official language. In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Navajo_language" title="Navajo language">Navajo language</a> is the most spoken Native American language, with more than 200,000 speakers in the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern United States</a>. The US Marine Corps recruited Navajo men, who were established as <a href="/wiki/Code_talkers" class="mw-redirect" title="Code talkers">code talkers</a> during World War II. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Settlement_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Settlement of the Americas">Settlement of the Americas</a></div> In American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America (1997), <a href="/wiki/Lyle_Campbell" title="Lyle Campbell">Lyle Campbell</a> lists several hypotheses for the historical origins of Amerindian languages.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <ul><li>A single, one-language migration (not widely accepted)</li> <li>A few linguistically distinct migrations (favored by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Sapir" title="Edward Sapir">Edward Sapir</a>)</li> <li>Multiple migrations</li> <li>Multilingual migrations (single migration with multiple languages)</li> <li>The influx of already diversified but related languages from the <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a></li> <li>Extinction of <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a> linguistic relatives (while the New World ones survived)</li> <li>Migration along the Pacific coast instead of by the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Strait" title="Bering Strait">Bering Strait</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Blench" title="Roger Blench">Roger Blench</a> (2008) has advocated the theory of multiple migrations along the Pacific coast of peoples from northeastern Asia, who already spoke diverse languages. These proliferated in the New World.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Numbers_of_speakers_and_political_recognition">Numbers of speakers and political recognition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Numbers of speakers and political recognition">edit</a>]</div> Countries like Mexico, Bolivia, Venezuela, Guatemala, and Guyana recognize most Indigenous languages. Bolivia and Venezuela give all Indigenous languages official status. Canada, Argentina, and the U.S. allow provinces and states to decide. Brazil limits recognition to localities. <ul><li>Bolivia: Official status for all Indigenous languages.</li> <li>Venezuela: Official status for all Indigenous languages.</li> <li>Mexico: Recognizes all Indigenous languages.</li> <li>Guatemala: Recognizes all Indigenous languages.</li> <li>Guyana: Recognizes most Indigenous languages.</li> <li>Colombia: Local recognition at the department level.</li> <li>Canada: Bill C-91 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_Languages_Act&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indigenous Languages Act (page does not exist)">Indigenous Languages Act</a> and Indigenous languages recognition in Parliament.</li> <li>Argentina: Provincial determination of language policies.</li> <li>United States: State determination of language policies.</li> <li>Brazil: Local recognition of Indigenous languages.</li></ul> Canada Bill C-91, passed in 2019, supports Indigenous languages through sustainable funding and the Office of the Commissioner of Indigenous Languages. The first Commissioner of Indigenous languages in Canada is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronald_E._Ignace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ronald E. Ignace (page does not exist)">Ronald E. Ignace</a>. <a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Colombia Colombia delegates local Indigenous language recognition to the <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Colombia" title="Departments of Colombia">department</a> level according to the <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Constitution_of_1991" title="Colombian Constitution of 1991">Colombian Constitution of 1991</a>. <ul><li>Bullet points represent minority language status. Political entities with <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> status are highlighted in bold.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>List of Widely Spoken and Officially Recognized Languages </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Language</th> <th data-sort-type="number">Number of speakers </th> <th>Official Recognition </th> <th>Area(s) Language is spoken</th> <th>Source </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Guaran%C3%AD_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Guaraní language">Guaraní</a> </td> <td>6,500,000 </td> <td>Paraguay (Official Language) Bolivia <a href="/wiki/Corrientes_Province" title="Corrientes Province">Corrientes</a>, Argentina <a href="/wiki/Tacuru" title="Tacuru">Tacuru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mato_Grosso_do_Sul" title="Mato Grosso do Sul">Mato Grosso do Sul</a>, Brazil <a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur</a> </td> <td>Paraguay, Bolivia, Argentina, Brazil </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue_2021-20">[20]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Southern_Quechua" title="Southern Quechua">Southern Quechua</a> </td> <td>5,000,000 (outdated figure) </td> <td>Bolivia (Official Language) Peru (Official Language) <a href="/wiki/Jujuy_Province" title="Jujuy Province">Jujuy</a>, Argentina <ul><li>Chile</li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Comunidad_Andina" class="mw-redirect" title="Comunidad Andina">Comunidad Andina</a> </td> <td>Bolivia, Peru, Argentina, Chile </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue_2021-20">[20]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a> </td> <td>1,700,000 </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aymara_language" title="Aymara language">Aymara</a> </td> <td>1,700,000 </td> <td>Bolivia (Official Language) Peru (Official Language) <ul><li>Chile</li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Comunidad_Andina" class="mw-redirect" title="Comunidad Andina">Comunidad Andina</a> </td> <td>Bolivia, Peru, Chile </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue_2021-20">[20]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Q%CA%BCeqchi%CA%BC_language" title="Qʼeqchiʼ language">Qʼeqchiʼ</a> </td> <td>1,100,000 </td> <td>Guatemala Belize Mexico </td> <td>Guatemala, Belize, Mexico </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue_2021-20">[20]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCiche%CA%BC_language" title="Kʼicheʼ language">Kʼicheʼ</a> </td> <td>1,100,000 </td> <td>Guatemala Mexico </td> <td>Guatemala & Mexico </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue_2021-20">[20]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yucatec_Maya_language" title="Yucatec Maya language">Yucatec Maya</a> </td> <td>890,000 </td> <td>Mexico Belize </td> <td>Mexico & Belize </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-auto2-22">[22]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ancash_Quechua" title="Ancash Quechua">Ancash Quechua</a> </td> <td>700,000 (outdated figure) </td> <td> </td> <td>Peru </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue_2021-20">[20]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mam_language" title="Mam language">Mam</a> </td> <td>600,000 </td> <td>Guatemala Mexico <a href="/wiki/Rebel_Zapatista_Autonomous_Municipalities" title="Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities">Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities (De facto), Mexico</a> </td> <td>Guatemala & Mexico </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tzeltal_language" title="Tzeltal language">Tzeltal</a> </td> <td>560,000 </td> <td>Mexico <a href="/wiki/Rebel_Zapatista_Autonomous_Municipalities" title="Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities">Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities (De facto), Mexico</a> </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-auto2-22">[22]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mixtec_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixtec language">Mixtec</a> </td> <td>520,000 </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-auto-23">[23]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tzotzil_language" title="Tzotzil language">Tzotzil</a> </td> <td>490,000 </td> <td>Mexico <a href="/wiki/Rebel_Zapatista_Autonomous_Municipalities" title="Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities">Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities (De facto), Mexico</a> </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-auto2-22">[22]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_languages" title="Zapotec languages">Zapotec</a> </td> <td>480,000 </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-auto-23">[23]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kichwa_language" title="Kichwa language">Kichwa</a> </td> <td>450,000 </td> <td>Ecuador Colombia (<a href="/wiki/Cauca_Department" title="Cauca Department">Cauca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nari%C3%B1o_Department" title="Nariño Department">Nariño</a>, <a href="/wiki/Putumayo_Department" title="Putumayo Department">Putumayo</a>) </td> <td>Ecuador & Colombia (<a href="/wiki/Cauca_Department" title="Cauca Department">Cauca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nari%C3%B1o_Department" title="Nariño Department">Nariño</a>, <a href="/wiki/Putumayo_Department" title="Putumayo Department">Putumayo</a>) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue_2021-20">[20]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wayuu_language" title="Wayuu language">Wayuu</a> (Guajiro) </td> <td>420,000 </td> <td>Venezuela <a href="/wiki/La_Guajira_Department" title="La Guajira Department">La Guajira</a>, Colombia </td> <td>Venezuela & Colombia </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaqchikel_language" title="Kaqchikel language">Kaqchikel</a> </td> <td>410,000 </td> <td>Guatemala Mexico </td> <td>Guatemala & Mexico </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue_2021-20">[20]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Otomi_language" title="Otomi language">Otomi</a> </td> <td>310,000 </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-auto-23">[23]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Totonac_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Totonac language">Totonac</a> </td> <td>270,000 </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_language" title="Mapuche language">Mapuche</a> </td> <td>260,000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caut%C3%ADn_Province" title="Cautín Province">Cautín Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Araucan%C3%ADa_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="La Araucanía Region">La Araucanía</a>, Chile (<a href="/wiki/Galvarino,_Chile" title="Galvarino, Chile">Galvarino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Padre_Las_Casas,_Chile" title="Padre Las Casas, Chile">Padre Las Casas</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caut%C3%ADn_Province" title="Cautín Province">Cautín Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Araucan%C3%ADa_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="La Araucanía Region">La Araucanía</a>, Chile (<a href="/wiki/Galvarino,_Chile" title="Galvarino, Chile">Galvarino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Padre_Las_Casas,_Chile" title="Padre Las Casas, Chile">Padre Las Casas</a>) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue_2021-20">[20]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ch%CA%BCol_language" title="Chʼol language">Ch'ol</a> </td> <td>250,000 </td> <td>Mexico <a href="/wiki/Rebel_Zapatista_Autonomous_Municipalities" title="Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities">Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities (De facto)</a>, Mexico </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-auto2-22">[22]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mazatecan_languages" title="Mazatecan languages">Mazateco</a> </td> <td>240,000 </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-auto-23">[23]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Q%CA%BCanjob%CA%BCal_language" title="Qʼanjobʼal language">Qʼanjobʼal</a> </td> <td>170,000 </td> <td>Guatemala Mexico </td> <td>Guatemala & Mexico </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Huastec_language" title="Huastec language">Huasteco</a> </td> <td>170,000 </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-auto2-22">[22]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Navajo_language" title="Navajo language">Navajo</a> </td> <td>170,000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Nation" title="Navajo Nation">Navajo Nation</a>, United States </td> <td>Southwestern United States </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue_2021-20">[20]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mazahua_language" title="Mazahua language">Mazahua</a> </td> <td>150,000 </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-auto-23">[23]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Miskito_language" title="Miskito language">Miskito</a> </td> <td>140,000 (outdated figure) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Caribbean_Coast_Autonomous_Region" title="North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region">North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region</a>, Nicaragua Honduras (<a href="/wiki/Gracias_a_Dios_Department" title="Gracias a Dios Department">Gracias a Dios</a>) </td> <td>Nicaragua, Honduras </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chinantecan_languages" title="Chinantecan languages">Chinanteco</a> </td> <td>140,000 </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-auto-23">[23]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mixe_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixe language">Mixe</a> </td> <td>130,000 </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-auto1-25">[25]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tlapanec_language" title="Tlapanec language">Tlapaneco</a> </td> <td>130,000 </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-auto-23">[23]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Poqomchi%CA%BC_language" title="Poqomchiʼ language">Poqomchiʼ</a> </td> <td>130,000 </td> <td>Guatemala </td> <td>Guatemala </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_language" title="Purépecha language">Purepecha/Tarasco</a> </td> <td>120,000 </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Achi_language" title="Achi language">Achí</a> </td> <td>120,000 </td> <td>Guatemala </td> <td>Guatemala </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ixil_language" title="Ixil language">Ixil</a> </td> <td>120,000 </td> <td>Guatemala Mexico </td> <td>Guatemala & Mexico </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yaru_Quechua" title="Yaru Quechua">Yaru Quechua</a> </td> <td>100,000 (circa; outdated figure) </td> <td> </td> <td>Peru </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue_2021-20">[20]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree</a> </td> <td>96,000 [incl. Naskapi, Montagnais] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a>, Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></li></ul> </td> <td>Canada </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tarahumara_language" title="Tarahumara language">Tarahumara</a> </td> <td>74,000 </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tz%CA%BCutujil_language" title="Tzʼutujil language">Tz'utujil</a> </td> <td>72,000 </td> <td>Guatemala </td> <td>Guatemala </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuna_language" title="Kuna language">Kuna</a> </td> <td>61,000 </td> <td>Colombia (<a href="/wiki/Choc%C3%B3_Department" title="Chocó Department">Chocó</a> & <a href="/wiki/Antioquia_Department" title="Antioquia Department">Antioquia</a>) </td> <td>Colombia (<a href="/wiki/Choc%C3%B3_Department" title="Chocó Department">Chocó</a> & <a href="/wiki/Antioquia_Department" title="Antioquia Department">Antioquia</a>) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1ez_language" title="Páez language">Paez</a> </td> <td>60,000 </td> <td>Colombia (<a href="/wiki/Cauca_Department" title="Cauca Department">Cauca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huila_Department" title="Huila Department">Huila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valle_del_Cauca_Department" title="Valle del Cauca Department">Valle del Cauca</a>) </td> <td>Colombia (<a href="/wiki/Cauca_Department" title="Cauca Department">Cauca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huila_Department" title="Huila Department">Huila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valle_del_Cauca_Department" title="Valle del Cauca Department">Valle del Cauca</a>) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chuj_language" title="Chuj language">Chuj</a> </td> <td>59,000 </td> <td>Guatemala Mexico </td> <td>Guatemala & Mexico </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_language" title="Greenlandic language">Kalaallisut (Greenlandic)</a> </td> <td>57,000 </td> <td>Greenland </td> <td>Greenland </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amuzgo_language" title="Amuzgo language">Amuzgo</a> </td> <td>55,588 </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tojolab%CA%BCal_language" title="Tojolabʼal language">Tojolabʼal</a> </td> <td>51,733 </td> <td>Mexico <a href="/wiki/Rebel_Zapatista_Autonomous_Municipalities" title="Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities">Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities (De facto)</a>, Mexico </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Garifuna_language" title="Garifuna language">Garífuna</a> </td> <td>50,000 (circa; outdated figure) </td> <td>Guatemala Belize <a href="/wiki/North_Caribbean_Coast_Autonomous_Region" title="North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region">North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region</a>, Nicaragua Honduras (<a href="/wiki/Atl%C3%A1ntida_Department" title="Atlántida Department">Atlántida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Col%C3%B3n_Department_(Honduras)" title="Colón Department (Honduras)">Colón</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gracias_a_Dios_Department" title="Gracias a Dios Department">Gracias a Dios</a>) </td> <td>Guatemala, Belize, Nicaragua, Honduras </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue_2021-20">[20]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe</a> </td> <td>48,000 </td> <td>Canada United States </td> <td>Canada & United States </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue_2021-20">[20]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ticuna_language" title="Ticuna language">Tikuna</a> </td> <td>47,000 </td> <td>Colombia (<a href="/wiki/Leticia_(Colombia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leticia (Colombia)">Leticia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Nari%C3%B1o" title="Puerto Nariño">Puerto Nariño</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazonas_(Colombian_department)" title="Amazonas (Colombian department)">Amazonas</a>) </td> <td>Amazonas regions of Brazil and Colombia </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:0-29">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chatino_language" title="Chatino language">Chatino</a> </td> <td>45,000 </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Huichol_language" title="Huichol language">Huichol</a> </td> <td>44,800 </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mayo_language" title="Mayo language">Mayo</a> </td> <td>39,600 </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut" title="Inuktitut">Inuktitut</a> </td> <td>39,475 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a>, Canada <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a>, Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nunavik" title="Nunavik">Nunavik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunatsiavut" title="Nunatsiavut">Nunatsiavut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuvialuit_Settlement_Region" title="Inuvialuit Settlement Region">Inuvialuit Settlement Region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a></li></ul> </td> <td>Nunavut, Northwest Territories, Quebec and Labrador, Canada </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chontal_Maya_language" title="Chontal Maya language">Chontal Maya</a> </td> <td>37,072 </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wich%C3%AD_languages" title="Wichí languages">Wichi</a> </td> <td>36,135 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chaco_Province" title="Chaco Province">Chaco</a>, Argentina </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chaco_Province" title="Chaco Province">Chaco</a>, Argentina </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tepehu%C3%A1n_language" title="Tepehuán language">Tepehuán</a> </td> <td>36,000 </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Popoluca" title="Sierra Popoluca">Soteapanec</a> </td> <td>35,050 </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shuar_language" title="Shuar language">Shuar</a> </td> <td>35,000 </td> <td>Ecuador </td> <td>Ecuador </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a> </td> <td>34,394 </td> <td> </td> <td>Alberta, Canada & Montana, United States </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:1-32">[32]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Guahibo_language" title="Guahibo language">Sikuani</a> </td> <td>34,000 </td> <td>Colombia (<a href="/wiki/Meta_Department" title="Meta Department">Meta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vichada_Department" title="Vichada Department">Vichada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arauca_Department" title="Arauca Department">Arauca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guain%C3%ADa_Department" title="Guainía Department">Guainía</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guaviare_Department" title="Guaviare Department">Guaviare</a>) </td> <td>Colombia (<a href="/wiki/Meta_Department" title="Meta Department">Meta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vichada_Department" title="Vichada Department">Vichada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arauca_Department" title="Arauca Department">Arauca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guain%C3%ADa_Department" title="Guainía Department">Guainía</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guaviare_Department" title="Guaviare Department">Guaviare</a>) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jakaltek_language" title="Jakaltek language">Jakaltek</a> </td> <td>33,000 </td> <td>Guatemala Mexico </td> <td>Guatemala & Mexico </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kom_language_(South_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kom language (South America)">Kom</a> </td> <td>31,580 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chaco_Province" title="Chaco Province">Chaco</a>, Argentina </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chaco_Province" title="Chaco Province">Chaco</a>, Argentina </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Poqomam_language" title="Poqomam language">Poqomam</a> </td> <td>30,000 </td> <td>Guatemala </td> <td>Guatemala </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ch%CA%BCorti%CA%BC_language" title="Chʼortiʼ language">Ch'orti</a>' </td> <td>30,000 </td> <td>Guatemala </td> <td>Guatemala </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaiw%C3%A1_language" title="Kaiwá language">Kaiwá</a> </td> <td>26,500 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mato_Grosso_do_Sul" title="Mato Grosso do Sul">Mato Grosso do Sul</a>, Brazil </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:0-29">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sioux_language" title="Sioux language">Sioux</a> </td> <td>25,000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>, United States </td> <td>US </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue_18th_ed.,_2015-33">[33]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/O%CA%BCodham_language" title="Oʼodham language">Oʼodham</a> </td> <td>23,313 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tohono_O%CA%BCodham_Nation" title="Tohono Oʼodham Nation">Tohono Oʼodham Nation</a>, United States <a href="/wiki/Salt_River_Pima%E2%80%93Maricopa_Indian_Community" title="Salt River Pima–Maricopa Indian Community">Salt River Pima–Maricopa Indian Community</a>, United States Mexico </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, United States </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaingang_language" title="Kaingang language">Kaigang</a> </td> <td>22,000 </td> <td> </td> <td>Brazil </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:0-29">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Guambiano_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Guambiano language">Guambiano</a> </td> <td>21,000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cauca_Department" title="Cauca Department">Cauca Department</a>, Colombia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cauca_Department" title="Cauca Department">Cauca Department</a>, Colombia </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cora_language" title="Cora language">Cora</a> </td> <td>20,100 </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yanomam%C3%B6_language" title="Yanomamö language">Yanomamö</a> </td> <td>20,000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> </td> <td>Brazil & Venezuela </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:0-29">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nheengatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nheengatu">Nheengatu</a> </td> <td>19,000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Gabriel_da_Cachoeira" title="São Gabriel da Cachoeira">São Gabriel da Cachoeira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazonas_(Brazilian_state)" title="Amazonas (Brazilian state)">Amazonas</a>, Brazil <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> </td> <td>Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue_18th_ed.,_2015-33">[33]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Alaskan_Yup%27ik_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Alaskan Yup'ik language">Yup'ik (Central Alaskan)</a> & <a href="/wiki/Central_Siberian_Yupik_language" title="Central Siberian Yupik language">(Siberian)</a> </td> <td>18,626 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, United States </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, United States </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Huave_language" title="Huave language">Huave</a> </td> <td>17,900 </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yaqui_language" title="Yaqui language">Yaqui</a> </td> <td>17,546 </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Piaroa_language" title="Piaroa language">Piaroa</a> </td> <td>17,000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vichada_Department" title="Vichada Department">Vichada</a>, Colombia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vichada_Department" title="Vichada Department">Vichada</a>, Colombia </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sakapultek_language" title="Sakapultek language">Sakapultek</a> </td> <td>15,000 </td> <td>Guatemala </td> <td>Guatemala </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Apache_language" title="Western Apache language">Western Apache</a> </td> <td>14,012 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Carlos_Apache_Indian_Reservation" title="San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation">San Carlos Apache Nation</a>, United States <a href="/wiki/Fort_Apache_Indian_Reservation" title="Fort Apache Indian Reservation">Fort Apache Indian Reservation</a>, United States </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, United States </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Xavante_language" title="Xavante language">Xavante</a> </td> <td>13,300 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mato_Grosso" title="Mato Grosso">Mato Grosso, Brazil</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:0-29">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Keres_language" title="Keres language">Keresan</a> </td> <td>13,073 </td> <td> </td> <td>New Mexico, United States </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cuicatec_language" title="Cuicatec language">Cuicatec</a> </td> <td>13,000 </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Awa_Pit_language" title="Awa Pit language">Awa Pit</a> </td> <td>13,000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nari%C3%B1o_Department" title="Nariño Department">Nariño Department</a>, Colombia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nari%C3%B1o_Department" title="Nariño Department">Nariño Department</a>, Colombia </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Karu_language" title="Karu language">Karu</a> </td> <td>12,000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> <a href="/wiki/Guaviare_Department" title="Guaviare Department">Guaviare Department</a>, Colombia <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Gabriel_da_Cachoeira" title="São Gabriel da Cachoeira">São Gabriel da Cachoeira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazonas_(Brazilian_state)" title="Amazonas (Brazilian state)">Amazonas</a>, Brazil, (<a href="/wiki/Karu_language" title="Karu language">Baníwa language</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guaviare_Department" title="Guaviare Department">Guaviare</a>, Colombia & <a href="/wiki/Amazonas_(Brazilian_state)" title="Amazonas (Brazilian state)">Amazonas</a>, Brazil, (<a href="/wiki/Karu_language" title="Karu language">Baníwa language</a>) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Awakatek_language" title="Awakatek language">Awakatek</a> </td> <td>11,607 </td> <td>Guatemala Mexico </td> <td>Guatemala Mexico </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chipewyan_language" title="Chipewyan language">Chipewyan</a> </td> <td>11,325 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a>, Canada </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a>, Canada </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pame_languages" title="Pame languages">Pame</a> </td> <td>11,000 </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wounaan_language" title="Wounaan language">Wounaan</a> </td> <td>10,800 </td> <td>Colombia (<a href="/wiki/Choc%C3%B3_Department" title="Chocó Department">Chocó</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cauca_Department" title="Cauca Department">Cauca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valle_del_Cauca_Department" title="Valle del Cauca Department">Valle del Cauca</a>) </td> <td>Colombia (<a href="/wiki/Choc%C3%B3_Department" title="Chocó Department">Chocó</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cauca_Department" title="Cauca Department">Cauca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valle_del_Cauca_Department" title="Valle del Cauca Department">Valle del Cauca</a>) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_language" title="Choctaw language">Choctaw</a> </td> <td>9,600 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_Nation_of_Oklahoma" title="Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma">Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma</a>, United States </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> & <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, United States </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue_21st_ed.,_2018-36">[36]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Moxo_languages" title="Moxo languages">Moxo</a> </td> <td>10,000 </td> <td>Bolivia </td> <td>Bolivia </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kogi_language" title="Kogi language">Kogi</a> </td> <td>9,900 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Magdalena_Department" title="Magdalena Department">Magdalena</a>, Colombia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Magdalena_Department" title="Magdalena Department">Magdalena</a>, Colombia </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zuni_language" title="Zuni language">Zuni</a> </td> <td>9,620 </td> <td> </td> <td>New Mexico, United States </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tenetehara_language" title="Tenetehara language">Guajajara</a> </td> <td>9,500 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maranh%C3%A3o" title="Maranhão">Maranhão</a>, Brazil </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:0-29">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sumo_languages" title="Sumo languages">Sumo</a> </td> <td>9,000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Caribbean_Coast_Autonomous_Region" title="North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region">North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region</a>, Nicaragua </td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Caribbean_Coast_Autonomous_Region" title="North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region">North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region</a>, Nicaragua </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mopan_language" title="Mopan language">Mopán</a> </td> <td>9,000–12,000 </td> <td>Guatemala Belize </td> <td>Guatemala & Belize </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tepehua_languages" title="Tepehua languages">Tepehua</a> </td> <td>8,900 </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maw%C3%A9_language" title="Mawé language">Mawé</a> </td> <td>8,900 </td> <td> </td> <td>Brazil (Para & Amazonas) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:0-29">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ter%C3%AAna_language" title="Terêna language">Terêna</a> </td> <td>8,200 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mato_Grosso_do_Sul" title="Mato Grosso do Sul">Mato Grosso do Sul</a>, Brazil </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:0-29">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sipakapa_language" title="Sipakapa language">Sipakapense</a> </td> <td>8,000 </td> <td>Guatemala </td> <td>Guatemala </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arhuaco_language" title="Arhuaco language">Ika</a> </td> <td>8,000 </td> <td>Colombia (<a href="/wiki/Cesar_Department" title="Cesar Department">Cesar &</a> <a href="/wiki/Magdalena_Department" title="Magdalena Department">Magdalena)</a> </td> <td>Colombia (<a href="/wiki/Cesar_Department" title="Cesar Department">Cesar &</a> <a href="/wiki/Magdalena_Department" title="Magdalena Department">Magdalena)</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_language" title="Mi'kmaq language">Mi'kmaq</a> </td> <td>7,140 </td> <td> </td> <td>Canada and United States </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tucano_language" title="Tucano language">Tukano</a> </td> <td>7,100 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Gabriel_da_Cachoeira" title="São Gabriel da Cachoeira">São Gabriel da Cachoeira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazonas_(Brazilian_state)" title="Amazonas (Brazilian state)">Amazonas</a>, Brazil <a href="/wiki/Mit%C3%BA" title="Mitú">Mitú</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaup%C3%A9s_Department" title="Vaupés Department">Vaupés</a>, Colombia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amazonas_(Brazilian_state)" title="Amazonas (Brazilian state)">Amazonas</a>, Brazil & <a href="/wiki/Vaup%C3%A9s_Department" title="Vaupés Department">Vaupés</a>, Colombia </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:1-32">[32]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Minica_Huitoto_language" title="Minica Huitoto language">Minica Huitoto</a> </td> <td>6,800 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amazonas_(Colombian_department)" title="Amazonas (Colombian department)">Amazonas</a>, Colombia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amazonas_(Colombian_department)" title="Amazonas (Colombian department)">Amazonas</a>, Colombia </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hopi_language" title="Hopi language">Hopi</a> </td> <td>6,780 </td> <td> </td> <td>Arizona, United States </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue_18th_ed.,_2015-33">[33]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Piapoco_language" title="Piapoco language">Piapoco</a> </td> <td>6,400 </td> <td>Colombia (<a href="/wiki/Guain%C3%ADa_Department" title="Guainía Department">Guainía</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vichada_Department" title="Vichada Department">Vichada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meta_Department" title="Meta Department">Meta</a>) </td> <td>Colombia (<a href="/wiki/Guain%C3%ADa_Department" title="Guainía Department">Guainía</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vichada_Department" title="Vichada Department">Vichada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meta_Department" title="Meta Department">Meta</a>) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cubeo_language" title="Cubeo language">Cubeo</a> </td> <td>6,300 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vaup%C3%A9s_Department" title="Vaupés Department">Vaupés</a>, Colombia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vaup%C3%A9s_Department" title="Vaupés Department">Vaupés</a>, Colombia </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kayapo_language" title="Kayapo language">Kayapo</a> </td> <td>6,200 </td> <td> </td> <td>Brazil (<a href="/wiki/Par%C3%A1" title="Pará">Pará</a> & <a href="/wiki/Mato_Grosso" title="Mato Grosso">Mato Grosso</a>) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:1-32">[32]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yukpa_language" title="Yukpa language">Yukpa</a> </td> <td>6,000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> <a href="/wiki/Cesar_Department" title="Cesar Department">Cesar</a>, Colombia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, Colombia </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chiquitano_language" title="Chiquitano language">Chiquitano</a> </td> <td>5,900 </td> <td>Bolivia </td> <td>Brazil & Bolivia </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Guarayu_language" title="Guarayu language">Guarayu</a> </td> <td>5,900 </td> <td>Bolivia </td> <td>Bolivia </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Macushi_language" title="Macushi language">Macushi</a> </td> <td>5,800 </td> <td>Venezuela <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a> </td> <td>Brazil, Venezuela, Guyana </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:1-32">[32]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chimane_language" title="Chimane language">Chimané</a> </td> <td>5,300 </td> <td>Bolivia </td> <td>Bolivia </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tewa_language" title="Tewa language">Tewa</a> </td> <td>5,123 </td> <td> </td> <td>New Mexico, United States </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Timbira_language" title="Timbira language">Timbira</a> </td> <td>5,100 </td> <td> </td> <td>Brazil (<a href="/wiki/Maranh%C3%A3o" title="Maranhão">Maranhão</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tocantins" title="Tocantins">Tocantins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Par%C3%A1" title="Pará">Pará</a>) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sanum%C3%A1_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanumá language">Sanumá</a> </td> <td>5,100 </td> <td>Venezuela </td> <td>Brazil & Venezuela </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:2-40">[40]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Muscogee_language" title="Muscogee language">Muscogee</a> </td> <td>5,072 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Muscogee_(Creek)_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscogee (Creek) Nation">Muscogee (Creek) Nation</a>, OK, United States </td> <td>United States (<a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue_21st_ed.,_2018-36">[36]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tequistlatecan_languages" title="Tequistlatecan languages">Chontal of Oaxaca</a> </td> <td>5,039 </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tektitek_language" title="Tektitek language">Tektitek</a> </td> <td>5,000 </td> <td>Guatemala </td> <td>Guatemala </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bar%C3%AD_language" title="Barí language">Barí</a> </td> <td>5,000 </td> <td>Colombia (<a href="/wiki/Cesar_Department" title="Cesar Department">Cesar</a> & <a href="/wiki/Norte_de_Santander_Department" title="Norte de Santander Department">Norte de Santander</a>) </td> <td>Colombia (<a href="/wiki/Cesar_Department" title="Cesar Department">Cesar</a> & <a href="/wiki/Norte_de_Santander_Department" title="Norte de Santander Department">Norte de Santander</a>) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cams%C3%A1_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Camsá language">Camsá</a> </td> <td>4,000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Putumayo_Department" title="Putumayo Department">Putumayo</a>, Colombia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Putumayo_Department" title="Putumayo Department">Putumayo</a>, Colombia </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kulina_language" title="Kulina language">Kulina</a> </td> <td>3,900 </td> <td> </td> <td>Brazil (Amazonas) & Peru </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:2-40">[40]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Crow_language" title="Crow language">Crow</a> </td> <td>3,862 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>, United States </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_language" title="Mohawk language">Mohawk</a> </td> <td>3,875 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_Nation_of_Akwesasne" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohawk Nation of Akwesasne">Mohawk Nation of Akwesasne</a>, Canada </td> <td>Canada (Ontario & Quebec) and United States (New York) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-census-43">[43]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kashinawa_language" title="Kashinawa language">Kashinawa</a> </td> <td>3,588 </td> <td> </td> <td>Brazil & Peru </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Munduruku_language" title="Munduruku language">Munduruku</a> </td> <td>3,563 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Par%C3%A1" title="Pará">Pará</a> & <a href="/wiki/Amazonas_(Brazilian_state)" title="Amazonas (Brazilian state)">Amazonas</a>, Brazil </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:2-40">[40]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uwa_language" title="Uwa language">Tunebo/Uwa</a> </td> <td>3,550 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boyac%C3%A1_Department" title="Boyacá Department">Boyacá</a>, Colombia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boyac%C3%A1_Department" title="Boyacá Department">Boyacá</a>, Colombia </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ayoreo_language" title="Ayoreo language">Ayoreo</a> </td> <td>3,160 </td> <td>Bolivia </td> <td>Bolivia </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Desano_language" title="Desano language">Desano</a> </td> <td>3,160 </td> <td>Bolivia </td> <td>Bolivia </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wapishana_language" title="Wapishana language">Wapishana</a> </td> <td>3,154 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bonfim,_Roraima" title="Bonfim, Roraima">Bonfim, Roraima</a>, Brazil Guyana </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bonfim,_Roraima" title="Bonfim, Roraima">Bonfim, Roraima</a>, Brazil Guyana </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-40">[40]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yaminawa_language" title="Yaminawa language">Yaminawa</a> </td> <td>3,129 </td> <td>Bolivia </td> <td>Bolivia </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mocov%C3%AD_language" title="Mocoví language">Mocoví</a> </td> <td>3,000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chaco_Province" title="Chaco Province">Chaco</a>, Argentina </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chaco_Province" title="Chaco Province">Chaco</a>, Argentina </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Inupiaq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inupiaq language">Iñupiaq</a> </td> <td>3,000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, United States <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a>, Canada </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, United States & <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a>, Canada </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Puinave_language" title="Puinave language">Puinave</a> </td> <td>3,000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guain%C3%ADa_Department" title="Guainía Department">Guainía</a>, Colombia Venezuela </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guain%C3%ADa_Department" title="Guainía Department">Guainía</a>, Colombia & Venezuela </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cuiba_language" title="Cuiba language">Cuiba</a> </td> <td>2,900 </td> <td>Colombia (<a href="/wiki/Casanare_Department" title="Casanare Department">Casanare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vichada_Department" title="Vichada Department">Vichada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arauca_Department" title="Arauca Department">Arauca</a>) </td> <td>Colombia (<a href="/wiki/Casanare_Department" title="Casanare Department">Casanare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vichada_Department" title="Vichada Department">Vichada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arauca_Department" title="Arauca Department">Arauca</a>) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tupi-Mondé </td> <td>2,886 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rond%C3%B4nia" title="Rondônia">Rondônia</a>, Brazil </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:2-40">[40]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yuracar%C3%A9_language" title="Yuracaré language">Yuracaré</a> </td> <td>2,700 </td> <td>Bolivia </td> <td>Bolivia </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wanano_language" title="Wanano language">Wanano</a> </td> <td>2,600 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vaup%C3%A9s_Department" title="Vaupés Department">Vaupés</a>, Colombia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vaup%C3%A9s_Department" title="Vaupés Department">Vaupés</a>, Colombia </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shoshoni_language" title="Shoshoni language">Shoshoni</a> </td> <td>2,512 </td> <td> </td> <td>US </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bora_language" title="Bora language">Bora</a> </td> <td>2,400 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amazonas_(Colombian_department)" title="Amazonas (Colombian department)">Amazonas</a>, Colombia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amazonas_(Colombian_department)" title="Amazonas (Colombian department)">Amazonas</a>, Colombia </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cof%C3%A1n_language" title="Cofán language">Cofán</a> </td> <td>2,400 </td> <td>Colombia (<a href="/wiki/Nari%C3%B1o_Department" title="Nariño Department">Nariño</a>, <a href="/wiki/Putumayo_Department" title="Putumayo Department">Putumayo</a>) </td> <td>Colombia (<a href="/wiki/Nari%C3%B1o_Department" title="Nariño Department">Nariño</a>, <a href="/wiki/Putumayo_Department" title="Putumayo Department">Putumayo</a>) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kanamar%C3%AD_language" title="Kanamarí language">Kanamari</a> </td> <td>2,298 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amazonas_(Brazilian_state)" title="Amazonas (Brazilian state)">Amazonas</a>, Brazil </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:2-40">[40]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fox_language" title="Fox language">Fox (Mesquakie-Sauk-Kickapoo)</a> </td> <td>2,288 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sac_and_Fox_Nation" title="Sac and Fox Nation">Sac and Fox Nation</a>, United States Mexico </td> <td>US & Mexico </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_language" title="Cherokee language">Cherokee</a> </td> <td>2,320 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Band_of_Cherokee_Indians" title="Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians">Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, United States <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation" title="Cherokee Nation">Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma</a>, United States </td> <td>US (<a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> & <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Waiwai_language" title="Waiwai language">Waiwai</a> </td> <td>2,217 </td> <td>Guyana </td> <td>Brazil, Guyana </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Karaj%C3%A1_language" title="Karajá language">Karajá</a> </td> <td>2,137 </td> <td> </td> <td>Brazil </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:2-40">[40]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Huarijio_language" title="Huarijio language">Huarijio</a> </td> <td>2,136 </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Slavey_language" title="Slavey language">Slavey</a> </td> <td>2,120 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a>, Canada </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a>, Canada </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chichimeca_Jonaz_language" title="Chichimeca Jonaz language">Chichimeca</a> </td> <td>2,100 </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Koreguaje_language" title="Koreguaje language">Koreguaje</a> </td> <td>2,100 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Caquet%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Caquetá">Caquetá</a>, Colombia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Caquet%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Caquetá">Caquetá</a>, Colombia </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiriy%C3%B3_language" title="Tiriyó language">Tiriyó</a> </td> <td>2,100 </td> <td> </td> <td>Brazil, Suriname </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Xer%C3%A9nte_language" title="Xerénte language">Xerente</a> </td> <td>2,051 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tocantins" title="Tocantins">Tocantins</a>, Brazil </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:2-40">[40]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uspantek_language" title="Uspantek language">Uspanteko</a> </td> <td>2,000 </td> <td>Guatemala </td> <td>Guatemala </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fulni%C3%B4_language" title="Fulniô language">Fulniô</a> </td> <td>1,871 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pernambuco" title="Pernambuco">Pernambuco</a>, Brazil </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:2-40">[40]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wari%CA%BC_language" title="Wariʼ language">Pakaásnovos</a> (wari) </td> <td>1,854 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rond%C3%B4nia" title="Rondônia">Rondônia</a>, Brazil </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:2-40">[40]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wiwa_language" title="Wiwa language">Wiwa</a> </td> <td>1,850 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cesar_Department" title="Cesar Department">Cesar</a>, Colombia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cesar_Department" title="Cesar Department">Cesar</a>, Colombia </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Weenhayek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Weenhayek language">Weenhayek</a> </td> <td>1,810 </td> <td>Bolivia </td> <td>Bolivia </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Matlatzinca_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Matlatzinca languages">Matlatzinca</a> </td> <td>1,800 </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tacana_language" title="Tacana language">Tacana</a> </td> <td>1,800 </td> <td>Bolivia </td> <td>Bolivia </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/T%C5%82%C4%AFch%C7%AB_Yati%C3%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="Tłįchǫ Yatiì">Tłı̨chǫ Yatıì</a> </td> <td>1,735 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a>, Canada </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a>, Canada </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cavine%C3%B1a_language" title="Cavineña language">Cavineña</a> </td> <td>1,700 </td> <td>Bolivia </td> <td>Bolivia </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jupda_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupda language">Jupda</a> </td> <td>1,700 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amazonas_(Colombian_department)" title="Amazonas (Colombian department)">Amazonas</a>, Colombia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amazonas_(Colombian_department)" title="Amazonas (Colombian department)">Amazonas</a>, Colombia </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zacatepec_Mixtec" title="Zacatepec Mixtec">Zacatepec Mixtec</a> </td> <td>1,500 </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Seneca_language" title="Seneca language">Seneca</a> </td> <td>1,453 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Six_Nations_of_the_Grand_River_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation">Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, Canada </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, Canada </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue_18th_ed.,_2015-33">[33]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Movima_language" title="Movima language">Movima</a> </td> <td>1,400 </td> <td>Bolivia </td> <td>Bolivia </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tlingit_language" title="Tlingit language">Tlingit</a> </td> <td>1,360 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, United States </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, United States </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Inuinnaqtun" title="Inuinnaqtun">Inuinnaqtun</a> </td> <td>1,310 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a>, Canada <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a>, Canada </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, United States & <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a>& <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a>, Canada </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kiowa_language" title="Kiowa language">Kiowa</a> </td> <td>1,274 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, United States </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ka%27apor_language" title="Ka'apor language">Ka'apor</a> </td> <td>1,241 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maranh%C3%A3o" title="Maranhão">Maranhão</a>, Brazil </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:2-40">[40]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aleut_language" title="Aleut language">Aleut</a> </td> <td>1,236 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, United States </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, United States </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gwich%CA%BCin_language" title="Gwichʼin language">Gwichʼin</a> </td> <td>1,217 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, United States <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a>, Canada </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, United States & <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a>, Canada </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Inuvialuktun" title="Inuvialuktun">Inuvialuktun</a> </td> <td>1,150 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a>, Canada <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a>, Canada </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a>, Canada & <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a>, Canada </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arapaho_language" title="Arapaho language">Arapaho</a> </td> <td>1,087 </td> <td> </td> <td>US </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Macuna_language" title="Macuna language">Macuna</a> </td> <td>1,032 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vaup%C3%A9s_Department" title="Vaupés Department">Vaupés</a>, Colombia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vaup%C3%A9s_Department" title="Vaupés Department">Vaupés</a>, Colombia </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Guayabero_language" title="Guayabero language">Guayabero</a> </td> <td>1,000 </td> <td>Colombia (<a href="/wiki/Meta_Department" title="Meta Department">Meta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guaviare_Department" title="Guaviare Department">Guaviare</a>) </td> <td>Colombia (<a href="/wiki/Meta_Department" title="Meta Department">Meta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guaviare_Department" title="Guaviare Department">Guaviare</a>) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chocho_language" title="Chocho language">Chocho</a> </td> <td>810 </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maricopa_language" title="Maricopa language">Maricopa/Piipaash</a> </td> <td>800 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Salt_River_Pima%E2%80%93Maricopa_Indian_Community" title="Salt River Pima–Maricopa Indian Community">Salt River Pima–Maricopa Indian Community</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">AZ</a>, United States </td> <td>Arizona, United States </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rama_language" title="Rama language">Rama</a> </td> <td>740 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Caribbean_Coast_Autonomous_Region" title="North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region">North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region</a>, Nicaragua </td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Caribbean_Coast_Autonomous_Region" title="North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region">North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region</a>, Nicaragua </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Seri_language" title="Seri language">Seri</a> </td> <td>729 </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ese_Ejja_language" title="Ese Ejja language">Ese Ejja</a> </td> <td>700 </td> <td>Bolivia </td> <td>Bolivia </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nukak_language" title="Nukak language">Nukak</a> </td> <td>700 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guaviare_Department" title="Guaviare Department">Guaviare</a>, Colombia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guaviare_Department" title="Guaviare Department">Guaviare</a>, Colombia </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pima_Bajo_language" title="Pima Bajo language">Pima Bajo</a> </td> <td>650 </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cayuvava_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cayuvava language">Cayuvava</a> </td> <td>650 </td> <td>Bolivia </td> <td>Bolivia </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A1cobo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chácobo language">Chácobo-Pakawara</a> </td> <td>600 </td> <td>Bolivia </td> <td>Bolivia </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lacandon_language" title="Lacandon language">Lacandon</a> </td> <td>600 </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oneida_language" title="Oneida language">Oneida</a> </td> <td>574 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Six_Nations_of_the_Grand_River_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation">Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, Canada <a href="/wiki/Oneida_Nation_of_the_Thames" title="Oneida Nation of the Thames">Oneida Nation of the Thames</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, Canada </td> <td>Ontario, Canada </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cocopah_language" title="Cocopah language">Cocopah</a> </td> <td>515 </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sirion%C3%B3_language" title="Sirionó language">Sirionó</a> </td> <td>500 </td> <td>Bolivia </td> <td>Bolivia </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Siona_language" title="Siona language">Siona</a> </td> <td>500 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Putumayo_Department" title="Putumayo Department">Putumayo</a>, Colombia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Putumayo_Department" title="Putumayo Department">Putumayo</a>, Colombia </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Havasupai%E2%80%93Hualapai_language" title="Havasupai–Hualapai language">Havasupai–Hualapai</a> </td> <td>445 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Havasupai_Indian_Reservation" title="Havasupai Indian Reservation">Havasupai Indian Reservation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">AZ</a>, United States </td> <td>Arizona, United States </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay_language" title="Kumeyaay language">Kumeyaay</a> </td> <td>427 (525 including <a href="/wiki/Ipai_language" title="Ipai language">Ipai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tiipai_language" title="Tiipai language">Tiipai languages</a>) </td> <td>Mexico <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sycuan_Band_of_the_Kumeyaay_Nation" title="Sycuan Band of the Kumeyaay Nation">Sycuan Band of the Kumeyaay Nation</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">CA</a>, United States (Ballot Recognition)</li></ul> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a>, Mexico & <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, United States </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tenetehara_language" title="Tenetehara language">Tembé</a> </td> <td>420 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maranh%C3%A3o" title="Maranhão">Maranhão</a>, Brazil </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:2-40">[40]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yurok_language" title="Yurok language">Yurok</a> </td> <td>414 </td> <td> </td> <td>California, United States </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alutiiq_language" title="Alutiiq language">Alutiiq/Sugpiaq</a> </td> <td>400 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, United States </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, United States </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tatuyo_language" title="Tatuyo language">Tatuyo</a> </td> <td>400 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vaup%C3%A9s_Department" title="Vaupés Department">Vaupés</a>, Colombia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vaup%C3%A9s_Department" title="Vaupés Department">Vaupés</a>, Colombia </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Andoque_language" title="Andoque language">Andoque</a> </td> <td>370 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Caquet%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Caquetá">Caquetá</a>, Colombia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Caquet%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Caquetá">Caquetá</a>, Colombia </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Guaj%C3%A1_language" title="Guajá language">Guajá</a> </td> <td>365 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maranh%C3%A3o" title="Maranhão">Maranhão</a>, Brazil </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chimila_language" title="Chimila language">Chimila</a> </td> <td>350 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Magdalena_Department" title="Magdalena Department">Magdalena</a>, Colombia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Magdalena_Department" title="Magdalena Department">Magdalena</a>, Colombia </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Koyukon_language" title="Koyukon language">Koyukon</a> </td> <td>300 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, United States </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, United States </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hitn%C3%BC_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitnü language">Hitnü</a> </td> <td>300 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arauca_Department" title="Arauca Department">Arauca</a>, Colombia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arauca_Department" title="Arauca Department">Arauca</a>, Colombia </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mikasuki_language" title="Mikasuki language">Mikasuki</a> </td> <td>290 </td> <td> </td> <td>United States (<a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> (Historical), <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> (Historical), <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> (Historical) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue_21st_ed.,_2018-36">[36]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Quechan_language" title="Quechan language">Quechan</a> </td> <td>290 </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_County,_California" title="Imperial County, California">Imperial County</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">CA</a>, United States (Ballot Recognition)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuma_County,_Arizona" title="Yuma County, Arizona">Yuma County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">AZ</a>, United States (Ballot Recognition)</li></ul> </td> <td>California & Arizona, United States </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cabiyari_language" title="Cabiyari language">Cabiyari</a> </td> <td>270 </td> <td>Colombia (<a href="/wiki/Mirit%C3%AD-Paran%C3%A1" title="Mirití-Paraná">Mirití-Paraná</a> & <a href="/wiki/Amazonas_(Colombian_department)" title="Amazonas (Colombian department)">Amazonas)</a> </td> <td>Colombia (<a href="/wiki/Mirit%C3%AD-Paran%C3%A1" title="Mirití-Paraná">Mirití-Paraná</a> & <a href="/wiki/Amazonas_(Colombian_department)" title="Amazonas (Colombian department)">Amazonas)</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Reyesano_language" title="Reyesano language">Reyesano</a> </td> <td>250 </td> <td>Bolivia </td> <td>Bolivia </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Achawa_language" title="Achawa language">Achagua</a> </td> <td>250 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Meta_Department" title="Meta Department">Meta</a>, Colombia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Meta_Department" title="Meta Department">Meta</a>, Colombia </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kakwa_language" title="Kakwa language">Kakwa</a> </td> <td>250 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vaup%C3%A9s_Department" title="Vaupés Department">Vaupés</a>, Colombia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vaup%C3%A9s_Department" title="Vaupés Department">Vaupés</a>, Colombia </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yavapai_language" title="Yavapai language">Yavapai</a> </td> <td>245 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, United States </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Siriano_language" title="Siriano language">Siriano</a> </td> <td>220 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vaup%C3%A9s_Department" title="Vaupés Department">Vaupés</a>, Colombia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vaup%C3%A9s_Department" title="Vaupés Department">Vaupés</a>, Colombia </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mojave_language" title="Mojave language">Mojave</a> </td> <td>200 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, United States </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paipai_language" title="Paipai language">Paipai</a> </td> <td>200 </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-51">[51]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Toromono_language" title="Toromono language">Toromono</a> </td> <td>200 </td> <td>Bolivia </td> <td>Bolivia </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ixcatec_language" title="Ixcatec language">Ixcatec</a> </td> <td>190 </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ocaina_language" title="Ocaina language">Ocaina</a> </td> <td>190 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amazonas_(Colombian_department)" title="Amazonas (Colombian department)">Amazonas</a>, Colombia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amazonas_(Colombian_department)" title="Amazonas (Colombian department)">Amazonas</a>, Colombia </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a> </td> <td>168 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, United States <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Haida_Nation" title="Council of the Haida Nation">Council of the Haida Nation</a>, Canada </td> <td>Alaska, United States and British Columbia, Canada </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Muinane_language" title="Muinane language">Muinane</a> </td> <td>150 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amazonas_(Colombian_department)" title="Amazonas (Colombian department)">Amazonas</a>, Colombia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amazonas_(Colombian_department)" title="Amazonas (Colombian department)">Amazonas</a>, Colombia </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Deg_Xinag_language" title="Deg Xinag language">Deg Xinag</a> </td> <td>127 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, United States </td> <td>Alaska, United States </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/War%C3%A1zu_language" title="Warázu language">Warázu</a> </td> <td>125 </td> <td>Bolivia </td> <td>Bolivia </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Araona_language" title="Araona language">Araona</a> </td> <td>110 </td> <td>Bolivia </td> <td>Bolivia </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Upper_Tanana_language" title="Upper Tanana language">Upper Tanana</a> </td> <td>100 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, United States </td> <td>Alaska, United States </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Itene_language" title="Itene language">Itene</a> </td> <td>90 </td> <td>Bolivia </td> <td>Bolivia </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ahtna_language" title="Ahtna language">Ahtna</a> </td> <td>80 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, United States </td> <td>Alaska, United States </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tsimshianic_languages" title="Tsimshianic languages">Tsimshian</a> </td> <td>70 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, United States </td> <td>Alaska, United States </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tanacross_language" title="Tanacross language">Tanacross</a> </td> <td>65 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, United States </td> <td>Alaska, United States </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cayuga_language" title="Cayuga language">Cayuga</a> </td> <td>61 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Six_Nations_of_the_Grand_River_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation">Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, Canada <a href="/wiki/Cattaraugus_Reservation" title="Cattaraugus Reservation">Cattaraugus Reservation</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, United States </td> <td>Ontario, Canada, and New York, United States </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dena%CA%BCina_language" title="Denaʼina language">Denaʼina</a> </td> <td>50 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, United States </td> <td>Alaska, United States </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Onondaga_language" title="Onondaga language">Onondaga</a> </td> <td>50 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Six_Nations_of_the_Grand_River_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation">Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">ON</a>, Canada </td> <td>Ontario, Canada </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue_18th_ed.,_2015-33">[33]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Baure_language" title="Baure language">Bauré</a> </td> <td>40 </td> <td>Bolivia </td> <td>Bolivia </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Upper_Kuskokwim_language" title="Upper Kuskokwim language">Upper Kuskokwim</a> </td> <td>40 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, United States </td> <td>Alaska, United States </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tanana_Athabaskans" title="Tanana Athabaskans">Tanana</a> </td> <td>30 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, United States </td> <td>Alaska, United States </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ayapaneco" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayapaneco">Ayapaneco</a> </td> <td>24 </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-auto1-25">[25]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Leco_language" title="Leco language">Leco</a> </td> <td>20 </td> <td>Bolivia </td> <td>Bolivia </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Xincan_languages" title="Xincan languages">Xincan</a> </td> <td>16 </td> <td>Guatemala </td> <td>Guatemala </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4n_language" title="Hän language">Hän</a> </td> <td>12 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, United States </td> <td>Alaska, United States </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Holikachuk_language" title="Holikachuk language">Holikachuk</a> </td> <td>12 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, United States </td> <td>Alaska, United States </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Comanche_language" title="Comanche language">Comanche</a> </td> <td>9 </td> <td> </td> <td>US </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carijona_language" title="Carijona language">Carijona</a> </td> <td>6 </td> <td>Colombia (<a href="/wiki/Amazonas_(Colombian_department)" title="Amazonas (Colombian department)">Amazonas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guaviare_Department" title="Guaviare Department">Guaviare</a>) </td> <td>Colombia (<a href="/wiki/Amazonas_(Colombian_department)" title="Amazonas (Colombian department)">Amazonas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guaviare_Department" title="Guaviare Department">Guaviare</a>) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Itonama_language" title="Itonama language">Itonama</a> </td> <td>5 </td> <td>Bolivia </td> <td>Bolivia </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kiliwa_language" title="Kiliwa language">Kiliwa</a> </td> <td>4 </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ona_language" title="Ona language">Selk'nam</a> </td> <td>1 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuego" title="Tierra del Fuego">Tierra del Fuego</a>, Chile/Argentina (Extinct) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nonuya_language" title="Nonuya language">Nonuya</a> </td> <td>0 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amazonas_(Colombian_department)" title="Amazonas (Colombian department)">Amazonas</a>, Colombia </td> <td>Colombia, Peru </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yahgan_language" title="Yahgan language">Yahgan</a> </td> <td>0 </td> <td> </td> <td>Tierra del Fuego, Chile/Argentina (Extinct) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno_language" title="Taíno language">Taíno languages</a> </td> <td>0 </td> <td> </td> <td>Formerly all of the Caribbean </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cochim%C3%AD_language" title="Cochimí language">Cochimí</a> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>Mexico (Extinct, but retains recognition) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kallawaya_language" title="Kallawaya language">Kallawaya</a> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>Bolivia (Extinct, but retains recognition) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eyak_language" title="Eyak language">Eyak</a> </td> <td>0 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, United States (Extinct, but retains recognition) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_language" title="Tuscarora language">Tuscarora</a> </td> <td>0 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Six_Nations_of_the_Grand_River_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation">Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario,_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontario, Canada">Ontario, Canada</a> <a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_Reservation" title="Tuscarora Reservation">Tuscarora Reservation</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, United States </td> <td>Ontario, Canada, and New York, United States </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_families_and_unclassified_languages">Language families and unclassified languages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Language families and unclassified languages">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas">Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas</a></div> Notes: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">Extinct languages</a> or families are indicated by: †.</li> <li>The number of family members is indicated in parentheses (for example, Arauan (9) means the Arauan family consists of nine languages).</li> <li>For convenience, the following list of language families is divided into three sections based on political boundaries of countries. These sections correspond roughly with the geographic regions (North, Central, and South America) but are not equivalent. This division cannot fully delineate Indigenous culture areas.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_America">Northern America</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Northern America">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Langs_N.Amer.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Langs_N.Amer.svg/220px-Langs_N.Amer.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Langs_N.Amer.svg/330px-Langs_N.Amer.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Langs_N.Amer.svg/440px-Langs_N.Amer.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="619" data-file-height="562" /></a><figcaption>Pre-contact: distribution of North American language families, including northern Mexico</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cherokee_stop_sign.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Cherokee_stop_sign.png/150px-Cherokee_stop_sign.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Cherokee_stop_sign.png/225px-Cherokee_stop_sign.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Cherokee_stop_sign.png 2x" data-file-width="227" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bilingual" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingual">Bilingual</a> stop sign in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee syllabary</a> (transcription: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8E%B4%E1%8F%AB%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%97%E1%8E%AD" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏗᎭ">ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏗᎭ</a> – "alehwisdiha"), <a href="/wiki/Tahlequah,_Oklahoma" title="Tahlequah, Oklahoma">Tahlequah, Oklahoma</a></figcaption></figure> There are approximately 296 spoken (or formerly spoken) Indigenous languages north of Mexico, 269 of which are grouped into 29 families (the remaining 27 languages are either isolates or unclassified).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Na-Den%C3%A9_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Na-Dené languages">Na-Dené</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a> families are the largest in terms of number of languages. Uto-Aztecan has the most speakers (1.95 million) if the languages in Mexico are considered (mostly due to 1.5 million speakers of <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a>); Na-Dené comes in second with approximately 200,000 speakers (nearly 180,000 of these are speakers of <a href="/wiki/Navajo_language" title="Navajo language">Navajo</a>), and Algic in third with about 180,000 speakers (mainly <a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe</a>). Na-Dené and Algic have the widest geographic distributions: Algic currently spans from northeastern Canada across much of the continent down to northeastern Mexico (due to later migrations of the <a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_people" title="Kickapoo people">Kickapoo</a>) with two outliers in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yurok_language" title="Yurok language">Yurok</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wiyot_language" title="Wiyot language">Wiyot</a>); Na-Dené spans from Alaska and western Canada through <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, and California to the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">U.S. Southwest</a> and northern Mexico (with one outlier in the Plains). Several families consist of only 2 or 3 languages. Demonstrating genetic relationships has proved difficult due to the great linguistic diversity present in North America. Two large (super-) family proposals, <a href="/wiki/Penutian_languages" title="Penutian languages">Penutian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hokan_languages" title="Hokan languages">Hokan</a>, look particularly promising. However, even after decades of research, a large number of families remain. North America is notable for its linguistic diversity, especially in California. This area has 18 language families comprising 74 languages (compared to five families in Europe: <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a> and one isolate, <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a>).<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Another area of considerable diversity appears to have been the <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Woodlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Woodlands">Southeastern Woodlands</a>;[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] however, many of these languages became extinct from European contact and as a result they are, for the most part, absent from the historical record.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] This diversity has influenced the development of linguistic theories and practice in the US. Due to the diversity of languages in North America, it is difficult to make generalizations for the region. Most North American languages have a relatively small number of vowels (i.e. three to five vowels). Languages of the western half of North America often have relatively large consonant inventories. The languages of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a> are notable for their complex <a href="/wiki/Phonotactics" title="Phonotactics">phonotactics</a> (for example, some languages have words that lack <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a> entirely).<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> The languages of the <a href="/wiki/Interior_Plateau" title="Interior Plateau">Plateau</a> area have relatively rare <a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant">pharyngeals and epiglottals</a> (they are otherwise restricted to <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic languages</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">languages of the Caucasus</a>). <a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">Ejective consonants</a> are also common in western North America, although they are rare elsewhere (except, again, for the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> region, parts of Africa, and the <a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan</a> family). <a href="/wiki/Head-marking_language" title="Head-marking language">Head-marking</a> is found in many languages of North America (as well as in Central and South America), but outside of the Americas it is rare. Many languages throughout North America are <a href="/wiki/Polysynthetic_language" title="Polysynthetic language">polysynthetic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut languages</a> are extreme examples), although this is not characteristic of all North American languages (contrary to what was believed by 19th-century linguists). Several families have unique traits, such as the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number#Inverse_number" title="Grammatical number">inverse number</a> marking of the <a href="/wiki/Tanoan_languages" title="Tanoan languages">Tanoan languages</a>, the lexical <a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">affixes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chimakuan_languages" title="Chimakuan languages">Chimakuan languages</a>, and the unusual verb structure of Na-Dené. The classification below is a composite of Goddard (1996), Campbell (1997), and <a href="/wiki/Marianne_Mithun" title="Marianne Mithun">Mithun</a> (1999). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_unclassified_languages_of_North_America" title="List of unclassified languages of North America">List of unclassified languages of North America</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adai_language" title="Adai language">Adai</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a> (30)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alsea_language" title="Alsea language">Alsea</a> (2) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atakapa_language" title="Atakapa language">Atakapa</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beothuk_language" title="Beothuk language">Beothuk</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_languages" title="Caddoan languages">Caddoan</a> (5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayuse_language" title="Cayuse language">Cayuse</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimakuan_languages" title="Chimakuan languages">Chimakuan</a> (2) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimariko_language" title="Chimariko language">Chimariko</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinookan_languages" title="Chinookan languages">Chinookan</a> (3) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitimacha_language" title="Chitimacha language">Chitimacha</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumashan_languages" title="Chumashan languages">Chumashan</a> (6) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coahuilteco_language" title="Coahuilteco language">Coahuilteco</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecrudan_languages" title="Comecrudan languages">Comecrudan</a> (United States & Mexico) (3) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coosan_languages" title="Coosan languages">Coosan</a> (2) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotoname_language" title="Cotoname language">Cotoname</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a> (7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esselen_language" title="Esselen language">Esselen</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a> (11)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalapuyan_languages" title="Kalapuyan languages">Kalapuyan</a> (3) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karankawa_language" title="Karankawa language">Karankawa</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuk_language" title="Karuk language">Karuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keresan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Keresan languages">Keresan</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiduan_languages" title="Maiduan languages">Maiduan</a> (4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean</a> (9)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">Na-Dené</a> (United States, Canada & Mexico) (39)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natchez_language" title="Natchez language">Natchez</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaihnihan_languages" title="Palaihnihan languages">Palaihnihan</a> (2) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Penutian_languages" title="Plateau Penutian languages">Plateau Penutian</a> (4) (also known as Shahapwailutan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomoan_languages" title="Pomoan languages">Pomoan</a> (7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salinan_language" title="Salinan language">Salinan</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a> (23)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shastan_languages" title="Shastan languages">Shastan</a> (4) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a> (19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siuslaw_language" title="Siuslaw language">Siuslaw</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solano_language" title="Solano language">Solano</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takelma_language" title="Takelma language">Takelma</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanoan_languages" title="Tanoan languages">Tanoan</a> (7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timucua_language" title="Timucua language">Timucua</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa_language" title="Tonkawa language">Tonkawa</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshianic_languages" title="Tsimshianic languages">Tsimshianic</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunica_language" title="Tunica language">Tunica</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utian_languages" title="Utian languages">Utian</a> (15) (also known as Miwok–Costanoan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a> (33)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a> (7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wappo_language" title="Wappo language">Wappo</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washo_language" title="Washo language">Washo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wintuan_languages" title="Wintuan languages">Wintuan</a> (4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yana_language" title="Yana language">Yana</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokutsan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Yokutsan languages">Yokutsan</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuki_language" title="Yuki language">Yuki</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuman%E2%80%93Cochim%C3%AD_languages" title="Yuman–Cochimí languages">Yuman–Cochimí</a> (11)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_language" title="Zuni language">Zuni</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_America_and_Mexico">Central America and Mexico</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Central America and Mexico">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_languages_of_Mexico.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Map_of_the_languages_of_Mexico.png/220px-Map_of_the_languages_of_Mexico.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Map_of_the_languages_of_Mexico.png/330px-Map_of_the_languages_of_Mexico.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Map_of_the_languages_of_Mexico.png/440px-Map_of_the_languages_of_Mexico.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="539" /></a><figcaption>The Indigenous languages of Mexico that have more than 100,000 speakers</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Distribution-myn2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Distribution-myn2.png/220px-Distribution-myn2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Distribution-myn2.png/330px-Distribution-myn2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Distribution-myn2.png/440px-Distribution-myn2.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="454" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan languages</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chibcha_lang.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Chibcha_lang.png/220px-Chibcha_lang.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Chibcha_lang.png/330px-Chibcha_lang.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Chibcha_lang.png/440px-Chibcha_lang.png 2x" data-file-width="919" data-file-height="582" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan languages</a></figcaption></figure> In Central America the Mayan languages are among those used today. Mayan languages are spoken by at least six million Indigenous Maya, primarily in Guatemala, Mexico, Belize and Honduras. In 1996, Guatemala formally recognized 21 Mayan languages by name, and Mexico recognizes eight more. The Mayan language family is one of the best documented and most studied in the Americas. Modern Mayan languages descend from Proto-Mayan, a language thought to have been spoken at least 4,000 years ago; it has been partially reconstructed using the comparative method. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_languages" title="Mesoamerican languages">Mesoamerican languages</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaguilac_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaguilac language">Alagüilac</a> (Guatemala) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a> & South America) (22)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coahuilteco_language" title="Coahuilteco language">Coahuilteco</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecrudan_languages" title="Comecrudan languages">Comecrudan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> & Mexico) (3) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotoname_language" title="Cotoname language">Cotoname</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuitlatec_language" title="Cuitlatec language">Cuitlatec</a> (Mexico: Guerrero) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epi-Olmec_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Epi-Olmec language">Epi-Olmec</a> (Mexico: language of undeciphered inscriptions) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaicurian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Guaicurian languages">Guaicurian</a> (8) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huave_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Huave languages">Huave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicaque_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Jicaque languages">Jicaquean</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenca_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenca language">Lencan</a> (2) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratino_language" title="Maratino language">Maratino</a> (northeastern Mexico) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan</a> (31)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misumalpan_languages" title="Misumalpan languages">Misumalpan</a> (5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixe%E2%80%93Zoquean_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixe–Zoquean languages">Mixe–Zoquean</a> (19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naolan_language" title="Naolan language">Naolan</a> (Mexico: Tamaulipas) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oto-Manguean_languages" title="Oto-Manguean languages">Oto-Manguean</a> (27)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peric%C3%BA_language" title="Pericú language">Pericú</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_language" title="Purépecha language">Purépecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinigua_language" title="Quinigua language">Quinigua</a> (northeast Mexico) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seri_language" title="Seri language">Seri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solano_language" title="Solano language">Solano</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequistlatecan_languages" title="Tequistlatecan languages">Tequistlatecan</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totonacan_languages" title="Totonacan languages">Totonacan</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a> (United States & Mexico) (33)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xincan_languages" title="Xincan languages">Xincan</a> (5) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuman_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuman languages">Yuman</a> (United States & Mexico) (11)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_America_and_the_Caribbean">South America and the Caribbean</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: South America and the Caribbean">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_South_America" title="Indigenous languages of South America">Indigenous languages of South America</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SouthAmerican_families_03.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/SouthAmerican_families_03.png/220px-SouthAmerican_families_03.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/SouthAmerican_families_03.png/330px-SouthAmerican_families_03.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/SouthAmerican_families_03.png/440px-SouthAmerican_families_03.png 2x" data-file-width="995" data-file-height="1341" /></a><figcaption>Some of the greater families of South America: dark spots are language isolates or quasi-isolate, grey spots unclassified languages or languages with doubtful classification. (Note that Quechua, the family with most speakers, is not displayed.)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Urarina_shaman_B_Dean.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Urarina_shaman_B_Dean.jpg/220px-Urarina_shaman_B_Dean.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Urarina_shaman_B_Dean.jpg/330px-Urarina_shaman_B_Dean.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Urarina_shaman_B_Dean.jpg/440px-Urarina_shaman_B_Dean.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1212" data-file-height="1790" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Urarina_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Urarina people">Urarina</a> <a href="/wiki/Shaman" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaman">shaman</a>, 1988</figcaption></figure> Although both North and <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a> are very diverse areas, South America has a linguistic diversity rivalled by only a few other places in the world with approximately 350 languages still spoken and several hundred more spoken at first contact but now extinct. The situation of language documentation and classification into genetic families is not as advanced as in North America (which is relatively well studied in many areas). Kaufman (1994: 46) gives the following appraisal: <blockquote> Since the mid 1950s, the amount of published material on SA [South America] has been gradually growing, but even so, the number of researchers is far smaller than the growing number of linguistic communities whose speech should be documented. Given the current employment opportunities, it is not likely that the number of specialists in SA Indian languages will increase fast enough to document most of the surviving SA languages before they go out of use, as most of them unavoidably will. More work languishes in personal files than is published, but this is a standard problem. It is fair to say that SA and <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> are linguistically the poorest documented parts of the world. However, in the early 1960s fairly systematic efforts were launched in <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>, and that area – much smaller than SA, to be sure – is in general much better documented than any part of Indigenous SA of comparable size. </blockquote> As a result, many relationships between languages and language families have not been determined and some of those relationships that have been proposed are on somewhat shaky ground. The list of language families, isolates, and unclassified languages below is a rather conservative one based on Campbell (1997). Many of the proposed (and often speculative) groupings of families can be seen in Campbell (1997), Gordon (2005), Kaufman (1990, 1994), Key (1979), Loukotka (1968), and in the <a href="#Language_stock_proposals">Language stock proposals</a> section below. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_unclassified_languages_of_South_America" title="List of unclassified languages of South America">List of unclassified languages of South America</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aguano_language" title="Aguano language">Aguano</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aikana_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aikana language">Aikaná</a> (Brazil: Rondônia) (also known as Aikanã, Tubarão)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andaqu%C3%AD_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Andaquí language">Andaquí</a> (also known as Andaqui, Andakí) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andoque_language" title="Andoque language">Andoque</a> (Colombia, Peru) (also known as Andoke)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andoquero_language" title="Andoquero language">Andoquero</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arawan_languages" title="Arawan languages">Arauan</a> (9)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maipurean_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Maipurean languages">Arawakan</a> (South America & Caribbean) (64) (also known as Maipurean)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arutani_language" title="Arutani language">Arutani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymaran_languages" title="Aymaran languages">Aymaran</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baenan_language" title="Baenan language">Baenan</a> (Brazil: Bahia) (also known as Baenán, Baenã) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbacoan_languages" title="Barbacoan languages">Barbacoan</a> (8)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betoi_language" title="Betoi language">Betoi</a> (Colombia) (also known as Betoy, Jirara) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bororoan_languages" title="Bororoan languages">Bororoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botocudoan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Botocudoan languages">Botocudoan</a> (3) (also known as Aimoré)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahuapanan_languages" title="Cahuapanan languages">Cahuapanan</a> (2) (also known as Jebero, Kawapánan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cams%C3%A1_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Camsá language">Camsá</a> (Colombia) (also known as Sibundoy, Coche)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candoshi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Candoshi language">Candoshi</a> (also known as Maina, Kandoshi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canichana_language" title="Canichana language">Canichana</a> (Bolivia) (also known as Canesi, Kanichana)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carabayo_language" title="Carabayo language">Carabayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban</a> (29) (also known as Caribe, Carib)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacaoan_languages" title="Catacaoan languages">Catacaoan</a> (also known as Katakáoan) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayubaba_language" title="Cayubaba language">Cayubaba</a> (Bolivia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapacuran_languages" title="Chapacuran languages">Chapacuran</a> (9) (also known as Chapacura-Wanham, Txapakúran)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charruan_languages" title="Charruan languages">Charruan</a> (also known as Charrúan) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a> (Central America & South America) (22)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimuan_languages" title="Chimuan languages">Chimuan</a> (3) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipaya%E2%80%93Uru_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Chipaya–Uru languages">Chipaya–Uru</a> (also known as Uru–Chipaya)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiquitano_language" title="Chiquitano language">Chiquitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choco_languages" title="Choco languages">Choco</a> (10) (also known as Chocoan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chon_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Chon languages">Chon</a> (2) (also known as Patagonian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chono_language" title="Chono language">Chono</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coeruna_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Coeruna language">Coeruna</a> (Brazil) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cof%C3%A1n_language" title="Cofán language">Cofán</a> (Colombia, Ecuador)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cueva_language" title="Cueva language">Cueva</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culle_language" title="Culle language">Culle</a> (Peru) (also known as Culli, Linga, Kulyi) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunza_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cunza language">Cunza</a> (Chile, Bolivia, Argentina) (also known as Atacama, Atakama, Atacameño, Lipe, Kunsa) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmeralde%C3%B1o_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Esmeraldeño language">Esmeraldeño</a> (also known as Esmeralda, Takame) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulni%C3%B3_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulnió language">Fulnió</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamela_language" title="Gamela language">Gamela</a> (Brazil: Maranhão) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgotoqui_language" title="Gorgotoqui language">Gorgotoqui</a> (Bolivia) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaicuruan_languages" title="Guaicuruan languages">Guaicuruan</a> (7) (also known as Guaykuruan, Waikurúan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guajiboan_languages" title="Guajiboan languages">Guajiboan</a> (4) (also known as Wahívoan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guamo_language" title="Guamo language">Guamo</a> (Venezuela) (also known as Wamo) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guat%C3%B3_language" title="Guató language">Guató</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harakmbut_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Harakmbut languages">Harakmbut</a> (2) (also known as Tuyoneri)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibito%E2%80%93Cholon_languages" title="Hibito–Cholon languages">Hibito–Cholon</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himarim%C3%A3_language" title="Himarimã language">Himarimã</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hod%C3%AF_language" title="Hodï language">Hodï</a> (Venezuela) (also known as Jotí, Hoti, Waruwaru)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huamo%C3%A9_language" title="Huamoé language">Huamoé</a> (Brazil: Pernambuco) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huaorani_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Huaorani language">Huaorani</a> (Ecuador, Peru) (also known as Auca, Huaorani, Wao, Auka, Sabela, Waorani, Waodani)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huarpe_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Huarpe language">Huarpe</a> (also known as Warpe) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irantxe_language" title="Irantxe language">Irantxe</a> (Brazil: Mato Grosso)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itonama_language" title="Itonama language">Itonama</a> (Bolivia) (also known as Saramo, Machoto)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabutian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabutian languages">Jabutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Je_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Je languages">Je</a> (13) (also known as Gê, Jêan, Gêan, Ye)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeik%C3%B3_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeikó language">Jeikó</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jirajaran_languages" title="Jirajaran languages">Jirajaran</a> (3) (also known as Hiraháran, Jirajarano, Jirajarana) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivaroan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Jivaroan languages">Jivaroan</a> (2) (also known as Hívaro)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaimbe_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaimbe language">Kaimbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaliana_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaliana language">Kaliana</a> (also known as Caliana, Cariana, Sapé, Chirichano)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakanan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamakanan languages">Kamakanan</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapixan%C3%A1_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapixaná language">Kapixaná</a> (Brazil: Rondônia) (also known as Kanoé, Kapishaná)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaj%C3%A1_language" title="Karajá language">Karajá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kariri_languages" title="Kariri languages">Karirí</a> (Brazil: Paraíba, Pernambuco, Ceará) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katembr%C3%AD_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Katembrí language">Katembrí</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katukinan_languages" title="Katukinan languages">Katukinan</a> (3) (also known as Catuquinan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaw%C3%A9sqar_language" title="Kawésqar language">Kawésqar</a> (Chile) (Kaweskar, Alacaluf, Qawasqar, Halawalip, Aksaná, Hekaine)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwaza_language" title="Kwaza language">Kwaza</a> (Koayá) (Brazil: Rondônia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leco_language" title="Leco language">Leco</a> (Lapalapa, Leko)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lule_language" title="Lule language">Lule</a> (Argentina) (also known as Tonocoté)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ku_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Máku language">Máku</a> (Maku of Auari)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malibu_languages" title="Malibu languages">Malibú</a> (also known as Malibu)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapudungun" class="mw-redirect" title="Mapudungun">Mapudungun</a> (Chile, Argentina) (also known as Araucanian, Mapuche, Huilliche)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascoyan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Mascoyan languages">Mascoyan</a> (5) (also known as Maskóian, Mascoian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matacoan_languages" title="Matacoan languages">Matacoan</a> (4) (also known as Mataguayan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matanaw%C3%AD_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Matanawí language">Matanawí</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxakal%C3%ADan_languages" title="Maxakalían languages">Maxakalían</a> (3) (also known as Mashakalían)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mocana_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mocana language">Mocana</a> (Colombia: Tubará) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosetenan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosetenan languages">Mosetenan</a> (also known as Mosetén)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movima_language" title="Movima language">Movima</a> (Bolivia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munichi_language" title="Munichi language">Munichi</a> (Peru) (also known as Muniche)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muran_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Muran languages">Muran</a> (4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mut%C3%BA_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutú language">Mutú</a> (also known as Loco)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadahup_languages" title="Nadahup languages">Nadahup</a> (5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambiquaran_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Nambiquaran languages">Nambiquaran</a> (5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat%C3%BA_language" title="Natú language">Natú</a> (Brazil: Pernambuco) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonuya_language" title="Nonuya language">Nonuya</a> (Peru, Colombia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofay%C3%A9_language" title="Ofayé language">Ofayé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Cat%C3%ADo%E2%80%93Nutabe_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Catío–Nutabe language">Old Catío–Nutabe</a> (Colombia) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omurano_language" title="Omurano language">Omurano</a> (Peru) (also known as Mayna, Mumurana, Numurana, Maina, Rimachu, Roamaina, Umurano) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ot%C3%AD_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Otí language">Otí</a> (Brazil: São Paulo) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otomakoan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Otomakoan languages">Otomakoan</a> (2) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1ez_language" title="Páez language">Paez</a> (also known as Nasa Yuwe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palta_language" title="Palta language">Palta</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pankarar%C3%BA_language" title="Pankararú language">Pankararú</a> (Brazil: Pernambuco) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pano%E2%80%93Tacanan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Pano–Tacanan languages">Pano–Tacanan</a> (33)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzaleo_language" title="Panzaleo language">Panzaleo</a> (Ecuador) (also known as Latacunga, Quito, Pansaleo) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patagon_language_(Peru)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patagon language (Peru)">Patagon</a> † (Peru)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peba%E2%80%93Yaguan_languages" title="Peba–Yaguan languages">Peba–Yaguan</a> (2) (also known as Yaguan, Yáwan, Peban)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pijao_language" title="Pijao language">Pijao</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Arawakan_languages_of_the_Greater_Antilles" title="Pre-Arawakan languages of the Greater Antilles">Pre-Arawakan languages of the Greater Antilles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Guanahatabey_language" title="Guanahatabey language">Guanahatabey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macorix_language" title="Macorix language">Macorix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ciguayo_language" title="Ciguayo language">Ciguayo</a>) † (Cuba, Hispaniola)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puelche_language" title="Puelche language">Puelche</a> (Chile) (also known as Guenaken, Gennaken, Pampa, Pehuenche, Ranquelche) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puinave_language" title="Puinave language">Puinave</a> (also known as Makú)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puquina_language" title="Puquina language">Puquina</a> (Bolivia) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purian_languages" title="Purian languages">Purian</a> (2) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechuan</a> (46)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rikbakts%C3%A1_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rikbaktsá language">Rikbaktsá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saliban_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Saliban languages">Saliban</a> (2) (also known as Sálivan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sechura_language" title="Sechura language">Sechura</a> (Atalan, Sec) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabancale_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabancale language">Tabancale</a> † (Peru)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tairona_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tairona language">Tairona</a> (Colombia) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarairi%C3%BA_language" title="Tarairiú language">Tarairiú</a> (Brazil: Rio Grande do Norte) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taruma_language" title="Taruma language">Taruma</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taushiro_language" title="Taushiro language">Taushiro</a> (Peru) (also known as Pinchi, Pinche)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequiraca_language" title="Tequiraca language">Tequiraca</a> (Peru) (also known as Tekiraka, Avishiri) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teushen_language" title="Teushen language">Teushen</a> † (Patagonia, Argentina)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticuna_language" title="Ticuna language">Ticuna</a> (Colombia, Peru, Brazil) (also known as Magta, Tikuna, Tucuna, Tukna, Tukuna)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timotean_languages" title="Timotean languages">Timotean</a> (2) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiniguan_languages" title="Tiniguan languages">Tiniguan</a> (2) (also known as Tiníwan, Pamiguan) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumai_language" title="Trumai language">Trumai</a> (Brazil: Xingu, Mato Grosso)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucanoan_languages" title="Tucanoan languages">Tucanoan</a> (15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupian_languages" title="Tupian languages">Tupian</a> (70, including Guaraní)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tux%C3%A1_language" title="Tuxá language">Tuxá</a> (Brazil: Bahia, Pernambuco) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urarina_language" title="Urarina language">Urarina</a> (also known as Shimacu, Itukale, Shimaku)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilela_language" title="Vilela language">Vilela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakona_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wakona language">Wakona</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warao_language" title="Warao language">Warao</a> (Guyana, Surinam, Venezuela) (also known as Guarao)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witotoan_languages" title="Witotoan languages">Witotoan</a> (6) (also known as Huitotoan, Bora–Witótoan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xok%C3%B3_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Xokó language">Xokó</a> (Brazil: Alagoas, Pernambuco) (also known as Shokó) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xukur%C3%BA_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Xukurú language">Xukurú</a> (Brazil: Pernambuco, Paraíba) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaghan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaghan language">Yaghan</a> (Chile) (also known as Yámana)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanomaman_languages" title="Yanomaman languages">Yanomaman</a> (4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaruro_language" title="Yaruro language">Yaruro</a> (also known as Jaruro)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuracare_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuracare language">Yuracare</a> (Bolivia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_language_(South_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuri language (South America)">Yuri</a> (Colombia, Brazil) (also known as Carabayo, Jurí) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yurumangu%C3%AD_language" title="Yurumanguí language">Yurumanguí</a> (Colombia) (also known as Yurimangui, Yurimangi) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamucoan_languages" title="Zamucoan languages">Zamucoan</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaparoan_languages" title="Zaparoan languages">Zaparoan</a> (5) (also known as Záparo)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_stock_proposals">Language stock proposals</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Language stock proposals">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas">Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas</a></div> Hypothetical language-family proposals of American languages are often cited as uncontroversial in popular writing. However, many of these proposals have not been fully demonstrated, or even demonstrated at all. Some proposals are viewed by specialists in a favorable light, believing that genetic relationships are very likely to be established in the future (for example, the <a href="/wiki/Penutian_languages" title="Penutian languages">Penutian</a> stock). Other proposals are more controversial with many linguists believing that some genetic relationships of a proposal may be demonstrated but much of it undemonstrated (for example, <a href="/wiki/Hokan%E2%80%93Siouan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokan–Siouan">Hokan–Siouan</a>, which, incidentally, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Sapir" title="Edward Sapir">Edward Sapir</a> called his "wastepaper basket stock").<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Still other proposals are almost unanimously rejected by specialists (for example, <a href="/wiki/Amerind_languages" title="Amerind languages">Amerind</a>). Below is a (partial) list of some such proposals: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algonquian%E2%80%93Wakashan" class="mw-redirect" title="Algonquian–Wakashan">Algonquian–Wakashan</a>   (also known as Almosan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almosan%E2%80%93Keresiouan" class="mw-redirect" title="Almosan–Keresiouan">Almosan–Keresiouan</a>   (Almosan + Keresiouan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amerind_languages" title="Amerind languages">Amerind</a>   (all languages excepting Eskaleut & Na-Dené)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algonkian%E2%80%93Gulf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Algonkian–Gulf (page does not exist)">Algonkian–Gulf</a>   (Algic + Beothuk + Gulf)</li> <li>(macro-)<a href="/wiki/Arawakan" class="mw-redirect" title="Arawakan">Arawakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arutani%E2%80%93Sape_languages" title="Arutani–Sape languages">Arutani–Sape</a> (Ahuaque–Kalianan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec%E2%80%93Tanoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec–Tanoan">Aztec–Tanoan</a>   (Uto-Aztecan + Tanoan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chibchan%E2%80%93Paezan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chibchan–Paezan">Chibchan–Paezan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chikitano%E2%80%93Bor%C3%B3roan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chikitano–Boróroan">Chikitano–Boróroan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chimu%E2%80%93Chipaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chimu–Chipaya (page does not exist)">Chimu–Chipaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coahuiltecan" title="Coahuiltecan">Coahuiltecan</a>   (Coahuilteco + Cotoname + Comecrudan + Karankawa + Tonkawa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunza%E2%80%93Kapixanan" class="mw-redirect" title="Cunza–Kapixanan">Cunza–Kapixanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den%C3%A9%E2%80%93Caucasian_languages" title="Dené–Caucasian languages">Dené–Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den%C3%A9%E2%80%93Yeniseian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dené–Yeniseian languages">Dené–Yeniseian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmeralda%E2%80%93Yaruro_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Esmeralda–Yaruro languages">Esmeralda–Yaruroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%E2%80%93Pano%E2%80%93Carib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge–Pano–Carib">Ge–Pano–Carib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guamo%E2%80%93Chapacuran" class="mw-redirect" title="Guamo–Chapacuran">Guamo–Chapacuran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_languages" title="Gulf languages">Gulf</a>   (Muskogean + Natchez + Tunica)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibito%E2%80%93Cholon_languages" title="Hibito–Cholon languages">Macro-Kulyi–Cholónan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokan_languages" title="Hokan languages">Hokan</a>   (Karok + Chimariko + Shastan + Palaihnihan + Yana + Pomoan + Washo + Esselen + Yuman + Salinan + Chumashan + Seri + Tequistlatecan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokan%E2%80%93Siouan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokan–Siouan">Hokan–Siouan</a>   (Hokan + Keresiouan + Subtiaba–Tlappanec + Coahuiltecan + Yukian + Tunican + Natchez + Muskogean + Timucua)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Je%E2%80%93Tupi%E2%80%93Carib" class="mw-redirect" title="Je–Tupi–Carib">Je–Tupi–Carib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivaroan%E2%80%93Cahuapanan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jivaroan–Cahuapanan">Jivaroan–Cahuapanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalianan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalianan">Kalianan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandoshi%E2%80%93Omurano%E2%80%93Taushiro" class="mw-redirect" title="Kandoshi–Omurano–Taushiro">Kandoshi–Omurano–Taushiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katembri%E2%80%93Taruma_languages" title="Katembri–Taruma languages">(Macro-)Katembri–Taruma</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaweskar_language_area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaweskar language area (page does not exist)">Kaweskar language area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keresiouan" class="mw-redirect" title="Keresiouan">Keresiouan</a>   (Macro-Siouan + Keresan + Yuchi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lule%E2%80%93Vilela_languages" title="Lule–Vilela languages">Lule–Vilelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Andean" class="mw-redirect" title="Macro-Andean">Macro-Andean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Carib" class="mw-redirect" title="Macro-Carib">Macro-Carib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Chibchan_languages" title="Macro-Chibchan languages">Macro-Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-G%C3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Macro-Gê">Macro-Gê</a>   (also known as Macro-Jê)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Jibaro" class="mw-redirect" title="Macro-Jibaro">Macro-Jibaro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macro-Lekoan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macro-Lekoan (page does not exist)">Macro-Lekoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Mayan" class="mw-redirect" title="Macro-Mayan">Macro-Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Otom%C3%A1koan" class="mw-redirect" title="Macro-Otomákoan">Macro-Otomákoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Paesan" class="mw-redirect" title="Macro-Paesan">Macro-Paesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Panoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Macro-Panoan">Macro-Panoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Puinavean" class="mw-redirect" title="Macro-Puinavean">Macro-Puinavean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Siouan_languages" title="Macro-Siouan languages">Macro-Siouan</a>   (Siouan + Iroquoian + Caddoan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Tucanoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Macro-Tucanoan">Macro-Tucanoan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macro-Tup%C3%AD%E2%80%93Karibe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macro-Tupí–Karibe (page does not exist)">Macro-Tupí–Karibe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Waikur%C3%BAan" class="mw-redirect" title="Macro-Waikurúan">Macro-Waikurúan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Warpean_languages" title="Macro-Warpean languages">Macro-Warpean</a>   (Muran + Matanawi + Huarpe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mataco%E2%80%93Guaicuru_languages" title="Mataco–Guaicuru languages">Mataco–Guaicuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosan_languages" title="Mosan languages">Mosan</a>   (Salishan + Wakashan + Chimakuan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moset%C3%A9n%E2%80%93Chonan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosetén–Chonan languages">Mosetén–Chonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mura%E2%80%93Matanawian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Mura–Matanawian languages">Mura–Matanawian</a></li> <li>Sapir's <a href="/wiki/Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">Na-Dené</a> including <a href="/wiki/Haida_people" title="Haida people">Haida</a>   (Haida + Tlingit + Eyak + Athabaskan)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nostratic%E2%80%93Amerind&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nostratic–Amerind (page does not exist)">Nostratic–Amerind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paezan_languages" title="Paezan languages">Paezan</a> (Andaqui + Paez + Panzaleo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paezan%E2%80%93Barbacoan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Paezan–Barbacoan languages">Paezan–Barbacoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penutian_languages" title="Penutian languages">Penutian</a>   (many languages of California and sometimes languages in Mexico) <ul><li>California Penutian   (Wintuan + Maiduan + Yokutsan + Utian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Penutian_languages" title="Oregon Penutian languages">Oregon Penutian</a>   (Takelma + Coosan + Siuslaw + Alsean)</li> <li>Mexican Penutian   (Mixe–Zoque + Huave)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puinave%E2%80%93Maku_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Puinave–Maku languages">Puinave–Maku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechumaran_languages" title="Quechumaran languages">Quechumaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saparo%E2%80%93Yawan_languages" title="Saparo–Yawan languages">Saparo–Yawan</a>   (also known as Zaparo–Yaguan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sechura%E2%80%93Catacao_languages" title="Sechura–Catacao languages">Sechura–Catacao</a> (also known as Sechura–Tallan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takelman_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Takelman languages">Takelman</a>   (Takelma + Kalapuyan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequiraca%E2%80%93Canichana_languages" title="Tequiraca–Canichana languages">Tequiraca–Canichana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticuna%E2%80%93Yuri_languages" title="Ticuna–Yuri languages">Ticuna–Yuri</a> (Yuri–Ticunan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totozoque_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Totozoque languages">Totozoque</a>   (Totonacan + Mixe–Zoque)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunican_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunican languages">Tunican</a>   (Tunica + Atakapa + Chitimacha)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yok-Utian_languages" title="Yok-Utian languages">Yok–Utian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuki%E2%80%93Wappo_languages" title="Yuki–Wappo languages">Yuki–Wappo</a></li></ul> </div> Good discussions of past proposals can be found in Campbell (1997) and Campbell & <a href="/wiki/Marianne_Mithun" title="Marianne Mithun">Mithun</a> (1979). Amerindian linguist <a href="/wiki/Lyle_Campbell" title="Lyle Campbell">Lyle Campbell</a> also assigned different percentage values of probability and confidence for various proposals of macro-families and language relationships, depending on his views of the proposals' strengths.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> For example, the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic language family</a> would receive probability and confidence percentage values of +100% and 100%, respectively. However, if Turkish and Quechua were compared, the probability value might be −95%, while the confidence value might be 95%.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] 0% probability or confidence would mean complete uncertainty. <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <th>Language Family </th> <th>Probability </th> <th>Confidence </th></tr> <tr> <td>Algonkian–Gulf </td> <td>−50% </td> <td>50% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Almosan (and beyond) </td> <td>−75% </td> <td>50% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Atakapa–Chitimacha </td> <td>−50% </td> <td>60% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aztec–Tanoan </td> <td>0% </td> <td>50% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Coahuiltecan </td> <td>−85% </td> <td>80% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eskaleut, Chukotan<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> </td> <td>−25% </td> <td>20% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Guaicurian–Hokan </td> <td>0% </td> <td>10% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gulf </td> <td>−25% </td> <td>40% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hokan–Subtiaba </td> <td>−90% </td> <td>75% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jicaque–Hokan </td> <td>−30% </td> <td>25% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jicaque–Subtiaba </td> <td>−60% </td> <td>80% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jicaque–Tequistlatecan </td> <td>+65% </td> <td>50% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Keresan and Uto-Aztecan </td> <td>0% </td> <td>60% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Keresan and Zuni </td> <td>−40% </td> <td>40% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Macro-Mayan<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> </td> <td>+30% </td> <td>25% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Macro-Siouan<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> </td> <td>−20% </td> <td>75% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Maya–Chipaya </td> <td>−80% </td> <td>95% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Maya–Chipaya–Yunga </td> <td>−90% </td> <td>95% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mexican Penutian </td> <td>−40% </td> <td>60% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Misumalpan–Chibchan </td> <td>+20% </td> <td>50% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mosan </td> <td>−60% </td> <td>65% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Na-Dene </td> <td>0% </td> <td>25% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Natchez–Muskogean </td> <td>+40% </td> <td>20% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nostratic–Amerind </td> <td>−90% </td> <td>75% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Otomanguean–Huave </td> <td>+25% </td> <td>25% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Purépecha–Quechua </td> <td>−90% </td> <td>80% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Quechua as Hokan </td> <td>−85% </td> <td>80% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Quechumaran </td> <td>+50% </td> <td>50% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sahaptian–Klamath–(Molala) </td> <td>+75% </td> <td>50% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sahaptian–Klamath–Tsimshian </td> <td>+10% </td> <td>10% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Takelman<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> </td> <td>+80% </td> <td>60% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tlapanec–Subtiaba as Otomanguean </td> <td>+95% </td> <td>90% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tlingit–Eyak–Athabaskan </td> <td>+75% </td> <td>40% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tunican </td> <td>0% </td> <td>20% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wakashan and Chimakuan </td> <td>0% </td> <td>25% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yukian–Gulf </td> <td>−85% </td> <td>70% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yukian–Siouan </td> <td>−60% </td> <td>75% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zuni–Penutian </td> <td>−80% </td> <td>50% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pronouns">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/N%E2%80%93M_pronouns" class="mw-redirect" title="N–M pronouns">N–M pronouns</a></div> It has long been observed that a remarkable number of Native American languages have a pronominal pattern with first-person singular forms in n and second-person singular forms in m. (Compare first-person singular m and second-person singular t across much of northern Eurasia, as in English me and thee, Spanish me and te, and Hungarian -m and -d.) This pattern was first noted by <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Trombetti" title="Alfredo Trombetti">Alfredo Trombetti</a> in 1905. It caused Sapir to suggest that ultimately all Native American languages would turn out to be related. <a href="/wiki/Johanna_Nichols" title="Johanna Nichols">Johanna Nichols</a> suggests that the pattern had spread through diffusion.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> This notion was rejected by Lyle Campbell, who argued that the frequency of the n/m pattern was not statistically elevated in either area compared to the rest of the world.<a href="#cite_note-Campbell_1997-68">[68]</a> Zamponi found that Nichols's findings were distorted by her small sample size. Looking at families rather than individual languages, he found a rate of 30% of families/protolanguages in North America, all on the western flank, compared to 5% in South America and 7% of non-American languages – though the percentage in North America, and especially the even higher number in the Pacific Northwest, drops considerably if <a href="/wiki/Hokan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokan">Hokan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Penutian" class="mw-redirect" title="Penutian">Penutian</a>, or parts of them, are accepted as language families. If all the proposed Penutian and Hokan languages in the table below are related, then the frequency drops to 9% of North American families, statistically indistinguishable from the world average.<a href="#cite_note-Zamponi-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Linguistic_areas">Linguistic areas</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Linguistic areas">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_areas_of_the_Americas" title="Linguistic areas of the Americas">Linguistic areas of the Americas</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unattested_languages">Unattested languages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Unattested languages">edit</a>]</div> Several languages are only known by mention in historical documents or from only a few names or words. It cannot be determined that these languages actually existed or that the few recorded words are actually of known or unknown languages. Some may simply be from a historian's errors. Others are of known people with no linguistic record (sometimes due to lost records). A short list is below. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ais_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ais language">Ais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akokisa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Akokisa language">Akokisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranama_language" title="Aranama language">Aranama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausaima_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ausaima language">Ausaima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avoyel_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Avoyel language">Avoyel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayogoula_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayogoula language">Bayagoula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidai_language" title="Bidai language">Bidai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cac%C3%A1n_language" title="Cacán language">Cacán</a> (<a href="/wiki/Diaguita_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaguita language">Diaguita</a>–<a href="/wiki/Calchaqu%C3%AD_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Calchaquí language">Calchaquí</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calusa_language" title="Calusa language">Calusa</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mayaimi" title="Mayaimi">Mayaimi</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tequesta_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tequesta language">Tequesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cusabo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cusabo language">Cusabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyeish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyeish language">Eyeish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigra_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Grigra language">Grigra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guale_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Guale language">Guale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houma_language" title="Houma language">Houma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koroa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Koroa language">Koroa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayaca_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayaca language">Mayaca</a> (possibly related to Ais)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobila_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobila language">Mobila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okelousa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Okelousa language">Okelousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opelousa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Opelousa language">Opelousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascagoula_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pascagoula language">Pascagoula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensacola_people" title="Pensacola people">Pensacola</a> – <a href="/wiki/Amacano_people" title="Amacano people">Amacano</a> - <a href="/wiki/Chacato" title="Chacato">Chacato</a> - <a href="/wiki/Chine_people" title="Chine people">Chine</a> (Muscogean languages)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pijao_language" title="Pijao language">Pijao language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisabo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pisabo language">Pisabo</a> (possibly the same language as <a href="/wiki/Mats%C3%A9s_language" title="Matsés language">Matsés</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinipissa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Quinipissa language">Quinipissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taensa_language" title="Taensa language">Taensa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiou_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiou language">Tiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamacraw_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamacraw language">Yamacraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamasee_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamasee language">Yamasee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazoo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yazoo language">Yazoo</a></li></ul> </div> Loukotka (1968) reports the names of hundreds of South American languages which do not have any linguistic documentation. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pidgins_and_mixed_languages">Pidgins and mixed languages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pidgins and mixed languages">edit</a>]</div> Various miscellaneous languages such as <a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">pidgins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">mixed languages</a>, trade languages, and <a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign languages</a> are given below in alphabetical order. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Pidgin_English" class="mw-redirect" title="American Indian Pidgin English">American Indian Pidgin English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algonquian-Basque_pidgin" class="mw-redirect" title="Algonquian-Basque pidgin">Algonquian-Basque pidgin</a> (also known as Micmac-Basque Pidgin, Souriquois; spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Basque_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque people">Basques</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mi'kmaq people">Micmacs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Innu_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Innu people">Montagnais</a> in eastern Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language#Broken_Oghibbeway" title="Ojibwe language">Broken Oghibbeway</a> (also known as Broken Ojibwa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken_Slavey" class="mw-redirect" title="Broken Slavey">Broken Slavey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungee_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bungee language">Bungee</a> (also known as Bungi, Bungie, Bungay, or the Red River Dialect)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callahuaya_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Callahuaya language">Callahuaya</a> (also known as Machaj-Juyai, <a href="/wiki/Kallawaya_language" title="Kallawaya language">Kallawaya</a>, Collahuaya, Pohena, Kolyawaya Jargon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_Carib_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Carib language">Carib Pidgin</a> (also known as Ndjuka-Amerindian Pidgin, Ndjuka-Trio)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carib_Pidgin%E2%80%93Arawak_Mixed_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Carib Pidgin–Arawak Mixed Language">Carib Pidgin–Arawak Mixed Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalangu" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalangu">Catalangu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinook_Jargon" title="Chinook Jargon">Chinook Jargon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Jargon" class="mw-redirect" title="Delaware Jargon">Delaware Jargon</a> (also known as Pidgin Delaware)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskimo_Trade_Jargon" title="Eskimo Trade Jargon">Eskimo Trade Jargon</a> (also known as Herschel Island Eskimo Pidgin, Ship's Jargon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_Pidgin" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenlandic Pidgin">Greenlandic Pidgin</a> (West Greenlandic Pidgin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guajiro-Spanish" class="mw-redirect" title="Guajiro-Spanish">Guajiro-Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCeg%C3%BCence-Nicarao" class="mw-redirect" title="Güegüence-Nicarao">Güegüence-Nicarao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_Jargon" title="Haida Jargon">Haida Jargon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut-English_Pidgin" title="Inuktitut-English Pidgin">Inuktitut-English Pidgin</a> (Quebec)</li> <li>Jargonized <a href="/wiki/Powhatan" title="Powhatan">Powhatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keresan_Sign_Language" title="Keresan Sign Language">Keresan Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrador_Eskimo_Pidgin" class="mw-redirect" title="Labrador Eskimo Pidgin">Labrador Eskimo Pidgin</a> (also known as Labrador Inuit Pidgin)</li> <li>Lingua Franca <a href="/wiki/Apalachee_language" title="Apalachee language">Apalachee</a></li> <li>Lingua Franca <a href="/wiki/Creek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Creek language">Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingua_Geral_Amaz%C3%B4nica" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingua Geral Amazônica">Lingua Geral Amazônica</a> (also known as Nheengatú, Lingua Boa, Lingua Brasílica, Lingua Geral do Norte)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingua_Geral_do_Sul" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingua Geral do Sul">Lingua Geral do Sul</a> (also known as Lingua Geral Paulista, Tupí Austral)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loucheux_Jargon" class="mw-redirect" title="Loucheux Jargon">Loucheux Jargon</a> (also known as Jargon Loucheux)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Lengua" title="Media Lengua">Media Lengua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medny_Aleut_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Medny Aleut language">Mednyj Aleut</a> (also known as Copper Island Aleut, Medniy Aleut, CIA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michif" title="Michif">Michif</a> (also known as French Cree, Métis, Metchif, Mitchif, Métchif)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobilian_Jargon" title="Mobilian Jargon">Mobilian Jargon</a> (also known as Mobilian Trade Jargon, Chickasaw-Chocaw Trade Language, Yamá)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montagnais_Pidgin_Basque" class="mw-redirect" title="Montagnais Pidgin Basque">Montagnais Pidgin Basque</a> (also known as Pidgin Basque-Montagnais)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootka_Jargon" title="Nootka Jargon">Nootka Jargon</a> (spoken during the 18th–19th centuries; later replaced by Chinook Jargon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocaneechi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocaneechi language">Ocaneechi</a> (also known as Occaneechee; spoken in Virginia and the Carolinas in early colonial times)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidgin_Massachusett" class="mw-redirect" title="Pidgin Massachusett">Pidgin Massachusett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Indian Sign Language</a></li></ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_systems">Writing systems</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Writing systems">edit</a>]</div> While most Indigenous languages have adopted the Latin script as the written form of their languages, a few languages have their own unique writing systems after encountering the Latin script (often through missionaries) that are still in use. All pre-Columbian Indigenous writing systems are no longer used. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Indigenous Writing Systems of the Americas </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Writing System </th> <th>Type </th> <th>Language(s) </th> <th>Region(s) </th> <th>Date in usage </th> <th>Status </th> <th>Inventor </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Quipu" title="Quipu">Quipu</a> </td> <td>N/A (string) Possibly <a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logogram</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syllabogram" title="Syllabogram">Syllabogram</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aymara_language" title="Aymara language">Aymara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quechua_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua language">Quechua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puquina_language" title="Puquina language">Puquina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mapuche_language" title="Mapuche language">Mapuche</a> and other Andean languages </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andean_civilizations" title="Andean civilizations">Andean civilizations</a> (Western South America) </td> <td>3rd millennium BCE – 17th century </td> <td>Extinct </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Olmec_hieroglyphs" title="Olmec hieroglyphs">Olmec hieroglyphs</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logogram</a> <a href="/wiki/Syllabogram" title="Syllabogram">Syllabogram</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque_languages" title="Mixe–Zoque languages">Mixe–Zoque languages</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Tehuantepec" title="Isthmus of Tehuantepec">Isthmus of Tehuantepec</a> </td> <td>1500 <a href="/wiki/Before_the_Common_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Before the Common Era">BCE</a> – 400 BCE </td> <td>Extinct </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_script" title="Zapotec script">Zapotec script</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logogram</a> <a href="/wiki/Syllabogram" title="Syllabogram">Syllabogram</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zapotecan_languages" title="Zapotecan languages">Zapotecan languages</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a> </td> <td>500 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE</a> – 700 CE </td> <td>Extinct </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Isthmian_script" title="Isthmian script">Epi-Olmec script</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logogram</a> <a href="/wiki/Syllabogram" title="Syllabogram">Syllabogram</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zoque_languages" title="Zoque languages">Zoque languages</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Tehuantepec" title="Isthmus of Tehuantepec">Isthmus of Tehuantepec</a> </td> <td>400 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE</a> – 500 CE </td> <td>Extinct </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_writing_systems#Abaj_Takalik_and_Kaminaljuyú_scripts" title="Mesoamerican writing systems">Izapan scripts</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logogram</a> <a href="/wiki/Syllabogram" title="Syllabogram">Syllabogram</a> </td> <td>unknown <a href="/wiki/Mixe%E2%80%93Zoquean_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixe–Zoquean languages">Mixe–Zoquean language</a>, Highland Mayan languages </td> <td>Southern <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_chronology" title="Mesoamerican chronology">Late Preclassic</a> </td> <td>Extinct </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Maya script</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logogram</a> <a href="/wiki/Syllabogram" title="Syllabogram">Syllabogram</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yucatecan_languages" title="Yucatecan languages">Yucatecan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ch%CA%BColan_languages" title="Chʼolan languages">Ch'olan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tzeltalan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzeltalan languages">Tzeltalan languages</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya civilization</a>: <a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_Peninsula" title="Yucatán Peninsula">Yucatán Peninsula</a> of Mexico, <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, & <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a> </td> <td>3rd century BCE – 17th century CE </td> <td>Extinct </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_writing_systems" title="Mesoamerican writing systems">Teotihua script</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logogram</a> <a href="/wiki/Syllabogram" title="Syllabogram">Syllabogram</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a>, other </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Central Mexico</a> </td> <td>100 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE</a> – 750 CE </td> <td>Extinct </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mixtec_writing" title="Mixtec writing">Mixtec script</a> (Mixteca-Puebla script) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logogram</a> <a href="/wiki/Syllabogram" title="Syllabogram">Syllabogram</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mixtecan_languages" title="Mixtecan languages">Mixtecan languages</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guerrero" title="Guerrero">Guerrero</a> </td> <td>13th century – 17th century CE </td> <td>Extinct </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aztec_script" title="Aztec script">Aztec script</a> (Mixteca-Puebla script) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logogram</a> <a href="/wiki/Syllabogram" title="Syllabogram">Syllabogram</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Central Mexico</a> </td> <td>14th century – 17th century CE </td> <td>Extinct </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaw_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaw hieroglyphic writing">Komqwejwi'kasikl (Miꞌkmaw Hieroglyphs)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logogram</a> <a href="/wiki/Syllabogram" title="Syllabogram">Syllabogram</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mi'kmaq (language)">Mi'kmaq</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a>, & <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> </td> <td>17th–19th century </td> <td>Extinct </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaw_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaw hieroglyphic writing">Father Le Clercq</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee syllabary</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">Syllabary</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_language" title="Cherokee language">Cherokee</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation" title="Cherokee Nation">Cherokee Nation</a>, United States </td> <td>1820s–present </td> <td>Active </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sequoyah" title="Sequoyah">Sequoyah ᏍᏏᏉᏯ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal syllabics</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugida</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naskapi_language" title="Naskapi language">Naskapi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chippewa_language" title="Chippewa language">Chippewa</a>, & <a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot (Siksika)</a>) <a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inuktitut" title="Inuktitut">Inuktitut</a> & <a href="/wiki/Inuinnaqtun" title="Inuinnaqtun">Inuinnaqtun</a>) <a href="/wiki/Athabaskan_languages" title="Athabaskan languages">Athabaskan languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Beaver_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaver language">Dane-zaa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavey_language" title="Slavey language">Slavey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chipewyan_language" title="Chipewyan language">Chipewyan (Denesuline)</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sayisi_Dene" title="Sayisi Dene">Sayisi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carrier_language" title="Carrier language">Carrier (Dakelh)</a>, & <a href="/wiki/Sekani_language" title="Sekani language">Sekani</a>) </td> <td>Canada </td> <td>1840s–present </td> <td>Active </td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Evans_(linguist)" title="James Evans (linguist)">James Evans ᒉᐃᒻᔅ ᐁᕙᓐᔅ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yugtun_script" title="Yugtun script">Yugtun script</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">Syllabary</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Alaskan_Yup%27ik_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Alaskan Yup'ik language">Central Alaskan Yup'ik</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> </td> <td>1900–present </td> <td>Endangered </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uyaquq" title="Uyaquq">Uyaquq</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Afaka_syllabary" title="Afaka syllabary">Afaka syllabary</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">Syllabary</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ndyuka_language" title="Ndyuka language">Ndyuka</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a> </td> <td>1910–present </td> <td>Endangered </td> <td>Afáka Atumisi </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage script</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabet</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Osage_language" title="Osage language">Osage</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Osage_Nation" title="Osage Nation">Osage Nation</a>, United States </td> <td>2006–present </td> <td>Active </td> <td>Herman Mongrain Lookout </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg/30px-MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg/45px-MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg/60px-MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="319" data-file-height="299" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Languages">Languages portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amerind_languages" title="Amerind languages">Amerind languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archive_of_the_Indigenous_Languages_of_Latin_America" title="Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America">Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas">Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas">Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_Q-M242_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup Q-M242 (Y-DNA)">Haplogroup Q-M242 (Y-DNA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_families_and_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Language families and languages">Language families and languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Peru" title="Languages of Peru">Languages of Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_languages_in_Canada" title="List of endangered languages in Canada">List of endangered languages in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_languages_in_Mexico" title="List of endangered languages in Mexico">List of endangered languages in Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_languages_in_the_United_States" title="List of endangered languages in the United States">List of endangered languages in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_languages_with_mobile_apps" title="List of endangered languages with mobile apps">List of endangered languages with mobile apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_indigenous_languages_of_South_America" title="List of indigenous languages of South America">List of indigenous languages of South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_indigenous_languages_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="List of indigenous languages in Argentina">List of indigenous languages in Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_languages" title="Mesoamerican languages">Mesoamerican languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Languages_Act_of_1990" title="Native American Languages Act of 1990">Native American Languages Act of 1990</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGreenberg1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Greenberg" title="Joseph Greenberg">Greenberg, Joseph</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rdbEBricFRUC">Language in the Americas</a>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1315-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1315-3"><bdi>978-0-8047-1315-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+in+the+Americas&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-1315-3&rft.aulast=Greenberg&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrdbEBricFRUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndigenous+languages+of+the+Americas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lyle_Campbell" title="Lyle Campbell">Campbell, Lyle</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h36tPYqAZPwC">American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534983-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534983-2"><bdi>978-0-19-534983-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Indian+Languages%3A+The+Historical+Linguistics+of+Native+America&rft.pages=253&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-534983-2&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Lyle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh36tPYqAZPwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndigenous+languages+of+the+Americas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-online-3"><a href="#cite_ref-online_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2005" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Raymond G. Jr., ed. (2005). 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Retrieved 2018-06-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Aboriginal+Mother+Tongue+%2890%29%2C+Single+and+Multiple+Mother+Tongue+Responses+%283%29%2C+Aboriginal+Identity+%289%29%2C+Registered+or+Treaty+Indian+Status+%283%29+and+Age+%2812%29+for+the+Population+in+Private+Households+of+Canada%2C+Provinces+and+Territories%2C+Census+Metropolitan+Areas+and+Census+Agglomerations%2C+2016+Census+%E2%80%93+25%25+Sample+Data&rft.date=2018-03-28&rft.aulast=Canada&rft.aufirst=Government+of+Canada%2C+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2016%2Fdp-pd%2Fdt-td%2FRp-eng.cfm%3FLANG%3DE%26APATH%3D3%26DETAIL%3D0%26DIM%3D0%26FL%3DA%26FREE%3D0%26GC%3D0%26GID%3D0%26GK%3D0%26GRP%3D1%26PID%3D112132%26PRID%3D10%26PTYPE%3D109445%26S%3D0%26SHOWALL%3D0%26SUB%3D0%26Temporal%3D2017%26THEME%3D122%26VID%3D0%26VNAMEE%3D%26VNAMEF%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndigenous+languages+of+the+Americas" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/en/atlasmap/language-id-269.html">"UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger"</a>. www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2018-06-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unesco.org&rft.atitle=UNESCO+Atlas+of+the+World%27s+Languages+in+danger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fculture%2Flanguages-atlas%2Fen%2Fatlasmap%2Flanguage-id-269.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndigenous+languages+of+the+Americas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/en/atlasmap/language-id-1535.html">"UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger"</a>. www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2018-06-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unesco.org&rft.atitle=UNESCO+Atlas+of+the+World%27s+Languages+in+danger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fculture%2Flanguages-atlas%2Fen%2Fatlasmap%2Flanguage-id-1535.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndigenous+languages+of+the+Americas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Cocopah at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (19th ed., 2016) </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Havasupai‑Walapai‑Yavapai at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_51-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/INALI" class="mw-redirect" title="INALI">INALI</a> (2012) México: Lenguas indígenas nacionales </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> "Kumiai". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2018-04-14. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Quechan at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (19th ed., 2016) </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Yavapai at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (19th ed., 2016) </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Mojave language at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/lang/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=41&Geo=01">"Language Highlight Tables, 2016 Census – Aboriginal mother tongue, Aboriginal language spoken most often at home and Other Aboriginal language(s) spoken regularly at home for the population excluding institutional residents of Canada, provinces and territories, 2016 Census – 100% Data"</a>. www12.statcan.gc.ca. Government of Canada. 2 August 2017. Retrieved 2017-11-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Language+Highlight+Tables%2C+2016+Census+%E2%80%93+Aboriginal+mother+tongue%2C+Aboriginal+language+spoken+most+often+at+home+and+Other+Aboriginal+language%28s%29+spoken+regularly+at+home+for+the+population+excluding+institutional+residents+of+Canada%2C+provinces+and+territories%2C+2016+Census+%E2%80%93+100%25+Data&rft.date=2017-08-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2016%2Fdp-pd%2Fhlt-fst%2Flang%2FTable.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26T%3D41%26Geo%3D01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndigenous+languages+of+the+Americas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThurman2015" class="citation magazine cs1">Thurman, Judith (23 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/03/30/a-loss-for-words">"A loss for words: Can a dying language be saved?"</a>. The New Yorker. Condé Nast. Retrieved 15 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=A+loss+for+words%3A+Can+a+dying+language+be+saved%3F&rft.date=2015-03-23&rft.aulast=Thurman&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2015%2F03%2F30%2Fa-loss-for-words&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndigenous+languages+of+the+Americas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/en/atlasmap/language-id-279.html">"UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger"</a>. www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2018-05-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unesco.org&rft.atitle=UNESCO+Atlas+of+the+World%27s+Languages+in+danger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fculture%2Flanguages-atlas%2Fen%2Fatlasmap%2Flanguage-id-279.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndigenous+languages+of+the+Americas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> If the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> is considered to be a part of Europe, <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian</a> would be included resulting in five language families within Europe. Other language families, such as the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a> families have entered Europe in later migrations. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Nater 1984, pg. 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Ruhlen, Merritt. (1991 [1987]). A Guide to the World's Languages Volume 1: Classification, p.216. Edward Arnold. Paperback: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-340-56186-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-340-56186-6">0-340-56186-6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Campbell, Lyle (1997). American Indian languages: the historical linguistics of Native America. Ch. 8 Distant Genetic Relationships, pp. 260–329. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-509427-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-509427-1">0-19-509427-1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> American-Arctic–Paleosiberian Phylum, Luoravetlan – and beyond </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Macro-Mayan includes Mayan, Totonacan, Mixe–Zoquean, and sometimes Huave. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Siouan–Iroquoian–Caddoan–[Yuchi] </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Alternatively Takelma–Kalapuyan </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Nichols & Peterson 1996 </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell_1997-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_1997_68-0">^</a> Campbell 1997 </li> <li id="cite_note-Zamponi-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Zamponi_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZamponi2017" class="citation journal cs1">Zamponi, Raoul (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.italian-journal-linguistics.com/app/uploads/2021/05/6_Zamponi_.pdf">"First-person n and second-person m in Native America: a fresh look"</a> (PDF). Italian Journal of Linguistics. 29 (2): 189–230. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.26346%2F1120-2726-113">10.26346/1120-2726-113</a> (inactive 1 November 2024).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Italian+Journal+of+Linguistics&rft.atitle=First-person+n+and+second-person+m+in+Native+America%3A+a+fresh+look&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=189-230&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.26346%2F1120-2726-113&rft.aulast=Zamponi&rft.aufirst=Raoul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.italian-journal-linguistics.com%2Fapp%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F05%2F6_Zamponi_.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndigenous+languages+of+the+Americas" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>) </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBright1984" class="citation book cs1">Bright, William (1984). American Indian linguistics and literature. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-009846-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-009846-6"><bdi>3-11-009846-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Indian+linguistics+and+literature&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=3-11-009846-6&rft.aulast=Bright&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndigenous+languages+of+the+Americas" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrinton1891" class="citation book cs1">Brinton, Daniel G (1891). The American race. New York: D. C. Hodges.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+race&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=D.+C.+Hodges&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Brinton&rft.aufirst=Daniel+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndigenous+languages+of+the+Americas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1997" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Lyle (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-509427-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-509427-1"><bdi>0-19-509427-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Indian+languages%3A+The+historical+linguistics+of+Native+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-19-509427-1&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Lyle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndigenous+languages+of+the+Americas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbellMithun1979" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Lyle; Mithun, Marianne, eds. (1979). The languages of native America: Historical and comparative assessment. Austin: University of Texas Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+languages+of+native+America%3A+Historical+and+comparative+assessment&rft.place=Austin&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndigenous+languages+of+the+Americas" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: North America">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoas1911" class="citation book cs1">Boas, Franz (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b24881831_0001/page/n3/mode/2up">Handbook of American Indian languages</a>. Bureau of American Ethnology. Vol. 1. Washington: Government Print Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+American+Indian+languages&rft.place=Washington&rft.series=Bureau+of+American+Ethnology&rft.pub=Government+Print+Office&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Boas&rft.aufirst=Franz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fb24881831_0001%2Fpage%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndigenous+languages+of+the+Americas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoas1911" class="citation book cs1">Boas, Franz (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbookofameric03boas">Handbook of American Indian languages</a>. Bureau of American Ethnology. Vol. 2. Washington: Government Print Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+American+Indian+languages&rft.place=Washington&rft.series=Bureau+of+American+Ethnology&rft.pub=Government+Print+Office&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Boas&rft.aufirst=Franz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandbookofameric03boas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndigenous+languages+of+the+Americas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoas1911" class="citation book cs1">Boas, Franz (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbookofameric04boas/page/n3/mode/2up">Handbook of American Indian languages</a>. Bureau of American Ethnology. Vol. 3. Glückstadt: J.J. Augustin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+American+Indian+languages&rft.place=Gl%C3%BCckstadt&rft.series=Bureau+of+American+Ethnology&rft.pub=J.J.+Augustin&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Boas&rft.aufirst=Franz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandbookofameric04boas%2Fpage%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndigenous+languages+of+the+Americas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoas1929" class="citation journal cs1">Boas, Franz (1929). "Classification of American Indian languages". Language. 5 (1): 1–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F408990">10.2307/408990</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/408990">408990</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.atitle=Classification+of+American+Indian+languages&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-7&rft.date=1929&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F408990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F408990%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Boas&rft.aufirst=Franz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndigenous+languages+of+the+Americas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBright1973" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bright, William (1973). "North American Indian language contact". In Sebeok, T. A. (ed.). Linguistics in North America. Current trends in linguistics. Vol. 10. The Hauge: Mouton. pp. 713–726.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=North+American+Indian+language+contact&rft.btitle=Linguistics+in+North+America&rft.place=The+Hauge&rft.series=Current+trends+in+linguistics&rft.pages=713-726&rft.pub=Mouton&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Bright&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndigenous+languages+of+the+Americas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoddard1996" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Goddard, Ives, ed. (1996). Handbook of North American Indians. Vol. 17. Washington: Smithsonian Institution. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-16-048774-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-16-048774-9"><bdi>0-16-048774-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+North+American+Indians&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-16-048774-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndigenous+languages+of+the+Americas" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Goddard, Ives. (1999). Native languages and language families of North America (rev. and enlarged ed. with additions and corrections). [Map]. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press (Smithsonian Institution). (Updated version of the map in Goddard 1996). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-9271-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-9271-6">0-8032-9271-6</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoddard2005" class="citation journal cs1">Goddard, Ives (2005). "The indigenous languages of the southeast". Anthropological Linguistics. 47 (1): 1–60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropological+Linguistics&rft.atitle=The+indigenous+languages+of+the+southeast&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-60&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Goddard&rft.aufirst=Ives&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndigenous+languages+of+the+Americas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMithun1990" class="citation journal cs1">Mithun, Marianne (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.an.19.100190.001521">"Studies of North American Indian Languages"</a>. Annual Review of Anthropology. 19 (1): 309–330. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.an.19.100190.001521">10.1146/annurev.an.19.100190.001521</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Studies+of+North+American+Indian+Languages&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=309-330&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.an.19.100190.001521&rft.aulast=Mithun&rft.aufirst=Marianne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farjournals.annualreviews.org%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.an.19.100190.001521&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndigenous+languages+of+the+Americas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMithun1999" class="citation book cs1">Mithun, Marianne (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-23228-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-23228-7"><bdi>0-521-23228-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+languages+of+Native+North+America&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-521-23228-7&rft.aulast=Mithun&rft.aufirst=Marianne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndigenous+languages+of+the+Americas" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Nater, Hank F. (1984). The Bella Coola Language. Mercury Series; Canadian Ethnology Service (No. 92). Ottawa: National Museums of Canada.</li> <li>Powell, John W. (1891). Indian linguistic families of America north of Mexico. Seventh annual report, Bureau of American Ethnology (pp. 1–142). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. (Reprinted in P. Holder (Ed.), 1966, Introduction to Handbook of American Indian languages by Franz Boas and Indian linguistic families of America, north of Mexico, by J. W. Powell, Lincoln: University of Nebraska).</li> <li>Powell, John W. (1915). Linguistic families of American Indians north of Mexico by J. W. Powell, revised by members of the staff of the Bureau of American Ethnology. (Map). Bureau of American Ethnology miscellaneous publication (No. 11). Baltimore: Hoen.</li> <li>Sebeok, Thomas A. (Ed.). (1973). Linguistics in North America (parts 1 & 2). Current trends in linguistics (Vol. 10). The Hauge: Mouton. (Reprinted as Sebeok 1976).</li> <li>Sebeok, Thomas A. (Ed.). (1976). Native languages of the Americas. New York: Plenum.</li> <li>Sherzer, Joel. (1973). Areal linguistics in North America. In T. A. Sebeok (Ed.), Linguistics in North America (part 2, pp. 749–795). Current trends in linguistics (Vol. 10). The Hauge: Mouton. (Reprinted in Sebeok 1976).</li> <li>Sherzer, Joel. (1976). An areal-typological study of American Indian languages north of Mexico. Amsterdam: North-Holland.</li> <li>Sletcher, Michael, 'North American Indians', in Will Kaufman and Heidi Macpherson, eds., Britain and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History, (2 vols., Oxford, 2005).</li> <li>Sturtevant, William C. (Ed.). (1978–present). Handbook of North American Indians (Vol. 1–20). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. (Vols. 1–3, 16, 18–20 not yet published).</li> <li>Vaas, Rüdiger: 'Die Sprachen der Ureinwohner'. In: Stoll, Günter, Vaas, Rüdiger: Spurensuche im Indianerland. Hirzel. Stuttgart 2001, chapter 7.</li> <li>Voegelin, Carl F.; & Voegelin, Florence M. (1965). Classification of American Indian languages. Languages of the world, Native American fasc. 2, sec. 1.6). Anthropological Linguistics, 7 (7): 121–150.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZepedaHill1991" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Zepeda, Ofelia; Hill, Jane H. (1991). "The condition of Native American Languages in the United States". In Robins, R. H.; Uhlenbeck, E. M. (eds.). Endangered languages. Oxford: Berg. pp. 135–155.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+condition+of+Native+American+Languages+in+the+United+States&rft.btitle=Endangered+languages&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=135-155&rft.pub=Berg&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Zepeda&rft.aufirst=Ofelia&rft.au=Hill%2C+Jane+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndigenous+languages+of+the+Americas" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_America">South America</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: South America">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Adelaar" title="Willem Adelaar">Adelaar, Willem F. H.</a>; & Muysken, Pieter C. (2004). The languages of the Andes. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Fabre, Alain. (1998). "Manual de las lenguas indígenas sudamericanas, I-II". München: Lincom Europa.</li> <li>Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-70414-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-70414-3">0-292-70414-3</a>.</li> <li>Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.</li> <li>Key, Mary R. (1979). The grouping of South American languages. Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cestm%C3%ADr_Loukotka" title="Čestmír Loukotka">Loukotka, Čestmír</a>. (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: Latin American Studies Center, University of California.</li> <li>Mason, J. Alden. (1950). The languages of South America. In J. Steward (Ed.), Handbook of South American Indians (Vol. 6, pp. 157–317). Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology bulletin (No. 143). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.</li> <li>Migliazza, Ernest C.; & Campbell, Lyle. (1988). Panorama general de las lenguas indígenas en América. Historia general de América (Vol. 10). Caracas: Instituto Panamericano de Geografía e Historia.</li> <li>Rodrigues, Aryon. (1986). Linguas brasileiras: Para o conhecimento das linguas indígenas. São Paulo: Edições Loyola.</li> <li>Rowe, John H. (1954). Linguistics classification problems in South America. In M. B. Emeneau (Ed.), Papers from the symposium on American Indian linguistics (pp. 10–26). University of California publications in linguistics (Vol. 10). Berkeley: University of California Press.</li> <li>Sapir, Edward. (1929). Central and North American languages. In The encyclopædia britannica: A new survey of universal knowledge (14 ed.) (Vol. 5, pp. 138–141). London: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company, Ltd.</li> <li>Voegelin, Carl F.; & Voegelin, Florence M. (1977). Classification and index of the world's languages. Amsterdam: Elsevier. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-444-00155-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-444-00155-7">0-444-00155-7</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki.debian.org/I18n/NorthAmericanIndigenousLanguages">Debian North American Indigenous Languages Project</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages of the Americas</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etnolinguistica.org/linguas">Catálogo de línguas indígenas sul-americanas</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ling.fi">Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ling.fi/typologydatabase.html">Towards a general typology of South American indigenous languages. 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071123080902/http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/IJAL/home.html">Archived</a> 2007-11-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927052049/http://www.sicc.sk.ca/heritage/sils/ourlanguages/index.html">Our Languages</a> (Saskatchewan Indian Cultural Centre)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070211073529/http://paginas.terra.com.br/educacao/GICLI/ListasEnglish.htm">Swadesh Lists of Brazilian Native Languages</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uaf.edu/anlc/">Alaska Native Language Center</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Template:Indigenous peoples of the Americas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Template talk:Indigenous peoples of the Americas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous peoples of the Americas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFDD99;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;background:#FFDD99">Pre-history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Classification of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Americas" title="Archaeology of the Americas">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Genetic history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solutrean_hypothesis" title="Solutrean hypothesis">Solutrean hypothesis</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Americas_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/120px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/180px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/240px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFDD99;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;background:#FFDD99">Mythology/Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mythologies_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Mythologies of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Mythologies</a>‎ <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Native_American_deities" title="List of Native American deities">List of deities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">Religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice_in_pre-Columbian_cultures" title="Human sacrifice in pre-Columbian cultures">Human sacrifice</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;background:#FFDD99">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arborglyph" title="Arborglyph">Arborglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_World_(mythology)" title="Fifth World (mythology)">Fifth World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Spirit" title="Great Spirit">Great Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_man" title="Medicine man">Medicine man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_wheel" title="Medicine wheel">Medicine wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_red_road" title="The red road">The red road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totem_pole" title="Totem pole">Totem pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_Island" title="Turtle Island">Turtle Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;background:#FFDD99">Mesoamerica</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;background:#FFDD99">Common</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_cosmovision" title="Mesoamerican cosmovision">Cosmovision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_creation_myths" title="Mesoamerican creation myths">Creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_religion" title="Mesoamerican religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_world_tree" title="Mesoamerican world tree">World tree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;background:#FFDD99">Variations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_religion" title="Aztec religion">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_religion" title="Olmec religion">Olmec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;background:#FFDD99">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Inca_Empire" title="Religion in the Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_religion" title="Mapuche religion">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_religion" title="Muisca religion">Muisca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFDD99;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;background:#FFDD99"><a href="/wiki/List_of_pre-Columbian_cultures" title="List of pre-Columbian cultures">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andean_civilizations" title="Andean civilizations">Andes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_cultures_of_Colombia" title="Pre-Columbian cultures of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_Ecuador" title="Pre-Columbian Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodization_of_pre-Columbian_Peru" title="Periodization of pre-Columbian Peru">Peru</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Art" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;background:#FFDD99"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_art" title="Pre-Columbian art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_music_of_North_America" title="Indigenous music of North America">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Visual arts of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Visual arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Painting_in_the_Americas_before_European_colonization" title="Painting in the Americas before European colonization">Painting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_artists_of_the_Americas" title="List of Indigenous artists of the Americas">Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_writers_of_the_Americas" title="List of Indigenous writers of the Americas">Writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFDD99;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;background:#FFDD99">European colonization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Population history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFDD99;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;background:#FFDD99">Modern groups by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;background:#FFDD99"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas#North_America" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas#Belize" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Costa_Rica" title="Indigenous peoples of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinago" title="Kalinago">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipil_people" title="Pipil people">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_Inuit" title="Greenlandic Inuit">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous peoples of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Honduras" title="Indigenous peoples of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous peoples of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" title="Indigenous peoples of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Nicaragua" title="Indigenous peoples of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Panama" title="Indigenous peoples of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa_First_Peoples_Community" title="Santa Rosa First Peoples Community">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;background:#FFDD99"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_South_America" title="Indigenous peoples of South America">South America</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_peoples_of_South_America" title="List of Indigenous peoples of South America">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Argentina" title="Indigenous peoples in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Bolivia" title="Indigenous peoples in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Indigenous peoples in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Chile" title="Indigenous peoples in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Colombia" title="Indigenous peoples in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Ecuador" title="Indigenous peoples in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Guyana" title="Indigenous peoples in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Paraguay" title="Indigenous peoples in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Peru" title="Indigenous peoples of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Suriname" title="Indigenous peoples in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Uruguay" title="Indigenous peoples in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Venezuela" title="Indigenous peoples in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFDD99;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;background:#FFDD99">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_ethnobotany" title="Native American ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_ethnobotany" title="Cherokee ethnobotany">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_ethnobotany" title="Iroquois ethnobotany">Iroquois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_ethnobotany" title="Navajo ethnobotany">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_ethnobotany" title="Zuni ethnobotany">Zuni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_identity_in_the_United_States" title="Native American identity in the United States">Identity</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_movements_in_the_Americas" title="Indigenous movements in the Americas">Movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_American_philosophy" title="Indigenous American philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_studies" title="Native American studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_trade" title="Native American trade">Trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deerskin_trade" title="Deerskin trade">Deerskin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_popular_culture" title="Native Americans in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: #FFDD99"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Category:Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indigenous_language_families_and_isolates_of_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_American_languages" title="Template:North American languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_American_languages" title="Template talk:North American languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_American_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North American languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indigenous_language_families_and_isolates_of_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous language families and isolates</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous languages of North America">North America</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language families and isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haida_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Haida languages">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuki%E2%80%93Wappo_languages" title="Yuki–Wappo languages">Yuki–Wappo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumashan_languages" title="Chumashan languages">Chumashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adai_language" title="Adai language">Adai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beothuk_language" title="Beothuk language">Beothuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidai_language" title="Bidai language">Bidai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayuse_language" title="Cayuse language">Cayuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timucua_language" title="Timucua language">Timucua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waikuri_language" title="Waikuri language">Waikuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peric%C3%BA_language" title="Pericú language">Pericú</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleut_language" title="Aleut language">Aleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskimoan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Eskimoan languages">Eskimoan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">Na-Dene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tlingit_language" title="Tlingit language">Tlingit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyak_language" title="Eyak language">Eyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athabaskan_languages" title="Athabaskan languages">Athabaskan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wiyot_language" title="Wiyot language">Wiyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yurok_language" title="Yurok language">Yurok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mosan_languages" title="Mosan languages">Mosan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimakuan_languages" title="Chimakuan languages">Chimakuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Macro-Siouan_languages" title="Macro-Siouan languages">Macro-Siouan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_languages" title="Caddoan languages">Caddoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Penutian_languages" title="Penutian languages">Penutian</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinookan_languages" title="Chinookan languages">Chinookan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wintuan_languages" title="Wintuan languages">Wintuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiduan_languages" title="Maiduan languages">Maiduan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yok-Utian_languages" title="Yok-Utian languages">Yok-Utian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yokuts_language" title="Yokuts language">Yokuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utian_languages" title="Utian languages">Utian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshianic_languages" title="Tsimshianic languages">Tsimshianic</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Penutian_languages" title="Plateau Penutian languages">Plateau</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klamath_language" title="Klamath language">Klamath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molala_language" title="Molala language">Molala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahaptian_languages" title="Sahaptian languages">Sahaptian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coast_Oregon_Penutian_languages" title="Coast Oregon Penutian languages">Coast Oregon</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsea_language" title="Alsea language">Alsean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coosan_languages" title="Coosan languages">Coosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siuslaw_language" title="Siuslaw language">Siuslaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Takelma%E2%80%93Kalapuyan_languages" title="Takelma–Kalapuyan languages">Takelma–Kalapuyan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Takelma_language" title="Takelma language">Takelma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalapuyan_languages" title="Kalapuyan languages">Kalapuyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hokan_languages" title="Hokan languages">Hokan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shastan_languages" title="Shastan languages">Shastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaihnihan_languages" title="Palaihnihan languages">Palaihnihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomoan_languages" title="Pomoan languages">Pomoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuman_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuman languages">Yuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequistlatecan_languages" title="Tequistlatecan languages">Tequistlatecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimariko_language" title="Chimariko language">Chimariko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esselen_language" title="Esselen language">Esselen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicaquean_languages" title="Jicaquean languages">Jicaquean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuk_language" title="Karuk language">Karuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salinan_language" title="Salinan language">Salinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seri_language" title="Seri language">Seri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washo_language" title="Washo language">Washo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yana_language" title="Yana language">Yana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_linguistic_area" title="Pueblo linguistic area">Pueblo linguistic area</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanoan_languages" title="Tanoan languages">Tanoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keres_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Keres languages">Keres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_language" title="Zuni language">Zuni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coahuiltecan_languages" title="Coahuiltecan languages">Coahuiltecan</a> linguistic area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aranama_language" title="Aranama language">Aranama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karankawa_language" title="Karankawa language">Karankawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratino_language" title="Maratino language">Maratino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naolan_language" title="Naolan language">Naolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinigua_language" title="Quinigua language">Quinigua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solano_language" title="Solano language">Solano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa_language" title="Tonkawa language">Tonkawa</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pakawan_?" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pakawan_languages" title="Pakawan languages">Pakawan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coahuilteco_language" title="Coahuilteco language">Coahuilteco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotoname_language" title="Cotoname language">Cotoname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecrudo_language" title="Comecrudo language">Comecrudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garza_language" title="Garza language">Garza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamulique_language" title="Mamulique language">Mamulique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_languages" title="Gulf languages">Gulf</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natchez_language" title="Natchez language">Natchez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atakapa_language" title="Atakapa language">Atakapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitimacha_language" title="Chitimacha language">Chitimacha</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Calusa–Tunica_?" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calusa%E2%80%93Tunica_languages" title="Calusa–Tunica languages">Calusa–Tunica</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunica_language" title="Tunica language">Tunica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calusa_language" title="Calusa language">Calusa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_languages" title="Mesoamerican languages">Mesoamerican</a> linguistic area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicaquean_languages" title="Jicaquean languages">Jicaquean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lencan_languages" title="Lencan languages">Lencan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misumalpan_languages" title="Misumalpan languages">Misumalpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oto-Manguean_languages" title="Oto-Manguean languages">Oto-Manguean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequistlatecan_languages" title="Tequistlatecan languages">Tequistlatecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totozoquean_languages" title="Totozoquean languages">Totozoquean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Totonacan_languages" title="Totonacan languages">Totonacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque_languages" title="Mixe–Zoque languages">Mixe–Zoque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xincan_languages" title="Xincan languages">Xincan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuitlatec_language" title="Cuitlatec language">Cuitlatec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huave_language" title="Huave language">Huave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_language" title="Purépecha language">Purépecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alag%C3%BCilac_language" title="Alagüilac language">Alagüilac</a> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Caribbean" title="Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean">Caribbean</a> linguistic area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pre-Arawakan" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Arawakan_languages_of_the_Greater_Antilles" title="Pre-Arawakan languages of the Greater Antilles">Pre-Arawakan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanahatabey_language" title="Guanahatabey language">Guanahatabey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macorix_language" title="Macorix language">Macorix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciguayo_language" title="Ciguayo language">Ciguayo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amerind_languages" title="Amerind languages">Amerind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algonquian%E2%80%93Wakashan_languages" title="Algonquian–Wakashan languages">Algonquian–Wakashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec%E2%80%93Tanoan_languages" title="Aztec–Tanoan languages">Aztec–Tanoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Mayan_languages" title="Macro-Mayan languages">Macro-Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Chibchan_languages" title="Macro-Chibchan languages">Macro-Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolatecan_languages" title="Tolatecan languages">Tolatecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waroid_languages" title="Waroid languages">Waroid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas#North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_languages_of_North_America" title="List of extinct languages of North America">Extinct languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unclassified_languages_of_North_America" title="List of unclassified languages of North America">Unclassified languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_areas_of_the_Americas" title="Linguistic areas of the Americas">Linguistic areas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indigenous_language_families_and_isolates_of_South_America_(based_on_Campbell_2012_classification)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_American_languages" title="Template:South American languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:South_American_languages" title="Template talk:South American languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_American_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:South American languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indigenous_language_families_and_isolates_of_South_America_(based_on_Campbell_2012_classification)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indigenous language families and isolates</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_South_America" title="Indigenous languages of South America">South America</a> (based on <a href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas#Campbell_(2012)" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas">Campbell 2012</a> classification)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language families and isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Je%E2%80%93Tupi%E2%80%93Carib_languages" title="Je–Tupi–Carib languages">Je–Tupi–Carib</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupian_languages" title="Tupian languages">Tupian</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Macro-Jê" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Macro-J%C3%AA_languages" title="Macro-Jê languages">Macro-Jê</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%AA_languages" title="Jê languages">Jê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yabutian_languages" title="Yabutian languages">Jabutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamak%C3%A3_languages" title="Kamakã languages">Kamakã</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaj%C3%A1_language" title="Karajá language">Karajá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krenak_languages" title="Krenak languages">Krenakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxakal%C3%ADan_languages" title="Maxakalían languages">Maxakalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaik%C3%B3_language" title="Jaikó language">Jaikó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofay%C3%A9_language" title="Ofayé language">Ofayé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rikbaktsa_language" title="Rikbaktsa language">Rikbaktsá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiquitano_language" title="Chiquitano language">Chiquitano</a></li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Guat%C3%B3_language" title="Guató language">Guató</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Brazil</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kariri_languages" title="Kariri languages">Karirian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purian_languages" title="Purian languages">Purían</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taruma_language" title="Taruma language">Taruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamela_language" title="Gamela language">Gamela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baenan_language" title="Baenan language">Baenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katembri_language" title="Katembri language">Katembri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat%C3%BA_language" title="Natú language">Natú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pankarar%C3%BA_language" title="Pankararú language">Pankararú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarairi%C3%BA_language" title="Tarairiú language">Tarairiú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tux%C3%A1_language" title="Tuxá language">Tuxá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huamo%C3%A9_language" title="Huamoé language">Wamoé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xoc%C3%B3_language" title="Xocó language">Xokó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xukuruan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Xukuruan languages">Xukurú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulni%C3%B4_language" title="Fulniô language">Yaté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oti_language" title="Oti language">Otí</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_areas_of_the_Americas#Orinoco–Amazon" title="Linguistic areas of the Americas">Orinoco</a> (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Venezuela" title="Languages of Venezuela">Venezuela</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yanomaman_languages" title="Yanomaman languages">Yanomaman</a></li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Arutani%E2%80%93Sape_languages" title="Arutani–Sape languages">Arutani–Sape</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arutani_language" title="Arutani language">Arutani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sap%C3%A9_language" title="Sapé language">Sapé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maku_language_of_Auari" title="Maku language of Auari">Máku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warao_language" title="Warao language">Warao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guamo_language" title="Guamo language">Guamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otom%C3%A1koan_languages" title="Otomákoan languages">Otomacoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaruro_language" title="Yaruro language">Yaruro</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="?_Duho" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">? <a href="/wiki/Duho_languages" title="Duho languages">Duho</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1liban_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sáliban languages">Sáliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betoi_language" title="Betoi language">Betoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hod%C3%AF_language" title="Hodï language">Hodï</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticuna%E2%80%93Yuri_languages" title="Ticuna–Yuri languages">Ticuna–Yuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Andes (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Colombia" title="Languages of Colombia">Colombia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Venezuela" title="Languages of Venezuela">Venezuela</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cof%C3%A1n_language" title="Cofán language">Cofán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cams%C3%A1_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Camsá language">Camsá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andaqui_language" title="Andaqui language">Andaquí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paezan_languages" title="Paezan languages">Paezan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiniguan_languages" title="Tiniguan languages">Tiniguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timotean_languages" title="Timotean languages">Timotean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jirajaran_languages" title="Jirajaran languages">Jirajaran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_languages" title="Amazonian languages">Amazon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Colombia" title="Languages of Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japur%C3%A1_River" title="Japurá River">Japurá</a>–<a href="/wiki/Vaup%C3%A9s_River" title="Vaupés River">Vaupés</a> area)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tucanoan_languages" title="Tucanoan languages">Tucanoan</a></li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Bora%E2%80%93Witoto_languages" title="Bora–Witoto languages">Bora–Witoto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boran_languages" title="Boran languages">Boran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witotoan_languages" title="Witotoan languages">Witotoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andoque%E2%80%93Urequena_languages" title="Andoque–Urequena languages">Andoque–Urequena</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guajiboan_languages" title="Guajiboan languages">Guajiboan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadahup_languages" title="Nadahup languages">Nadahup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puinave_language" title="Puinave language">Puinave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pacific coast (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Colombia" title="Languages of Colombia">Colombia</a> and Ecuador)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choco_languages" title="Choco languages">Chocoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbacoan_languages" title="Barbacoan languages">Barbacoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yurumangu%C3%AD_language" title="Yurumanguí language">Yurumanguí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmeralda_language" title="Esmeralda language">Esmeralda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pacific coast (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Peru" title="Languages of Peru">Peru</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sechura%E2%80%93Catacao_languages" title="Sechura–Catacao languages">Sechura–Catacao</a></li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Chimuan_languages" title="Chimuan languages">Chimuan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%B1ari%E2%80%93Puruh%C3%A1_languages" title="Cañari–Puruhá languages">Cañari–Puruhá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mochica_language" title="Mochica language">Mochica</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_languages" title="Amazonian languages">Amazon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Peru" title="Languages of Peru">Peru</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pano-Tacanan_languages" title="Pano-Tacanan languages">Pano–Tacanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibito%E2%80%93Cholon_languages" title="Hibito–Cholon languages">Hibito–Cholon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahuapanan_languages" title="Cahuapanan languages">Cahuapanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicham_languages" title="Chicham languages">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candoshi-Shapra_language" title="Candoshi-Shapra language">Candoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omurano_language" title="Omurano language">Omurano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munichi_language" title="Munichi language">Munichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waorani_language" title="Waorani language">Waorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taushiro_language" title="Taushiro language">Taushiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urarina_language" title="Urarina language">Urarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequiraca_language" title="Tequiraca language">Tequiraca</a></li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Saparo%E2%80%93Yawan_languages" title="Saparo–Yawan languages">Saparo–Yawan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peba%E2%80%93Yaguan_languages" title="Peba–Yaguan languages">Peba–Yagua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaparoan_languages" title="Zaparoan languages">Zaparoan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_languages" title="Amazonian languages">Amazon</a> (west-central Brazil)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>? <a href="/wiki/Har%C3%A1kmbut%E2%80%93Katukinan_languages" title="Harákmbut–Katukinan languages">Arawan–Harákmbut–Katukinan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arawan_languages" title="Arawan languages">Arawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har%C3%A1kmbut_language" title="Harákmbut language">Harákmbut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katukinan_languages" title="Katukinan languages">Katukinan</a></li></ul></li> <li>? Mura–Matanawí <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mura_language" title="Mura language">Muran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matanawi_language" title="Matanawi language">Matanawí</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumai_language" title="Trumai language">Trumai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mamor%C3%A9%E2%80%93Guapor%C3%A9_linguistic_area" title="Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area">Mamoré–Guaporé</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapacuran_languages" title="Chapacuran languages">Chapacuran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mure_language" title="Mure language">Mure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambikwaran_languages" title="Nambikwaran languages">Nambikwaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bororoan_languages" title="Bororoan languages">Bororoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayubaba_language" title="Cayubaba language">Cayubaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itonama_language" title="Itonama language">Itonama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movima_language" title="Movima language">Movima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canichana_language" title="Canichana language">Canichana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimane_language" title="Chimane language">Mosetenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuracar%C3%A9_language" title="Yuracaré language">Yuracaré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leco_language" title="Leco language">Leco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aikan%C3%A3_language" title="Aikanã language">Aikanã</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kano%C3%AA_language" title="Kanoê language">Kanoê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwaza_language" title="Kwaza language">Kwazá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irantxe_language" title="Irantxe language">Irantxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mato_Grosso_Ar%C3%A1ra_language" title="Mato Grosso Arára language">Arara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Andes (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Peru" title="Languages of Peru">Peru</a>, Bolivia, and Chile)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culle_language" title="Culle language">Culle</a></li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Quechumaran_languages" title="Quechumaran languages">Quechumaran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymaran_languages" title="Aymaran languages">Aymaran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puquina_language" title="Puquina language">Puquina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uru%E2%80%93Chipaya_languages" title="Uru–Chipaya languages">Uru–Chipaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunza_language" title="Kunza language">Kunza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_language" title="Mapuche language">Mapudungun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chaco_linguistic_area" title="Chaco linguistic area">Chaco</a>–Pampas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>? <a href="/wiki/Mataco%E2%80%93Guaicuru_languages" title="Mataco–Guaicuru languages">Mataco–Guaicuru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matacoan_languages" title="Matacoan languages">Matacoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaicuruan_languages" title="Guaicuruan languages">Guaicuruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guachi_language" title="Guachi language">Guachí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payagua_language" title="Payagua language">Payaguá</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascoian_languages" title="Mascoian languages">Mascoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamucoan_languages" title="Zamucoan languages">Zamucoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charruan_languages" title="Charruan languages">Charruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huarpean_languages" title="Huarpean languages">Huarpean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lule%E2%80%93Vilela_languages" title="Lule–Vilela languages">Lule–Vilelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonan_languages" title="Chonan languages">Chonan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Far South (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Chile" title="Languages of Chile">Chile</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alacalufan_languages" title="Alacalufan languages">Qawasqaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahgan_language" title="Yahgan language">Yaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chono_language" title="Chono language">Chono</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duho_languages" title="Duho languages">Duho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Andean_languages" title="Macro-Andean languages">Macro-Andean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Arawakan_languages" title="Macro-Arawakan languages">Macro-Arawakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Chibchan_languages" title="Macro-Chibchan languages">Macro-Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Jibaro_languages" title="Macro-Jibaro languages">Macro-Jibaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Otom%C3%A1koan_languages" title="Macro-Otomákoan languages">Macro-Otomákoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Paesan_languages" title="Macro-Paesan languages">Macro-Paesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Panoan_languages" title="Macro-Panoan languages">Macro-Panoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Puinavean_languages" title="Macro-Puinavean languages">Macro-Puinavean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Warpean_languages" title="Macro-Warpean languages">Macro-Warpean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arutani%E2%80%93Sape_languages" title="Arutani–Sape languages">Arutani–Sape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bora%E2%80%93Witoto_languages" title="Bora–Witoto languages">Bora–Witoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmeralda%E2%80%93Yaruroan_languages" title="Esmeralda–Yaruroan languages">Esmeralda–Yaruroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibito%E2%80%93Cholon_languages" title="Hibito–Cholon languages">Hibito–Cholon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Je%E2%80%93Tupi%E2%80%93Carib_languages" title="Je–Tupi–Carib languages">Je–Tupi–Carib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katembri%E2%80%93Taruma_languages" title="Katembri–Taruma languages">Katembri–Taruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mataco%E2%80%93Guaicuru_languages" title="Mataco–Guaicuru languages">Mataco–Guaicuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya%E2%80%93Yunga%E2%80%93Chipayan_languages" title="Maya–Yunga–Chipayan languages">Maya–Yunga–Chipayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moseten%E2%80%93Chonan_languages" title="Moseten–Chonan languages">Moseten–Chonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechumaran_languages" title="Quechumaran languages">Quechumaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saparo%E2%80%93Yawan_languages" title="Saparo–Yawan languages">Saparo–Yawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequiraca%E2%80%93Canichana_languages" title="Tequiraca–Canichana languages">Tequiraca–Canichana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wamo%E2%80%93Chapakura_languages" title="Wamo–Chapakura languages">Wamo–Chapakura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amerind_languages" title="Amerind languages">Amerind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_areas_of_the_Americas" title="Linguistic areas of the Americas">Linguistic areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaco_linguistic_area" title="Chaco linguistic area">Chaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamor%C3%A9%E2%80%93Guapor%C3%A9_linguistic_area" title="Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area">Mamoré–Guaporé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_languages" title="Amazonian languages">Amazonian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Argentina" title="Languages of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bolivia" title="Languages of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Brazil" title="Languages of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Colombia" title="Languages of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous languages of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ecuador" title="Languages of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Paraguay" title="Languages of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Peru" title="Languages of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Venezuela" title="Languages of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Guyana" title="Languages of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Suriname" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_French_Guiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_indigenous_languages_of_South_America" title="List of indigenous languages of South America">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_languages_of_South_America" title="List of extinct languages of South America">Extinct languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extinct_languages_of_the_Mara%C3%B1%C3%B3n_River_basin" title="Extinct languages of the Marañón River basin">Marañón River basin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unclassified_languages_of_South_America" title="List of unclassified languages of South America">Unclassified languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas#South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_areas_of_the_Americas" title="Linguistic areas of the Americas">Linguistic areas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Americas_topic" title="Template:Americas topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Americas_topic" title="Template talk:Americas topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Americas_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Americas topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Indigenous languages of the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states in the Americas">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_languages_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indigenous languages of Antigua and Barbuda (page does not exist)">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous languages of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_languages_of_the_Bahamas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indigenous languages of the Bahamas (page does not exist)">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_languages_of_Barbados&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indigenous languages of Barbados (page does not exist)">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_languages_of_Belize&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indigenous languages of Belize (page does not exist)">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous languages of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous languages of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous languages of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous languages of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous languages of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_Costa_Rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous languages of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_languages_of_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indigenous languages of Cuba (page does not exist)">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_languages_of_Dominica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indigenous languages of Dominica (page does not exist)">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_languages_of_the_Dominican_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indigenous languages of the Dominican Republic (page does not exist)">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_languages_of_Ecuador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indigenous languages of Ecuador (page does not exist)">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_languages_of_El_Salvador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indigenous languages of El Salvador (page does not exist)">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_languages_of_Grenada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indigenous languages of Grenada (page does not exist)">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_languages_of_Guatemala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indigenous languages of Guatemala (page does not exist)">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_languages_of_Guyana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indigenous languages of Guyana (page does not exist)">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_languages_of_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indigenous languages of Haiti (page does not exist)">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_languages_of_Honduras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indigenous languages of Honduras (page does not exist)">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_languages_of_Jamaica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indigenous languages of Jamaica (page does not exist)">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous languages of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_Nicaragua" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous languages of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_Panama" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous languages of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous languages of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous languages of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_languages_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indigenous languages of Saint Kitts and Nevis (page does not exist)">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_languages_of_Saint_Lucia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indigenous languages of Saint Lucia (page does not exist)">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_languages_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indigenous languages of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (page does not exist)">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_languages_of_Suriname&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indigenous languages of Suriname (page does not exist)">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_languages_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indigenous languages of Trinidad and Tobago (page does not exist)">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous languages of the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_languages_of_Uruguay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indigenous languages of Uruguay (page does not exist)">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous languages of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Territory" title="Territory">territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_languages_of_Anguilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indigenous languages of Anguilla (page does not exist)">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_languages_of_Aruba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indigenous languages of Aruba (page does not exist)">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_languages_of_Bermuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indigenous languages of Bermuda (page does not exist)">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_languages_of_Bonaire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indigenous languages of Bonaire (page does not exist)">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_languages_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indigenous languages of the British Virgin Islands (page does not exist)">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_languages_of_the_Cayman_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indigenous languages of the Cayman Islands (page does not exist)">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_languages_of_Cura%C3%A7ao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indigenous languages of Curaçao (page does not exist)">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_languages_of_the_Falkland_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indigenous languages of the Falkland Islands (page does not exist)">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_languages_of_French_Guiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indigenous languages of French Guiana (page does not exist)">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_languages_of_Greenland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indigenous languages of Greenland (page does not exist)">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_languages_of_Guadeloupe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indigenous languages of Guadeloupe (page does not exist)">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_languages_of_Martinique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indigenous languages of Martinique (page does not exist)">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_languages_of_Montserrat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indigenous languages of Montserrat (page does not exist)">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_languages_of_Puerto_Rico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indigenous languages of Puerto Rico (page does not exist)">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_languages_of_Saba_(island)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indigenous languages of Saba (island) (page does not exist)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_languages_of_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indigenous languages of Saint Barthélemy (page does not exist)">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_languages_of_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indigenous languages of the Collectivity of Saint Martin (page does not exist)">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_languages_of_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indigenous languages of Saint Pierre and Miquelon (page does not exist)">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_languages_of_Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indigenous languages of Sint Eustatius (page does not exist)">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_languages_of_Sint_Maarten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indigenous languages of Sint Maarten (page does not exist)">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_languages_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indigenous languages of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (page does not exist)">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_languages_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indigenous languages of the Turks and Caicos Islands (page does not exist)">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_languages_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indigenous languages of the United States Virgin Islands (page does not exist)">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous languages of North America">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_Central_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous languages of Central America">Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous languages of the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_South_America" title="Indigenous languages of South America">South America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51739#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51739#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51739#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph114763&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4577213">Spain</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX570278">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleweb.ncl.edu.tw/F/?func=accref&acc_sequence=006188068&CON_LNG=ENG">Taiwan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000011872">Argentina</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007543454205171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td 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