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id="toc-Civil_War_to_late_19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_War_to_late_19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Civil War to late 19th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_War_to_late_19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_to_mid-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_to_mid-20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Early to mid-20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_to_mid-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mid-20th_to_early_21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mid-20th_to_early_21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Mid-20th to early 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mid-20th_to_early_21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Geology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wildlife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wildlife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Wildlife </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wildlife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Storms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Storms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greenhouse_gases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greenhouse_gases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Greenhouse gases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greenhouse_gases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Race_and_ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Race_and_ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Race and ethnicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Race_and_ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Taxation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Taxation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture_and_mining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture_and_mining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Agriculture and mining </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture_and_mining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commerce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commerce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Commerce </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commerce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Texas_self-perception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Texas_self-perception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Texas self-perception </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Texas_self-perception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Education </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Education subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Higher_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Higher_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Higher education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Higher_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Healthcare </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Healthcare-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Healthcare subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medical_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Medical research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Transportation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transportation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Highways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Highways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Highways </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Highways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Airports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Ports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railroads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railroads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Railroads </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railroads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-State_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 State government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criminal_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criminal_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Criminal law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criminal_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-State_government_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_government_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 State government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_government_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.2 Federal government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Texas</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 202 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-202" aria-hidden="true" > 202 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B4%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%B3%E1%88%B5" title="ቴክሳስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቴክሳስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="تكساس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تكساس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AC%DC%9F%DC%A3%DC%90%DC%A3" title="ܬܟܣܐܣ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܬܟܣܐܣ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%BD" title="Թեքսաս – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Թեքսաս" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A8xas" title="Tèxas – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Tèxas" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teh%C3%A1s" title="Tehás – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tehás" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_suyu" title="Texas suyu – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Texas suyu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%AF%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="تگزاس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تگزاس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9xas" title="Téxas – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Téxas" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="টেক্সাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টেক্সাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Техас – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Техас" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Тэхас – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тэхас" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Тэхас – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тэхас" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="टेक्सास – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="टेक्सास" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Тексас – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тексас" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%8B%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9F%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཋེག་ཟ་སི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཋེག་ཟ་སི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teksas" title="Teksas – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Teksas" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Техас – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Техас" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Техас – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Техас" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="طيكساس – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="طيكساس" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aka%C5%82ii_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Akałii Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Akałii Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%AD%CE%BE%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Τέξας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τέξας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A8xas" title="Tèxas – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Tèxas" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teksaso" title="Teksaso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Teksaso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%AF%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="تگزاس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تگزاس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teksas" title="Teksas – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Teksas" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teksas" title="Teksas – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Teksas" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%AF%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="تگزاس – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="تگزاس" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%B8" title="ટેક્સસ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ટેક્સસ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌺𐍃𐌰𐍃 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌺𐍃𐌰𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%85%8D%EC%82%AC%EC%8A%A4%EC%A3%BC" title="텍사스주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="텍사스주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekeka" title="Kekeka – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kekeka" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A5%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%BD" title="Տեխաս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տեխաս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B8" title="टेक्सस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="टेक्सस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teksas" title="Teksas – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Teksas" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="টেক্সাস – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="টেক্সাস" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%91%96%E1%92%83%E1%93%B5%E1%94%85" title="ᑖᒃᓵᔅ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᑖᒃᓵᔅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Техас – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Техас" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%A1" title="טקסס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טקסס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%9Bk%C9%A9zas%C9%A9" title="Tɛkɩzasɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Tɛkɩzasɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಟೆಕ್ಸಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಟೆಕ್ಸಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ტეხასი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტეხასი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Техас – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Техас" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teksas" title="Teksas – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Teksas" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teksas" title="Teksas – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Teksas" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teksas" title="Teksas – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Teksas" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Техас – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Техас" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA" title="ເທັກຊາສ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເທັກຊາສ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texia" title="Texia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Texia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teksasa" title="Teksasa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Teksasa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teksasas" title="Teksasas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Teksasas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/teksys" title="teksys – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="teksys" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B8" title="टेक्सस – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="टेक्सस" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Тексас – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тексас" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ടെക്സസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടെക്സസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%93kiki" title="Tēkiki – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Tēkiki" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="टेक्सास – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="टेक्सास" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ტეხასი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტეხასი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="تكساس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تكساس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%AF%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="تگزاس – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تگزاس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9B%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%81" title="ꯇꯦꯛꯁꯥꯁ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯇꯦꯛꯁꯥꯁ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Техас – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Техас" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%80%E1%80%B9%E1%80%80%E1%80%86%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA" title="တက္ကဆပ်ပြည်နယ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တက္ကဆပ်ပြည်နယ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_(staat)" title="Texas (staat) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Texas (staat)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B8" title="टेक्सस – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="टेक्सस" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="तेक्सास – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="तेक्सास" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%82%AD%E3%82%B5%E3%82%B9%E5%B7%9E" title="テキサス州 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="テキサス州" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Техас – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Техас" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A8xas" title="Tèxas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tèxas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Техас – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Техас" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B8" title="ਟੈਕਸਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਟੈਕਸਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="टेक्सास – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="टेक्सास" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="ٹیکساس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹیکساس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teksas" title="Teksas – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Teksas" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%A9%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="تکزاس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تکزاس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teksas" title="Teksas – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Teksas" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehas" title="Tehas – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Tehas" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_suyu" title="Texas suyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Texas suyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Техас – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Техас" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Техас – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Техас" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Техас – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Техас" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D" title="टेक्सास् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="टेक्सास्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teksasi" title="Teksasi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Teksasi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BD%D9%8A%DA%AA%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="ٽيڪساس – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٽيڪساس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teksas" title="Teksas – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Teksas" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%94%D1%AF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8A" title="Тєѯасъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Тєѯасъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teksas" title="Teksas – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Teksas" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8E%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="تێکساس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تێکساس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Тексас – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тексас" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="டெக்சஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="டெக்சஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiksas" title="Tiksas – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tiksas" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%81_(%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Техас (штат) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Техас (штат)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="టెక్సస్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="టెక్సస్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" title="รัฐเท็กซัส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐเท็กซัส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Техас – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Техас" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%85%E1%8F%93%E1%8E%A9" title="ᏅᏓᎩ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏅᏓᎩ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toh%C3%A1ano%27%C3%A9ho%27%C3%ABva" title="Toháano'ého'ëva – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Toháano'ého'ëva" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teksas" title="Teksas – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Teksas" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehas" title="Tehas – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Tehas" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Техас – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Техас" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="ٹیکساس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ٹیکساس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9ksas_Shitati" title="Téksas Shitati – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Téksas Shitati" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A4xas%C3%A4n" title="Täxasän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Täxasän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%8B%E8%96%A9%E6%96%AF%E5%B7%9E" title="德克薩斯州 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="德克薩斯州" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%8B%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF%E5%B7%9E" title="德克萨斯州 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="德克萨斯州" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%A1" title="טעקסאס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טעקסאס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Texas" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%96%A9%E6%96%AF%E5%B7%9E" title="德薩斯州 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="德薩斯州" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teksas" title="Teksas – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Teksas" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" 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.geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Texas&params=31_N_99_W_dim:500000_region:US-TX_type:adm1st&title=State+of+Texas">31°N 99°W / 31°N 99°W / 31; -99 (State of Texas)</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected due to vandalism"><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">U.S. state</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Texan" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Texas_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Texas (disambiguation)">Texas (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Texan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Texan (disambiguation)">Texan (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">State in the United States</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Texas</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Texas.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Texas"><img alt="Flag of Texas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/125px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/188px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/250px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Texas" title="Flag of Texas">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Texas.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Texas"><img alt="Official seal of Texas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Seal_of_Texas.svg/100px-Seal_of_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Seal_of_Texas.svg/150px-Seal_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Seal_of_Texas.svg/200px-Seal_of_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="524" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Texas" title="Seal of Texas">Seal</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_nicknames" title="List of U.S. state and territory nicknames">Nickname</a>: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">The Lone Star State</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_mottos" title="List of U.S. state and territory mottos">Motto</a>: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Friendship</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_songs" title="List of U.S. state songs">Anthem:</a> "<a href="/wiki/Texas,_Our_Texas" title="Texas, Our Texas">Texas, Our Texas</a>"</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Texas_in_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the United States with Texas highlighted"><img alt="Map of the United States with Texas highlighted" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Texas_in_United_States.svg/300px-Texas_in_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Texas_in_United_States.svg/450px-Texas_in_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Texas_in_United_States.svg/600px-Texas_in_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Map of the United States with Texas highlighted</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Before statehood</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Republic of Texas</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">Admitted to the Union</a></th><td class="infobox-data">December 29, 1845 (28th)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_the_United_States" title="List of capitals in the United States">Capital</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_population" title="List of largest cities of U.S. states and territories by population">Largest city</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_most_populous_counties_by_U.S._state" title="List of the most populous counties by U.S. state">Largest county or equivalent</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harris_County,_Texas" title="Harris County, Texas">Harris</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Statistical_area_(United_States)" title="Statistical area (United States)">Largest metro</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_urban_areas" title="List of United States urban areas">urban</a> areas</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth_metroplex" title="Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex">Dallas–Fort Worth</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Texas" title="Governor of Texas">Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Greg_Abbott" title="Greg Abbott">Greg Abbott</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Texas" title="Republican Party of Texas">R</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Texas" title="Lieutenant Governor of Texas">Lieutenant governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dan_Patrick_(politician)" title="Dan Patrick (politician)">Dan Patrick</a> (R)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Texas_Legislature" title="Texas Legislature">Texas Legislature</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Texas_Senate" title="Texas Senate">Senate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Texas_House_of_Representatives" title="Texas House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Texas" title="Supreme Court of Texas">Supreme Court of Texas</a> (Civil) <a href="/wiki/Texas_Court_of_Criminal_Appeals" title="Texas Court of Criminal Appeals">Texas Court of Criminal Appeals</a> (Criminal)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Texas" title="List of United States senators from Texas">U.S. senators</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Cornyn" title="John Cornyn">John Cornyn</a> (R) <a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Ted Cruz</a> (R)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Texas" title="List of United States representatives from Texas">U.S. House delegation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">25 <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Texas" title="Republican Party of Texas">Republicans</a> 13 <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party of Texas">Democrats</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Texas" title="United States congressional delegations from Texas">list</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">268,596<a href="#cite_note-facts-1">[1]</a> sq mi (695,662 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">261,232<a href="#cite_note-facts-1">[1]</a> sq mi (676,587 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">7,365<a href="#cite_note-facts-1">[1]</a> sq mi (19,075 km2)  2.7%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_area" title="List of U.S. states and territories by area">2nd</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Dimensions<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Length</th><td class="infobox-data">801<a href="#cite_note-Texas_Almanac-2008-2">[2]</a> mi (1,289 km)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Width</th><td class="infobox-data">773<a href="#cite_note-Texas_Almanac-2008-2">[2]</a> mi (1,244 km)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,700 ft (520 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_Peak" title="Guadalupe Peak">Guadalupe Peak</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-USGS-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[a]</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">8,751 ft (2,667.4 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lowest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a><a href="#cite_note-USGS-4">[4]</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">0 ft (0 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2023)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> 30,503,301<a href="#cite_note-Historical_Population_Change_Data-6">[5]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by population">2nd</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">114/sq mi (42.9/km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">  • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_the_United_States_by_population_density" title="List of states and territories of the United States by population density">23rd</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Median household income</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">$66,963<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Income rank<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_income#States_and_territories_ranked_by_median_household_income" title="List of U.S. states and territories by income">23rd</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Texan <a href="/wiki/Texian" class="mw-redirect" title="Texian">Texian</a> (archaic) <a href="/wiki/Tejano" class="mw-redirect" title="Tejano">Tejano</a> (usually only used for Hispanics)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Language<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Official language</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Texas" title="Languages of Texas">None</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Spoken language</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Texan_English" title="Texan English">English</a> only: 64.9%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texan_Spanish" class="mw-redirect" title="Texan Spanish">Spanish</a>: 28.8%<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Texas" title="Languages of Texas">Other</a>: 6.3%</li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zones</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Majority of state</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9206:00" title="UTC−06:00">UTC−06:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_Time_Zone_(North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Time Zone (North America)">Central</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9205:00" title="UTC−05:00">UTC−05:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_Daylight_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Daylight Time">CDT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/El_Paso_County,_Texas" title="El Paso County, Texas">El Paso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hudspeth_County,_Texas" title="Hudspeth County, Texas">Hudspeth</a>, and northwestern <a href="/wiki/Culberson_County,_Texas" title="Culberson County, Texas">Culberson</a> counties</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9207:00" title="UTC−07:00">UTC−07:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mountain_Time_Zone" title="Mountain Time Zone">Mountain</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9206:00" title="UTC−06:00">UTC−06:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mountain_Daylight_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain Daylight Time">MDT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_abbreviations" title="List of U.S. state and territory abbreviations">USPS abbreviation</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">TX</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:US" title="ISO 3166-2:US">US-TX</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_abbreviations" title="List of U.S. state and territory abbreviations">Traditional abbreviation</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Tex.</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Latitude</th><td class="infobox-data">25°50′ N to 36°30′ N</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Longitude</th><td class="infobox-data">93°31′ W to 106°39′ W</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://texas.gov">texas.gov</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1141396924">.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-none{float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-center{float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols .infobox-title{font-size:120%}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols .infobox-subheader{font-weight:bold;background-color:#cddeff}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-island{font-weight:bold;background-color:#cef2e0}</style><table class="infobox ib-region-symbols"><caption class="infobox-title">State symbols of Texas</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:85%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Texas_state_symbols" title="List of Texas state symbols">List of state symbols</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Texas.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/250px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/375px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/500px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Texas" title="Flag of Texas">Flag of Texas</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Texas.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Seal_of_Texas.svg/150px-Seal_of_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Seal_of_Texas.svg/225px-Seal_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Seal_of_Texas.svg/300px-Seal_of_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="524" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Texas" title="Seal of Texas">Seal of Texas</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_nicknames" title="List of U.S. state and territory nicknames">Slogan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">The Friendly State</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid">Living insignia</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_birds" title="List of U.S. state birds">Bird</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Northern_mockingbird" title="Northern mockingbird">Northern mockingbird</a> (Mimus polyglottos)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_fish" title="List of U.S. state fish">Fish</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_bass" title="Guadalupe bass">Guadalupe bass</a> (Micropterus treculii)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_flowers" title="List of U.S. state and territory flowers">Flower</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bluebonnet_(plant)" title="Bluebonnet (plant)">Bluebonnet</a> (Lupinus spp., namely Texas bluebonnet, L. texensis)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_insects" title="List of U.S. state insects">Insect</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monarch_butterfly" title="Monarch butterfly">Monarch butterfly</a> (Danaus plexippus)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_mammals" title="List of U.S. state mammals">Mammal</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Texas_longhorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas longhorn">Texas longhorn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nine-banded_armadillo" title="Nine-banded armadillo">nine-banded armadillo</a> (Dasypus novemcinctus)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_mushrooms" title="List of U.S. state mushrooms">Mushroom</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Texas_star_(fungus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas star (fungus)">Texas star</a> (Chorioactis geaster)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_reptiles" title="List of U.S. state reptiles">Reptile</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Texas_horned_lizard" title="Texas horned lizard">Texas horned lizard</a> (Phrynosoma cornutum)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_trees" title="List of U.S. state and territory trees">Tree</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pecan" title="Pecan">Pecan</a> (Carya illinoinensis)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid">Inanimate insignia</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_foods" title="List of U.S. state foods">Food</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chili_con_carne" title="Chili con carne">Chili</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Game</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Texas_42" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas 42">Texas 42</a> dominoes</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_instruments" title="List of U.S. state instruments">Instrument</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">Guitar</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_shells" title="List of U.S. state shells">Shell</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sinistrofulgur_perversum" title="Sinistrofulgur perversum">Lightning whelk</a> (Busycon perversum pulleyi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_ships" title="List of U.S. state ships">Ship</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/USS_Texas_(BB-35)" title="USS Texas (BB-35)">USS Texas</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_soils" title="List of U.S. state soils">Soil</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Houston_Black_(soil)" class="mw-redirect" title="Houston Black (soil)">Houston Black</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_sports" title="List of U.S. state sports">Sport</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rodeo" title="Rodeo">Rodeo</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other</th><td class="infobox-data">Molecule: <a href="/wiki/Buckyball" class="mw-redirect" title="Buckyball">Buckyball</a> (For more, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Texas_state_symbols" title="List of Texas state symbols">article</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid"><a href="/wiki/Numbered_highways_in_the_United_States#State_highways" title="Numbered highways in the United States">State route marker</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Texas_6.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Route marker"><img alt="Route marker" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Texas_6.svg/85px-Texas_6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Texas_6.svg/128px-Texas_6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Texas_6.svg/170px-Texas_6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="384" /></a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid"><a href="/wiki/50_State_quarters" title="50 State quarters">State quarter</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:2004_TX_Proof.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Texas quarter dollar coin"><img alt="Texas quarter dollar coin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/2004_TX_Proof.png/85px-2004_TX_Proof.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/2004_TX_Proof.png/127px-2004_TX_Proof.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/2004_TX_Proof.png/169px-2004_TX_Proof.png 2x" data-file-width="1105" data-file-height="1110" /></a><div>Released in 2004</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_United_States_state_symbols" title="Lists of United States state symbols">Lists of United States state symbols</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Texas (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈtɛksəs/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/67\/En-us-Texas.ogg\/En-us-Texas.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Texas.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/67/En-us-Texas.ogg/En-us-Texas.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Texas.ogg" title="File:En-us-Texas.ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">TEK-səss</a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>locally also <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈtɛksɪz/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">TEK-siz</a>;<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: Texas or Tejas,<a href="#cite_note-11">[b]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[ˈtexas]</a>) is the most populous <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">state</a> in the <a href="/wiki/South_Central_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="South Central United States">South Central</a> region of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. It borders <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> to the east, <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a> to the northeast, <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> to the north, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> to the west, and <a href="/wiki/Mexico-United_States_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico-United States border">an international border</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican states">Mexican states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)">Chihuahua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">Coahuila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n" title="Nuevo León">Nuevo León</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tamaulipas" title="Tamaulipas">Tamaulipas</a> to the south and southwest. Texas has a coastline on the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> to the southeast. Covering 268,596 square miles (695,660 km2), and with over 30 million residents as of 2023,<a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a> it is the second-largest state by both <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_area" title="List of U.S. states and territories by area">area</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by population">population</a>. Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State for its former status as <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">an independent republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">first European country</a> to claim and control Texas. Following <a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_Texas" title="French colonization of Texas">a short-lived colony</a> controlled by France, Mexico controlled the land until 1836 when Texas won its independence, becoming the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Republic of Texas</a>. In 1845, Texas joined the United States of America as the 28th state.<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Texas_annexation" title="Texas annexation">state's annexation</a> set off a chain of events that led to the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> in 1846. Following victory by the United States, Texas remained a <a href="/wiki/Slave_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave state">slave state</a> until the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, when it declared its secession from <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">the Union</a> in early 1861 before officially joining the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a> on March 2. After the Civil War and the restoration of its representation in the federal government, Texas entered a long period of economic stagnation. Historically, five major industries shaped the <a href="/wiki/Texas_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas economy">Texas economy</a> prior to <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>: cattle, bison, cotton, timber, and oil.<a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a> Before and after the Civil War, the cattle industry—which Texas came to dominate—was a major economic driver and created the traditional image of the Texas cowboy. In the later 19th century, cotton and lumber grew to be major industries as the cattle industry became less lucrative. Ultimately, the discovery of major <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> deposits (<a href="/wiki/Spindletop" title="Spindletop">Spindletop</a> in particular) initiated <a href="/wiki/Texas_oil_boom" title="Texas oil boom">an economic boom</a> that became the driving force behind the economy for much of the 20th century. Texas developed a diversified economy and <a href="/wiki/High_tech" title="High tech">high tech</a> industry during the mid-20th century. As of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Texas&action=edit">[update]</a>, it has the most <a href="/wiki/Fortune_500" title="Fortune 500">Fortune 500</a> company headquarters (53) in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Austin_2022-18">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Miranda_2022-19">[17]</a> With a growing base of industry, the state leads in many industries, including <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Texas" title="Agriculture in Texas">agriculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petrochemicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrochemicals">petrochemicals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Texas" title="Energy in Texas">energy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer industry">computers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Consumer_electronics" title="Consumer electronics">electronics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aerospace" title="Aerospace">aerospace</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Biomedical_sciences" title="Biomedical sciences">biomedical sciences</a>. Texas has led the U.S. in <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_exports" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. states and territories by exports">state export revenue</a> since 2002 and has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. states by GDP">second-highest</a> <a href="/wiki/Gross_state_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross state product">gross state product</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth_metroplex" title="Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex">Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greater_Houston" title="Greater Houston">Greater Houston</a> areas are the nation's fourth and fifth-most populous <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_statistical_area" title="Metropolitan statistical area">urban regions</a> respectively. Its capital city is <a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a>. Due to its size and geologic features such as the <a href="/wiki/Balcones_Fault" title="Balcones Fault">Balcones Fault</a>, Texas contains diverse <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Texas" title="Geography of Texas">landscapes</a> common to both the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern regions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a> Most population centers are in areas of former <a href="/wiki/Prairie" title="Prairie">prairies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grasslands</a>, forests, and the <a href="/wiki/Coastline" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastline">coastline</a>. Traveling from east to west, terrain ranges from coastal <a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">swamps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piney_woods" class="mw-redirect" title="Piney woods">piney woods</a>, to rolling plains and rugged hills, to the desert and mountains of the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bend_(Texas)" title="Big Bend (Texas)">Big Bend</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> The name Texas, based on the <a href="/wiki/Caddo_language" title="Caddo language">Caddo word</a> táy:shaʼ (/tə́jːʃaʔ/) 'friend', was applied, in the spelling Tejas or Texas,<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-facts-1">[1]</a> by the Spanish to the <a href="/wiki/Caddo" title="Caddo">Caddo</a> themselves, specifically the <a href="/wiki/Hasinai" title="Hasinai">Hasinai</a> Confederacy.<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> During <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Spanish colonial rule</a>, in the 18th century, the area was known as Nuevas Filipinas ('<a href="/wiki/New_Philippines" title="New Philippines">New Philippines</a>') and Nuevo Reino de Filipinas ('New Kingdom of the Philippines'),<a href="#cite_note-Teja-2010-25">[23]</a> or as provincia de los Tejas ('province of the Tejas'),<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> later also provincia de Texas (or de Tejas), ('province of Texas').<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Teja-2010-25">[23]</a> It was incorporated as <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Texas" title="Mexican Texas">provincia de Texas</a> into the <a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">Mexican Empire</a> in 1821, and declared <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">a republic</a> in 1836. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Spanish_Academy" title="Royal Spanish Academy">Royal Spanish Academy</a> recognizes both spellings, Tejas and Texas, as Spanish-language forms of the name.<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> The English pronunciation with /ks/ is unetymological, contrary to the historical value of the letter <a href="/wiki/X" title="X">x</a> (/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/) in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_orthography" title="Spanish orthography">Spanish orthography</a>. Alternative etymologies of the name advanced in the late 19th century connected the name Texas with the Spanish word teja, meaning 'roof tile', the plural tejas being used to designate Indigenous <a href="/wiki/Pueblo" title="Pueblo">Pueblo</a> settlements.<a href="#cite_note-Dimitry-29">[27]</a> A 1760s map by <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Nicolas_Bellin" title="Jacques-Nicolas Bellin">Jacques-Nicolas Bellin</a> shows a village named Teijas on the <a href="/wiki/Trinity_River_(Texas)" title="Trinity River (Texas)">Trinity River</a>, close to the site of modern <a href="/wiki/Crockett,_Texas" title="Crockett, Texas">Crockett</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dimitry-29">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precontact_era">Precontact era</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Texas" title="Category:History of Texas">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">History of Texas</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><a href="/wiki/File:Texas_flag_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Texas_flag_map.svg/74px-Texas_flag_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="74" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Texas_flag_map.svg/111px-Texas_flag_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Texas_flag_map.svg/148px-Texas_flag_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1162" data-file-height="1134" /></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> Timeline</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas#Precontact_Indigenous_history" title="History of Texas">Pre-Columbian Texas</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas#Early_Spanish_exploration" title="History of Texas">Early Spanish explorations</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1519–1543</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_Texas" title="French colonization of Texas">French Texas</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1684–1689</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Spanish Texas</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1690–1821</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Texas" title="Mexican Texas">Mexican Texas</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1821–1836</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Republic of Texas</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1836–1845</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas_(1845%E2%80%931860)" title="History of Texas (1845–1860)">Statehood</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1845–1860</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Texas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Texas in the American Civil War">Civil War Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1861–1865</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas_(1865%E2%80%931899)" title="History of Texas (1865–1899)">Reconstruction</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1865–1899</td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Texas" title="List of years in Texas">Years in Texas</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/16px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/24px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/32px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Texas" title="Portal:Texas">Texas portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:History of Texas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:History of Texas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Texas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Texas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">History of Texas</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_Mexico" title="Pre-Columbian Mexico">Pre-Columbian Mexico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Native_American_tribes_in_Texas" title="Native American tribes in Texas">Native American tribes in Texas</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Early_indian_west.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Early_indian_west.jpg/220px-Early_indian_west.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Early_indian_west.jpg/330px-Early_indian_west.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Early_indian_west.jpg/440px-Early_indian_west.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1559" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Early Native American tribal territories</figcaption></figure>Texas lies between two major cultural spheres of <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian North America">Pre-Columbian North America</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwestern tribes">Southwestern</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indians" title="Plains Indians">Plains</a> areas. <a href="/wiki/Archaeologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeologists">Archaeologists</a> have found that three major Indigenous cultures lived in this territory, and reached their developmental peak before the first European contact. These were:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardsonWintzBoswellAnderson20219-30">[28]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Ancestral Puebloans">Ancestral Puebloans</a> from the upper <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a> region, centered west of Texas; the <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders</a>, which extended along the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Mississippi River Valley">Mississippi River Valley</a> east of Texas; and the civilizations of <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a>, which were centered south of Texas. Influence of <a href="/wiki/Teotihuacan" title="Teotihuacan">Teotihuacan</a> in northern Mexico peaked around AD 500 and declined between the 8th and 10th centuries. When Europeans arrived in the Texas region, the language families present in the state were Caddoan, <a href="/wiki/Atakapa" title="Atakapa">Atakapan</a>, Athabaskan, <a href="/wiki/Coahuiltecan" title="Coahuiltecan">Coahuiltecan</a>, and Uto-Aztecan, in addition to several language isolates such as <a href="/wiki/Tonkawa_language" title="Tonkawa language">Tonkawa</a>. Uto-Aztecan Puebloan and <a href="/wiki/Jumanos" title="Jumanos">Jumano</a> peoples lived neared the Rio Grande in the western portion of the state and the Athabaskan-speaking Apache tribes lived throughout the interior. The agricultural, mound-building Caddo controlled much of the northeastern part of the state, along the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabine_River_(Texas%E2%80%93Louisiana)" title="Sabine River (Texas–Louisiana)">Sabine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neches_River" title="Neches River">and Neches River</a> basins.<a href="#cite_note-Carter_1995-31">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> Atakapan peoples such as the <a href="/wiki/Akokisa" title="Akokisa">Akokisa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bidai" title="Bidai">Bidai</a> lived along the northeastern Gulf Coast; the <a href="/wiki/Karankawa_people" title="Karankawa people">Karankawa</a> lived along the central coast.<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> At least one tribe of <a href="/wiki/Coahuiltecan" title="Coahuiltecan">Coahuiltecans</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aranama_people" title="Aranama people">Aranama</a>, lived in southern Texas. This entire culture group, primarily centered in northeastern <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, is now extinct. No culture was dominant across all of present-day Texas, and many peoples inhabited the area.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardsonWintzBoswellAnderson202110-34">[32]</a> Native American tribes who have lived inside the boundaries of present-day Texas include the <a href="/wiki/Alabama_people" title="Alabama people">Alabama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atakapa" title="Atakapa">Atakapan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bidai" title="Bidai">Bidai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caddo" title="Caddo">Caddo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aranama_people" title="Aranama people">Aranama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coushatta" title="Coushatta">Coushatta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hasinai" title="Hasinai">Hasinai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jumano_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumano people">Jumano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karankawa_people" title="Karankawa people">Karankawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_people" title="Kickapoo people">Kickapoo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tonkawa" title="Tonkawa">Tonkawa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wichita_people" title="Wichita people">Wichita</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardsonWintzBoswellAnderson202112-35">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> Many of these peoples migrated from the north or east during the colonial period, such as the <a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a>, Alabama-Coushatta, and <a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Delaware</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Carter_1995-31">[29]</a> The region was primarily controlled by the Spanish until the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Texas Revolution</a>. They were most interested in relationships with the Caddo, who were—like the Spanish—a settled, agricultural people. Several Spanish missions were opened in Caddo territory, but a lack of interest in Christianity among the Caddo meant that few were converted. Positioned between French Louisiana and Spanish Texas, the Caddo maintained relations with both, but were closer with the French.<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> After Spain took control of Louisiana, most of the missions in eastern Texas were closed and abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> The United States obtained Louisiana following the 1803 <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a> and began convincing tribes to self-segregate from whites by moving west; facing an overflow of native peoples in Missouri and Arkansas, they were able to negotiate with the Caddo to allow several displaced peoples to settle on unused lands in eastern Texas. These included the <a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Muscogee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Houma_people" title="Houma people">Houma Choctaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mingo" title="Mingo">Mingo Seneca</a>, among others, who came to view the Caddoans as saviors.<a href="#cite_note-Glover-39">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> The temperament of Native American tribes affected the fates of European explorers and <a href="/wiki/Settler" title="Settler">settlers</a> in that land.<a href="#cite_note-Richardson-2005-41">[39]</a> Friendly tribes taught newcomers how to grow local crops, prepare foods, and hunt <a href="/wiki/Game_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Game (food)">wild game</a>. Warlike tribes resisted the settlers.<a href="#cite_note-Richardson-2005-41">[39]</a> Prior treaties with the Spanish forbade either side from militarizing its native population in any potential conflict between the two nations. Several outbreaks of violence between Native Americans and Texans started to spread in the prelude to the Texas Revolution. Texans accused tribes of stealing livestock. While no proof was found,<a href="#cite_note-Carter_1995-31">[29]</a> those in charge of Texas at the time attempted to publicly blame and punish the Caddo, with the U.S. government trying to keep them in check. The Caddo never turned to violence because of the situation, except in cases of self-defense.<a href="#cite_note-Glover-39">[37]</a> By the 1830s, the U.S. had drafted the Indian Removal Act, which was used to facilitate the Trail of Tears. Fearing retribution, Indian Agents all over the eastern U.S. tried to convince all Indigenous peoples to uproot and move west. This included the Caddo of Louisiana and Arkansas. Following the Texas Revolution, the Texans chose to make peace with the Indigenous people, but did not honor former land claims or agreements.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The first president of Texas, <a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston" title="Sam Houston">Sam Houston</a>, aimed to cooperate and make peace with Native tribes, but his successor, <a href="/wiki/Mirabeau_B._Lamar" title="Mirabeau B. Lamar">Mirabeau B. Lamar</a>, took a much more hostile stance. Hostility towards Natives by white Texans prompted the movement of most Native populations north into what would become <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a> (modern Oklahoma).<a href="#cite_note-Carter_1995-31">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Glover-39">[37]</a> Only the <a href="/wiki/Alabama%E2%80%93Coushatta_Tribe_of_Texas" title="Alabama–Coushatta Tribe of Texas">Alabama-Coushatta</a> would remain in the parts of Texas subject to white settlement, though the Comanche would continue to control most of the western half of the state until their defeat in the 1870s and 1880s.<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonization">Colonization</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana (New France)</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_Texas" title="French colonization of Texas">French colonization of Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris (1763)</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Spanish Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seminole_Wars" title="Seminole Wars">Seminole Wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">Mexican War of Independence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Treaty of Córdoba">Treaty of Córdoba</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First Mexican Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Texas" title="Mexican Texas">Mexican Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Mexico_(1823%E2%80%9324)" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional Government of Mexico (1823–24)">Provisional Government of Mexico (1823–24)</a>, <a href="/wiki/1824_Constitution_of_Mexico" title="1824 Constitution of Mexico">1824 Constitution of Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Republic" title="First Mexican Republic">First Mexican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siete_Leyes" title="Siete Leyes">Siete Leyes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Centralist_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Centralist Republic of Mexico">Centralist Republic of Mexico</a></div> The first historical document related to Texas was a map of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf Coast">Gulf Coast</a>, created in 1519 by Spanish explorer <a href="/wiki/Alonso_%C3%81lvarez_de_Pineda" title="Alonso Álvarez de Pineda">Alonso Álvarez de Pineda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> Nine years later, shipwrecked Spanish explorer <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvar_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Cabeza_de_Vaca" title="Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca">Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca</a> and his cohort became the first Europeans in what is now Texas.<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> Cabeza de Vaca reported that in 1528, when the Spanish landed in the area, "half the natives died from a disease of the bowels and blamed us."<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> Cabeza de Vaca also made observations about the way of life of the Ignaces Natives of Texas.<a href="#cite_note-48">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado">Francisco Vázquez de Coronado</a> described another encounter with native people in 1541.<a href="#cite_note-51">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[48]</a> The expedition of <a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto" title="Hernando de Soto">Hernando de Soto</a> entered into Texas from the east, seeking a route to Mexico. They passed through the Caddo lands but turned back after reaching the River of Daycao (possibly the Brazos or Colorado), beyond which point the Native peoples were nomadic and did not have the agricultural stores to feed the expedition.<a href="#cite_note-53">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[50]</a> European powers ignored the area until accidentally settling there in 1685. Miscalculations by <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9-Robert_Cavelier_de_La_Salle" class="mw-redirect" title="René-Robert Cavelier de La Salle">René-Robert Cavelier de La Salle</a> resulted in his establishing the colony of <a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_Texas" title="French colonization of Texas">Fort Saint Louis</a> at <a href="/wiki/Matagorda_Bay" title="Matagorda Bay">Matagorda Bay</a> rather than along the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber1992149-55">[51]</a> The colony lasted only four years before succumbing to harsh conditions and hostile natives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChipman199283-56">[52]</a> A small band of survivors traveled eastward into the lands of the Caddo, but La Salle was killed by disgruntled expedition members.<a href="#cite_note-57">[53]</a> In 1690 Spanish authorities, concerned that France posed a competitive threat, constructed several <a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Texas" title="Spanish missions in Texas">missions</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Texas" title="East Texas">East Texas</a> among the Caddo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChipman199289-58">[54]</a> After Caddo resistance, the Spanish missionaries returned to Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber1992155-59">[55]</a> When France began settling <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana</a>, in 1716 Spanish authorities responded by founding a new series of missions in East Texas.<a href="#cite_note-60">[56]</a> Two years later, they created <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a> as the first Spanish civilian settlement in the area.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber1992163-61">[57]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LaFora_1771_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/LaFora_1771_2.jpg/300px-LaFora_1771_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/LaFora_1771_2.jpg/450px-LaFora_1771_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/LaFora_1771_2.jpg/600px-LaFora_1771_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="821" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Nicolas de La Fora's 1771 map of the northern frontier of <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> clearly shows the Provincia de los Tejas.<a href="#cite_note-62">[58]</a></figcaption></figure> Hostile native tribes and distance from nearby Spanish colonies discouraged settlers from moving to the area. It was one of New Spain's least populated provinces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChipman1992205-63">[59]</a> In 1749, the Spanish peace treaty with the <a href="/wiki/Lipan_Apache_people" title="Lipan Apache people">Lipan Apache</a> angered many tribes,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber1992193-64">[60]</a> including the Comanche, Tonkawa, and Hasinai.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber1992189-65">[61]</a> The Comanche signed a treaty with Spain in 1785 and later helped to defeat the Lipan Apache and Karankawa tribes.<a href="#cite_note-66">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeddle1995163-67">[63]</a> With numerous missions being established, priests led a peaceful conversion of most tribes. By the end of the 18th century only a few <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic</a> tribes had not converted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChipman1992202-68">[64]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stephen_f_austin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Stephen_f_austin.jpg/170px-Stephen_f_austin.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Stephen_f_austin.jpg/255px-Stephen_f_austin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Stephen_f_austin.jpg/340px-Stephen_f_austin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="1207" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stephen_F._Austin" title="Stephen F. Austin">Stephen F. Austin</a> was the first American <a href="/wiki/Empresario" title="Empresario">empresario</a> given permission to operate a colony within <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Texas" title="Mexican Texas">Mexican Texas</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexico_1824_(equirectangular_projection).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Mexico_1824_%28equirectangular_projection%29.png/300px-Mexico_1824_%28equirectangular_projection%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Mexico_1824_%28equirectangular_projection%29.png/450px-Mexico_1824_%28equirectangular_projection%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Mexico_1824_%28equirectangular_projection%29.png/600px-Mexico_1824_%28equirectangular_projection%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1047" /></a><figcaption>Mexico in 1824. <a href="/wiki/Coahuila_y_Tejas" title="Coahuila y Tejas">Coahuila y Tejas</a> is the northeasternmost state.</figcaption></figure> When the United States <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">purchased Louisiana</a> from France in 1803, American authorities insisted the agreement also included Texas. The boundary between New Spain and the United States was finally set in 1819 at the <a href="/wiki/Sabine_River_(Texas%E2%80%93Louisiana)" title="Sabine River (Texas–Louisiana)">Sabine River</a>, the modern border between Texas and Louisiana.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber1992291–299-69">[65]</a> Eager for new land, many U.S. settlers refused to recognize the agreement. Several <a href="/wiki/Filibuster_(military)" title="Filibuster (military)">filibusters</a> raised armies to invade the area west of the Sabine River.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis200646-70">[66]</a> Marked by the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>, some men who had escaped from the Spanish, held (Old) Philippines had immigrated to and also passed through Texas (New Philippines)<a href="#cite_note-71">[67]</a> and reached <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> where <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines" title="Ethnic groups in the Philippines">Philippine exiles</a> aided the United States in the defense of <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> against a <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> invasion, with <a href="/wiki/Filipino_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino people">Filipinos</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Malo,_Louisiana" title="Saint Malo, Louisiana">Saint Malo</a> settlement assisting <a href="/wiki/Jean_Lafitte" title="Jean Lafitte">Jean Lafitte</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans" title="Battle of New Orleans">Battle of New Orleans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[68]</a> In 1821, the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">Mexican War of Independence</a> included the Texas territory, which became part of Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber1992300-73">[69]</a> Due to its low population, the territory was assigned to other <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Mexico" title="Administrative divisions of Mexico">states and territories of Mexico</a>; the core territory was part of the state of <a href="/wiki/Coahuila_y_Tejas" title="Coahuila y Tejas">Coahuila y Tejas</a>, but other parts of today's Texas were part of <a href="/wiki/Tamaulipas" title="Tamaulipas">Tamaulipas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)">Chihuahua</a>, or the Mexican Territory of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_de_Nuevo_M%C3%A9xico" title="Santa Fe de Nuevo México">Santa Fe de Nuevo México</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManchaca2001162-74">[70]</a> Hoping more settlers would reduce the near-constant Comanche raids, <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Texas" title="Mexican Texas">Mexican Texas</a> liberalized its immigration policies to permit immigrants from outside Mexico and Spain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManchaca2001164-75">[71]</a> Large swathes of land were allotted to <a href="/wiki/Empresario" title="Empresario">empresarios</a>, who recruited settlers from the United States, Europe, and the Mexican interior, primarily the U.S. Austin's settlers, the <a href="/wiki/Old_Three_Hundred" title="Old Three Hundred">Old Three Hundred</a>, made places along the <a href="/wiki/Brazos_River" title="Brazos River">Brazos River</a> in 1822.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManchaca2001198-76">[72]</a> The population of Texas grew rapidly. In 1825, Texas had about 3,500 people, with most of Mexican descent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdmondson200075-77">[73]</a> By 1834, the population had grown to about 37,800 people, with only 7,800 of Mexican descent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManchaca2001172,_201-78">[74]</a> Many immigrants openly flouted Mexican law, especially the prohibition against <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a>. Combined with United States' attempts to purchase Texas, Mexican authorities decided in 1830 to prohibit continued immigration from the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdmondson200078-79">[75]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">illegal immigration</a> from the United States into Mexico continued to increase the population of Texas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManchaca2001200-80">[76]</a> New laws also called for the enforcement of <a href="/wiki/Duty_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duty (economics)">customs duties</a> angering native Mexican citizens (<a href="/wiki/Tejano" class="mw-redirect" title="Tejano">Tejanos</a>) and recent immigrants alike.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis200677-81">[77]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Anahuac_Disturbances" class="mw-redirect" title="Anahuac Disturbances">Anahuac Disturbances</a> in 1832 were the first open revolt against Mexican rule, coinciding with a revolt in Mexico against the nation's president.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis200685-82">[78]</a> <a href="/wiki/Texian" class="mw-redirect" title="Texian">Texians</a> sided with the <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federalists</a> against the government and drove all Mexican soldiers out of East Texas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis200686–89-83">[79]</a> They took advantage of the lack of oversight to agitate for more political freedom. Texians met at the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_1832" title="Convention of 1832">Convention of 1832</a> to discuss requesting independent statehood, among other issues.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis200692-84">[80]</a> The following year, Texians reiterated their demands at the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_1833" title="Convention of 1833">Convention of 1833</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republic">Republic</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Texas Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_1836" title="Convention of 1836">Convention of 1836</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Texas Declaration of Independence">Texas Declaration of Independence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Velasco" title="Treaties of Velasco">Treaties of Velasco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Republic of Texas</a></div> Within Mexico, tensions continued between federalists and centralists. In early 1835, wary <a href="/wiki/Texians" title="Texians">Texians</a> formed Committees of Correspondence and Safety.<a href="#cite_note-86">[82]</a> The unrest erupted into armed conflict in late 1835 at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gonzales" title="Battle of Gonzales">Battle of Gonzales</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardin199412-87">[83]</a> This launched the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Texas Revolution</a>. Texians elected delegates to the <a href="/wiki/Consultation_(Texas)" title="Consultation (Texas)">Consultation</a>, which created a provisional government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinders200472-88">[84]</a> The provisional government soon collapsed from infighting, and Texas was without clear governance for the first two months of 1836.<a href="#cite_note-89">[85]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SantaAnnaSurrender.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/SantaAnnaSurrender.jpg/220px-SantaAnnaSurrender.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/SantaAnnaSurrender.jpg/330px-SantaAnnaSurrender.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/SantaAnnaSurrender.jpg/440px-SantaAnnaSurrender.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="587" /></a><figcaption>Surrender of Santa Anna. Painting by William Henry Huddle, 1886.</figcaption></figure> Mexican President <a href="/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna">Antonio López de Santa Anna</a> personally led an army to end the revolt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardin1994102-90">[86]</a> General <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Urrea" title="José de Urrea">José de Urrea</a> defeated all the Texian resistance along the coast culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Goliad_massacre" title="Goliad massacre">Goliad massacre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[87]</a> López de Santa Anna's forces, after a <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Alamo" title="Siege of the Alamo">thirteen-day siege</a>, overwhelmed Texian defenders at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Alamo" title="Battle of the Alamo">Battle of the Alamo</a>. News of the defeats sparked panic among Texas settlers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETodishTodishSpring199868-92">[88]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wpdms_republic_of_texas.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Wpdms_republic_of_texas.svg/220px-Wpdms_republic_of_texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Wpdms_republic_of_texas.svg/330px-Wpdms_republic_of_texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Wpdms_republic_of_texas.svg/440px-Wpdms_republic_of_texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Republic of Texas</a> with present-day borders superimposed</figcaption></figure> The newly elected Texian delegates to the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_1836" title="Convention of 1836">Convention of 1836</a> quickly signed a <a href="/wiki/Texas_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Texas Declaration of Independence">declaration of independence</a> on March 2, forming the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Republic of Texas</a>. After electing interim officers, the Convention disbanded.<a href="#cite_note-93">[89]</a> The new government joined the other settlers in Texas in the <a href="/wiki/Runaway_Scrape" title="Runaway Scrape">Runaway Scrape</a>, fleeing from the approaching Mexican army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETodishTodishSpring199868-92">[88]</a> After several weeks of retreat, the <a href="/wiki/Texian_Army" title="Texian Army">Texian Army</a> commanded by <a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston" title="Sam Houston">Sam Houston</a> attacked and defeated López de Santa Anna's forces at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Jacinto" title="Battle of San Jacinto">Battle of San Jacinto</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETodishTodishSpring199869-94">[90]</a> López de Santa Anna was captured and forced to sign the <a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Velasco" title="Treaties of Velasco">Treaties of Velasco</a>, ending the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETodishTodishSpring199870-95">[91]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Texas" title="Constitution of the Republic of Texas">Constitution of the Republic of Texas</a> prohibited the government from restricting slavery or freeing slaves, and required free people of African descent to leave the country.<a href="#cite_note-96">[92]</a> Political battles raged between two factions of the new Republic. The nationalist faction, led by <a href="/wiki/Mirabeau_B._Lamar" title="Mirabeau B. Lamar">Mirabeau B. Lamar</a>, advocated the continued independence of Texas, the expulsion of the <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a>, and the expansion of the Republic to the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>. Their opponents, led by Sam Houston, advocated the annexation of Texas to the United States and peaceful co-existence with Native Americans. The conflict between the factions was typified by an incident known as the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Archive_War" title="Texas Archive War">Texas Archive War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[93]</a> With wide popular support, Texas first applied for annexation to the United States in 1836, but its status as a slaveholding country caused its admission to be controversial and it was initially rebuffed. This status, and Mexican diplomacy in support of its claims to the territory, also complicated Texas's ability to form foreign alliances and trade relationships.<a href="#cite_note-seeds-98">[94]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a> Indians furnished the main Native American opposition to the Texas Republic, manifested in multiple <a href="/wiki/Comanche_Wars" title="Comanche Wars">raids on settlements</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[95]</a> Mexico launched two small expeditions into Texas in 1842. The town of San Antonio was captured twice and Texans were defeated in battle in the <a href="/wiki/Dawson_massacre" title="Dawson massacre">Dawson massacre</a>. Despite these successes, Mexico did not keep an occupying force in Texas, and the republic survived.<a href="#cite_note-100">[96]</a> The cotton price crash of the 1840s depressed the country's economy.<a href="#cite_note-seeds-98">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statehood">Statehood</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas_(1845%E2%80%931860)" title="History of Texas (1845–1860)">History of Texas (1845–1860)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Texas_annexation" title="Texas annexation">Texas annexation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Admission_to_the_Union" title="Admission to the Union">Admission to the Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo" title="Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo">Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3c_Texas_Centennial_Sam_Houston,_Stephen_Austin,_and_Alamo,_1936_issue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/3c_Texas_Centennial_Sam_Houston%2C_Stephen_Austin%2C_and_Alamo%2C_1936_issue.jpg/260px-3c_Texas_Centennial_Sam_Houston%2C_Stephen_Austin%2C_and_Alamo%2C_1936_issue.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/3c_Texas_Centennial_Sam_Houston%2C_Stephen_Austin%2C_and_Alamo%2C_1936_issue.jpg/390px-3c_Texas_Centennial_Sam_Houston%2C_Stephen_Austin%2C_and_Alamo%2C_1936_issue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/3c_Texas_Centennial_Sam_Houston%2C_Stephen_Austin%2C_and_Alamo%2C_1936_issue.jpg/520px-3c_Texas_Centennial_Sam_Houston%2C_Stephen_Austin%2C_and_Alamo%2C_1936_issue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1266" data-file-height="804" /></a><figcaption>On March 2, 1936, the U.S. Post Office issued a <a href="/wiki/Commemorative_stamp" title="Commemorative stamp">commemorative stamp</a> commemorating the 100th anniversary of the Texas Declaration of Independence, featuring Sam Houston (left), Stephen Austin and the Alamo.</figcaption></figure> Texas was finally <a href="/wiki/Texas_annexation" title="Texas annexation">annexed</a> when the expansionist <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a> won the <a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">election of 1844</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[97]</a> On December 29, 1845, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">U.S. Congress</a> admitted Texas to the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-TAnnexation-102">[98]</a> After Texas's annexation, Mexico broke diplomatic relations with the United States. While the United States claimed Texas's border stretched to the Rio Grande, Mexico claimed it was the <a href="/wiki/Nueces_River" title="Nueces River">Nueces River</a> leaving the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_Valley_(Texas)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio Grande Valley (Texas)">Rio Grande Valley</a> under contested Texan sovereignty.<a href="#cite_note-TAnnexation-102">[98]</a> While the former Republic of Texas could not enforce its border claims, the United States had the military strength and the political will to do so. President Polk ordered General <a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a> south to the Rio Grande on January 13, 1846. A few months later Mexican troops routed an American cavalry patrol in the disputed area in the <a href="/wiki/Thornton_Affair" title="Thornton Affair">Thornton Affair</a> starting the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a>. The first battles of the war were fought in Texas: the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Texas" title="Siege of Fort Texas">Siege of Fort Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Palo_Alto" title="Battle of Palo Alto">Battle of Palo Alto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Resaca_de_la_Palma" title="Battle of Resaca de la Palma">Battle of Resaca de la Palma</a>. After these decisive victories, the United States invaded Mexican territory, ending the fighting in Texas.<a href="#cite_note-Mwar-103">[99]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Remember_Your_Regiment,_U.S._Army_in_Action_Series,_2d_Dragoons_charge_in_Mexican_War_1846.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Remember_Your_Regiment%2C_U.S._Army_in_Action_Series%2C_2d_Dragoons_charge_in_Mexican_War_1846.jpg/220px-Remember_Your_Regiment%2C_U.S._Army_in_Action_Series%2C_2d_Dragoons_charge_in_Mexican_War_1846.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Remember_Your_Regiment%2C_U.S._Army_in_Action_Series%2C_2d_Dragoons_charge_in_Mexican_War_1846.jpg/330px-Remember_Your_Regiment%2C_U.S._Army_in_Action_Series%2C_2d_Dragoons_charge_in_Mexican_War_1846.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Remember_Your_Regiment%2C_U.S._Army_in_Action_Series%2C_2d_Dragoons_charge_in_Mexican_War_1846.jpg/440px-Remember_Your_Regiment%2C_U.S._Army_in_Action_Series%2C_2d_Dragoons_charge_in_Mexican_War_1846.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2740" data-file-height="1700" /></a><figcaption>Captain <a href="/wiki/Charles_A._May" title="Charles A. May">Charles A. May</a>'s squadron of the 2nd Dragoons slashes through the Mexican Army lines. <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Resaca_de_la_Palma" title="Battle of Resaca de la Palma">Resaca de la Palma</a>, Texas, May 1846.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo" title="Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo">Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</a> ended the two-year war. In return for US$18,250,000, Mexico gave the U.S. undisputed control of Texas, ceded the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Cession" title="Mexican Cession">Mexican Cession</a> in 1848, most of which today is called the American Southwest, and Texas's borders were established at the Rio Grande.<a href="#cite_note-Mwar-103">[99]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a> set Texas's boundaries at their present position: Texas ceded its claims to land which later became half of present-day <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>,<a href="#cite_note-comp1850-104">[100]</a> a third of <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, and small portions of <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a> to the federal government, in return for the assumption of $10 million of the old republic's debt.<a href="#cite_note-comp1850-104">[100]</a> Post-war Texas grew rapidly as migrants poured into the cotton lands of the state.<a href="#cite_note-105">[101]</a> They also brought or purchased enslaved African Americans, whose numbers tripled in the state from 1850 to 1860, from 58,000 to 182,566.<a href="#cite_note-106">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_War_to_late_19th_century">Civil War to late 19th century</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas_(1865%E2%80%931899)" title="History of Texas (1865–1899)">History of Texas (1865–1899)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_of_Secession" title="Ordinance of Secession">Ordinance of Secession</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Texas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Texas in the American Civil War">Texas in the American Civil War</a></div> Texas re-entered war following the <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">election of 1860</a>. During this time, Black people comprised 30 percent of the state's population, and they were overwhelmingly enslaved.<a href="#cite_note-HOT-107">[103]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> was elected, South Carolina seceded from the Union; five other <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a> states quickly followed. A state convention considering secession opened in Austin on January 28, 1861. On February 1, by a vote of 166–8, the convention adopted an <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_of_Secession" title="Ordinance of Secession">Ordinance of Secession</a>. Texas voters approved this Ordinance on February 23, 1861. Texas joined the newly created Confederate States of America on March 4, 1861, ratifying the permanent <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Confederate_States" title="Constitution of the Confederate States">C.S. Constitution</a> on March 23.<a href="#cite_note-facts-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[104]</a> Not all Texans favored secession initially, although many of the same would later support the Southern cause. Texas's most notable <a href="/wiki/Southern_Unionist" title="Southern Unionist">Unionist</a> was the state governor, <a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston" title="Sam Houston">Sam Houston</a>. Not wanting to aggravate the situation, Houston refused two offers from President Lincoln for Union troops to keep him in office. After refusing to swear an oath of allegiance to the Confederacy, Houston was deposed.<a href="#cite_note-109">[105]</a> While far from the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Theater of the American Civil War">major battlefields</a> of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, Texas contributed large numbers of soldiers and equipment.<a href="#cite_note-CivilwarHB-110">[106]</a> Union troops briefly <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Galveston" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of Galveston">occupied</a> the state's primary port, Galveston. Texas's border with Mexico was known as the "backdoor of the Confederacy" because trade occurred at the border, bypassing the Union blockade.<a href="#cite_note-111">[107]</a> The Confederacy repulsed all Union attempts to shut down this route,<a href="#cite_note-CivilwarHB-110">[106]</a> but Texas's role as a supply state was marginalized in mid-1863 after the Union capture of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Palmito_Ranch" title="Battle of Palmito Ranch">final battle of the Civil War</a> was fought at <a href="/wiki/Palmito_Ranch_Battlefield" class="mw-redirect" title="Palmito Ranch Battlefield">Palmito Ranch</a>, near Brownsville, Texas, and saw a Confederate victory.<a href="#cite_note-112">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[109]</a> Texas descended into anarchy for two months between the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Appomattox_Courthouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Appomattox Courthouse">surrender</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Army of Northern Virginia">Army of Northern Virginia</a> and the assumption of authority by Union General <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Granger" title="Gordon Granger">Gordon Granger</a>. Violence marked the early months of <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era">Reconstruction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CivilwarHB-110">[106]</a> <a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a> commemorates the announcement of the <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a> in Galveston by General Gordon Granger, almost two and a half years after the original announcement.<a href="#cite_note-114">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[111]</a> President Johnson, in 1866, declared the civilian government restored in Texas.<a href="#cite_note-116">[112]</a> Despite not meeting Reconstruction requirements, Congress resumed allowing elected Texas representatives into the federal government in 1870. Social volatility continued as the state struggled with agricultural depression and labor issues.<a href="#cite_note-117">[113]</a> Like most of the South, the Texas economy was devastated by the War. However, since the state had not been as dependent on slaves as other parts of the South, it was able to recover more quickly. The culture in Texas during the later 19th century exhibited many facets of a frontier territory. The state became notorious as a haven for people from other parts of the country who wanted to escape debt, war tensions, or other problems. "Gone to Texas" was a common expression for those fleeing the law in other states. Nevertheless, the state also attracted many businessmen and other settlers with more legitimate interests.<a href="#cite_note-118">[114]</a> The cattle industry continued to thrive, though it gradually became less profitable. Cotton and lumber became major industries creating new economic booms in various regions. Railroad networks grew rapidly as did the port at Galveston as commerce expanded. The lumber industry quickly expanded and was Texas' largest industry prior to the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-119">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_to_mid-20th_century">Early to mid-20th century</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucas_gusher.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Lucas_gusher.jpg/170px-Lucas_gusher.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Lucas_gusher.jpg/255px-Lucas_gusher.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Lucas_gusher.jpg/340px-Lucas_gusher.jpg 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption>Spindletop, the first major oil gusher</figcaption></figure> In 1900, Texas suffered the deadliest natural disaster in U.S. history during the <a href="/wiki/1900_Galveston_hurricane" title="1900 Galveston hurricane">Galveston hurricane</a>.<a href="#cite_note-deadhurr-120">[116]</a> On January 10, 1901, the first major <a href="/wiki/Oil_well" title="Oil well">oil well</a> in Texas, <a href="/wiki/Spindletop" title="Spindletop">Spindletop</a>, was found south of <a href="/wiki/Beaumont,_Texas" title="Beaumont, Texas">Beaumont</a>. Other fields were later discovered nearby in <a href="/wiki/East_Texas_Oil_Field" title="East Texas Oil Field">East Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Texas" title="West Texas">West Texas</a>, and under the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>. The resulting "<a href="/wiki/Texas_oil_boom" title="Texas oil boom">oil boom</a>" transformed Texas.<a href="#cite_note-121">[117]</a> Oil production averaged three million barrels per day at its peak in 1972.<a href="#cite_note-122">[118]</a> In 1901, the Democratic-dominated state legislature passed a bill requiring payment of a <a href="/wiki/Poll_tax_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poll tax (United States)">poll tax</a> for voting, which effectively <a href="/wiki/Disenfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era">disenfranchised</a> most Black and many poor White and <a href="/wiki/Latinos" class="mw-redirect" title="Latinos">Latino</a> people. In addition, the legislature established <a href="/wiki/White_primaries" class="mw-redirect" title="White primaries">white primaries</a>, ensuring minorities were excluded from the formal political process. The number of voters dropped dramatically, and the Democrats crushed competition from the Republican and Populist parties.<a href="#cite_note-123">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[120]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Texas" title="Socialist Party of Texas">Socialist Party</a> became the second-largest party in Texas after 1912,<a href="#cite_note-125">[121]</a> coinciding with a large socialist upsurge in the United States during fierce battles in the labor movement and the popularity of national heroes like <a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a>. The socialists' popularity soon waned after their vilification by the federal government for their opposition to U.S. involvement in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[123]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dust_Bowl" title="Dust Bowl">Dust Bowl</a> dealt a double blow to the state's economy, which had significantly improved since the Civil War. Migrants abandoned the worst-hit sections of Texas during the Dust Bowl years. Especially from this period on, Black people left Texas in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a> to get work in the Northern United States or California and to escape segregation.<a href="#cite_note-HOT-107">[103]</a> In 1940, Texas was 74% <a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_Whites" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hispanic Whites">White</a>, 14.4% Black, and 11.5% Hispanic.<a href="#cite_note-128">[124]</a> <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> had a dramatic impact on Texas, as federal money poured in to build military bases, munitions factories, detention camps and Army hospitals; 750,000 Texans left for service; the cities exploded with new industry; and hundreds of thousands of poor farmers left the fields for much better-paying war jobs, never to return to agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-129">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[126]</a> Texas manufactured 3.1 percent of total United States military armaments produced during World War II, ranking eleventh among the 48 states.<a href="#cite_note-131">[127]</a> Texas modernized and expanded its <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Texas#Public_colleges_and_universities" title="Education in Texas">system of higher education</a> through the 1960s. The state created a comprehensive plan for higher education, funded in large part by oil revenues, and a central state apparatus designed to manage state institutions more efficiently. These changes helped Texas universities receive federal research funds.<a href="#cite_note-132">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mid-20th_to_early_21st_century">Mid-20th to early 21st century</h3></div> Beginning around the mid-20th century, Texas began to transform from a rural and agricultural state to one urban and industrialized.<a href="#cite_note-Calvert-2017-133">[129]</a> The state's population grew quickly during this period, with large levels of migration from outside the state.<a href="#cite_note-Calvert-2017-133">[129]</a> As a part of the <a href="/wiki/Sun_Belt" title="Sun Belt">Sun Belt</a>, Texas experienced strong economic growth, particularly during the 1970s and early 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-Calvert-2017-133">[129]</a> Texas's economy diversified, lessening its reliance on the <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry" title="Petroleum industry">petroleum industry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Calvert-2017-133">[129]</a> By 1990, <a href="/wiki/Latin_Americans" title="Latin Americans">Hispanics and Latino Americans</a> overtook Blacks to become the largest minority group.<a href="#cite_note-Calvert-2017-133">[129]</a> Texas has the largest Black population with over 3.9 million.<a href="#cite_note-134">[130]</a> During the late 20th century, the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> replaced the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> as the dominant party in the state.<a href="#cite_note-Calvert-2017-133">[129]</a> Beginning in the early 21st century, metropolitan areas including <a href="/wiki/Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth_metroplex" title="Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex">Dallas–Fort Worth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greater_Austin" title="Greater Austin">Greater Austin</a> became centers for the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Democratic_Party" title="Texas Democratic Party">Texas Democratic Party</a> in statewide and national elections as liberal policies became more accepted in urban areas.<a href="#cite_note-City_Journal-2016-135">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[134]</a> From the mid-2000s to 2019, Texas gained an influx of business relocations and regional headquarters from companies in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[138]</a> Texas became a major destination for migration during the early 21st century and was named the most popular state to move for three consecutive years.<a href="#cite_note-143">[139]</a> Another study in 2019 determined Texas's growth rate at 1,000 people per day.<a href="#cite_note-144">[140]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Texas" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Texas">COVID-19 pandemic in Texas</a>, the first confirmed case of the virus in Texas was announced on March 4, 2020.<a href="#cite_note-145">[141]</a> On April 27, 2020, Governor <a href="/wiki/Greg_Abbott" title="Greg Abbott">Greg Abbott</a> announced phase one of re-opening the economy.<a href="#cite_note-146">[142]</a> Amid a rise in COVID-19 cases in autumn 2020, Abbott refused to enact further lockdowns.<a href="#cite_note-147">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[144]</a> In November 2020, Texas was selected as one of four states to test Pfizer's COVID-19 vaccine distribution.<a href="#cite_note-149">[145]</a> As of February 2, 2021, there had been over 2.4 million confirmed cases in Texas, with at least 37,417 deaths.<a href="#cite_note-150">[146]</a> During February 13–17, 2021, the state faced a major weather emergency as <a href="/wiki/Winter_Storm_Uri" class="mw-redirect" title="Winter Storm Uri">Winter Storm Uri</a> hit the state, as well as most of the Southeastern and Midwestern United States.<a href="#cite_note-151">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[148]</a> Historically high power usage across the state caused the state's power grid to become overworked and <a href="/wiki/ERCOT" class="mw-redirect" title="ERCOT">ERCOT</a> (the main operator of the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Interconnection" title="Texas Interconnection">Texas Interconnection</a> grid) declared an emergency and began to implement rolling blackouts across Texas, causing a <a href="/wiki/2021_Texas_power_crisis" title="2021 Texas power crisis">power crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[151]</a> Over 3 million Texans were without power and over 4 million were under boil-water notices.<a href="#cite_note-156">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Texas" title="Geography of Texas">Geography of Texas</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sam_Rayburn_Reservoir.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sam_Rayburn_Reservoir.jpg/220px-Sam_Rayburn_Reservoir.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sam_Rayburn_Reservoir.jpg/330px-Sam_Rayburn_Reservoir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sam_Rayburn_Reservoir.jpg/440px-Sam_Rayburn_Reservoir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1711" data-file-height="1140" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sam_Rayburn_Reservoir" title="Sam Rayburn Reservoir">Sam Rayburn Reservoir</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Texas_hill_country.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Texas_hill_country.jpg/220px-Texas_hill_country.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Texas_hill_country.jpg/330px-Texas_hill_country.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Texas_hill_country.jpg/440px-Texas_hill_country.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4416" data-file-height="3312" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Texas_Hill_Country" title="Texas Hill Country">Texas Hill Country</a></figcaption></figure> Texas is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_area" title="List of U.S. states and territories by area">second-largest</a> U.S. state by area, after <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, and the largest state within the <a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">contiguous United States</a>, at 268,820 square miles (696,200 km2). If it were an independent country, Texas would be the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by area">39th-largest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[153]</a> It ranks 26th worldwide amongst <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_country_subdivisions_by_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of the largest country subdivisions by area">country subdivisions by size</a>. Texas is in the <a href="/wiki/South_Central_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="South Central United States">south central</a> part of the United States. The <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a> forms a natural border with the Mexican states of <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)">Chihuahua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">Coahuila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n" title="Nuevo León">Nuevo León</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tamaulipas" title="Tamaulipas">Tamaulipas</a> to the south. The <a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red River</a> forms a natural border with Oklahoma and Arkansas to the north. The <a href="/wiki/Sabine_River_(Texas-Louisiana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabine River (Texas-Louisiana)">Sabine River</a> forms a natural border with Louisiana to the east. The <a href="/wiki/Texas_Panhandle" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Panhandle">Texas Panhandle</a> has an eastern border with Oklahoma at <a href="/wiki/100th_meridian_west" title="100th meridian west">100° W</a>, a northern border with Oklahoma at <a href="/wiki/Parallel_36%C2%B030%27_north" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallel 36°30' north">36°30' N</a> and a western border with New Mexico at <a href="/wiki/103rd_meridian_west" title="103rd meridian west">103° W</a>. <a href="/wiki/El_Paso" class="mw-redirect" title="El Paso">El Paso</a> lies on the state's western tip at <a href="/wiki/32nd_parallel_north" title="32nd parallel north">32° N</a> and the Rio Grande.<a href="#cite_note-comp1850-104">[100]</a> With 10 <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">climatic regions</a>, 14 <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_soil_science" title="Agricultural soil science">soil regions</a> and 11 distinct <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecological regions</a>, regional classification becomes complicated with differences in soils, topography, geology, rainfall, and plant and animal communities.<a href="#cite_note-158">[154]</a> One classification system divides Texas, in order from southeast to west, into the following: <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coastal_Plains" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf Coastal Plains">Gulf Coastal Plains</a>, Interior Lowlands, <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a>, and Basin and Range Province.<a href="#cite_note-Physical_Regions_of_Texas-159">[155]</a> The Gulf Coastal Plains region wraps around the Gulf of Mexico on the southeast section of the state. Vegetation in this region consists of thick piney woods. The Interior Lowlands region consists of gently rolling to hilly forested land and is part of a larger pine-hardwood forest. The <a href="/wiki/Cross_Timbers" title="Cross Timbers">Cross Timbers region</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caprock_Escarpment" title="Caprock Escarpment">Caprock Escarpment</a> are part of the Interior Lowlands.<a href="#cite_note-Physical_Regions_of_Texas-159">[155]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin-Dies-Jr-State-Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Martin-Dies-Jr-State-Park.jpg/220px-Martin-Dies-Jr-State-Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Martin-Dies-Jr-State-Park.jpg/330px-Martin-Dies-Jr-State-Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Martin-Dies-Jr-State-Park.jpg/440px-Martin-Dies-Jr-State-Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1605" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Steinhagen_Reservoir" title="Steinhagen Reservoir">Steinhagen Reservoir</a></figcaption></figure> The Great Plains region in Central Texas spans through the state's <a href="/wiki/Texas_Panhandle" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Panhandle">panhandle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Llano_Estacado" title="Llano Estacado">Llano Estacado</a> to the state's <a href="/wiki/Texas_Hill_Country" title="Texas Hill Country">hill country</a> near <a href="/wiki/Lago_Vista,_Texas" title="Lago Vista, Texas">Lago Vista</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a>. This region is dominated by <a href="/wiki/Prairie" title="Prairie">prairie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a>. "Far West Texas" or the "<a href="/wiki/Trans-Pecos" title="Trans-Pecos">Trans-Pecos</a>" region is the state's Basin and Range Province. The most varied of the regions, this area includes Sand Hills, the <a href="/wiki/Edwards_Plateau" title="Edwards Plateau">Stockton Plateau</a>, desert valleys, wooded mountain slopes and desert grasslands.<a href="#cite_note-160">[156]</a> Texas has 3,700 named streams and 15 major rivers,<a href="#cite_note-161">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[158]</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a> as the largest. Other major rivers include the <a href="/wiki/Pecos_River" title="Pecos River">Pecos</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Brazos_River" title="Brazos River">Brazos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_(Texas)" title="Colorado River (Texas)">Colorado</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red River</a>. While Texas has few natural lakes, Texans have built more than a hundred <a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_in_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lakes in Texas">artificial reservoirs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-163">[159]</a> The size and unique history of Texas make its regional affiliation debatable; it can be considered a Southern or a Southwestern state, or both. The vast geographic, economic, and cultural diversity within the state itself prohibits easy categorization of the whole state into a <a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">recognized region of the United States</a>. Notable extremes range from <a href="/wiki/East_Texas" title="East Texas">East Texas</a> which is often considered an extension of the <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Trans-Pecos" title="Trans-Pecos">Far West Texas</a> which is generally acknowledged to be part of the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">interior Southwest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-164">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology">Geology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Texas" title="Geology of Texas">Geology of Texas</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palo_Duro_lighthouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Palo_Duro_lighthouse.jpg/220px-Palo_Duro_lighthouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Palo_Duro_lighthouse.jpg/330px-Palo_Duro_lighthouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Palo_Duro_lighthouse.jpg/440px-Palo_Duro_lighthouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Palo_Duro_Canyon" title="Palo Duro Canyon">Palo Duro Canyon</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Summitanthonysnose1b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Summitanthonysnose1b.jpg/220px-Summitanthonysnose1b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Summitanthonysnose1b.jpg/330px-Summitanthonysnose1b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Summitanthonysnose1b.jpg/440px-Summitanthonysnose1b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Mountains_State_Park" title="Franklin Mountains State Park">Franklin Mountains State Park</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Big_Bend_National_Park_PB112599.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Big_Bend_National_Park_PB112599.jpg/220px-Big_Bend_National_Park_PB112599.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Big_Bend_National_Park_PB112599.jpg/330px-Big_Bend_National_Park_PB112599.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Big_Bend_National_Park_PB112599.jpg/440px-Big_Bend_National_Park_PB112599.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Big_Bend_National_Park" title="Big Bend National Park">Big Bend National Park</a></figcaption></figure> Texas is the southernmost part of the Great Plains, which ends in the south against the folded <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Madre_Occidental" title="Sierra Madre Occidental">Sierra Madre Occidental</a> of Mexico. The <a href="/wiki/Continental_crust" title="Continental crust">continental crust</a> forms a stable <a href="/wiki/Mesoproterozoic" title="Mesoproterozoic">Mesoproterozoic</a> <a href="/wiki/Craton" title="Craton">craton</a> which changes across a broad continental margin and transitional crust into true <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_crust" title="Oceanic crust">oceanic crust</a> of the Gulf of Mexico. The oldest rocks in Texas date from the Mesoproterozoic and are about 1,600 million years old.<a href="#cite_note-165">[161]</a> This margin existed until <a href="/wiki/Laurasia" title="Laurasia">Laurasia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a> collided in the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvanian_(geology)" title="Pennsylvanian (geology)">Pennsylvanian</a> subperiod to form <a href="/wiki/Pangea" class="mw-redirect" title="Pangea">Pangea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[162]</a> Pangea began to break up in the <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Seafloor_spreading" title="Seafloor spreading">seafloor spreading</a> to form the Gulf of Mexico occurred only in the mid- and <a href="/wiki/Late_Jurassic" title="Late Jurassic">late Jurassic</a>. The shoreline shifted again to the eastern margin of the state and the Gulf of Mexico's passive margin began to form. Today 9 to 12 miles (14 to 19 km) of sediments are buried beneath the Texas continental shelf and a large proportion of remaining US <a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil reserves">oil reserves</a> are here. The incipient Gulf of Mexico basin was restricted and seawater often evaporated completely to form thick <a href="/wiki/Evaporite" title="Evaporite">evaporite</a> deposits of Jurassic age. These salt deposits formed <a href="/wiki/Salt_dome" title="Salt dome">salt dome</a> <a href="/wiki/Diapir" title="Diapir">diapirs</a>, and are found in East Texas along the Gulf coast.<a href="#cite_note-167">[163]</a> East Texas outcrops consist of <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Paleogene</a> sediments which contain important deposits of <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> <a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">lignite</a>. The Mississippian and Pennsylvanian sediments in the north; Permian sediments in the west; and Cretaceous sediments in the east, along the Gulf coast and out on the Texas <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">continental shelf</a> contain oil. <a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene</a> <a href="/wiki/Volcanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic">volcanic</a> rocks are found in far west Texas in the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bend,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Bend, Texas">Big Bend</a> area. A blanket of <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> sediments known as the <a href="/wiki/Ogallala_Aquifer" title="Ogallala Aquifer">Ogallala formation</a> in the western high plains region is an important <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-168">[164]</a> Located far from an active <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Plate tectonic">plate tectonic</a> boundary, Texas has no <a href="/wiki/Volcanoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanoes">volcanoes</a> and few earthquakes.<a href="#cite_note-169">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wildlife">Wildlife</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Texas" title="List of mammals of Texas">List of mammals of Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Texas" title="List of birds of Texas">List of birds of Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_reptiles_of_Texas" title="List of reptiles of Texas">List of reptiles of Texas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_amphibians_of_Texas" title="List of amphibians of Texas">List of amphibians of Texas</a></div> Texas is the home to 65 species of mammals, 213 species of reptiles and amphibians, including the <a href="/wiki/American_green_tree_frog" title="American green tree frog">American green tree frog</a>, and the greatest diversity of bird life in the United States—590 native species in all.<a href="#cite_note-170">[166]</a> At least 12 species have been introduced and now reproduce freely in Texas.<a href="#cite_note-171">[167]</a> Texas plays host to several species of <a href="/wiki/Wasp" title="Wasp">wasps</a>, including an abundance of <a href="/wiki/Polistes_exclamans" title="Polistes exclamans">Polistes exclamans</a>,<a href="#cite_note-172">[168]</a> and is an important ground for the study of <a href="/wiki/Polistes_annularis" title="Polistes annularis">Polistes annularis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[169]</a> During the spring Texas <a href="/wiki/Wildflowers" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildflowers">wildflowers</a> such as the state flower, the <a href="/wiki/Lupinus_texensis" title="Lupinus texensis">bluebonnet</a>, line highways throughout Texas. During the Johnson Administration the first lady, <a href="/wiki/Lady_Bird_Johnson" title="Lady Bird Johnson">Lady Bird Johnson</a>, worked to draw attention to Texas wildflowers.<a href="#cite_note-174">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Texas" title="Climate of Texas">Climate of Texas</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Texas_K%C3%B6ppen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Texas_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/300px-Texas_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="378" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Texas_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/450px-Texas_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Texas_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/600px-Texas_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="1247" /></a><figcaption>Köppen climate types in Texas</figcaption></figure> The large size of Texas and its location at the intersection of multiple <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">climate zones</a> gives the state highly variable weather. The <a href="/wiki/Texas_Panhandle" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Panhandle">Panhandle</a> of the state has colder winters than North Texas, while the Gulf Coast has mild winters. Texas has wide variations in precipitation patterns. El Paso, on the western end of the state, averages 8.7 inches (220 mm) of annual rainfall,<a href="#cite_note-175">[171]</a> while parts of southeast Texas average as much as 64 inches (1,600 mm) per year.<a href="#cite_note-176">[172]</a> Dallas in the North Central region averages a more moderate 37 inches (940 mm) per year.<a href="#cite_note-177">[173]</a> Snow falls multiple times each winter in the Panhandle and mountainous areas of West Texas, once or twice a year in North Texas, and once every few years in Central and East Texas. Snow falls south of San Antonio or on the coast only in rare circumstances. Of note is the <a href="/wiki/2004_Christmas_Eve_snowstorm" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Christmas Eve snowstorm">2004 Christmas Eve snowstorm</a>, when 6 inches (150 mm) of snow fell as far south as <a href="/wiki/Kingsville,_Texas" title="Kingsville, Texas">Kingsville</a>, where the average high temperature in December is 65 °F.<a href="#cite_note-178">[174]</a> Night-time summer temperatures range from the upper 50s °F (14 °C) in the West Texas mountains to 80 °F (27 °C) in Galveston.<a href="#cite_note-179">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[176]</a> The table below consists of averages for August (generally the warmest month) and January (generally the coldest) in selected cities in various regions of the state. <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;"> <caption>Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in Texas<a href="#cite_note-181">[177]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Location </th> <th>August (°F) </th> <th>August (°C) </th> <th>January (°F) </th> <th>January (°C) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a></td> <td>94/75</td> <td>34/24</td> <td>63/54</td> <td>17/12 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a></td> <td>96/74</td> <td>35/23</td> <td>63/40</td> <td>17/5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a></td> <td>96/77</td> <td>36/25</td> <td>57/37</td> <td>16/3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a></td> <td>97/74</td> <td>36/23</td> <td>61/45</td> <td>16/5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso</a></td> <td>92/67</td> <td>33/21</td> <td>57/32</td> <td>14/0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Laredo,_Texas" title="Laredo, Texas">Laredo</a></td> <td>100/77</td> <td>37/25</td> <td>67/46</td> <td>19/7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amarillo,_Texas" title="Amarillo, Texas">Amarillo</a></td> <td>89/64</td> <td>32/18</td> <td>50/23</td> <td>10/−4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brownsville,_Texas" title="Brownsville, Texas">Brownsville</a></td> <td>94/76</td> <td>34/24</td> <td>70/51</td> <td>21/11 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Storms">Storms</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Texas_hurricanes" title="List of Texas hurricanes">List of Texas hurricanes</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Thunderstorm" title="Thunderstorm">Thunderstorms</a> strike Texas often, especially the eastern and northern portions of the state. <a href="/wiki/Tornado_Alley" title="Tornado Alley">Tornado Alley</a> covers the northern section of Texas. The state experiences the most <a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornadoes</a> in the United States, an average of 139 a year. These strike most frequently in North Texas and the Panhandle.<a href="#cite_note-182">[178]</a> Tornadoes in Texas generally occur in April, May, and June.<a href="#cite_note-183">[179]</a> Some of the most destructive hurricanes in U.S. history have impacted Texas. A hurricane in 1875 killed about 400 people in <a href="/wiki/Indianola,_Texas" title="Indianola, Texas">Indianola</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/1886_Indianola_hurricane" title="1886 Indianola hurricane">another hurricane</a> in 1886 that destroyed the town. These events allowed <a href="/wiki/Galveston,_Texas" title="Galveston, Texas">Galveston</a> to take over as the chief port city. The <a href="/wiki/1900_Galveston_hurricane" title="1900 Galveston hurricane">1900 Galveston hurricane</a> subsequently devastated that city, killing about 8,000 people or possibly as many as 12,000 in the deadliest <a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">natural disaster</a> in U.S. history.<a href="#cite_note-deadhurr-120">[116]</a> In 2017, <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Harvey" title="Hurricane Harvey">Hurricane Harvey</a> made landfall in <a href="/wiki/Rockport,_Texas" title="Rockport, Texas">Rockport</a> as a Category 4 Hurricane, causing significant damage there. Its unprecedented amounts of rain over the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Houston" title="Greater Houston">Greater Houston</a> area resulted in widespread and catastrophic flooding that inundated hundreds of thousands of homes. Harvey ultimately became the costliest hurricane worldwide, causing an estimated $198.6 billion in damage, surpassing the cost of <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-184">[180]</a> Other devastating Texas hurricanes include the <a href="/wiki/1915_Galveston_hurricane" title="1915 Galveston hurricane">1915 Galveston hurricane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Audrey" title="Hurricane Audrey">Hurricane Audrey</a> in 1957, <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Carla" title="Hurricane Carla">Hurricane Carla</a> in 1961, <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Beulah" title="Hurricane Beulah">Hurricane Beulah</a> in 1967, <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Alicia" title="Hurricane Alicia">Hurricane Alicia</a> in 1983, <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Rita" title="Hurricane Rita">Hurricane Rita</a> in 2005, and <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Ike" title="Hurricane Ike">Hurricane Ike</a> in 2008. <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">Tropical storms</a> have also caused their share of damage: <a href="/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Allison_(1989)" title="Tropical Storm Allison (1989)">Allison</a> in 1989 and again <a href="/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Allison" title="Tropical Storm Allison">during 2001</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Claudette_(1979)" title="Tropical Storm Claudette (1979)">Claudette</a> in 1979, and <a href="/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Imelda" title="Tropical Storm Imelda">Tropical Storm Imelda in 2019.</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[183]</a> There is no substantial physical barrier between Texas and the <a href="/wiki/Polar_regions_of_Earth" title="Polar regions of Earth">polar region</a>. Although it is unusual, it is possible for arctic or polar <a href="/wiki/Air_mass" title="Air mass">air masses</a> to penetrate Texas,<a href="#cite_note-188">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[185]</a> as occurred during the <a href="/wiki/February_13%E2%80%9317,_2021_North_American_winter_storm" title="February 13–17, 2021 North American winter storm">February 13–17, 2021 North American winter storm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[187]</a> Usually, prevailing winds in North America will push polar air masses to the southeast before they reach Texas. Because such intrusions are rare, and, perhaps, unexpected, they may result in crises such as the <a href="/wiki/2021_Texas_power_crisis" title="2021 Texas power crisis">2021 Texas power crisis</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greenhouse_gases">Greenhouse gases</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Texas" title="Climate change in Texas">Climate change in Texas</a></div> As of 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Texas&action=edit">[update]</a>, Texas emitted the most <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a> in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-eia17-192">[188]</a> As of 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Texas&action=edit">[update]</a> the state emits about 1,600 billion pounds (707 million metric tons) of carbon dioxide annually.<a href="#cite_note-eia17-192">[188]</a> As an independent state, Texas would rank as the world's seventh-largest producer of greenhouse gases.<a href="#cite_note-GH2-193">[189]</a> Causes of the state's vast greenhouse gas emissions include the state's large number of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuel power plant">coal power plants</a> and the state's refining and manufacturing industries.<a href="#cite_note-GH2-193">[189]</a> In 2010, there were 2,553 "emission events" which poured 44.6 million pounds (20,200 metric tons) of contaminants into the Texas sky.<a href="#cite_note-194">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Texas" title="List of counties in Texas">List of counties in Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Texas_metropolitan_areas" title="List of Texas metropolitan areas">List of Texas metropolitan areas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Texas" title="List of municipalities in Texas">List of municipalities in Texas</a></div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Texas" title="List of municipalities in Texas">Largest city in Texas</a> by year<a href="#cite_note-Census_Largest_Cities-195">[191]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Year(s) </th> <th>City </th></tr> <tr> <td>1850–1870</td> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a><a href="#cite_note-SATX_TSHA-196">[192]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1870–1890</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Galveston,_Texas" title="Galveston, Texas">Galveston</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[193]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1890–1900</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a><a href="#cite_note-Census_Largest_Cities-195">[191]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1900–1930</td> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a><a href="#cite_note-SATX_TSHA-196">[192]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1930–present</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[194]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dirt_road_texas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Dirt_road_texas.jpg/180px-Dirt_road_texas.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Dirt_road_texas.jpg/270px-Dirt_road_texas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Dirt_road_texas.jpg/360px-Dirt_road_texas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Colonia_(United_States)" title="Colonia (United States)">Colonia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_Valley_(Texas)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio Grande Valley (Texas)">Rio Grande Valley</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Mexico–United States border">Mexico–United States border</a></figcaption></figure> The state has three cities with populations exceeding one million: Houston, San Antonio, and Dallas.<a href="#cite_note-199">[195]</a> These three rank among the 10 most populous cities of the United States. As of 2020, six Texas cities had populations greater than 600,000. Austin, Fort Worth, and El Paso are among the 20 <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population" title="List of United States cities by population">largest U.S. cities</a>. Texas has four <a href="/wiki/List_of_Texas_metropolitan_areas" title="List of Texas metropolitan areas">metropolitan areas</a> with populations greater than a million: <a href="/wiki/Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth_Metroplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas–Fort Worth Metroplex">Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Houston" title="Greater Houston">Houston–Sugar Land–The Woodlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_San_Antonio" title="Greater San Antonio">San Antonio–New Braunfels</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greater_Austin" title="Greater Austin">Austin–Round Rock–San Marcos</a>. The Dallas–Fort Worth and Houston metropolitan areas number about 7.5 million and 7 million residents as of 2019, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-200">[196]</a> Three <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System" title="Interstate Highway System">interstate highways</a>—<a href="/wiki/Interstate_35_(Texas)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 35 (Texas)">I-35</a> to the west (Dallas–Fort Worth to San Antonio, with Austin in between), <a href="/wiki/Interstate_45_(Texas)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 45 (Texas)">I-45</a> to the east (Dallas to Houston), and <a href="/wiki/Interstate_10_(Texas)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 10 (Texas)">I-10</a> to the south (San Antonio to Houston) define the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Urban_Triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Urban Triangle">Texas Urban Triangle</a> region. The region of 60,000 square miles (160,000 km2) contains most of the state's largest cities and metropolitan areas as well as 17 million people, nearly 75 percent of Texas's total population.<a href="#cite_note-201">[197]</a> Houston and Dallas have been recognized as <a href="/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city">world cities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-202">[198]</a> These cities are spread out amongst the state.<a href="#cite_note-203">[199]</a> In contrast to the cities, unincorporated rural settlements known as <a href="/wiki/Colonia_(border_settlement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonia (border settlement)">colonias</a> often lack basic infrastructure and are marked by poverty.<a href="#cite_note-Colonias-204">[200]</a> The office of the Texas Attorney General stated, in 2011, that Texas had about 2,294 colonias, and estimates about 500,000 lived in the colonias. <a href="/wiki/Hidalgo_County,_Texas" title="Hidalgo County, Texas">Hidalgo County</a>, as of 2011, has the largest number of colonias.<a href="#cite_note-205">[201]</a> Texas has the largest number of people living in <a href="/wiki/Colonia_(United_States)" title="Colonia (United States)">colonias</a> of all states.<a href="#cite_note-Colonias-204">[200]</a> Texas has <a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Texas" title="List of counties in Texas">254 counties</a>, more than any other state.<a href="#cite_note-206">[202]</a> Each county runs on <a href="/wiki/Commissioners%27_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissioners' Court">Commissioners' Court</a> system consisting of four elected commissioners (one from each of four precincts in the county, roughly divided according to population) and a county judge elected at large from the entire county. County government runs similar to a "weak" <a href="/wiki/Mayor-council" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor-council">mayor-council</a> system; the county judge has no veto authority, but votes along with the other commissioners.<a href="#cite_note-207">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[204]</a> Although Texas permits cities and counties to enter "interlocal agreements" to share services, the state does not allow <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">consolidated city-county</a> governments, nor does it have <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan government">metropolitan governments</a>. Counties are not granted <a href="/wiki/Home_rule" title="Home rule">home rule</a> status; their powers are strictly defined by state law. The state does not have townships—areas within a county are either incorporated or unincorporated. Incorporated areas are part of a municipality. The county provides limited services to unincorporated areas and to some smaller incorporated areas. Municipalities are classified either "general law" cities or "home rule".<a href="#cite_note-209">[205]</a> A municipality may elect home rule status once it exceeds 5,000 population with voter approval.<a href="#cite_note-210">[206]</a> Texas also permits the creation of "special districts", which provide limited services. The most common is the <a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">school district</a>, but can also include hospital districts, community college districts, and utility districts. Municipal, school district, and special district elections are <a href="/wiki/Non-partisan_democracy" title="Non-partisan democracy">nonpartisan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-211">[207]</a> though the party affiliation of a candidate may be well-known. County and state elections are partisan.<a href="#cite_note-212">[208]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Texas <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">2022 U.S. Census Bureau Estimate<a href="#cite_note-213">[209]</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Texas_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Texas by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Texas">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Counties of Texas">County</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Texas_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Texas by population">Pop.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Texas_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Texas by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Texas">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Counties of Texas">County</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Texas_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Texas by population">Pop.</a></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_views_of_the_Houston,_Texas,_skyline_in_2014_LCCN2014632225.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Houston"><img alt="Houston" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Aerial_views_of_the_Houston%2C_Texas%2C_skyline_in_2014_LCCN2014632225.jpg/120px-Aerial_views_of_the_Houston%2C_Texas%2C_skyline_in_2014_LCCN2014632225.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Aerial_views_of_the_Houston%2C_Texas%2C_skyline_in_2014_LCCN2014632225.jpg/180px-Aerial_views_of_the_Houston%2C_Texas%2C_skyline_in_2014_LCCN2014632225.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Aerial_views_of_the_Houston%2C_Texas%2C_skyline_in_2014_LCCN2014632225.jpg/240px-Aerial_views_of_the_Houston%2C_Texas%2C_skyline_in_2014_LCCN2014632225.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7061" data-file-height="4712" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Gfp-texas-san-antonio-tall-buildings.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="San Antonio"><img alt="San Antonio" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Gfp-texas-san-antonio-tall-buildings.jpg/120px-Gfp-texas-san-antonio-tall-buildings.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Gfp-texas-san-antonio-tall-buildings.jpg/180px-Gfp-texas-san-antonio-tall-buildings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Gfp-texas-san-antonio-tall-buildings.jpg/240px-Gfp-texas-san-antonio-tall-buildings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a> <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Harris_County,_Texas" title="Harris County, Texas">Harris</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,302,878</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Laredo,_Texas" title="Laredo, Texas">Laredo</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Webb_County,_Texas" title="Webb County, Texas">Webb</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">256,187 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Dallas_from_Reunion_Tower_August_2015_13.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dallas"><img alt="Dallas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/View_of_Dallas_from_Reunion_Tower_August_2015_13.jpg/120px-View_of_Dallas_from_Reunion_Tower_August_2015_13.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/View_of_Dallas_from_Reunion_Tower_August_2015_13.jpg/180px-View_of_Dallas_from_Reunion_Tower_August_2015_13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/View_of_Dallas_from_Reunion_Tower_August_2015_13.jpg/240px-View_of_Dallas_from_Reunion_Tower_August_2015_13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Downtown_Austin_from_Pfluger_Pedestrian_Bridge,_October_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Austin"><img alt="Austin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Downtown_Austin_from_Pfluger_Pedestrian_Bridge%2C_October_2022.jpg/120px-Downtown_Austin_from_Pfluger_Pedestrian_Bridge%2C_October_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Downtown_Austin_from_Pfluger_Pedestrian_Bridge%2C_October_2022.jpg/180px-Downtown_Austin_from_Pfluger_Pedestrian_Bridge%2C_October_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Downtown_Austin_from_Pfluger_Pedestrian_Bridge%2C_October_2022.jpg/240px-Downtown_Austin_from_Pfluger_Pedestrian_Bridge%2C_October_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bexar_County,_Texas" title="Bexar County, Texas">Bexar</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,472,909</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Irving,_Texas" title="Irving, Texas">Irving</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dallas_County,_Texas" title="Dallas County, Texas">Dallas</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">254,715 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dallas_County,_Texas" title="Dallas County, Texas">Dallas</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,299,544</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Garland,_Texas" title="Garland, Texas">Garland</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dallas_County,_Texas" title="Dallas County, Texas">Dallas</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">240,854 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Travis_County,_Texas" title="Travis County, Texas">Travis</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">974,447</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Frisco,_Texas" title="Frisco, Texas">Frisco</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Collin_County,_Texas" title="Collin County, Texas">Collin</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">219,587 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Worth">Fort Worth</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tarrant_County,_Texas" title="Tarrant County, Texas">Tarrant</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">956,709</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/McKinney,_Texas" title="McKinney, Texas">McKinney</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Collin_County,_Texas" title="Collin County, Texas">Collin</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">207,507 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/El_Paso" class="mw-redirect" title="El Paso">El Paso</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/El_Paso_County,_Texas" title="El Paso County, Texas">El Paso</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">677,456</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Prairie,_Texas" title="Grand Prairie, Texas">Grand Prairie</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dallas_County,_Texas" title="Dallas County, Texas">Dallas</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">201,843 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Arlington,_Texas" title="Arlington, Texas">Arlington</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tarrant_County,_Texas" title="Tarrant County, Texas">Tarrant</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">394,602</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Amarillo,_Texas" title="Amarillo, Texas">Amarillo</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Potter_County,_Texas" title="Potter County, Texas">Potter</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">201,291 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christi,_Texas" title="Corpus Christi, Texas">Corpus Christi</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nueces_County,_Texas" title="Nueces County, Texas">Nueces</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">316,239</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Brownsville,_Texas" title="Brownsville, Texas">Brownsville</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cameron_County,_Texas" title="Cameron County, Texas">Cameron</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">189,382 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Plano,_Texas" title="Plano, Texas">Plano</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Collin_County,_Texas" title="Collin County, Texas">Collin</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">289,547</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Killeen,_Texas" title="Killeen, Texas">Killeen</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bell_County,_Texas" title="Bell County, Texas">Bell</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">159,172 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lubbock,_Texas" title="Lubbock, Texas">Lubbock</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lubbock_County,_Texas" title="Lubbock County, Texas">Lubbock</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">263,930</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Denton,_Texas" title="Denton, Texas">Denton</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Denton_County,_Texas" title="Denton County, Texas">Denton</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">150,353 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Texas" title="Demographics of Texas">Demographics of Texas</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224496135">.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop{border-spacing:1px;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:0.3em;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop caption{background-color:lavender;color:black;padding-right:0.2em;padding-left:0.2em;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-bottom:none}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop th[scope=col]{border-bottom:1px solid black}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(2){text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td.us-census-pop-estimate{padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(3){padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(4){padding-left:0.5em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-footnote{border-top:1px solid black;font-size:85%;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-right{float:right;clear:right;margin:0 0 1em 1em}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-none{float:none;margin:0 1em 1em 0}}</style> <table class="us-census-pop us-census-pop-right"> <caption>Historical population</caption> <tbody><tr><th scope="col">Census</th><th scope="col"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></th><th scope="col"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1152813436">.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap}</style>Note</th><th scope="col"><abbr title="Percent change">%±</abbr></th></tr> <tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1850_United_States_census" title="1850 United States census">1850</a></th><td>212,592</td><td></td><td>—</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_census" title="1860 United States census">1860</a></th><td>604,215</td><td></td><td>184.2%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1870_United_States_census" title="1870 United States census">1870</a></th><td>818,579</td><td></td><td>35.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_census" title="1880 United States census">1880</a></th><td>1,591,749</td><td></td><td>94.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1890_United_States_census" title="1890 United States census">1890</a></th><td>2,235,527</td><td></td><td>40.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_census" title="1900 United States census">1900</a></th><td>3,048,710</td><td></td><td>36.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1910_United_States_census" title="1910 United States census">1910</a></th><td>3,896,542</td><td></td><td>27.8%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_census" title="1920 United States census">1920</a></th><td>4,663,228</td><td></td><td>19.7%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1930_United_States_census" title="1930 United States census">1930</a></th><td>5,824,715</td><td></td><td>24.9%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_census" title="1940 United States census">1940</a></th><td>6,414,824</td><td></td><td>10.1%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_census" title="1950 United States census">1950</a></th><td>7,711,194</td><td></td><td>20.2%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_census" title="1960 United States census">1960</a></th><td>9,579,677</td><td></td><td>24.2%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_census" title="1970 United States census">1970</a></th><td>11,196,730</td><td></td><td>16.9%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_census" title="1980 United States census">1980</a></th><td>14,229,191</td><td></td><td>27.1%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_census" title="1990 United States census">1990</a></th><td>16,986,510</td><td></td><td>19.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_census" title="2000 United States census">2000</a></th><td>20,851,820</td><td></td><td>22.8%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010</a></th><td>25,145,561</td><td></td><td>20.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020</a></th><td>29,145,505</td><td></td><td>15.9%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">2023 (est.)</th><td class="us-census-pop-estimate">30,503,301</td><td></td><td>4.7%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="us-census-pop-footnote" style="text-align: center">1910–2020<a href="#cite_note-Historical_Population_Change_Data-6">[5]</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Texas_population_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Texas_population_map.png/220px-Texas_population_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Texas_population_map.png/330px-Texas_population_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Texas_population_map.png/440px-Texas_population_map.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Texas population density map</figcaption></figure> The resident population of Texas was 29,145,505 in the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 census</a>, a 15.9% increase since the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010 census</a>.<a href="#cite_note-214">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[211]</a> At the 2020 census, the apportioned population of Texas stood at 29,183,290.<a href="#cite_note-216">[212]</a> The 2023 Texas Population Estimate program estimated the population was 30,503,301 on July 1, 2023.<a href="#cite_note-217">[213]</a> In 2010, Texas had a census population of 25,145,561.<a href="#cite_note-218">[214]</a> Texas is the second-most populous state in the United States after California and the only other U.S. state to surpass a total estimated population of 30 million people as of July 2, 2022.<a href="#cite_note-219">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[216]</a> In 2015, Texas had 4.7 million foreign-born residents, about 17% of the population and 21.6% of the state workforce.<a href="#cite_note-AICTexas-221">[217]</a> The major countries of origin for Texan immigrants were Mexico (55.1% of immigrants), India (5%), El Salvador (4.3%), Vietnam (3.7%), and China (2.3%).<a href="#cite_note-AICTexas-221">[217]</a> Of immigrant residents, 35.8 percent were <a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">naturalized</a> U.S. citizens.<a href="#cite_note-AICTexas-221">[217]</a> As of 2018, the population increased to 4.9 million foreign-born residents or 17.2% of the state population, up from 2,899,642 in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-222">[218]</a> In 2014, there were an estimated 1.7 million undocumented immigrants in Texas, making up 35% of the total Texas immigrant population and 6.1% of the total state population.<a href="#cite_note-AICTexas-221">[217]</a> In addition to the state's foreign-born population, an additional 4.1 million Texans (15% of the state's population) were born in the United States and had at least one immigrant parent.<a href="#cite_note-AICTexas-221">[217]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/American_Community_Survey" title="American Community Survey">American Community Survey</a>'s 2019 estimates, 1,739,000 residents were undocumented immigrants, a decrease of 103,000 since 2014 and increase of 142,000 since 2016. Of the undocumented immigrant population, 951,000 have resided in Texas from less than 5 up to 14 years. An estimated 788,000 lived in Texas from 15 to 19 and 20 years or more.<a href="#cite_note-223">[219]</a> Texas's <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_Valley_(Texas)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio Grande Valley (Texas)">Rio Grande Valley</a> has seen significant migration from across the <a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Mexico_border" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S.–Mexico border">U.S.–Mexico border</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/2014_American_immigration_crisis" title="2014 American immigration crisis">2014 crisis</a>, many <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central Americans</a>, including unaccompanied minors traveling alone from <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a>, reached the state, overwhelming Border Patrol resources for a time. Many sought <a href="/wiki/Right_of_asylum" title="Right of asylum">asylum</a> in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-224">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[221]</a> Texas's population density as of 2010 is 96.3 people per square mile (37.2 people/km2) which is slightly higher than the average <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_density" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by population density">population density</a> of the U.S. as a whole, at 87.4 people per square mile (33.7 people/km2). In contrast, while Texas and France are similarly sized geographically, the European country has a population density of 301.8 people per square mile (116.5 people/km2). Two-thirds of all Texans live in major metropolitan areas such as Houston. According to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Department of Housing and Urban Development">HUD</a>'s 2022 <a href="/wiki/Annual_Homeless_Assessment_Report_to_Congress" title="Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress">Annual Homeless Assessment Report</a>, there were an estimated 24,432 <a href="/wiki/Homelessness" title="Homelessness">homeless</a> people in Texas.<a href="#cite_note-226">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[223]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Race_and_ethnicity">Race and ethnicity</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Texas_Counties_by_race_(2020_census).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Texas_Counties_by_race_%282020_census%29.svg/222px-Texas_Counties_by_race_%282020_census%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="222" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Texas_Counties_by_race_%282020_census%29.svg/333px-Texas_Counties_by_race_%282020_census%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Texas_Counties_by_race_%282020_census%29.svg/444px-Texas_Counties_by_race_%282020_census%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="322" data-file-height="315" /></a><figcaption>Map of counties in Texas by racial and ethnic plurality, per the 2020 U.S. census <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> Non-Hispanic White <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  20–30%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  30–40%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  40–50%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  50–60%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  60–70%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  70–80%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  80–90%</div> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Texas" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Texas">Hispanic or Latino</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  40–50%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  50–60%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  60–70%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  70–80%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  80–90%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  90%+</div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible"> <caption style="font-size:90%">Ethnic composition as of the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 census</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Race and ethnicity<a href="#cite_note-228">[224]</a> </th> <th colspan="2" data-sort-type="number">Alone </th> <th colspan="2" data-sort-type="number">Total </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Texas" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Texas">Hispanic or Latino</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[e]</a> </td> <td align="right">— </td> <td> </td> <td align="right">40.2% </td> <td align="left">40.2<div style="width:80.4px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:green"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_whites" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hispanic or Latino whites">Non-Hispanic White</a> </td> <td align="right">39.7% </td> <td align="left">39.7<div style="width:79.4px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:gray"> </div> </td> <td align="right">39.8% </td> <td align="left">39.8<div style="width:79.6px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:gray"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Texas">African American</a> </td> <td align="right">11.8% </td> <td align="left">11.8<div style="width:23.6px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:mediumblue"> </div> </td> <td align="right">12.8% </td> <td align="left">12.8<div style="width:25.6px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:mediumblue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a> </td> <td align="right">5.4% </td> <td align="left">5.4<div style="width:10.8px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:purple"> </div> </td> <td align="right">6.1% </td> <td align="left">6.1<div style="width:12.2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:purple"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Native Americans in Texas">Native American</a> </td> <td align="right">0.3% </td> <td align="left">0.3<div style="width:0.6px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:gold"> </div> </td> <td align="right">1.4% </td> <td align="left">1.4<div style="width:2.8px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:gold"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans" title="Pacific Islander Americans">Pacific Islander</a> </td> <td align="right">0.1% </td> <td align="left">0.1<div style="width:0.2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:pink"> </div> </td> <td align="right">0.2% </td> <td align="left">0.2<div style="width:0.4px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:pink"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other </td> <td align="right">0.4% </td> <td align="left">0.4<div style="width:0.8px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:brown"> </div> </td> <td align="right">1.0% </td> <td align="left">1<div style="width:2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:brown"> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> In 2019, <a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_whites" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hispanic or Latino whites">non-Hispanic Whites</a> represented 41.2% of Texas's population, reflecting a national demographic shift.<a href="#cite_note-230">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[227]</a> <a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Texas">Black people</a> made up 12.9%, <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Native Americans in Texas">American Indians and Alaska Natives</a> 1.0%, <a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian Americans</a> 5.2%, <a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Native Hawaiians</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans" title="Pacific Islander Americans">Pacific Islanders</a> 0.1%, some other race 0.2%, and <a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">two or more races</a> 1.8%. <a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Texas" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Texas">Hispanics or Latino Americans</a> of any race made up 39.7% of the estimated population.<a href="#cite_note-233">[228]</a> At the 2020 census, the racial and ethnic composition of the state was 42.5% <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White</a> (39.8% non-Hispanic White), 11.8% Black, 5.4% Asian, 0.3% American Indian and Alaska Native, 0.1% Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander, 13.6% some other race, 17.6% two or more races, and 40.2% Hispanic and Latino American of any race.<a href="#cite_note-234">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[230]</a> In 2010, 49% of all births were Hispanics; 35% were non-Hispanic White; 11.5% were non-Hispanic Black, and 4.3% were Asians/Pacific Islanders.<a href="#cite_note-236">[231]</a> Based on U.S. Census Bureau data released in February 2011, for the first time in recent history, Texas's White population is below 50% (45%) and Hispanics grew to 38%. Between 2000 and 2010, the total population grew by 20.6%, but Hispanics and Latino Americans grew by 65%, whereas non-Hispanic Whites grew by only 4.2%.<a href="#cite_note-237">[232]</a> Texas has the fifth highest rate of teenage births in the nation and a plurality of these are to Hispanics or Latinos.<a href="#cite_note-238">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[234]</a> As of 2022, Hispanics and Latinos of any race replaced the non-Hispanic White population as the largest share of the state's population.<a href="#cite_note-240">[235]</a> Texas has the second-largest share of <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Americans" title="Mexican Americans">Mexican Americans</a> in the US, making up 32.2% of the total population and 80% of the state's Hispanic population.<a href="#cite_note-censusreporter.org-241">[236]</a> Other than Mexican, the largest self-reported ancestries in the state as of 2022 were <a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German</a> (8.1%), <a href="/wiki/English_Americans" title="English Americans">English</a> (7.9%), <a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish</a> (5.8%), those identifying as <a href="/wiki/American_ancestry" title="American ancestry">American</a> (4.6%), <a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans" title="Italian Americans">Italian</a> (1.9%), <a href="/wiki/Indian_Americans" title="Indian Americans">Indian</a> (1.9%), <a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Americans" title="Salvadoran Americans">Salvadoran</a> (1.4%), <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Americans" title="Scottish Americans">Scottish</a> (1.3%), <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Americans" title="Vietnamese Americans">Vietnamese</a> (1.1%), <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Americans" title="Chinese Americans">Chinese</a> (1%), <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans" title="Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rican</a> (0.9%), <a href="/wiki/Polish_Americans" title="Polish Americans">Polish</a> (0.9%), <a href="/wiki/Honduran_Americans" title="Honduran Americans">Honduran</a> (0.8%), <a href="/wiki/Filipino_Americans" title="Filipino Americans">Filipino</a> (0.8%), and <a href="/wiki/Scotch-Irish_Americans" title="Scotch-Irish Americans">Scotch-Irish</a> (0.7%).<a href="#cite_note-242">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-censusreporter.org-241">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Texas" title="Languages of Texas">Languages of Texas</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable floatright" style="margin-left:1em; font-size: 90%; display: inline-table"> <caption>Most common non-English languages </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Language </th> <th scope="col">Population (as of 2010)<a href="#cite_note-MLA_Data-244">[239]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> </th> <td>29.2% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a> </th> <td>0.8% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> </th> <td>0.6% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> </th> <td>0.3% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> </th> <td>0.3% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> </th> <td>0.3% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a> (tied) </th> <td>0.2% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a> </th> <td>0.2% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> </th> <td>0.2% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Niger-Congo_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Niger-Congo languages">Niger-Congo languages</a> </th> <td>0.2% </td></tr></tbody></table> The most common <a href="/wiki/Accent_(sociolinguistics)" title="Accent (sociolinguistics)">accent</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialect</a> spoken by natives throughout Texas is sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/Texan_English" title="Texan English">Texan English</a>, itself a sub-variety of a broader category of <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">Southern American English</a>.<a href="#cite_note-245">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[241]</a> <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creole language</a> is spoken in some parts of East Texas.<a href="#cite_note-247">[242]</a> In some areas of the state—particularly in the large cities—<a href="/wiki/Western_American_English" title="Western American English">Western American English</a> and <a href="/wiki/General_American_English" title="General American English">General American English</a>, is increasingly common. <a href="/wiki/Chicano_English" title="Chicano English">Chicano English</a>—due to a growing Hispanic population—is widespread in South Texas, while <a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American English</a> is especially notable in historically minority areas of urban Texas. At the 2020 American Community Survey's estimates, 64.9% of the population spoke only English, while 35.1% spoke a language other than English.<a href="#cite_note-248">[243]</a> Roughly 30% of the total population spoke Spanish. By 2021, approximately 50,546 Texans spoke French or a <a href="/wiki/French-based_creole_language" class="mw-redirect" title="French-based creole language">French-based creole language</a>. German and other West Germanic languages were spoken by 49,565 residents; Russian, Polish, and other Slavic languages by 37,444; Korean by 31,673; Chinese 86,370; Vietnamese 92,410; Tagalog 40,124; and Arabic by 47,170 Texans.<a href="#cite_note-249">[244]</a> At the census of 2010, 65.8% (14,740,304) of Texas residents age 5 and older spoke only <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> at home, while 29.2% (6,543,702) spoke <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, 0.8 percent (168,886) <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> (which includes <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Mandarin</a>) was spoken by 0.6% (122,921) of the population over five.<a href="#cite_note-MLA_Data-244">[239]</a> Other languages spoken include <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Texas_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas German">Texas German</a>) by 0.3% (73,137), <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> with 0.3% (64,272) speakers, and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Cajun_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Cajun French">Cajun French</a>) was spoken by 0.3% (55,773) of Texans.<a href="#cite_note-MLA_Data-244">[239]</a> Reportedly, <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_language" title="Cherokee language">Cherokee</a> is the most widely spoken <a href="/wiki/Native_American_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American language">Native American language</a> in Texas.<a href="#cite_note-250">[245]</a> In total, 34.2% (7,660,406) of Texas's population aged five and older spoke a language at home other than English as of 2006.<a href="#cite_note-MLA_Data-244">[239]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Texas" title="List of cathedrals in Texas">List of cathedrals in Texas</a></div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: #f8f9fa; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ccf"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Religious affiliation (2020)<a href="#cite_note-251">[246]</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;"></td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:darkblue; width:75.5%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">75.5%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:mediumblue; width:28%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">28%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:mediumblue; width:47%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">47%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other Christian</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:mediumblue; width:0.5%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.5%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Unaffiliated</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:purple; width:20%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">20%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:lightgreen; width:1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:lightgreen; width:1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:lightgreen; width:1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other faiths</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:lightgreen; width:5%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">5%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> With the coming of Spanish Catholic and American Protestant missionary societies,<a href="#cite_note-252">[247]</a> Indigenous <a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">American Indian religions and spiritual traditions</a> dwindled. Since then, colonial and present-day Texas has become a predominantly Christian state, with 75.5% of the population identifying as such according to the <a href="/wiki/Public_Religion_Research_Institute" title="Public Religion Research Institute">Public Religion Research Institute</a> in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-American_Values_Atlas-253">[248]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Mary%27s_Cathedral_Basilica_-_Galveston_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/St._Mary%27s_Cathedral_Basilica_-_Galveston_02.jpg/220px-St._Mary%27s_Cathedral_Basilica_-_Galveston_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/St._Mary%27s_Cathedral_Basilica_-_Galveston_02.jpg/330px-St._Mary%27s_Cathedral_Basilica_-_Galveston_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/St._Mary%27s_Cathedral_Basilica_-_Galveston_02.jpg/440px-St._Mary%27s_Cathedral_Basilica_-_Galveston_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3740" data-file-height="4521" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St._Mary_Cathedral_Basilica_(Galveston,_Texas)" title="St. Mary Cathedral Basilica (Galveston, Texas)">St. Mary's Cathedral Basilica</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Galveston%E2%80%93Houston" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston–Houston">Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston</a></figcaption></figure> Among its majority Christian populace, the largest Christian denomination as of 2014 has been the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, per the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> at 23% of the population, although <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestants</a> collectively constituted 50% of the Christian population in 2014;<a href="#cite_note-Religion_in_America-254">[249]</a> in the 2020 study by the Public Religion Research Institute, the Catholic Church's membership increased to encompassing 28% of the population identifying with a religious or spiritual belief.<a href="#cite_note-American_Values_Atlas-253">[248]</a> At the 2020 <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Religion_Data_Archives" title="Association of Religion Data Archives">Association of Religion Data Archives</a> study, there were 5,905,142 Catholics in the state.<a href="#cite_note-U.S._Religion_Census-255">[250]</a> The largest Catholic jurisdictions in Texas are the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Galveston%E2%80%93Houston" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston–Houston">Archdiocese of Galveston–Houston</a>—the first and oldest <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> diocese in Texas<a href="#cite_note-256">[251]</a>—the dioceses of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Dallas" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Dallas">Dallas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Fort_Worth" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Fort Worth">Fort Worth</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_San_Antonio" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Antonio">Archdiocese of San Antonio</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dallas_-_First_Baptist_Church_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Dallas_-_First_Baptist_Church_02.jpg/220px-Dallas_-_First_Baptist_Church_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Dallas_-_First_Baptist_Church_02.jpg/330px-Dallas_-_First_Baptist_Church_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Dallas_-_First_Baptist_Church_02.jpg/440px-Dallas_-_First_Baptist_Church_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/First_Baptist_Church_(Dallas)" class="mw-redirect" title="First Baptist Church (Dallas)">First Baptist Church of Dallas</a></figcaption></figure> Being part of the strongly, socially conservative <a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt" title="Bible Belt">Bible Belt</a>,<a href="#cite_note-257">[252]</a> Protestants as a whole declined to 47% of the population in the 2020 study by the Public Religion Research Institute. Predominantly-white <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical Protestantism</a> declined to 14% of the Protestant Christian population. <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline Protestants</a> in contrast made up 15% of Protestant Texas. Hispanic or Latino American-dominated Protestant churches and <a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">historically Black or African American Protestantism</a> grew to a collective 13% of the Protestant population. Evangelical Protestants were 31% of the population in 2014, and <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> were the largest Evangelical tradition (14%);<a href="#cite_note-Religion_in_America-254">[249]</a> according to the 2014 study, they made up the second-largest Mainline Protestant group behind <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodists</a> (4%). <a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational</a> and interdenominational Protestant Christians were the second largest Evangelical group (7%) followed by <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostals</a> (4%). The largest Evangelical Baptists in the state were the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention" title="Southern Baptist Convention">Southern Baptist Convention</a> (9%) and independent Baptists (3%). The <a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_God_USA" title="Assemblies of God USA">Assemblies of God USA</a> was the largest Evangelical Pentecostal denomination in 2014. Among <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainline Protestants">Mainline Protestants</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a> was the largest denomination (4%) and the <a href="/wiki/American_Baptist_Churches_USA" title="American Baptist Churches USA">American Baptist Churches USA</a> comprised the second-largest Mainline Protestant group (2%). According to the Pew Research Center in 2014, the state's largest historically African American Christian denominations were the <a href="/wiki/National_Baptist_Convention,_USA,_Inc." title="National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc.">National Baptist Convention (USA)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_in_Christ" title="Church of God in Christ">Church of God in Christ</a>. Black Methodists and other Christians made up less than 1 percent each of the Christian demographic. Other Christians made up 1 percent of the total Christian population, and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox</a> formed less than 1 percent of the statewide Christian populace. The <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Texas" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Texas">Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> is the largest <a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">nontrinitarian</a> Christian group in Texas alongside the <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Religion_in_America-254">[249]</a> Among its Protestant population, the Association of Religion Data Archives in 2020 determined Southern Baptists numbered 3,319,962; non-denominational Protestants 2,405,786 (including <a href="/wiki/Christian_churches_and_churches_of_Christ" title="Christian churches and churches of Christ">Christian Churches and Churches of Christ</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Christ" title="Churches of Christ">Churches of Christ</a> altogether numbering 2,758,353); and United Methodists 938,399 as the most numerous Protestant groups in the state.<a href="#cite_note-U.S._Religion_Census-255">[250]</a> Baptists altogether (Southern Baptists, <a href="/wiki/American_Baptist_Association" title="American Baptist Association">American Baptist Associates</a>, American Baptists, <a href="/wiki/Full_Gospel_Baptist_Church_Fellowship" title="Full Gospel Baptist Church Fellowship">Full Gospel Baptists</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Baptists" title="General Baptists">General Baptists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_Will_Baptist" title="Free Will Baptist">Free Will Baptists</a>, National Baptists, <a href="/wiki/National_Baptist_Convention_of_America_International,_Inc." title="National Baptist Convention of America International, Inc.">National Baptists of America</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Missionary_Baptist_Convention_of_America" title="National Missionary Baptist Convention of America">National Missionary Baptists</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Primitive_Baptist_Convention_of_the_U.S.A." title="National Primitive Baptist Convention of the U.S.A.">National Primitive Baptists</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Progressive_National_Baptist_Convention" title="Progressive National Baptist Convention">Progressive National Baptists</a>) numbered 3,837,306; Methodists within United Methodism, the <a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Church">AME</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Zion_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church">AME Zion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="Christian Methodist Episcopal Church">CME</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Free_Methodist_Church" title="Free Methodist Church">Free Methodist Church</a> numbered 1,026,453 Texans. The same study tabulated 425,038 Pentecostals spread among the Assemblies of God, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Cleveland,_Tennessee)" title="Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)">Church of God (Cleveland)</a>, and Church of God in Christ. Nontrinitarian or <a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness Pentecostals</a> numbered 7,042 between <a href="/wiki/Bible_Way_Church_of_Our_Lord_Jesus_Christ" title="Bible Way Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ">Bible Way Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lord_Jesus_Christ_of_the_Apostolic_Faith" title="Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ of the Apostolic Faith">COOLJC</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Assemblies_of_the_World" title="Pentecostal Assemblies of the World">Pentecostal Assemblies of the World</a>. Other Christians, including the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox, numbered 55,329 altogether, and Episcopalians numbered 134,318, although the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Catholic_Church" title="Anglican Catholic Church">Anglican Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_in_America" title="Anglican Church in America">Anglican Church in America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_in_North_America" title="Anglican Church in North America">Anglican Church in North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Province_of_America" title="Anglican Province of America">Anglican Province of America</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Holy_Catholic_Church_(Anglican_Rite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Catholic Church (Anglican Rite)">Holy Catholic Church Anglican Rite</a> had a collective presence in 114 churches.<a href="#cite_note-258">[253]</a> Non-Christian faiths accounted for 4% of the religious population in 2014, and 5% in 2020 per the Pew Research Center and Public Religion Research Institute.<a href="#cite_note-Religion_in_America-254">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-American_Values_Atlas-253">[248]</a> Adherents of many other religions reside predominantly in the urban centers of Texas. Judaism, Islam, and Buddhism were tied as the second largest religion as of 2014 and 2020. In 2014, 18% of the state's population were religiously unaffiliated. Of the unaffiliated in 2014, an estimated 2% were <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheists</a> and 3% <a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">agnostic</a>; in 2020, the Public Religion Research Institute noted the largest non-Christian groups were the <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_but_not_religious" title="Spiritual but not religious">irreligious</a> (20%), <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> (1%), <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (1%), <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (1%) and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, and other religions at less than 1 percent each. In 1990, the Islamic population was about 140,000 with more recent figures putting the current number of Muslims between 350,000 and 400,000 as of 2012.<a href="#cite_note-259">[254]</a> The Association of Religion Data Archives estimated there were 313,209 Muslims as of 2020.<a href="#cite_note-U.S._Religion_Census-255">[250]</a> Texas is the fifth-largest <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>-populated state as of 2014.<a href="#cite_note-260">[255]</a> The Jewish population was around 128,000 in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-261">[256]</a> In 2020, the Jewish population grew to over 176,000.<a href="#cite_note-262">[257]</a> According to ARDA's 2020 study, there were 43 <a href="/wiki/Chabad" title="Chabad">Chabad</a> synagogues; 17,513 <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Jews">Conservative Jews</a>; 8,110 <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Jews">Orthodox Jews</a>; and 31,378 <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Jews</a>. Around 146,000 adherents of religions such as <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> lived in Texas as of 2004.<a href="#cite_note-263">[258]</a> By 2020, there were 112,153 Hindus and 20 Sikh gurdwaras; 60,882 Texans adhered to <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Texas" title="Economy of Texas">Economy of Texas</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Texas_locations_by_per_capita_income" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas locations by per capita income">Texas locations by per capita income</a> and <a href="/wiki/Texas_Stock_Exchange" title="Texas Stock Exchange">Texas Stock Exchange</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geo_Map_of_Income_by_Location_in_Texas_(2014).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Geo_Map_of_Income_by_Location_in_Texas_%282014%29.png/300px-Geo_Map_of_Income_by_Location_in_Texas_%282014%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Geo_Map_of_Income_by_Location_in_Texas_%282014%29.png/450px-Geo_Map_of_Income_by_Location_in_Texas_%282014%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Geo_Map_of_Income_by_Location_in_Texas_%282014%29.png/600px-Geo_Map_of_Income_by_Location_in_Texas_%282014%29.png 2x" data-file-width="802" data-file-height="882" /></a><figcaption>A geomap depicting income by county as of 2014</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Texas_counties_by_GDP_2021.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Texas_counties_by_GDP_2021.png/220px-Texas_counties_by_GDP_2021.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Texas_counties_by_GDP_2021.png/330px-Texas_counties_by_GDP_2021.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Texas_counties_by_GDP_2021.png/440px-Texas_counties_by_GDP_2021.png 2x" data-file-width="5406" data-file-height="4324" /></a><figcaption>Texas counties by GDP (2021)</figcaption></figure> As of 2024, Texas had a <a href="/wiki/Gross_state_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross state product">gross state product</a> (GSP) of $2.664 trillion, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_GDP_(nominal)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. states by GDP (nominal)">second highest</a> in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-GDPByState-264">[259]</a> Its GSP is <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">greater than the GDP</a> of <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Brazil" title="Economy of Brazil">Brazil</a>, the world's 8th-largest economy.<a href="#cite_note-265">[260]</a> The state ranks 22nd among U.S. states with a median household income of $64,034, while the <a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">poverty rate</a> is 14.2%, making Texas the state with 14th highest poverty rate (compared to 13.15% nationally). Texas's economy is the second-largest of any <a href="/wiki/List_of_country_subdivisions_by_GDP_over_200_billion_USD" class="mw-redirect" title="List of country subdivisions by GDP over 200 billion USD">country subdivision</a> globally, behind <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_California" title="Economy of California">California</a>. Texas's large population, an abundance of natural resources, thriving cities and leading centers of higher education have contributed to a large and diverse economy. Since oil was discovered, the state's economy has reflected the state of the <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Texas#Petroleum" title="Energy in Texas">petroleum industry</a>. In recent times, urban centers of the state have increased in size, containing two-thirds of the population in 2005. The state's economic growth has led to <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a> and its associated symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-266">[261]</a> As of May 2020, during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Texas" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Texas">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, the state's unemployment rate was 13 percent.<a href="#cite_note-267">[262]</a> In 2010, Site Selection Magazine ranked Texas as the most business-friendly state, in part because of the state's three-billion-dollar <a href="/wiki/Texas_Enterprise_Fund" title="Texas Enterprise Fund">Texas Enterprise Fund</a>.<a href="#cite_note-268">[263]</a> Texas has the highest number of <a href="/wiki/Fortune_500" title="Fortune 500">Fortune 500</a> company headquarters in the United States as of 2022.<a href="#cite_note-Austin_2022-18">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Miranda_2022-19">[17]</a> In 2010, there were 346,000 millionaires in Texas, the second-largest population of millionaires in the nation.<a href="#cite_note-269">[f]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[264]</a> In 2018, the number of millionaire households increased to 566,578.<a href="#cite_note-271">[265]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxation">Taxation</h3></div> Texas has a reputation for a low tax.<a href="#cite_note-TPoliticalCulture1-272">[266]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Tax_Foundation" title="Tax Foundation">Tax Foundation</a>, Texans' state and local tax burdens are seventh-lowest nationally; state and local taxes cost $3,580 per capita, or 8.4 percent of resident incomes.<a href="#cite_note-TaxFound-273">[267]</a> Texas is one of seven states that lack a <a href="/wiki/State_income_tax" title="State income tax">state income tax</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TaxFound-273">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-274">[268]</a> Instead, the state collects revenue from <a href="/wiki/Property_tax" title="Property tax">property taxes</a> (though these are collected at the county, city, and school district level; Texas has a state constitutional prohibition against a state property tax) and <a href="/wiki/Sales_tax" title="Sales tax">sales taxes</a>. The state sales tax rate is 6.25 percent,<a href="#cite_note-TaxFound-273">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[269]</a> but local taxing jurisdictions (cities, counties, special purpose districts, and transit authorities) may also impose sales and use tax up to 2 percent for a total maximum combined rate of 8.25 percent.<a href="#cite_note-276">[270]</a> Texas is a "tax donor state"; in 2005, for every dollar Texans paid to the federal government in <a href="/wiki/Income_tax_in_the_United_States" title="Income tax in the United States">federal income taxes</a>, the state got back about $0.94 in benefits.<a href="#cite_note-TaxFound-273">[267]</a> To attract business, Texas has incentive programs worth $19 billion per year (2012); more than any other U.S. state.<a href="#cite_note-277">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[272]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture_and_mining">Agriculture and mining</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Texas_Cotton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/West_Texas_Cotton.jpg/220px-West_Texas_Cotton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/West_Texas_Cotton.jpg/330px-West_Texas_Cotton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/West_Texas_Cotton.jpg/440px-West_Texas_Cotton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption>Cotton modules after harvest in West Texas</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Longhorn_cattle_at_the_Enchanted_Springs_Ranch,_a_working_ranch_in_Boerne,_Texas,_whose_Old_West_Town_is_often_used_in_movies_and_videos_LCCN2015630429.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Longhorn_cattle_at_the_Enchanted_Springs_Ranch%2C_a_working_ranch_in_Boerne%2C_Texas%2C_whose_Old_West_Town_is_often_used_in_movies_and_videos_LCCN2015630429.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Longhorn_cattle_at_the_Enchanted_Springs_Ranch%2C_a_working_ranch_in_Boerne%2C_Texas%2C_whose_Old_West_Town_is_often_used_in_movies_and_videos_LCCN2015630429.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Longhorn_cattle_at_the_Enchanted_Springs_Ranch%2C_a_working_ranch_in_Boerne%2C_Texas%2C_whose_Old_West_Town_is_often_used_in_movies_and_videos_LCCN2015630429.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Longhorn_cattle_at_the_Enchanted_Springs_Ranch%2C_a_working_ranch_in_Boerne%2C_Texas%2C_whose_Old_West_Town_is_often_used_in_movies_and_videos_LCCN2015630429.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Longhorn_cattle_at_the_Enchanted_Springs_Ranch%2C_a_working_ranch_in_Boerne%2C_Texas%2C_whose_Old_West_Town_is_often_used_in_movies_and_videos_LCCN2015630429.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Longhorn_cattle_at_the_Enchanted_Springs_Ranch%2C_a_working_ranch_in_Boerne%2C_Texas%2C_whose_Old_West_Town_is_often_used_in_movies_and_videos_LCCN2015630429.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="4238" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Texas_longhorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas longhorn">Texas longhorn</a> cattle in <a href="/wiki/Boerne,_Texas" title="Boerne, Texas">Boerne, Texas</a></figcaption></figure> Texas has the most farms and the highest acreage in the United States. The state is ranked No. 1 for revenue generated from total livestock and livestock products. It is ranked No. 2 for total agricultural revenue, behind California.<a href="#cite_note-netstateecon-279">[273]</a> At $7.4 billion or 56.7 percent of Texas's annual agricultural cash receipts, beef cattle production represents the largest single segment of Texas agriculture. This is followed by cotton at $1.9 billion (14.6 percent), greenhouse/nursery at $1.5 billion (11.4 percent), <a href="/wiki/Broiler_chicken" class="mw-redirect" title="Broiler chicken">broiler chickens</a> at $1.3 billion (10 percent), and dairy products at $947 million (7.3 percent).<a href="#cite_note-EMMA2013-280">[274]</a> Texas leads the nation in the production of cattle, horses, sheep, goats, wool, mohair and hay.<a href="#cite_note-EMMA2013-280">[274]</a> The state also leads the nation in production of cotton which is the number one crop grown in the state in terms of value.<a href="#cite_note-netstateecon-279">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[276]</a> The state grows significant amounts of cereal crops and produce.<a href="#cite_note-netstateecon-279">[273]</a> Texas has a large commercial fishing industry. With mineral resources, Texas leads in creating cement, crushed stone, lime, salt, sand and gravel.<a href="#cite_note-netstateecon-279">[273]</a> Texas throughout the 21st century has been <a href="/wiki/Drought_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Drought in the United States">hammered by drought</a>, costing the state billions of dollars in livestock and crops.<a href="#cite_note-283">[277]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Texas" title="Energy in Texas">Energy in Texas</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Deregulation_of_the_Texas_electricity_market" title="Deregulation of the Texas electricity market">Deregulation of the Texas electricity market</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oil_well.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Oil_well.jpg/220px-Oil_well.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Oil_well.jpg/330px-Oil_well.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Oil_well.jpg/440px-Oil_well.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>An oil well</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GreenMountainWindFarm_Fluvanna_2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/GreenMountainWindFarm_Fluvanna_2004.jpg/220px-GreenMountainWindFarm_Fluvanna_2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/GreenMountainWindFarm_Fluvanna_2004.jpg/330px-GreenMountainWindFarm_Fluvanna_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/GreenMountainWindFarm_Fluvanna_2004.jpg/440px-GreenMountainWindFarm_Fluvanna_2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1360" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Brazos_Wind_Farm" title="Brazos Wind Farm">Brazos Wind Farm</a></figcaption></figure> Ever since the discovery of oil at <a href="/wiki/Spindletop" title="Spindletop">Spindletop</a>, energy has been a dominant force politically and economically within the state.<a href="#cite_note-284">[278]</a> If Texas were its own country it would be the sixth-largest oil producer in the world according to a 2014 study.<a href="#cite_note-285">[279]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Railroad_Commission_of_Texas" title="Railroad Commission of Texas">Railroad Commission of Texas</a> regulates the state's <a href="/wiki/Oil_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil industry">oil and gas industry</a>, gas utilities, pipeline safety, safety in the <a href="/wiki/Liquefied_petroleum_gas" title="Liquefied petroleum gas">liquefied petroleum gas</a> industry, and surface coal and <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> mining. Until the 1970s, the commission controlled the price of petroleum because of its ability to regulate Texas's oil reserves. The founders of the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Petroleum_Exporting_Countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries">Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries</a> (OPEC) used the Texas agency as one of their models for petroleum price control.<a href="#cite_note-286">[280]</a> As of January 1, 2021, Texas has <a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_reserves_and_resource_quantification" title="Oil and gas reserves and resource quantification">proved recoverable petroleum reserves</a> of about 15.6 billion barrels (2.48×109 m3) of <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">crude oil</a> (44% of the known U.S. reserves) and 9.5 billion barrels (1.51×109 m3) of <a href="/wiki/Natural-gas_condensate" title="Natural-gas condensate">natural gas liquids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Petrol-287">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-eia.gov-288">[282]</a> The state's <a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">refineries</a> can process 5.95 million barrels (946,000 m3) of oil a day.<a href="#cite_note-Petrol-287">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-eia.gov-288">[282]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Port_Arthur_Refinery" title="Port Arthur Refinery">Port Arthur Refinery</a> in Southeast Texas is the largest refinery in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-Petrol-287">[281]</a> Texas is also a leader in <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> production at 28.8 billion cubic feet (820,000,000 m3) per day, some 32% of the nation's production.<a href="#cite_note-289">[283]</a> Texas has 102.4 trillion cubic feet (2.90×1012 m3) of gas reserves which is 23% of the nation's gas reserves.<a href="#cite_note-Petrol-287">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-eia.gov-288">[282]</a> Many <a href="/wiki/List_of_petroleum_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of petroleum companies">petroleum companies</a> are based in Texas such as: <a href="/wiki/ConocoPhillips" title="ConocoPhillips">ConocoPhillips</a>,<a href="#cite_note-290">[284]</a> <a href="/wiki/EOG_Resources" title="EOG Resources">EOG Resources</a>, <a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a>,<a href="#cite_note-291">[285]</a> <a href="/wiki/Halliburton" title="Halliburton">Halliburton</a>,<a href="#cite_note-292">[286]</a> Hilcorp, <a href="/wiki/Marathon_Oil" title="Marathon Oil">Marathon Oil</a>,<a href="#cite_note-293">[287]</a> <a href="/wiki/Occidental_Petroleum" title="Occidental Petroleum">Occidental Petroleum</a>,<a href="#cite_note-294">[288]</a> <a href="/wiki/Valero_Energy" title="Valero Energy">Valero Energy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-295">[289]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Refining" title="Western Refining">Western Refining</a>.<a href="#cite_note-296">[290]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Energy_Information_Administration" title="Energy Information Administration">Energy Information Administration</a>, Texans consume, on average, the fifth most energy (of all types) in the nation per capita and as a whole, following behind Wyoming, Alaska, Louisiana, North Dakota, and Iowa.<a href="#cite_note-Petrol-287">[281]</a> Unlike the rest of the nation, most of Texas is on its own <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">alternating current</a> <a href="/wiki/Power_grid" class="mw-redirect" title="Power grid">power grid</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Interconnection" title="Texas Interconnection">Texas Interconnection</a>. Texas has a <a href="/wiki/Deregulation_of_the_Texas_electricity_market" title="Deregulation of the Texas electricity market">deregulated</a> electric service. Texas leads the nation in total net electricity production, generating 437,236 MWh in 2014, 89% more MWh than Florida, which ranked second.<a href="#cite_note-297">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-298">[292]</a> The state is a leader in <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_commercialization" title="Renewable energy commercialization">renewable energy commercialization</a>; it produces the most <a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Texas" title="Wind power in Texas">wind power</a> in the nation.<a href="#cite_note-Petrol-287">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-299">[293]</a> In 2014, 10.6% of the electricity consumed in Texas came from <a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine" title="Wind turbine">wind turbines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-300">[294]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Roscoe_Wind_Farm" title="Roscoe Wind Farm">Roscoe Wind Farm</a> in <a href="/wiki/Roscoe,_Texas" title="Roscoe, Texas">Roscoe, Texas</a>, is one of the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Wind_farm" title="Wind farm">wind farms</a> with a 781.5 <a href="/wiki/Megawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Megawatt">megawatt</a> (MW) capacity.<a href="#cite_note-301">[295]</a> The Energy Information Administration states the state's large agriculture and forestry industries could give Texas an enormous amount of <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a> for use in biofuels. The state also has the highest <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar power</a> potential for development in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-Petrol-287">[281]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technology">Technology</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA_Neutral_Buoyancy_Laboratory_Astronaut_Training.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/NASA_Neutral_Buoyancy_Laboratory_Astronaut_Training.jpg/220px-NASA_Neutral_Buoyancy_Laboratory_Astronaut_Training.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/NASA_Neutral_Buoyancy_Laboratory_Astronaut_Training.jpg/330px-NASA_Neutral_Buoyancy_Laboratory_Astronaut_Training.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/NASA_Neutral_Buoyancy_Laboratory_Astronaut_Training.jpg/440px-NASA_Neutral_Buoyancy_Laboratory_Astronaut_Training.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Astronaut training at the <a href="/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center" title="Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a></figcaption></figure> With large universities systems coupled with initiatives like the Texas Enterprise Fund and the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Emerging_Technology_Fund" title="Texas Emerging Technology Fund">Texas Emerging Technology Fund</a>, a wide array of different <a href="/wiki/High_tech" title="High tech">high tech</a> industries have developed in Texas. The Austin area is nicknamed the "<a href="/wiki/Silicon_Hills" title="Silicon Hills">Silicon Hills</a>" and the north Dallas area the "<a href="/wiki/Silicon_Prairie" title="Silicon Prairie">Silicon Prairie</a>". Many high-tech companies are located in or have their headquarters in Texas (and <a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_based_in_Austin,_Texas" title="List of companies based in Austin, Texas">Austin in particular</a>), including <a href="/wiki/Dell" title="Dell">Dell</a>, Inc.,<a href="#cite_note-302">[296]</a> <a href="/wiki/Borland" title="Borland">Borland</a>,<a href="#cite_note-303">[297]</a> <a href="/wiki/Forcepoint" title="Forcepoint">Forcepoint</a>,<a href="#cite_note-304">[298]</a> <a href="/wiki/Indeed.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Indeed.com">Indeed.com</a>,<a href="#cite_note-305">[299]</a> <a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a>,<a href="#cite_note-306">[300]</a> <a href="/wiki/Perot_Systems" title="Perot Systems">Perot Systems</a>,<a href="#cite_note-307">[301]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rackspace" class="mw-redirect" title="Rackspace">Rackspace</a> and <a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a>.<a href="#cite_note-308">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-310">[304]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center">Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center</a> (NASA JSC) is located in Southeast Houston. Both <a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blue_Origin" title="Blue Origin">Blue Origin</a> have their test facilities in Texas.<a href="#cite_note-311">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-312">[306]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas" title="Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth</a> hosts both <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin" title="Lockheed Martin">Lockheed Martin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_Aeronautics" title="Lockheed Martin Aeronautics">Aeronautics division</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bell_Helicopter_Textron" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Helicopter Textron">Bell Helicopter Textron</a>.<a href="#cite_note-313">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-314">[308]</a> Lockheed builds the <a href="/wiki/F-16_Fighting_Falcon" class="mw-redirect" title="F-16 Fighting Falcon">F-16 Fighting Falcon</a>, the largest Western fighter program, and its successor, the <a href="/wiki/F-35_Lightning_II" class="mw-redirect" title="F-35 Lightning II">F-35 Lightning II</a> in Fort Worth.<a href="#cite_note-315">[309]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commerce">Commerce</h3></div> Texas's <a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">affluence</a> stimulates a strong commercial sector consisting of retail, wholesale, banking and insurance, and construction industries. Examples of Fortune 500 companies not based on Texas traditional industries are <a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="AT&T Inc">AT&T</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kimberly-Clark" title="Kimberly-Clark">Kimberly-Clark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blockbuster_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Blockbuster Inc.">Blockbuster</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._C._Penney" class="mw-redirect" title="J. C. Penney">J. C. Penney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whole_Foods_Market" title="Whole Foods Market">Whole Foods Market</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tenet_Healthcare" title="Tenet Healthcare">Tenet Healthcare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-316">[310]</a> Nationally, the Dallas–Fort Worth area, home to the <a href="/wiki/Highland_Park_Village" title="Highland Park Village">second shopping mall</a> in the United States, has the most shopping malls per capita of any American metropolitan statistical area.<a href="#cite_note-317">[311]</a> Mexico, the state's largest trading partner, imports a third of the state's exports because of the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a> (NAFTA). NAFTA has encouraged the formation of <a href="/wiki/Maquiladoras" class="mw-redirect" title="Maquiladoras">maquiladoras</a> on the Texas–Mexico border.<a href="#cite_note-318">[312]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Texas" title="Culture of Texas">Culture of Texas</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Texas_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Texas symbols">List of Texas symbols</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mission_San_Antonio_aka_Alamo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Mission_San_Antonio_aka_Alamo.jpg/220px-Mission_San_Antonio_aka_Alamo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Mission_San_Antonio_aka_Alamo.jpg/330px-Mission_San_Antonio_aka_Alamo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Mission_San_Antonio_aka_Alamo.jpg/440px-Mission_San_Antonio_aka_Alamo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alamo_Mission_in_San_Antonio" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamo Mission in San Antonio">The Alamo</a> is one of the most recognized symbols of Texas.</figcaption></figure> Historically, Texas culture comes from a blend of mostly Southern <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">(Dixie)</a>, Western (frontier), and Southwestern <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">(Mexican/Anglo fusion)</a> influences, varying in degrees of such from one intrastate region to another. A popular food item, the <a href="/wiki/Breakfast_burrito" title="Breakfast burrito">breakfast burrito</a>, draws from all three, having a soft flour tortilla wrapped around bacon and scrambled eggs or other hot, cooked fillings. Adding to Texas's traditional culture, established in the 18th and 19th centuries, immigration has made Texas a <a href="/wiki/Melting_pot" title="Melting pot">melting pot</a> of cultures from around the world.<a href="#cite_note-319">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-320">[314]</a> Texas has made a strong mark on national and international pop culture. The entire state is strongly associated with the image of the <a href="/wiki/Cowboy" title="Cowboy">cowboy</a> shown in <a href="/wiki/Westerns" class="mw-redirect" title="Westerns">westerns</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Country_western_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Country western music">country western music</a>. The state's numerous oil tycoons are also a popular pop culture topic as seen in the hit TV series <a href="/wiki/Dallas_(1978_TV_series)" title="Dallas (1978 TV series)">Dallas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-321">[315]</a> The internationally known slogan "<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Mess_with_Texas" title="Don't Mess with Texas">Don't Mess with Texas</a>" began as an anti-littering <a href="/wiki/Advertising_campaign" title="Advertising campaign">advertisement</a>. Since the campaign's inception in 1986, the phrase has become "an identity statement, a declaration of Texas swagger".<a href="#cite_note-322">[316]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Texas_self-perception">Texas self-perception</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Big_Tex.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Big_Tex.JPG/170px-Big_Tex.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Big_Tex.JPG/255px-Big_Tex.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Big_Tex.JPG/340px-Big_Tex.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Big_Tex" title="Big Tex">Big Tex</a> presided over every <a href="/wiki/State_Fair_of_Texas" title="State Fair of Texas">Texas State Fair</a> since 1952 until it was destroyed by a fire in 2012. Since then a new Big Tex was created.</figcaption></figure> "Texas-sized" describes something that is about the size of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a> of Texas,<a href="#cite_note-323">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-324">[318]</a> or something (usually but not always originating from Texas) that is large compared to other objects of its type.<a href="#cite_note-325">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-326">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-327">[321]</a> Texas was the largest U.S. state until <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> became a state in 1959. The phrase "everything is bigger in Texas" has been in regular use since at least 1950.<a href="#cite_note-328">[322]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts">Arts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Texas" title="Music of Texas">Music of Texas</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ZZ_Top_on_the_Pyramid_Stage_at_Glastonbury_2016_IMG_8527_(27374417884).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/ZZ_Top_on_the_Pyramid_Stage_at_Glastonbury_2016_IMG_8527_%2827374417884%29.jpg/225px-ZZ_Top_on_the_Pyramid_Stage_at_Glastonbury_2016_IMG_8527_%2827374417884%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/ZZ_Top_on_the_Pyramid_Stage_at_Glastonbury_2016_IMG_8527_%2827374417884%29.jpg/338px-ZZ_Top_on_the_Pyramid_Stage_at_Glastonbury_2016_IMG_8527_%2827374417884%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/ZZ_Top_on_the_Pyramid_Stage_at_Glastonbury_2016_IMG_8527_%2827374417884%29.jpg/450px-ZZ_Top_on_the_Pyramid_Stage_at_Glastonbury_2016_IMG_8527_%2827374417884%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4575" data-file-height="3050" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/ZZ_Top" title="ZZ Top">ZZ Top</a> performing in 2016. The <a href="/wiki/Power_trio" title="Power trio">power trio</a> are considered cultural icons of Texas and <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a>-inspired <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock music</a>.</figcaption></figure> Houston is one of only five American cities with permanent professional resident companies in all the major performing arts disciplines: the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Grand_Opera" title="Houston Grand Opera">Houston Grand Opera</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Symphony_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Houston Symphony Orchestra">Houston Symphony Orchestra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Ballet" title="Houston Ballet">Houston Ballet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Alley_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="The Alley Theatre">The Alley Theatre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-houstontheater-329">[323]</a> Known for the vibrancy of its <a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">visual</a> and <a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">performing arts</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Theater_District" title="Houston Theater District">Houston Theater District</a> ranks second in the country in the number of theater seats in a concentrated downtown area, with 12,948 seats for live performances and 1,480 movie seats.<a href="#cite_note-houstontheater-329">[323]</a> Founded in 1892, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Art_Museum_of_Fort_Worth" title="Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth">Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth</a>, also called "The Modern", is Texas's oldest art museum. Fort Worth also has the <a href="/wiki/Kimbell_Art_Museum" title="Kimbell Art Museum">Kimbell Art Museum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Amon_Carter_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Amon Carter Museum">Amon Carter Museum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Cowgirl_Museum_and_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Cowgirl Museum and Hall of Fame">National Cowgirl Museum and Hall of Fame</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Will_Rogers_Memorial_Center" title="Will Rogers Memorial Center">Will Rogers Memorial Center</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Bass_Performance_Hall" title="Bass Performance Hall">Bass Performance Hall</a> downtown. The <a href="/wiki/Arts_District,_Dallas" title="Arts District, Dallas">Arts District</a> of <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Dallas" title="Downtown Dallas">Downtown Dallas</a> has arts venues such as the <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Museum_of_Art" title="Dallas Museum of Art">Dallas Museum of Art</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Morton_H._Meyerson_Symphony_Center" title="Morton H. Meyerson Symphony Center">Morton H. Meyerson Symphony Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Margot_and_Bill_Winspear_Opera_House" class="mw-redirect" title="The Margot and Bill Winspear Opera House">the Margot and Bill Winspear Opera House</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Trammell_%26_Margaret_Crow_Collection_of_Asian_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="The Trammell & Margaret Crow Collection of Asian Art">the Trammell & Margaret Crow Collection of Asian Art</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Nasher_Sculpture_Center" title="Nasher Sculpture Center">Nasher Sculpture Center</a>.<a href="#cite_note-330">[324]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Houston_Symphony.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Houston_Symphony.jpg/220px-Houston_Symphony.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Houston_Symphony.jpg/330px-Houston_Symphony.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Houston_Symphony.jpg/440px-Houston_Symphony.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1286" data-file-height="854" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Houston_Symphony" title="Houston Symphony">Houston Symphony</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Jones_Hall" title="Jones Hall">Jones Hall</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Deep_Ellum" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep Ellum">Deep Ellum</a> district within Dallas became popular during the 1920s and 1930s as the prime <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a> hotspot in the Southern United States. The name Deep Ellum comes from local people pronouncing "Deep Elm" as "Deep Ellum".<a href="#cite_note-331">[325]</a> Artists such as <a href="/wiki/Blind_Lemon_Jefferson" title="Blind Lemon Jefferson">Blind Lemon Jefferson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Johnson_(musician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Johnson (musician)">Robert Johnson</a>, Huddie "<a href="/wiki/Lead_Belly" title="Lead Belly">Lead Belly</a>" Ledbetter, and <a href="/wiki/Bessie_Smith" title="Bessie Smith">Bessie Smith</a> played in early Deep Ellum clubs.<a href="#cite_note-332">[326]</a> Austin, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Austin" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Austin">The Live Music Capital of the World</a>, boasts "more live music venues per capita than such music hotbeds as Nashville, Memphis, Los Angeles, Las Vegas or New York City".<a href="#cite_note-333">[327]</a> The city's music revolves around the <a href="/wiki/Nightclub" title="Nightclub">nightclubs</a> on <a href="/wiki/6th_Street_(Austin)" class="mw-redirect" title="6th Street (Austin)">6th Street</a>; events like the film, music, and <a href="/wiki/Multimedia" title="Multimedia">multimedia</a> festival <a href="/wiki/South_by_Southwest" title="South by Southwest">South by Southwest</a>; the longest-running concert music program on American television, <a href="/wiki/Austin_City_Limits" title="Austin City Limits">Austin City Limits</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Austin_City_Limits_Music_Festival" title="Austin City Limits Music Festival">Austin City Limits Music Festival</a> held in <a href="/wiki/Zilker_Park" title="Zilker Park">Zilker Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-334">[328]</a> Since 1980, San Antonio has evolved into "The <a href="/wiki/Tejano_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Tejano Music">Tejano Music</a> Capital Of The World".<a href="#cite_note-335">[329]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tejano_Music_Awards" title="Tejano Music Awards">Tejano Music Awards</a> have provided a forum to create greater awareness and appreciation for Tejano music and culture.<a href="#cite_note-336">[330]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Texas" title="Sports in Texas">Sports in Texas</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_University_Interscholastic_League_events" title="List of University Interscholastic League events">List of University Interscholastic League events</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cowboys_Stadium_full_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Cowboys_Stadium_full_view.jpg/220px-Cowboys_Stadium_full_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Cowboys_Stadium_full_view.jpg/330px-Cowboys_Stadium_full_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Cowboys_Stadium_full_view.jpg/440px-Cowboys_Stadium_full_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1166" data-file-height="778" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Stadium" title="AT&T Stadium">AT&T Stadium</a>, home of the <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys" title="Dallas Cowboys">Dallas Cowboys</a>, who are commonly known as <a href="/wiki/America%27s_Team" title="America's Team">America's Team</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spurs_vs_Lakers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Spurs_vs_Lakers.jpg/220px-Spurs_vs_Lakers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Spurs_vs_Lakers.jpg/330px-Spurs_vs_Lakers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Spurs_vs_Lakers.jpg/440px-Spurs_vs_Lakers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Playoff game between the <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio_Spurs" title="San Antonio Spurs">San Antonio Spurs</a> (led by <a href="/wiki/Tim_Duncan" title="Tim Duncan">Tim Duncan</a>, #21) and the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Lakers" title="Los Angeles Lakers">Los Angeles Lakers</a> in <a href="/wiki/2007_NBA_playoffs" title="2007 NBA playoffs">2007</a>; the Spurs won the <a href="/wiki/2007_NBA_Finals" title="2007 NBA Finals">NBA Finals</a> that year.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Houston_Astros_vs._Texas_Rangers_July_2019_19.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Houston_Astros_vs._Texas_Rangers_July_2019_19.jpg/220px-Houston_Astros_vs._Texas_Rangers_July_2019_19.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Houston_Astros_vs._Texas_Rangers_July_2019_19.jpg/330px-Houston_Astros_vs._Texas_Rangers_July_2019_19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Houston_Astros_vs._Texas_Rangers_July_2019_19.jpg/440px-Houston_Astros_vs._Texas_Rangers_July_2019_19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Texan baseball fans attending a game between the state's two <a href="/wiki/MLB" class="mw-redirect" title="MLB">MLB</a> teams (<a href="/wiki/Texas_Rangers_(baseball)" title="Texas Rangers (baseball)">Texas Rangers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Houston_Astros" title="Houston Astros">Houston Astros</a>) at <a href="/wiki/Globe_Life_Field" title="Globe Life Field">Globe Life Field</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arlington,_Texas" title="Arlington, Texas">Arlington</a></figcaption></figure> Within the <a href="/wiki/Major_professional_sports_leagues_in_the_United_States_and_Canada" title="Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada">"Big Four" professional leagues</a>, Texas has two <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">NFL</a> teams (the <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys" title="Dallas Cowboys">Dallas Cowboys</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Texans" title="Houston Texans">Houston Texans</a>), two <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">MLB</a> teams (the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Astros" title="Houston Astros">Houston Astros</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Rangers_(baseball)" title="Texas Rangers (baseball)">Texas Rangers</a>),<a href="#cite_note-337">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-338">[332]</a> three <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">NBA</a> teams (the <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio_Spurs" title="San Antonio Spurs">San Antonio Spurs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Rockets" title="Houston Rockets">Houston Rockets</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Mavericks" title="Dallas Mavericks">Dallas Mavericks</a>), and one <a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">NHL</a> team (the <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Stars" title="Dallas Stars">Dallas Stars</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth_metroplex" title="Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex">Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex</a> is one of only <a href="/wiki/U.S._cities_with_teams_from_four_major_league_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. cities with teams from four major league sports">thirteen American metropolitan areas that host sports teams from all the "Big Four" professional leagues</a>. Outside of the "Big Four", Texas also has a <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_National_Basketball_Association" title="Women's National Basketball Association">WNBA</a> team (the <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Wings" title="Dallas Wings">Dallas Wings</a>), three <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Soccer" title="Major League Soccer">Major League Soccer</a> teams (<a href="/wiki/Austin_FC" title="Austin FC">Austin FC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Houston_Dynamo_FC" title="Houston Dynamo FC">Houston Dynamo FC</a> and <a href="/wiki/FC_Dallas" title="FC Dallas">FC Dallas</a>), and one <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Soccer_League" title="National Women's Soccer League">NWSL</a> team (the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Dash" title="Houston Dash">Houston Dash</a>).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/College_athletics" class="mw-redirect" title="College athletics">Collegiate athletics</a> have deep significance in Texas culture, especially <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">football</a>. The state has twelve <a href="/wiki/Division_I-FBS" class="mw-redirect" title="Division I-FBS">Division I-FBS</a> schools, the most in the nation. Four of the state's schools claim at least one national championship in football: the Texas Longhorns, the Texas A&M Aggies, the TCU Horned Frogs, and the SMU Mustangs.<a href="#cite_note-339">[333]</a><a href="#cite_note-340">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-341">[335]</a><a href="#cite_note-342">[336]</a> According to a survey of Division I-A coaches, the <a href="/wiki/College_rivalry" class="mw-redirect" title="College rivalry">rivalry</a> between the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma" title="University of Oklahoma">University of Oklahoma</a> and the University of Texas at Austin, the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Shootout" class="mw-redirect" title="Red River Shootout">Red River Shootout</a>, ranks the third-best in the nation.<a href="#cite_note-343">[337]</a> The TCU Horned Frogs and SMU Mustangs also share a rivalry and compete annually in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_for_the_Iron_Skillet" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle for the Iron Skillet">Battle for the Iron Skillet</a>. A fierce rivalry, the <a href="/wiki/Lone_Star_Showdown" title="Lone Star Showdown">Lone Star Showdown</a>, also exists between the state's two largest universities, Texas A&M University and the University of Texas at Austin. The athletics portion of the Lone Star Showdown rivalry has been put on hold after the Texas A&M Aggies joined the Southeastern Conference.<a href="#cite_note-344">[338]</a> The <a href="/wiki/University_Interscholastic_League" title="University Interscholastic League">University Interscholastic League</a> (UIL) organizes most primary and secondary school competitions. Events organized by UIL include contests in athletics (the most popular being <a href="/wiki/High_school_football" title="High school football">high school football</a>) as well as artistic and academic subjects.<a href="#cite_note-345">[339]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rodeo_competition_at_the_Star_of_Texas_Fair_and_Rodeo,_produced_by_Rodeo_Austin_in_Austin,_Texas_LCCN2015630182.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Rodeo_competition_at_the_Star_of_Texas_Fair_and_Rodeo%2C_produced_by_Rodeo_Austin_in_Austin%2C_Texas_LCCN2015630182.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Rodeo_competition_at_the_Star_of_Texas_Fair_and_Rodeo%2C_produced_by_Rodeo_Austin_in_Austin%2C_Texas_LCCN2015630182.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Rodeo_competition_at_the_Star_of_Texas_Fair_and_Rodeo%2C_produced_by_Rodeo_Austin_in_Austin%2C_Texas_LCCN2015630182.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Rodeo_competition_at_the_Star_of_Texas_Fair_and_Rodeo%2C_produced_by_Rodeo_Austin_in_Austin%2C_Texas_LCCN2015630182.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Rodeo_competition_at_the_Star_of_Texas_Fair_and_Rodeo%2C_produced_by_Rodeo_Austin_in_Austin%2C_Texas_LCCN2015630182.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Rodeo_competition_at_the_Star_of_Texas_Fair_and_Rodeo%2C_produced_by_Rodeo_Austin_in_Austin%2C_Texas_LCCN2015630182.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rodeo" title="Rodeo">Rodeo</a> (the state sport) in <a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a></figcaption></figure> Texans also enjoy <a href="/wiki/Rodeo" title="Rodeo">rodeo</a>. The world's first rodeo was hosted in <a href="/wiki/Pecos,_Texas" title="Pecos, Texas">Pecos, Texas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-346">[340]</a> The annual <a href="/wiki/Houston_Livestock_Show_and_Rodeo" title="Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo">Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo</a> is the largest rodeo in the world. The <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Exposition_and_Livestock_Show" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwestern Exposition and Livestock Show">Southwestern Exposition and Livestock Show</a> in Fort Worth is the oldest continuously running rodeo incorporating many of the state's most historic traditions into its annual events. Dallas hosts the <a href="/wiki/State_Fair_of_Texas" title="State Fair of Texas">State Fair of Texas</a> each year at <a href="/wiki/Fair_Park" title="Fair Park">Fair Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-347">[341]</a> <a href="/wiki/Texas_Motor_Speedway" title="Texas Motor Speedway">Texas Motor Speedway</a> hosts annual <a href="/wiki/NASCAR_Cup_Series" title="NASCAR Cup Series">NASCAR Cup Series</a> and <a href="/wiki/IndyCar_Series" title="IndyCar Series">IndyCar Series</a> auto races since 1997. Since 2012, Austin's <a href="/wiki/Circuit_of_the_Americas" title="Circuit of the Americas">Circuit of the Americas</a> plays host to a round of the <a href="/wiki/Formula_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Formula 1">Formula 1</a> World Championship.<a href="#cite_note-348">[342]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Panther_City_Lacrosse_Club" title="Panther City Lacrosse Club">Panther City Lacrosse Club</a> is a professional lacrosse team in the <a href="/wiki/National_Lacrosse_League" title="National Lacrosse League">National Lacrosse League</a>. They have played local matches at Dickies Arena in Fort Worth, Texas since their inaugural 2021–2022 season.<a href="#cite_note-349">[343]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Texas" title="Education in Texas">Education in Texas</a></div> The second <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Republic_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the Republic of Texas">president of the Republic of Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mirabeau_B._Lamar" title="Mirabeau B. Lamar">Mirabeau B. Lamar</a>, is the Father of Texas Education. During his term, the state set aside three <a href="/wiki/League_(unit)" title="League (unit)">leagues</a> in each county for public schools. An additional 50 leagues of land set aside for the support of two universities would later become the basis of the state's <a href="/wiki/Permanent_University_Fund" title="Permanent University Fund">Permanent University Fund</a>.<a href="#cite_note-350">[344]</a> Lamar's actions set the foundation for a Texas-wide public school system.<a href="#cite_note-351">[345]</a> Between 2006 and 2007, Texas spent $7,275 per pupil, ranking it below the national average of $9,389. The pupil/teacher ratio was 14.9, below the national average of 15.3. Texas paid instructors $41,744, below the national average of $46,593. The <a href="/wiki/Texas_Education_Agency" title="Texas Education Agency">Texas Education Agency</a> (TEA) administers the state's public school systems. Texas has <a href="/wiki/List_of_school_districts_in_Texas" title="List of school districts in Texas">over 1,000</a> <a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">school districts</a>; all districts except the <a href="/wiki/Stafford_Municipal_School_District" title="Stafford Municipal School District">Stafford Municipal School District</a> are independent from municipal government and many cross city boundaries.<a href="#cite_note-352">[346]</a> School districts have the power to <a href="/wiki/Taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxation">tax</a> their residents and to assert <a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">eminent domain</a> over privately owned property. Due to court-mandated equitable school financing, the state has a tax redistribution system called the "<a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood_plan" title="Robin Hood plan">Robin Hood plan</a>" which transfers property tax revenue from wealthy school districts to poor ones.<a href="#cite_note-353">[347]</a> The TEA has no authority over private or <a href="/wiki/Homeschooling" title="Homeschooling">homeschooling</a> activities.<a href="#cite_note-354">[348]</a> Students in Texas take the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Texas_Assessments_of_Academic_Readiness" title="State of Texas Assessments of Academic Readiness">State of Texas Assessments of Academic Readiness</a> (STAAR) in primary and secondary school. STAAR assess students' attainment of <a href="/wiki/Reading_(activity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reading (activity)">reading</a>, writing, <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, science, and <a href="/wiki/Social_studies" title="Social studies">social studies</a> skills required under Texas education standards and the <a href="/wiki/No_Child_Left_Behind_Act" title="No Child Left Behind Act">No Child Left Behind Act</a>. The test replaced the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Assessment_of_Knowledge_and_Skills" title="Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills">Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills</a> (TAKS) test in the 2011–2012 school year.<a href="#cite_note-355">[349]</a> Generally prohibited in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>, <a href="/wiki/School_corporal_punishment" title="School corporal punishment">school corporal punishment</a> is not unusual in the more conservative, rural areas of the state,<a href="#cite_note-356">[350]</a><a href="#cite_note-357">[351]</a><a href="#cite_note-358">[352]</a> with 28,569 public school students <a href="/wiki/Paddle_(spanking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paddle (spanking)">paddled</a> at least one time,<a href="#cite_note-359">[g]</a> according to government data for the 2011–2012 school year.<a href="#cite_note-CORPUN_US_SCHOOL-360">[353]</a> The rate of school corporal punishment in Texas is surpassed only by <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CORPUN_US_SCHOOL-360">[353]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Higher_education">Higher education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Texas" title="List of colleges and universities in Texas">List of colleges and universities in Texas</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Texas_at_Austin_August_2019_30_(Littlefield_Fountain_and_Main_Building).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/University_of_Texas_at_Austin_August_2019_30_%28Littlefield_Fountain_and_Main_Building%29.jpg/220px-University_of_Texas_at_Austin_August_2019_30_%28Littlefield_Fountain_and_Main_Building%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/University_of_Texas_at_Austin_August_2019_30_%28Littlefield_Fountain_and_Main_Building%29.jpg/330px-University_of_Texas_at_Austin_August_2019_30_%28Littlefield_Fountain_and_Main_Building%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/University_of_Texas_at_Austin_August_2019_30_%28Littlefield_Fountain_and_Main_Building%29.jpg/440px-University_of_Texas_at_Austin_August_2019_30_%28Littlefield_Fountain_and_Main_Building%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roy_Gustav_Cullen_Building.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Roy_Gustav_Cullen_Building.JPG/220px-Roy_Gustav_Cullen_Building.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Roy_Gustav_Cullen_Building.JPG/330px-Roy_Gustav_Cullen_Building.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Roy_Gustav_Cullen_Building.JPG/440px-Roy_Gustav_Cullen_Building.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2432" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_of_Houston" title="University of Houston">University of Houston</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TAMUcampus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/TAMUcampus.jpg/220px-TAMUcampus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/TAMUcampus.jpg/330px-TAMUcampus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/TAMUcampus.jpg/440px-TAMUcampus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="699" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University" title="Texas A&M University">Texas A&M University</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lovett_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Lovett_Hall.jpg/220px-Lovett_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Lovett_Hall.jpg/330px-Lovett_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Lovett_Hall.jpg/440px-Lovett_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="492" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rice_University" title="Rice University">Rice University</a></figcaption></figure> The state's two most widely recognized flagship universities are <a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Texas_at_Austin" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Texas at Austin">The University of Texas at Austin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University" title="Texas A&M University">Texas A&M University</a>, ranked as the 21st<a href="#cite_note-361">[354]</a> and 41st<a href="#cite_note-362">[355]</a> best universities in the nation according to 2020's latest Center for World University Rankings report, respectively. Some observers<a href="#cite_note-363">[356]</a> also include the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Houston" title="University of Houston">University of Houston</a> and <a href="/wiki/Texas_Tech_University" title="Texas Tech University">Texas Tech University</a> as tier one flagships alongside UT Austin and A&M.<a href="#cite_note-364">[357]</a><a href="#cite_note-365">[358]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Texas_Higher_Education_Coordinating_Board" title="Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board">Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board</a> ranks the state's public universities into three distinct tiers:<a href="#cite_note-UT_System_Tier_One-366">[359]</a> <ul><li>National Research Universities (Tier 1)<a href="#cite_note-367">[360]</a><a href="#cite_note-368">[361]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Texas_at_Austin" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Texas at Austin">The University of Texas at Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University" title="Texas A&M University">Texas A&M University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Tech_University" title="Texas Tech University">Texas Tech University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Houston" title="University of Houston">University of Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Texas_at_Arlington" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Texas at Arlington">The University of Texas at Arlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Texas_at_Dallas" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Texas at Dallas">The University of Texas at Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_University_of_North_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of North Texas">The University of North Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Texas_at_El_Paso" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Texas at El Paso">The University of Texas at El Paso</a></li></ul></li> <li>Emerging Research Universities (Tier 2)<a href="#cite_note-UT_System_Tier_One-366">[359]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Texas_at_San_Antonio" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Texas at San Antonio">The University of Texas at San Antonio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_State_University" title="Texas State University">Texas State University</a></li></ul></li> <li>Comprehensive Universities (Tier 3)<a href="#cite_note-UT_System_Tier_One-366">[359]</a> <ul><li>All other public universities (25 in total)</li></ul></li></ul> Texas's alternative affirmative action plan, <a href="/wiki/Texas_House_Bill_588" title="Texas House Bill 588">Texas House Bill 588</a>, guarantees Texas students who graduated in the top 10 percent of their high school class automatic admission to state-funded universities. This does not apply to <a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Texas_at_Austin" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Texas at Austin">The University of Texas at Austin</a>, which automatically admits Texas students who graduated in the top 6 percent of their high school class.<a href="#cite_note-369">[362]</a> The bill encourages demographic diversity while attempting to avoid problems stemming from the <a href="/wiki/Hopwood_v._Texas" title="Hopwood v. Texas">Hopwood v. Texas</a> (1996) case.<a href="#cite_note-370">[363]</a> Thirty-six public universities exist in Texas, of which 32 belong to one of the six state university systems.<a href="#cite_note-371">[364]</a><a href="#cite_note-372">[365]</a> Discovery of minerals on <a href="/wiki/Permanent_University_Fund" title="Permanent University Fund">Permanent University Fund</a> land, particularly oil, has helped fund the rapid growth of the state's two largest university systems: the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_System" title="University of Texas System">University of Texas System</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University_System" title="Texas A&M University System">Texas A&M System</a>. The four other university systems: the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Houston_System" title="University of Houston System">University of Houston System</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Texas_System" title="University of North Texas System">University of North Texas System</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Texas_State_University_System" title="Texas State University System">Texas State System</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Tech_University_System" title="Texas Tech University System">Texas Tech System</a> are not funded by the Permanent University Fund.<a href="#cite_note-Smyrl-2020-373">[366]</a> The Carnegie Foundation classifies four of Texas's universities as Tier One research institutions: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">The University of Texas at Austin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University" title="Texas A&M University">Texas A&M University</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Houston" title="University of Houston">University of Houston</a> and <a href="/wiki/Texas_Tech_University" title="Texas Tech University">Texas Tech University</a>. The University of Texas at Austin and Texas A&M University are the flagship universities of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_System" title="University of Texas System">University of Texas System</a> and <a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University_System" title="Texas A&M University System">Texas A&M University System</a>, respectively. Both were established by the Texas Constitution and hold stakes in the Permanent University Fund.<a href="#cite_note-Smyrl-2020-373">[366]</a> The state has sought to expand the number of flagship universities by elevating some of its seven institutions designated as "emerging research universities". The two expected to emerge first are the University of Houston and Texas Tech University, likely in that order according to discussions on the House floor of the 82nd Texas Legislature.<a href="#cite_note-374">[367]</a> The state is home to various private institutions of higher learning—ranging from liberal arts colleges to a nationally recognized top-tier research university. <a href="/wiki/Rice_University" title="Rice University">Rice University</a> in Houston is one of the leading teaching and research universities of the United States and is ranked the nation's 17th-best overall university by U.S. News & World Report.<a href="#cite_note-375">[368]</a> <a href="/wiki/Trinity_University_(Texas)" title="Trinity University (Texas)">Trinity University</a>, a private, primarily undergraduate liberal arts university in San Antonio, has ranked first among universities granting primarily bachelor's and select master's degrees in the Western United States for 20 consecutive years by U.S. News.<a href="#cite_note-376">[369]</a> Private universities include <a href="/wiki/Abilene_Christian_University" title="Abilene Christian University">Abilene Christian University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austin_College" title="Austin College">Austin College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baylor_University" title="Baylor University">Baylor University</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Mary_Hardin%E2%80%93Baylor" title="University of Mary Hardin–Baylor">University of Mary Hardin–Baylor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_University" title="Southwestern University">Southwestern University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-377">[370]</a><a href="#cite_note-378">[371]</a><a href="#cite_note-379">[372]</a> Universities in Texas host three presidential libraries: <a href="/wiki/George_Bush_Presidential_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="George Bush Presidential Library">George Bush Presidential Library</a> at Texas A&M University,<a href="#cite_note-380">[373]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_Library_and_Museum" title="Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum">Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum</a> at The University of Texas at Austin,<a href="#cite_note-381">[374]</a><a href="#cite_note-382">[375]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Presidential_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Bush Presidential Library">George W. Bush Presidential Library</a> at <a href="/wiki/Southern_Methodist_University" title="Southern Methodist University">Southern Methodist University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-383">[376]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Texas" title="Healthcare in Texas">Healthcare in Texas</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Texas" title="List of hospitals in Texas">List of hospitals in Texas</a></div> Notwithstanding the concentration of elite medical centers in the state, <a href="/wiki/The_Commonwealth_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="The Commonwealth Fund">The Commonwealth Fund</a> ranks the Texas healthcare system the third worst in the nation.<a href="#cite_note-insurancenet-384">[377]</a> Texas ranks close to last in access to healthcare, quality of care, avoidable hospital spending, and equity.<a href="#cite_note-insurancenet-384">[377]</a> In May 2006, Texas initiated the program "code red" in response to the report the state had 25.1 percent of the population without health insurance, the largest proportion in the nation.<a href="#cite_note-385">[378]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Trust_for_America%27s_Health" title="Trust for America's Health">Trust for America's Health</a> ranked Texas 15th highest in adult <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a>: 27.2 percent of the state's population is obese.<a href="#cite_note-386">[379]</a> The 2008 <a href="/wiki/Men%27s_Health_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Men's Health (magazine)">Men's Health</a> obesity survey ranked four Texas cities among the top 25 fattest cities in America: Houston ranked 6th, Dallas 7th, El Paso 8th, and <a href="/wiki/Arlington,_Texas" title="Arlington, Texas">Arlington</a> 14th.<a href="#cite_note-obese2-387">[380]</a> Texas had only one city (Austin, ranked 21st) in the top 25 "fittest cities" in America.<a href="#cite_note-obese2-387">[380]</a> The state is ranked forty-second in the percentage of residents who engage in regular exercise according to a 2007 study.<a href="#cite_note-388">[381]</a> Texas has the <a href="/wiki/Maternal_Healthcare_System_in_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Maternal Healthcare System in Texas">highest maternal mortality rate</a> in the developed world, and the rate by which Texas women died from pregnancy-related complications doubled from 2010 to 2014, to 23.8 per 100,000—a rate unmatched in any other U.S. state or economically developed country.<a href="#cite_note-389">[382]</a> In May 2021, the state legislature passed the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Heartbeat_Act" title="Texas Heartbeat Act">Texas Heartbeat Act</a>, which banned <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a> from as early as six weeks of pregnancy, except to save the life of the mother. The Act allows private citizens to sue abortion providers and anyone else who assists in an abortion, except for the woman on whom the abortion is performed.<a href="#cite_note-390">[383]</a><a href="#cite_note-391">[384]</a> On August 25, 2022, another law took effect that made committing abortion at any stage of pregnancy a felony punishable by life in prison.<a href="#cite_note-392">[385]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical_research">Medical research</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Texas_medical_center_sundown.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Texas_medical_center_sundown.jpg/220px-Texas_medical_center_sundown.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Texas_medical_center_sundown.jpg/330px-Texas_medical_center_sundown.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Texas_medical_center_sundown.jpg/440px-Texas_medical_center_sundown.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3056" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Texas_Medical_Center" title="Texas Medical Center">Texas Medical Center</a> in Houston</figcaption></figure> Texas has many elite research medical centers. The state has 15 <a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Texas#Health_science" title="List of colleges and universities in Texas">medical schools</a>,<a href="#cite_note-393">[386]</a> four dental schools,<a href="#cite_note-394">[387]</a> and two <a href="/wiki/Optometry" title="Optometry">optometry</a> schools.<a href="#cite_note-395">[388]</a> Texas has two <a href="/wiki/Biosafety_Level_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Biosafety Level 4">Biosafety Level 4</a> (BSL-4) laboratories: one at <a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Texas_Medical_Branch" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Texas Medical Branch">The University of Texas Medical Branch</a> (UTMB) in Galveston,<a href="#cite_note-396">[389]</a> and the other at the <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Foundation_for_Biomedical_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research">Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research</a> in San Antonio—the first privately owned BSL-4 lab in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-397">[390]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Texas_Medical_Center" title="Texas Medical Center">Texas Medical Center</a> in Houston holds the world's largest concentration of research and healthcare institutions, with over 50 member institutions.<a href="#cite_note-398">[391]</a> Texas Medical Center performs the most heart transplants in the world.<a href="#cite_note-399">[392]</a> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_M._D._Anderson_Cancer_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center">University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center</a> in Houston is a highly regarded academic institution that centers around cancer patient care, research, education and prevention.<a href="#cite_note-400">[393]</a> San Antonio's <a href="/wiki/South_Texas_Medical_Center" title="South Texas Medical Center">South Texas Medical Center</a> facilities rank sixth in clinical medicine research impact in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-401">[394]</a> The <a href="/wiki/UTHSCSA" class="mw-redirect" title="UTHSCSA">University of Texas Health Science Center</a> is another highly ranked research and educational institution in San Antonio.<a href="#cite_note-402">[395]</a><a href="#cite_note-403">[396]</a> Both the <a href="/wiki/American_Heart_Association" title="American Heart Association">American Heart Association</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Southwestern_Medical_Center" title="University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center">University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center</a> call Dallas home.<a href="#cite_note-UTSWAboutUs-404">[397]</a> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Southwestern_Medical_School" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Texas Southwestern Medical School">institution's medical school</a> employs the most medical school <a href="/wiki/Nobel_laureates" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel laureates">Nobel laureates</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-UTSWAboutUs-404">[397]</a><a href="#cite_note-405">[398]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Texas" title="Transportation in Texas">Transportation in Texas</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:High_Five.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/High_Five.jpg/180px-High_Five.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/High_Five.jpg/270px-High_Five.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/High_Five.jpg/360px-High_Five.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2667" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/High_Five_Interchange" title="High Five Interchange">High Five Interchange</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a></figcaption></figure> The state's large size and rough terrain have historically complicated transportation. Texas has compensated by building the nation's largest highway and railway systems. The <a href="/wiki/Regulatory_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulatory authority">regulatory authority</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation" title="Texas Department of Transportation">Texas Department of Transportation</a> (TxDOT), maintains the state's highway system, regulates aviation,<a href="#cite_note-406">[399]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Public transportation">public transportation</a> systems.<a href="#cite_note-407">[400]</a> The state is an important <a href="/wiki/Transportation_hub" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation hub">transportation hub</a>. From the Dallas/Fort Worth area, trucks can reach 93 percent of the nation's population within 48 hours, and 37 percent within 24 hours.<a href="#cite_note-408">[401]</a> Texas has 33 <a href="/wiki/Special_Economic_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Economic Zone">foreign trade zones</a> (FTZ), the most in the nation.<a href="#cite_note-FTZ1-409">[402]</a> In 2004, a combined total of $298 billion of goods passed through Texas FTZs.<a href="#cite_note-FTZ1-409">[402]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Highways">Highways</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Texas_state_highways" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas state highways">Texas state highways</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Welcome_to_Texas_sign,_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Welcome_to_Texas_sign%2C_2008.jpg/220px-Welcome_to_Texas_sign%2C_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Welcome_to_Texas_sign%2C_2008.jpg/330px-Welcome_to_Texas_sign%2C_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Welcome_to_Texas_sign%2C_2008.jpg/440px-Welcome_to_Texas_sign%2C_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1711" data-file-height="1222" /></a><figcaption>"Welcome to Texas" sign, entering the state from Arkansas on <a href="/wiki/Interstate_30" title="Interstate 30">Interstate 30</a></figcaption></figure> The first Texas freeway was the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Freeway" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf Freeway">Gulf Freeway</a> opened in 1948 in Houston.<a href="#cite_note-410">[403]</a> As of 2005, 79,535 miles (127,999 km) of public highway crisscrossed Texas (up from 71,000 miles or 114,000 km in 1984).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] To fund recent growth in the state highways, Texas has <a href="/wiki/List_of_Toll_Roads_in_the_United_States#Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Toll Roads in the United States">17 toll roads</a> with several additional <a href="/wiki/Tollway" class="mw-redirect" title="Tollway">tollways</a> proposed.<a href="#cite_note-411">[404]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Central_Texas" title="Central Texas">Central Texas</a>, the southern section of the <a href="/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_130" title="Texas State Highway 130">State Highway 130</a> toll road has a speed limit of 85 miles per hour (137 km/h), the highest in the nation.<a href="#cite_note-412">[405]</a> All federal and state highways in Texas are paved. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airports">Airports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Texas" title="List of airports in Texas">List of airports in Texas</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20110123_DFW_terminal_D.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/20110123_DFW_terminal_D.jpg/220px-20110123_DFW_terminal_D.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/20110123_DFW_terminal_D.jpg/330px-20110123_DFW_terminal_D.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/20110123_DFW_terminal_D.jpg/440px-20110123_DFW_terminal_D.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="1771" /></a><figcaption>Terminal D at <a href="/wiki/Dallas/Fort_Worth_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport">Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bush_terminal_E.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Bush_terminal_E.jpg/220px-Bush_terminal_E.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Bush_terminal_E.jpg/330px-Bush_terminal_E.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Bush_terminal_E.jpg/440px-Bush_terminal_E.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Terminal E at <a href="/wiki/George_Bush_Intercontinental_Airport" title="George Bush Intercontinental Airport">George Bush Intercontinental Airport</a> in Houston</figcaption></figure>Texas has 730 airports, second-most of any state in the nation. Largest in Texas by size and passengers served, <a href="/wiki/Dallas/Fort_Worth_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport">Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport</a> (DFW) is the second-largest by area in the United States, and fourth in the world with 18,076 acres (73.15 km2).<a href="#cite_note-413">[406]</a> In traffic, DFW airport is the busiest in the state, the fourth busiest in the United States,<a href="#cite_note-414">[407]</a> and sixth worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-415">[408]</a> <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Airlines" title="Southwest Airlines">Southwest Airlines</a>, headquartered in Dallas, has its operations at <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Love_Field" title="Dallas Love Field">Dallas Love Field</a>.<a href="#cite_note-416">[409]</a> <a href="/wiki/American_Airlines_Group" title="American Airlines Group">American Airlines Group</a>'s <a href="/wiki/American_Airlines" title="American Airlines">American</a> / <a href="/wiki/American_Eagle_Airlines" class="mw-redirect" title="American Eagle Airlines">American Eagle</a>, the world's largest airline in total passengers-miles transported and passenger fleet size,<a href="#cite_note-417">[410]</a> uses DFW as its largest and main <a href="/wiki/Airline_hub" title="Airline hub">hub</a>. Texas's second-largest air facility is Houston's <a href="/wiki/George_Bush_Intercontinental_Airport" title="George Bush Intercontinental Airport">George Bush Intercontinental Airport</a> (IAH). It serves as the largest hub for <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines" title="United Airlines">United Airlines</a>, the world's third-largest airline, by passenger-miles flown.<a href="#cite_note-418">[411]</a><a href="#cite_note-419">[h]</a> IAH offers service to the most Mexican destinations of any U.S. airport.<a href="#cite_note-420">[412]</a><a href="#cite_note-421">[413]</a> The next five largest airports in the state all serve more than three million passengers annually; they include <a href="/wiki/Austin-Bergstrom_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Austin-Bergstrom International Airport">Austin-Bergstrom International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_P._Hobby_Airport" title="William P. Hobby Airport">William P. Hobby Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio_International_Airport" title="San Antonio International Airport">San Antonio International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Love_Field" title="Dallas Love Field">Dallas Love Field</a> and <a href="/wiki/El_Paso_International_Airport" title="El Paso International Airport">El Paso International Airport</a>. The smallest airport in the state to be designated an international airport is <a href="/wiki/Del_Rio_International_Airport" title="Del Rio International Airport">Del Rio International Airport</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ports">Ports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_the_United_States" title="List of ports in the United States">List of ports in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Houston_Ship_Channel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Houston_Ship_Channel.jpg/220px-Houston_Ship_Channel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Houston_Ship_Channel.jpg/330px-Houston_Ship_Channel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Houston_Ship_Channel.jpg/440px-Houston_Ship_Channel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1378" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Houston" title="Port of Houston">Port of Houston</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Ship_Channel" title="Houston Ship Channel">Houston Ship Channel</a></figcaption></figure> Around 1,150 <a href="/wiki/Seaports" class="mw-redirect" title="Seaports">seaports</a> dot Texas's coast with over 1,000 miles (1,600 km) of <a href="/wiki/Channel_(geography)" title="Channel (geography)">channels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ports1-422">[414]</a> Ports employ nearly one-million people and handle an average of 317 million <a href="/wiki/Metric_tons" class="mw-redirect" title="Metric tons">metric tons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-423">[415]</a> Texas ports connect with the rest of the U.S. Atlantic seaboard with the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Intracoastal_Waterway" title="Gulf Intracoastal Waterway">Gulf</a> section of the <a href="/wiki/Intracoastal_Waterway" title="Intracoastal Waterway">Intracoastal Waterway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ports1-422">[414]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Houston" title="Port of Houston">Port of Houston</a> today is the busiest port in the United States in foreign tonnage, second in overall tonnage, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_world%27s_busiest_ports_by_cargo_tonnage" class="mw-redirect" title="List of world's busiest ports by cargo tonnage">tenth</a> worldwide in tonnage.<a href="#cite_note-424">[416]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Houston_Ship_Channel" title="Houston Ship Channel">Houston Ship Channel</a> spans 530 feet (160 m) wide by 45 feet (14 m) deep by 50 miles (80 km) long.<a href="#cite_note-425">[417]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railroads">Railroads</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Westmoreland_Station_August_2019_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Westmoreland_Station_August_2019_5.jpg/220px-Westmoreland_Station_August_2019_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Westmoreland_Station_August_2019_5.jpg/330px-Westmoreland_Station_August_2019_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Westmoreland_Station_August_2019_5.jpg/440px-Westmoreland_Station_August_2019_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/DART_light_rail" title="DART light rail">DART light rail</a> in Dallas</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:METRO_Light_Rail3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/METRO_Light_Rail3.jpg/220px-METRO_Light_Rail3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/METRO_Light_Rail3.jpg/330px-METRO_Light_Rail3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/METRO_Light_Rail3.jpg/440px-METRO_Light_Rail3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1279" data-file-height="674" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/METRORail" title="METRORail">METRORail</a> in Houston</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Texas_railroads" title="List of Texas railroads">List of Texas railroads</a></div>Part of the state's <a href="/wiki/Cowboy#Texas_tradition" title="Cowboy">tradition</a> of cowboys is derived from the massive <a href="/wiki/Cattle_drives_in_the_United_States" title="Cattle drives in the United States">cattle drives</a> which its ranchers organized in the nineteenth century to <a href="/wiki/Cattle_drives_in_the_United_States" title="Cattle drives in the United States">drive</a> livestock to railroads and markets. The first railroad to operate in Texas was the <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Bayou,_Brazos_and_Colorado_Railway" title="Buffalo Bayou, Brazos and Colorado Railway">Buffalo Bayou, Brazos and Colorado Railway</a>, opening in August 1853.<a href="#cite_note-426">[418]</a> The first railroad to enter Texas from the north, completed in 1872, was the <a href="/wiki/Missouri%E2%80%93Kansas%E2%80%93Texas_Railroad" title="Missouri–Kansas–Texas Railroad">Missouri–Kansas–Texas Railroad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-427">[419]</a> With increasing railroad access, the ranchers did not have to take their livestock up to the Midwest and shipped beef out from Texas. This caused a decline in the economies of the cow towns.<a href="#cite_note-428">[420]</a> Since 1911, Texas has led the nation in length of railroad miles within the state. Texas railway length peaked in 1932 at 17,078 miles (27,484 km), but declined to 14,006 miles (22,540 km) by 2000. While the <a href="/wiki/Railroad_Commission_of_Texas" title="Railroad Commission of Texas">Railroad Commission of Texas</a> originally regulated state railroads, in 2005 the state reassigned these duties to TxDOT.<a href="#cite_note-429">[421]</a> In the Dallas–Fort Worth area, three public transit agencies provide rail service: <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Area_Rapid_Transit" title="Dallas Area Rapid Transit">Dallas Area Rapid Transit</a> (DART), <a href="/wiki/Denton_County_Transportation_Authority" title="Denton County Transportation Authority">Denton County Transportation Authority</a> (DCTA), and <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Metro" title="Trinity Metro">Trinity Metro</a>. DART began operating the first light rail system in the Southwest United States in 1996.<a href="#cite_note-430">[422]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Railway_Express" title="Trinity Railway Express">Trinity Railway Express</a> (TRE) <a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">commuter rail</a> service, which connects Fort Worth and Dallas, is provided by <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Metro" title="Trinity Metro">Trinity Metro</a> and DART.<a href="#cite_note-431">[423]</a> Trinity Metro also operates the <a href="/wiki/TEXRail" title="TEXRail">TEXRail</a> commuter rail line, connecting downtown Fort Worth and Northeast Tarrant County to DFW Airport.<a href="#cite_note-432">[424]</a> The <a href="/wiki/A-train_(Denton_County)" class="mw-redirect" title="A-train (Denton County)">A-train</a> commuter rail line, operated by DCTA, acts as an extension of the DART Green line into Denton County.<a href="#cite_note-433">[425]</a> In the Austin area, <a href="/wiki/Capital_Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority">Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority</a> operates a commuter rail service known as <a href="/wiki/Capital_MetroRail" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital MetroRail">Capital MetroRail</a> to the northwestern suburbs. The <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Transit_Authority_of_Harris_County,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County, Texas">Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County, Texas</a> (METRO) operates light rail lines called <a href="/wiki/METRORail" title="METRORail">METRORail</a> in the Houston area.<a href="#cite_note-434">[426]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a> provides Texas with limited intercity passenger rail service. Three scheduled routes serve the state: the daily <a href="/wiki/Texas_Eagle" title="Texas Eagle">Texas Eagle</a> (Chicago–San Antonio); the tri-weekly <a href="/wiki/Sunset_Limited" title="Sunset Limited">Sunset Limited</a> (New Orleans–Los Angeles), with stops in Texas; and the daily <a href="/wiki/Heartland_Flyer" title="Heartland Flyer">Heartland Flyer</a> (Fort Worth–Oklahoma City). Texas may get one of the nation's first <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">high-speed rail</a> line. Plans for a privately funded high-speed rail line between Dallas and Houston have been planned by the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Central_Railway" title="Texas Central Railway">Texas Central Railway</a> company.<a href="#cite_note-435">[427]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div> The current <a href="/wiki/Texas_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Constitution">Texas Constitution</a> was adopted in 1876. Like many <a href="/wiki/State_constitution_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="State constitution (United States)">states</a>, it explicitly provides for a separation of powers. The state's Bill of Rights is much larger than its <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">federal counterpart</a>, and has provisions unique to Texas.<a href="#cite_note-436">[428]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_government">State government</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Texas" title="Government of Texas">Government of Texas</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Texas" title="Law of Texas">Law of Texas</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Texas_state_agencies" title="List of Texas state agencies">List of Texas state agencies</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Texas_State_Capitol_Night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Texas_State_Capitol_Night.jpg/250px-Texas_State_Capitol_Night.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Texas_State_Capitol_Night.jpg/375px-Texas_State_Capitol_Night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Texas_State_Capitol_Night.jpg/500px-Texas_State_Capitol_Night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="565" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Texas_State_Capitol" title="Texas State Capitol">Texas State Capitol</a> at night</figcaption></figure> Texas has a plural <a href="/wiki/Executive_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive branch">executive branch</a> system limiting the power of the governor, which is a weak executive compared to some other states. Except for the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Texas" title="Secretary of State of Texas">secretary of state</a>, voters elect executive officers independently; candidates are directly answerable to the public, not the governor.<a href="#cite_note-pluralexec-437">[429]</a> This election system has led to some executive branches split between parties and reduced the ability of the governor to carry out a program. When <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> president <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> served as Texas's governor, the state had a <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> lieutenant governor, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Bullock" title="Bob Bullock">Bob Bullock</a>. The executive branch positions consist of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Texas">governor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Texas" title="Lieutenant Governor of Texas">lieutenant governor</a>, comptroller of public accounts, land commissioner, <a href="/wiki/Texas_Attorney_General" title="Texas Attorney General">attorney general</a>, agriculture commissioner, the three-member <a href="/wiki/Texas_Railroad_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Railroad Commission">Texas Railroad Commission</a>, the State Board of Education, and the secretary of state.<a href="#cite_note-pluralexec-437">[429]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameral</a> <a href="/wiki/Texas_Legislature" title="Texas Legislature">Texas Legislature</a> consists of the <a href="/wiki/Texas_House_of_Representatives" title="Texas House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>, with 150 members, and a <a href="/wiki/Texas_Senate" title="Texas Senate">Senate</a>, with 31 members. The <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Texas_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the Texas House of Representatives">Speaker of the House</a> leads the House, and the lieutenant governor, the Senate.<a href="#cite_note-438">[430]</a> The Legislature meets in regular session biennially for just over a hundred days, but the governor can call for special sessions as often as desired (notably, the Legislature cannot call itself into session).<a href="#cite_note-439">[431]</a> The state's <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_year" title="Fiscal year">fiscal year</a> begins September 1.<a href="#cite_note-440">[432]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Texas" title="Judiciary of Texas">judiciary of Texas</a> is among the most complex in the United States, with many layers and overlapping jurisdictions. Texas has two courts of last resort: the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Supreme Court">Texas Supreme Court</a>, for civil cases, and the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Court_of_Criminal_Appeals" title="Texas Court of Criminal Appeals">Texas Court of Criminal Appeals</a>. Except for some municipal benches, partisan elections select judges at all levels of the judiciary; the governor fills vacancies by appointment.<a href="#cite_note-441">[433]</a> Texas is notable for <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Texas" title="Capital punishment in Texas">its use of capital punishment</a>, having led the country in executions since capital punishment was reinstated in the <a href="/wiki/Gregg_v._Georgia" title="Gregg v. Georgia">Gregg v. Georgia</a> case.<a href="#cite_note-442">[434]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Texas_Ranger_Division" title="Texas Ranger Division">Texas Ranger Division</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Public_Safety" title="Texas Department of Public Safety">Texas Department of Public Safety</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Police" title="Police">law enforcement agency</a> with statewide <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdiction</a>. Over the years, the Texas Rangers have investigated crimes ranging from <a href="/wiki/Murder_in_Texas_law" title="Murder in Texas law">murder</a> to political corruption. They have acted as <a href="/wiki/Riot_police" title="Riot police">riot police</a> and as detectives, protected the Texas governor, tracked down fugitives, and functioned as a paramilitary force. The Texas Rangers were unofficially created by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_F._Austin" title="Stephen F. Austin">Stephen F. Austin</a> in 1823 and formally constituted in 1835. The Rangers were integral to several important events of Texas history and some of the best-known criminal cases in the history of the <a href="/wiki/American_Old_West" class="mw-redirect" title="American Old West">Old West</a>.<a href="#cite_note-443">[435]</a> The Texas constitution defines the responsibilities of county governments, which serve as agents of the state. Commissioners court and court judges are elected to serve as the administrative arm. Most cities in the state, those over 5,000 in population, have <a href="/wiki/Home-rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Home-rule">home-rule</a> governments. The vast majority of these have charters for <a href="/wiki/Council-manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Council-manager">council-manager</a> forms of government, by which voters elect council members, who hire a professional city manager as an operating officer.<a href="#cite_note-444">[436]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Texas" title="Politics of Texas">Politics of Texas</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Political_party_strength_in_Texas" title="Political party strength in Texas">Political party strength in Texas</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Texas" title="Republican Party of Texas">Republican Party of Texas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Texas_Democratic_Party" title="Texas Democratic Party">Texas Democratic Party</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:37_Lyndon_Johnson_3x4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/37_Lyndon_Johnson_3x4.jpg/170px-37_Lyndon_Johnson_3x4.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/37_Lyndon_Johnson_3x4.jpg/255px-37_Lyndon_Johnson_3x4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/37_Lyndon_Johnson_3x4.jpg/340px-37_Lyndon_Johnson_3x4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="924" data-file-height="1228" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> of Texas, 36th president of the United States</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Official_Portrait-_President_George_Walker_Bush,_43rd_President_of_the_United_States,_Republican_-_DPLA_-_7482eac0e113bf03014d1686a3733f97.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Official_Portrait-_President_George_Walker_Bush%2C_43rd_President_of_the_United_States%2C_Republican_-_DPLA_-_7482eac0e113bf03014d1686a3733f97.jpeg/170px-Official_Portrait-_President_George_Walker_Bush%2C_43rd_President_of_the_United_States%2C_Republican_-_DPLA_-_7482eac0e113bf03014d1686a3733f97.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Official_Portrait-_President_George_Walker_Bush%2C_43rd_President_of_the_United_States%2C_Republican_-_DPLA_-_7482eac0e113bf03014d1686a3733f97.jpeg/255px-Official_Portrait-_President_George_Walker_Bush%2C_43rd_President_of_the_United_States%2C_Republican_-_DPLA_-_7482eac0e113bf03014d1686a3733f97.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Official_Portrait-_President_George_Walker_Bush%2C_43rd_President_of_the_United_States%2C_Republican_-_DPLA_-_7482eac0e113bf03014d1686a3733f97.jpeg/340px-Official_Portrait-_President_George_Walker_Bush%2C_43rd_President_of_the_United_States%2C_Republican_-_DPLA_-_7482eac0e113bf03014d1686a3733f97.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> of Texas, 43rd president of the United States</figcaption></figure> The Democratic Party dominated <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Texas" title="Politics of Texas">Texas politics</a> from the turn of the 20th century, imposing racial segregation and white supremacy. It held power until after passage in the mid-1960s of national civil rights legislation enforcing constitutional rights of all citizens.<a href="#cite_note-445">[437]</a><a href="#cite_note-446">[438]</a> The state's conservative White voters began to support Republican presidential candidates by the mid-20th century. After this period, they supported Republicans for local and state offices as well, and most Whites became Republican Party members.<a href="#cite_note-447">[439]</a> The party also attracted some minorities, but many have continued to vote for Democratic candidates. The shift to the Republican Party is much-attributed to the fact the Democratic Party became increasingly <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">liberal</a> during the 20th century, and thus increasingly out-of-touch with the average Texas voter.<a href="#cite_note-HistoryTXvoters-448">[440]</a> As Texas was always a <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservative</a> state, voters switched to the Republicans, which now more closely reflected their beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-HistoryTXvoters-448">[440]</a><a href="#cite_note-PBSredstate-449">[441]</a> Commentators have also attributed the shift to Republican political consultant <a href="/wiki/Karl_Rove" title="Karl Rove">Karl Rove</a>, who managed numerous political campaigns in Texas in the 1980s and 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-PBSredstate-449">[441]</a> Other stated reasons included court-ordered redistricting and the demographic shift in relation to the <a href="/wiki/Sun_Belt" title="Sun Belt">Sun Belt</a> that favored the Republican Party and conservatism.<a href="#cite_note-Calvert-2017-133">[129]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2003_Texas_redistricting" title="2003 Texas redistricting">2003 Texas redistricting</a> of Congressional districts led by Republican <a href="/wiki/Tom_DeLay" title="Tom DeLay">Tom DeLay</a>, was called by The New York Times "an extreme case of partisan <a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">gerrymandering</a>".<a href="#cite_note-NYTGerry-450">[442]</a> A group of Democratic legislators, the "Texas Eleven", fled the state in a <a href="/wiki/Quorum" title="Quorum">quorum</a>-busting effort to prevent the legislature from acting, but was unsuccessful.<a href="#cite_note-451">[443]</a> The state had already redistricted following the 2000 census. Despite these efforts, the legislature passed a map heavily in favor of Republicans, based on 2000 data and ignoring the estimated nearly one million new residents in the state since then. Career attorneys and analysts at the Department of Justice objected to the plan as diluting the votes of African American and Hispanic voters, but political appointees overrode them and approved it.<a href="#cite_note-NYTGerry-450">[442]</a> Legal challenges to the redistricting reached the national <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> in the case <a href="/wiki/League_of_United_Latin_American_Citizens_v._Perry" title="League of United Latin American Citizens v. Perry">League of United Latin American Citizens v. Perry</a> (2006), but the court ruled in favor of the state (and Republicans).<a href="#cite_note-452">[444]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Texas_elections,_2014" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas elections, 2014">2014 Texas elections</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a> made large gains, with numerous Tea Party favorites being elected into office, including <a href="/wiki/Dan_Patrick_(politician)" title="Dan Patrick (politician)">Dan Patrick</a> as lieutenant governor,<a href="#cite_note-Fernandez-453">[445]</a><a href="#cite_note-454">[446]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ken_Paxton" title="Ken Paxton">Ken Paxton</a> as attorney general,<a href="#cite_note-Fernandez-453">[445]</a><a href="#cite_note-Grissom-455">[447]</a> in addition to numerous other candidates<a href="#cite_note-Grissom-455">[447]</a> including conservative Republican <a href="/wiki/Greg_Abbott" title="Greg Abbott">Greg Abbott</a> as governor.<a href="#cite_note-456">[448]</a> Texas voters lean toward <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">fiscal conservatism</a>, while enjoying the benefits of significant federal investment in the state in military and other facilities achieved by the power of the Solid South in the 20th century. They also tend to have <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">socially conservative</a> values.<a href="#cite_note-TPoliticalCulture1-272">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-457">[449]</a> Since 1980, most Texas voters have supported Republican presidential candidates. Austin, Dallas, Houston, San Antonio, and El Paso consistently lean Democratic in both local and statewide elections.<a href="#cite_note-City_Journal-2016-135">[131]</a> Residents of counties along the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a> closer to the <a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Mexico–United States border">Mexico–United States border</a>, where there are many Latino residents, generally vote for Democratic Party candidates, while most other rural and suburban areas of Texas have shifted to voting for Republican Party candidates.<a href="#cite_note-458">[450]</a><a href="#cite_note-459">[451]</a> As of the <a href="/wiki/2022_United_States_elections" title="2022 United States elections">midterm elections of 2022</a>, a large majority of the members of Texas's <a href="/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. House of Representatives">U.S. House</a> delegation are <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a>, along with both <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senators</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/118th_United_States_Congress" title="118th United States Congress">118th United States Congress</a>, of the 38 <a href="/wiki/Texas_Congressional_Districts" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Congressional Districts">Congressional districts in Texas</a>, 25 are held by Republicans and 13 by Democrats. Texas's Senators are <a href="/wiki/John_Cornyn" title="John Cornyn">John Cornyn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Ted Cruz</a>. Since 1994, Texans have not elected a Democrat to a statewide office. The state's Democratic voters are made up primarily by liberal and <a href="/wiki/Minority_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Minority groups">minority groups</a> in Austin, Beaumont, Dallas, El Paso, Houston, and San Antonio as well as minority voters in East and South Texas.<a href="#cite_note-460">[452]</a><a href="#cite_note-461">[453]</a><a href="#cite_note-462">[454]</a> According to a study by the <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>, Texas ranks last in personal freedom among the states, by factors including incarceration rates, cannabis laws, civil asset forfeiture policies, educational freedom, gambling laws, marriage freedom, and travel freedom.<a href="#cite_note-463">[455]</a><a href="#cite_note-464">[456]</a> Lesser parties that have ballot access are the <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Texas" title="Green Party of Texas">Green Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-465">[457]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criminal_law">Criminal law</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Texas" title="Crime in Texas">Crime in Texas</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_Texas" title="List of law enforcement agencies in Texas">List of law enforcement agencies in Texas</a></div> Texas has a reputation of very harsh criminal punishment for criminal offenses. It is one of the 32 states that practice <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Texas" title="Capital punishment in Texas">capital punishment</a>, and since the <a href="/wiki/US_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="US Supreme Court">US Supreme Court</a> allowed capital punishment to resume in 1976, 40% of all U.S. executions have taken place in Texas.<a href="#cite_note-466">[458]</a> As of 2018, Texas had the 8th highest <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_incarceration_and_correctional_supervision_rate" title="List of U.S. states and territories by incarceration and correctional supervision rate">incarceration rate</a> in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-467">[459]</a> Texas also has strong <a href="/wiki/Right_of_self-defense" title="Right of self-defense">right of self-defense</a> and <a href="/wiki/Self-defense" title="Self-defense">self defense</a> laws, allowing citizens to use lethal force to defend themselves, their families, or their property.<a href="#cite_note-468">[460]</a> Texas has one of the strictest <a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Texas" title="Abortion in Texas">abortion</a> bans in the country.<a href="#cite_note-469">[461]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/32px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/48px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/64px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Texas" title="Portal:Texas">Texas portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Texas" title="Outline of Texas">Outline of Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Texas-related_articles" title="Index of Texas-related articles">Index of Texas-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Texas" title="List of people from Texas">List of people from Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Texas" title="USS Texas">USS Texas</a>, 4 ships</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Elevation adjusted to <a href="/wiki/North_American_Vertical_Datum_of_1988" title="North American Vertical Datum of 1988">North American Vertical Datum of 1988</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> In <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Spanish" title="Peninsular Spanish">Peninsular Spanish</a>, the spelling variant Tejas is also used alongside Texas. According to the <a href="/wiki/Diccionario_panhisp%C3%A1nico_de_dudas" title="Diccionario panhispánico de dudas">Diccionario panhispánico de dudas</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Spanish_Academy" title="Royal Spanish Academy">Royal Spanish Academy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Academies_of_the_Spanish_Language" title="Association of Academies of the Spanish Language">Association of Academies of the Spanish Language</a>, the spelling version with ⟨j⟩ aligns with modern-day orthographic conventions and is correct; however, the spelling with ⟨x⟩ is recommended, as it is the one that is used in <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Spanish" title="Mexican Spanish">Mexican Spanish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> See <a href="/wiki/Spanish_orthography#History" title="Spanish orthography">Spanish orthography § History</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Cabeza de Vaca wrote, "They went about with a firebrand, setting fire to the plains and timber so as to drive off the mosquitos, and also to get lizards and similar things which they eat, to come out of the soil. In the same manner they kill deer, encircling them with fires, and they do it also to deprive the animals of pasture, compelling them to go for food where the Indians want."<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Vázquez de Coronado wrote, "Two kinds of people travel around these plains with the cows; one is called <a href="/wiki/Querecho_Indians" title="Querecho Indians">Querechos</a> and the others <a href="/wiki/Teyas_Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="Teyas Indians">Teyas</a>; they are very well built, and painted, and are enemies of each other. They have no other settlement or location than comes from traveling around with the cows. They kill all of these they wish and tan the hides, with which they clothe themselves and make their tents, and they eat the flesh, sometimes even raw, and they also even drink the blood when thirsty. The tents they make are like field tents, and they set them up over poles they have made for this purpose, which come together and are tied at the top, and when they go from one place to another they carry them on some dogs they have, of which they have many, and they load them with the tents and poles and other things, for the country is so level, as I said, that they can make use of these, because they carry the poles dragging along on the ground. The sun is what they worship most."<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin are not distinguished between total and partial ancestry. </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> Second to <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-359"><a href="#cite_ref-359">^</a> This figure refers to only the number of students paddled, regardless of whether a student was spanked multiple times in a year, and does not refer to the number of instances of corporal punishment, which would be substantially higher. </li> <li id="cite_note-419"><a href="#cite_ref-419">^</a> Based on the industry-standard measure of revenue passenger-kilometers/miles flown </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-facts-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-facts_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-facts_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-facts_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-facts_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-facts_1-4">e</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPlocheck2017" class="citation web cs1">Plocheck, Robert (November 20, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://texasalmanac.com/topics/facts-profile">"Facts"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Texas_Almanac" title="Texas Almanac">Texas Almanac</a> (2010–2011 ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110228054833/http://www.texasalmanac.com/topics/facts-profile">Archived</a> from the original on February 28, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Almanac&rft.atitle=Facts&rft.date=2017-11-20&rft.aulast=Plocheck&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftexasalmanac.com%2Ftopics%2Ffacts-profile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Texas_Almanac-2008-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Texas_Almanac-2008_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Texas_Almanac-2008_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://texasalmanac.com/topics/environment/environment">"Environment"</a>. 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Retrieved October 31, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KETK.com&rft.atitle=Texas+houses+the+most+Fortune+500+companies+in+the+nation&rft.date=2022-05-25&rft.aulast=Miranda&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ketk.com%2Fnews%2Flocal-news%2Ftexas-houses-the-most-fortune-500-companies-in-the-nation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSansom2008" class="citation book cs1">Sansom, Andrew (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LEHH7ovVVDgC&pg=PA25">Water in Texas: An Introduction</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press" title="University of Texas Press">University of Texas Press</a>. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-71809-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-71809-8"><bdi>978-0-292-71809-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Water+in+Texas%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-292-71809-8&rft.aulast=Sansom&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLEHH7ovVVDgC%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> José Arlegui, Chronica de la provincia de N.S.P.S. Francisco de Zacatecas Front Cover (1737), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oor1HSP8-SQC&pg=PA53">p. 53</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Texas">"Texas"</a>. Online Etymology Dictionary. Douglas Harper. Retrieved February 25, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Texas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3DTexas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFry2016" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Fry, Phillip L. (March 7, 2016) [July 15, 2010]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/pft04">"Texas, Origin of Name"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Handbook_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Handbook of Texas">Handbook of Texas</a> (online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Texas_State_Historical_Association" title="Texas State Historical Association">Texas State Historical Association</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Texas%2C+Origin+of+Name&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Texas&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Texas+State+Historical+Association&rft.date=2016-03-07&rft.aulast=Fry&rft.aufirst=Phillip+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tshaonline.org%2Fhandbook%2Fonline%2Farticles%2Fpft04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2003" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Lucile (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RN5VZEYH784C">The Caddo of Texas</a>. Rosen Publishing. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780823964352" title="Special:BookSources/9780823964352"><bdi>9780823964352</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Caddo+of+Texas&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Rosen+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780823964352&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Lucile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRN5VZEYH784C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Teja-2010-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Teja-2010_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Teja-2010_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeja2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Teja, Jesús de la (June 15, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/usn01">"New Philippines"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Handbook_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Handbook of Texas">Handbook of Texas</a> (online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Texas_State_Historical_Association" title="Texas State Historical Association">Texas State Historical Association</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=New+Philippines&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Texas&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Texas+State+Historical+Association&rft.date=2010-06-15&rft.aulast=Teja&rft.aufirst=Jes%C3%BAs+de+la&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tshaonline.org%2Fhandbook%2Fonline%2Farticles%2Fusn01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Oakah L. Jones, Los Paisanos: Spanish Settlers on the Northern Frontier of New Spain, University of Oklahoma Press (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i-eo6Rpbhw0C&pg=PA277">p. 277</a>, citing a document dated November 5, 1730. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Joseph de Laporte, El viagero universal: Ó, Noticia del mundo antiguo y nuevo vol. 27 (1799), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HrxHAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA114">p. 114</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> "Texas. Grafía recomendada para el nombre de este estado norteamericano. Su pronunciación correcta es [téjas], no [téksas]. Se recomienda escribir asimismo con x el gentilicio correspondiente: texano. Son también válidas las grafías con j (Tejas, tejano), de uso mayoritario en España." Diccionario panhispánico de dudas, Real Academia Española (2005), s.v. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lema.rae.es/dpd/?key=texas">Texas</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dimitry-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dimitry_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dimitry_29-1">b</a> Charles Dimitry, "American Geographical Nomenclature", Appletons' Journal 15 (1876), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3C8-AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA758">758f.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardsonWintzBoswellAnderson20219-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardsonWintzBoswellAnderson20219_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichardsonWintzBoswellAnderson2021">Richardson et al. 2021</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-Carter_1995-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carter_1995_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carter_1995_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carter_1995_31-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carter_1995_31-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter1995" class="citation book cs1">Carter, Cecile Elkins (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1253386080">Caddo Indians where we come from</a>. University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-585-17049-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-585-17049-5"><bdi>0-585-17049-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1253386080">1253386080</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caddo+Indians+where+we+come+from&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1253386080&rft.isbn=0-585-17049-5&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Cecile+Elkins&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1253386080&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.7560/711501">"The Caddo Nation"</a>. University of Texas Press. 1993. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7560%2F711501">10.7560/711501</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-79978-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-79978-3"><bdi>978-0-292-79978-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22The+Caddo+Nation%22&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7560%2F711501&rft.isbn=978-0-292-79978-3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.7560%2F711501&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAten1983" class="citation book cs1">Aten, Lawrence E. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/254092448">Indians of the upper Texas coast</a>. Academic Pr. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-065740-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-12-065740-6"><bdi>0-12-065740-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/254092448">254092448</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indians+of+the+upper+Texas+coast&rft.pub=Academic+Pr&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F254092448&rft.isbn=0-12-065740-6&rft.aulast=Aten&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F254092448&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardsonWintzBoswellAnderson202110-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardsonWintzBoswellAnderson202110_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichardsonWintzBoswellAnderson2021">Richardson et al. 2021</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardsonWintzBoswellAnderson202112-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardsonWintzBoswellAnderson202112_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichardsonWintzBoswellAnderson2021">Richardson et al. 2021</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlos2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Klos, George (June 15, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/bzi04">"Indians"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Handbook_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Handbook of Texas">Handbook of Texas</a> (online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Texas_State_Historical_Association" title="Texas State Historical Association">Texas State Historical Association</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Indians&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Texas&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Texas+State+Historical+Association&rft.date=2010-06-15&rft.aulast=Klos&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tshaonline.org%2Fhandbook%2Fonline%2Farticles%2Fbzi04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarr2009" class="citation book cs1">Barr, Juliana (November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1148108904">Peace Came in the Form of a Woman : Indians and Spaniards in the Texas Borderlands</a>. University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-0470-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-0470-1"><bdi>978-1-4696-0470-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1148108904">1148108904</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peace+Came+in+the+Form+of+a+Woman+%3A+Indians+and+Spaniards+in+the+Texas+Borderlands.&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2009-11&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1148108904&rft.isbn=978-1-4696-0470-1&rft.aulast=Barr&rft.aufirst=Juliana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1148108904&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalán2020" class="citation book cs1">Galán, Francis X. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1128731300">Los Adaes : the first capital of Spanish Texas</a>. Texas A&M University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62349-878-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62349-878-8"><bdi>978-1-62349-878-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1128731300">1128731300</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Los+Adaes+%3A+the+first+capital+of+Spanish+Texas&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1128731300&rft.isbn=978-1-62349-878-8&rft.aulast=Gal%C3%A1n&rft.aufirst=Francis+X.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1128731300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glover-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Glover_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glover_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glover_39-2">c</a> Glover, William B. "A History of the Caddo Indians". Reprinted from 'The Louisiana Historical Quarterly'; Vol. 18, No. 4. October 1935 </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Swanton, John R. Indians of the Southeastern United States (Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1946) p. 139 </li> <li id="cite_note-Richardson-2005-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Richardson-2005_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richardson-2005_41-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardsonAndersonWintzWallace2005" class="citation book cs1">Richardson, Rupert N.; Anderson, Adrian; Wintz, Cary D.; Wallace, Ernest (2005). Texas: the Lone Star State (9th ed.). Prentice Hall. pp. 10–16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1318-3550-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1318-3550-4"><bdi>978-0-1318-3550-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Texas%3A+the+Lone+Star+State&rft.pages=10-16&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-1318-3550-4&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Rupert+N.&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Adrian&rft.au=Wintz%2C+Cary+D.&rft.au=Wallace%2C+Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGwynne2011" class="citation book cs1">Gwynne, S. C. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/968100096">Empire of the Summer Moon</a>. Constable & Robinson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84901-820-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84901-820-3"><bdi>978-1-84901-820-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/968100096">968100096</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+of+the+Summer+Moon.&rft.pub=Constable+%26+Robinson&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F968100096&rft.isbn=978-1-84901-820-3&rft.aulast=Gwynne&rft.aufirst=S.+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F968100096&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChipman1992">Chipman (1992)</a>, p. 243; <a href="#CITEREFWeber1992">Weber (1992)</a>, p. 34 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChipman2017" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Chipman, Donald E. (August 3, 2017) [June 12, 2010]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fca06">"Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Handbook_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Handbook of Texas">Handbook of Texas</a> (online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Texas_State_Historical_Association" title="Texas State Historical Association">Texas State Historical Association</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C3%81lvar+N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez+Cabeza+de+Vaca&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Texas&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Texas+State+Historical+Association&rft.date=2017-08-03&rft.aulast=Chipman&rft.aufirst=Donald+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tshaonline.org%2Fhandbook%2Fonline%2Farticles%2Ffca06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChipman2017" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Chipman, Donald E. (January 23, 2017) [June 15, 2010]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/nps01">"Spanish Texas"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Handbook_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Handbook of Texas">Handbook of Texas</a> (online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Texas_State_Historical_Association" title="Texas State Historical Association">Texas State Historical Association</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Spanish+Texas&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Texas&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Texas+State+Historical+Association&rft.date=2017-01-23&rft.aulast=Chipman&rft.aufirst=Donald+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tshaonline.org%2Fhandbook%2Fonline%2Farticles%2Fnps01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanjourneys.org/aj-070/summary/index.asp">"The Journey of Alvar Nuńez Cabeza de Vaca"</a>. American Journeys. Wisconsin Historical Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121005010422/http://www.americanjourneys.org/aj-070/summary/index.asp">Archived</a> from the original on October 5, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Journeys&rft.atitle=The+Journey+of+Alvar+Nu%C5%84ez+Cabeza+de+Vaca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanjourneys.org%2Faj-070%2Fsummary%2Findex.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidsonLytle2010" class="citation book cs1">Davidson, James West; Lytle, Mark H (2010). "Chapter 1". After the Fact: The Art of Historical Detection. Vol. 1 (6th ed.). McGraw Hill. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-0733-8548-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-0733-8548-8"><bdi>978-0-0733-8548-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1&rft.btitle=After+the+Fact%3A+The+Art+of+Historical+Detection&rft.pages=7&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-0733-8548-8&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=James+West&rft.au=Lytle%2C+Mark+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidsonLytle2010" class="citation book cs1">Davidson, James West; Lytle, Mark H (2010). "Chapter 1". After the Fact: The Art of Historical Detection. Vol. 1 (6th ed.). McGraw Hill. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-0733-8548-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-0733-8548-8"><bdi>978-0-0733-8548-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1&rft.btitle=After+the+Fact%3A+The+Art+of+Historical+Detection&rft.pages=7&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-0733-8548-8&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=James+West&rft.au=Lytle%2C+Mark+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinship1904" class="citation book cs1">Winship, George Parker, ed. (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/journeycoronado00winsrich#page/210/mode/2up">The Journey of Coronado, 1540–1542</a>. A.S. Barnes & Company. pp. 210–211.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Journey+of+Coronado%2C+1540%E2%80%931542&rft.pages=210-211&rft.pub=A.S.+Barnes+%26+Company&rft.date=1904&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fjourneycoronado00winsrich%23page%2F210%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinship1904" class="citation book cs1">Winship, George Parker, ed. (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/journeycoronado00winsrich#page/210/mode/2up">The Journey of Coronado, 1540–1542</a>. A.S. Barnes & Company. pp. 210–211.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Journey+of+Coronado%2C+1540%E2%80%931542&rft.pages=210-211&rft.pub=A.S.+Barnes+%26+Company&rft.date=1904&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fjourneycoronado00winsrich%23page%2F210%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudson2018" class="citation book cs1">Hudson, Charles M. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/981166517">Knights of Spain, warriors of the sun : Hernando De Soto and the South's ancient chiefdoms</a>. University of Georgia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-5160-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-5160-5"><bdi>978-0-8203-5160-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/981166517">981166517</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Knights+of+Spain%2C+warriors+of+the+sun+%3A+Hernando+De+Soto+and+the+South%27s+ancient+chiefdoms&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F981166517&rft.isbn=978-0-8203-5160-5&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=Charles+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F981166517&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaytonKnightMoore1995" class="citation book cs1">Clayton, Lawrence A.; Knight, Vernon J.; Moore, Edward C. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/47010055">The De Soto chronicles : the expedition of Hernando de Soto to North America in 1539-1543</a>. University of Alabama Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-585-36805-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-585-36805-8"><bdi>0-585-36805-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/47010055">47010055</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+De+Soto+chronicles+%3A+the+expedition+of+Hernando+de+Soto+to+North+America+in+1539-1543&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F47010055&rft.isbn=0-585-36805-8&rft.aulast=Clayton&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+A.&rft.au=Knight%2C+Vernon+J.&rft.au=Moore%2C+Edward+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F47010055&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber1992149-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeber1992149_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeber1992">Weber (1992)</a>, p. 149. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChipman199283-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChipman199283_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChipman1992">Chipman (1992)</a>, p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoutel1998" class="citation book cs1">Joutel, Henri (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/962854705">The La Salle expedition to Texas : the journal of Henri Joutel, 1684-1687</a>. Texas State Historical Association. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87611-165-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87611-165-7"><bdi>0-87611-165-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/962854705">962854705</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+La+Salle+expedition+to+Texas+%3A+the+journal+of+Henri+Joutel%2C+1684-1687&rft.pub=Texas+State+Historical+Association&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F962854705&rft.isbn=0-87611-165-7&rft.aulast=Joutel&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F962854705&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChipman199289-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChipman199289_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChipman1992">Chipman (1992)</a>, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber1992155-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeber1992155_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeber1992">Weber (1992)</a>, p. 155. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChipman1992">Chipman (1992)</a>, pp. 111–112; <a href="#CITEREFWeber1992">Weber (1992)</a>, p. 160 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber1992163-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeber1992163_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeber1992">Weber (1992)</a>, p. 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolton1915" class="citation book cs1">Bolton, Herbert Eugene (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/texasinmiddleei00boltgoog#page/n420/mode/2up">Texas in the Middle 18th Century</a>. University of California Press. p. facing p. 382.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Texas+in+the+Middle+18th+Century&rft.pages=facing+p.+382&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Bolton&rft.aufirst=Herbert+Eugene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Ftexasinmiddleei00boltgoog%23page%2Fn420%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChipman1992205-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChipman1992205_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChipman1992">Chipman (1992)</a>, p. 205. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber1992193-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeber1992193_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeber1992">Weber (1992)</a>, p. 193. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber1992189-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeber1992189_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeber1992">Weber (1992)</a>, p. 189. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeddle1995">Weddle (1995)</a>, p. 164; <a href="#CITEREFChipman1992">Chipman (1992)</a>, p. 200 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeddle1995163-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeddle1995163_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeddle1995">Weddle (1995)</a>, p. 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChipman1992202-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChipman1992202_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChipman1992">Chipman (1992)</a>, p. 202. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber1992291–299-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeber1992291–299_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeber1992">Weber (1992)</a>, pp. 291–299. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis200646-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis200646_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavis2006">Davis (2006)</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190303090219/http://texascultures.housing.utexas.edu/assets/pdfs/GTC_filipinotexans.pdf">"Most of the Filipinos in Texas are comparatively recent arrivals. Strong economic and political ties with the Spanish empire from the 16th to the 19th centuries brought few known individuals to the Americas, but United States control in the early 20th century was responsible for Filipino settlement in every metropolitan area in the state. Considering the Spanish trade with the Philippines—the Manila galleons operated between Acapulco and Manila from 1565 to 1815—travelers from the islands may have been in Mexico after the mid-16th century"</a> (PDF). Texascultures.housing.utexas.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://texascultures.housing.utexas.edu/assets/pdfs/GTC_filipinotexans.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 3, 2019. Retrieved April 17, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texascultures.housing.utexas.edu&rft.atitle=Most+of+the+Filipinos+in+Texas+are+comparatively+recent+arrivals.+Strong+economic+and+political+ties+with+the+Spanish+empire+from+the+16th+to+the+19th+centuries+brought+few+known+individuals+to+the+Americas%2C+but+United+States+control+in+the+early+20th+century+was+responsible+for+Filipino+settlement+in+every+metropolitan+area+in+the+state.+Considering+the+Spanish+trade+with+the+Philippines%E2%80%94the+Manila+galleons+operated+between+Acapulco+and+Manila+from+1565+to+1815%E2%80%94travelers+from+the+islands+may+have+been+in+Mexico+after+the+mid-16th+century&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftexascultures.housing.utexas.edu%2Fassets%2Fpdfs%2FGTC_filipinotexans.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinton2019" class="citation web cs1">Hinton, Matthew (October 23, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nola.verylocal.com/from-manila-to-the-maringny-how-philippine-pioneers-left-a-mark-at-the-end-of-world-in-new-orleans/89392/">"From Manila to the Marigny: How Philippine pioneers left a mark at the 'end of world' in New Orleans"</a>. 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American Historical Documents. President of the United States. Retrieved April 28, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proclamation+Declaring+the+Insurrection+at+an+End&rft.series=American+Historical+Documents&rft.pub=President+of+the+United+States&rft.date=1866-08-20&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F43%2F42.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoneyhon2017" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Moneyhon, Carl H. 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Retrieved December 28, 2020. <q>The Southern states, especially the hills of Tennessee and Alabama, were impoverished; war tensions still split neighborhoods. Soon, empty houses had crude signs that stated that the former inhabitants had "Gone to Texas." Church records, also, had the phrase, "Gone to Texas" by numerous names on their roles. So many families left Maury County, Tenn., to settle in eastern Collin County, just across East Fork, that several communities, such as Culleoka, have names directly from south Maury County. That group joined relatives that had come here in the 1850s. Most new immigrants had some link to Collin County, which brought them here. They stayed with relatives and friends until they could find a place to settle. Landowners recruited farmers from the old states by persuading relatives and former neighbors to come. However, numerous families, in the pioneer tradition, loaded their children and belongings in a wagon and headed toward the unknown west. Clarksville, Bonham and Dallas newspapers reported how many wagons passed through each day and how many were camped on the "jockey yards" waiting to find a place to settle. Some of these had sold farms and had money to buy land, but most of these immigrants became tenant farmers and worked on shares.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=texashistory.unt.edu&rft.atitle=Between+the+Creeks&rft.aulast=Pettit&rft.aufirst=Gwen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftexashistory.unt.edu%2Fark%3A%2F67531%2Fmetapth752794%2Fm2%2F1%2Fhigh_res_d%2FBetween%2520_the_Creeks_by_Gwen_Pettit_compiled_by_Melinda_Fisher.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaxwell2012" class="citation web cs1">Maxwell, Robert S. 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The Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long Series in Latin American and Latino Art and Culture. University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-75253-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-75253-5"><bdi>978-0-292-75253-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recovering+History%2C+Constructing+Race%3A+The+Indian%2C+Black%2C+and+White+Roots+of+Mexican+Americans&rft.series=The+Joe+R.+and+Teresa+Lozano+Long+Series+in+Latin+American+and+Latino+Art+and+Culture&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-292-75253-5&rft.aulast=Manchaca&rft.aufirst=Martha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCGldCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardsonWintzBoswellAnderson2021" class="citation book cs1">Richardson, Rupert N.; Wintz, Cary D.; Boswell, Angela; Anderson, Adrian; Wallace, Ernest (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CPsvEAAAQBAJ">Texas: The Lone Star State</a> (Eleventh ed.). Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781000403763" title="Special:BookSources/9781000403763"><bdi>9781000403763</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Texas%3A+The+Lone+Star+State&rft.edition=Eleventh&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781000403763&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Rupert+N.&rft.au=Wintz%2C+Cary+D.&rft.au=Boswell%2C+Angela&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Adrian&rft.au=Wallace%2C+Ernest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCPsvEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodishTodishSpring1998" class="citation book cs1">Todish, Timothy J.; Todish, Terry; Spring, Ted (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=htIFAAAACAAJ&pg=PP1">Alamo Sourcebook, 1836: A Comprehensive Guide to the Battle of the Alamo and the Texas Revolution</a>. Eakin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57168-152-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57168-152-2"><bdi>978-1-57168-152-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alamo+Sourcebook%2C+1836%3A+A+Comprehensive+Guide+to+the+Battle+of+the+Alamo+and+the+Texas+Revolution&rft.pub=Eakin+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-57168-152-2&rft.aulast=Todish&rft.aufirst=Timothy+J.&rft.au=Todish%2C+Terry&rft.au=Spring%2C+Ted&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhtIFAAAACAAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReport_of_President's_Commission_on_the_assassination_of_President_John_F._Kennedy.1992" class="citation book cs1">Report of President's Commission on the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jfk-assassination.de/warren/index.php">The Warren Commission Report</a>. Warren Commission Hearings. Vol. IV. National Archives. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-08257-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-08257-4"><bdi>978-0-312-08257-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Warren+Commission+Report&rft.series=Warren+Commission+Hearings&rft.pub=National+Archives&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-312-08257-4&rft.au=Report+of+President%27s+Commission+on+the+assassination+of+President+John+F.+Kennedy.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jfk-assassination.de%2Fwarren%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber1992" class="citation book cs1">Weber, David J. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MUCmD15yEAYC&pg=PP1">The Spanish Frontier in North America</a>. Yale Western Americana Series. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-05198-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-05198-8"><bdi>978-0-300-05198-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Frontier+in+North+America&rft.series=Yale+Western+Americana+Series&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-300-05198-8&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMUCmD15yEAYC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeddle1995" class="citation book cs1">Weddle, Robert S. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=luH4W_mOz4sC&pg=PP1">Changing Tides: Twilight and Dawn in the Spanish Sea, 1763–1803</a>. Centennial Series of the Association of Former Students Number 58. <a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University_Press" title="Texas A&M University Press">Texas A&M University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89096-661-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89096-661-7"><bdi>978-0-89096-661-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Changing+Tides%3A+Twilight+and+Dawn+in+the+Spanish+Sea%2C+1763%E2%80%931803&rft.series=Centennial+Series+of+the+Association+of+Former+Students+Number+58&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-89096-661-7&rft.aulast=Weddle&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DluH4W_mOz4sC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinders2004" class="citation book cs1">Winders, Richard Bruce (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mll5AAAAMAAJ&pg=PP1">Sacrificed at the Alamo: Tragedy and Triumph in the Texas Revolution</a>. Military History of Texas Series: Number Three. State House Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-880510-80-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-880510-80-3"><bdi>978-1-880510-80-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacrificed+at+the+Alamo%3A+Tragedy+and+Triumph+in+the+Texas+Revolution&rft.series=Military+History+of+Texas+Series%3A+Number+Three&rft.pub=State+House+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-880510-80-3&rft.aulast=Winders&rft.aufirst=Richard+Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmll5AAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Texas at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Texas" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Texas">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Texas" class="extiw" title="c:Texas">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Texas" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Texas">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Texas" class="extiw" title="q:Texas">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Texas" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Texas">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Texas" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Texas">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Texas" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Texas">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Texas" class="extiw" title="voy:Texas">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestoryoftexas.com/">The Texas State History Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/">The Handbook of Texas Online</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://texashistory.unt.edu/explore/collections/TR/browse/">Texas Register</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/tx/">South and West Texas: A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/114690">Texas</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.lib.uh.edu/collections/subject/5">View historical photographs from Texas at the University of Houston Digital Library.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smu.edu/libraries/digitalcollections/jtx">Lawrence T. Jones III Texas Photographs, DeGolyer Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smu.edu/libraries/digitalcollections/tex">Texas: Photographs, Manuscripts, and Imprints, DeGolyer Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smu.edu/libraries/digitalcollections/gcd">George W. Cook Dallas/Texas Image Collection, DeGolyer Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smu.edu/libraries/digitalcollections/jmm">John Miller Morris Real Photographic Postcards and Photographs of Texas, DeGolyer Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smu.edu/libraries/digitalcollections/tbn">Rowe-Barr Collection of Texas Currency, DeGolyer Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121024013411/http://www.library.okstate.edu/okmaps/">Oklahoma Digital Maps: Digital Collections of Oklahoma and Indian Territory</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_government_2">State government</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.texas.gov">The Official Website of the Government of Texas</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.texasonline.com/portal/tol">The State of Texas</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080515221125/http://wikis.ala.org/godort/index.php/Texas">Texas State Databases</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://texaspolitics.laits.utexas.edu/">Texas Politics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_government">Federal government</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110204233946/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/state/state_energy_profiles.cfm?sid=TX">Energy Profile for Texas—Economic, environmental, and energy data</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usgs.gov/state/state.asp?State=TX">USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Texas</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161209115548/https://www2.usgs.gov/state/state.asp?State=TX">Archived</a> December 9, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/state-fact-sheets/state-data.aspx?StateFIPS=48&StateName=Texas#.U856MfldVu0">Texas State Facts from USDA</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/tx/">South and West Texas, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics related to Texas The Lone Star State</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_Texas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Texas" title="Template:Texas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Texas" title="Template talk:Texas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Texas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Texas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_Texas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Texas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Texas-related_articles" title="Index of Texas-related articles">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Texas" title="Outline of Texas">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Texas" title="Architecture of Texas">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Texas" title="Climate of Texas">Climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Texas" title="Climate change in Texas">Climate change</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texan_cuisine" title="Texan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Texas" title="Geography of Texas">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Texas" title="Government of Texas">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Texas" title="Healthcare in Texas">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Texas" title="Languages of Texas">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Texas" title="Law of Texas">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_literature" title="Texas literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_in_Texas" title="Category:Mass media in Texas">Mass media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Texas" title="List of newspapers in Texas">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Texas" title="List of radio stations in Texas">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_Texas" title="List of television stations in Texas">TV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Texas" title="List of National Historic Landmarks in Texas">National Historic Landmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Texas" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Texas">National Register of Historic Places Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Recorded_Texas_Historic_Landmarks" title="List of Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks">Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Texas" title="Sports in Texas">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Texas_state_symbols" title="List of Texas state symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Texas" title="List of people from Texas">Texans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Texas" title="Time in Texas">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Texas" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Texas">Tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Texas" title="Transportation in Texas">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Texas" title="Abortion in Texas">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Texas" title="Culture of Texas">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Texas" title="Crime in Texas">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Texas" title="Demographics of Texas">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Texas" title="Economy of Texas">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Texas" title="Education in Texas">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Texas" title="Gambling in Texas">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Texas" title="Gun laws in Texas">Gun laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Homelessness in Texas">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Texas">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Texas" title="Politics of Texas">Politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States#Texas" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ark-La-Tex" title="Ark-La-Tex">Ark‑La‑Tex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bend_(Texas)" title="Big Bend (Texas)">Big Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boca_Chica_(Texas)" title="Boca Chica (Texas)">Boca Chica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Blackland_Prairies" title="Texas Blackland Prairies">Blackland Prairies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazos_Valley" title="Brazos Valley">Brazos Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Texas" title="Central Texas">Central Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Coastal_Bend" title="Texas Coastal Bend">Coastal Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concho_Valley" title="Concho Valley">Concho Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_Timbers" title="Cross Timbers">Cross Timbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Texas" title="East Texas">East Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwards_Plateau" title="Edwards Plateau">Edwards Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Triangle_(Texas)" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Triangle (Texas)">Golden Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Hill_Country" title="Texas Hill Country">Hill Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llano_Estacado" title="Llano Estacado">Llano Estacado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Texas" title="Northeast Texas">Northeast Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Texas" title="North Texas">North Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_Plains" title="Osage Plains">Osage Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_panhandle" title="Texas panhandle">Panhandle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permian_Basin_(North_America)" title="Permian Basin (North America)">Permian Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piney_Woods" title="Piney Woods">Piney Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Rio_Grande_Valley" title="Lower Rio Grande Valley">Rio Grande Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Texas" title="Southeast Texas">Southeast Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Plains" title="South Plains">South Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Texas" title="South Texas">South Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texoma" title="Texoma">Texoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Pecos" title="Trans-Pecos">Trans-Pecos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Texas" title="West Texas">West Texas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Texas_metropolitan_areas" title="List of Texas metropolitan areas">Metropolitan areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abilene,_Texas" title="Abilene, Texas">Abilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amarillo,_Texas" title="Amarillo, Texas">Amarillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a>–<a href="/wiki/Round_Rock,_Texas" title="Round Rock, Texas">Round Rock</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greater_Austin" title="Greater Austin">Greater Austin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaumont,_Texas" title="Beaumont, Texas">Beaumont</a>–<a href="/wiki/Port_Arthur,_Texas" title="Port Arthur, Texas">Port Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brownsville,_Texas" title="Brownsville, Texas">Brownsville</a>–<a href="/wiki/Harlingen,_Texas" title="Harlingen, Texas">Harlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_Station,_Texas" title="College Station, Texas">College Station</a>–<a href="/wiki/Bryan,_Texas" title="Bryan, Texas">Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christi,_Texas" title="Corpus Christi, Texas">Corpus Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>–<a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas" title="Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth</a>–<a href="/wiki/Arlington,_Texas" title="Arlington, Texas">Arlington</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth_metroplex" title="Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex">DFW</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>–<a href="/wiki/The_Woodlands,_Texas" title="The Woodlands, Texas">The Woodlands</a>–<a href="/wiki/Sugar_Land,_Texas" title="Sugar Land, Texas">Sugar Land</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greater_Houston" title="Greater Houston">Greater Houston</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killeen,_Texas" title="Killeen, Texas">Killeen</a>–<a href="/wiki/Temple,_Texas" title="Temple, Texas">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laredo,_Texas" title="Laredo, Texas">Laredo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longview,_Texas" title="Longview, Texas">Longview</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kilgore,_Texas" title="Kilgore, Texas">Kilgore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubbock,_Texas" title="Lubbock, Texas">Lubbock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McAllen,_Texas" title="McAllen, Texas">McAllen</a>–<a href="/wiki/Edinburg,_Texas" title="Edinburg, Texas">Edinburg</a>–<a href="/wiki/Mission,_Texas" title="Mission, Texas">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midland,_Texas" title="Midland, Texas">Midland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odessa,_Texas" title="Odessa, Texas">Odessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Angelo,_Texas" title="San Angelo, Texas">San Angelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a>–<a href="/wiki/New_Braunfels,_Texas" title="New Braunfels, Texas">New Braunfels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman,_Texas" title="Sherman, Texas">Sherman</a>–<a href="/wiki/Denison,_Texas" title="Denison, Texas">Denison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texarkana,_Texas" title="Texarkana, Texas">Texarkana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyler,_Texas" title="Tyler, Texas">Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Texas" title="Victoria, Texas">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waco,_Texas" title="Waco, Texas">Waco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Creek_(Texas)" title="Wagner Creek (Texas)">Wagner Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita_Falls,_Texas" title="Wichita Falls, Texas">Wichita Falls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Texas" title="List of counties in Texas">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">See: <a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Texas" title="List of counties in Texas">List of counties in Texas</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/32px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/48px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/64px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Texas" title="Portal:Texas">Texas portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Protected_areas_of_Texas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#bbeb85;;background:#abdb75;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Protected_areas_of_Texas" title="Template:Protected areas of Texas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Protected_areas_of_Texas" title="Template talk:Protected areas of Texas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Protected_areas_of_Texas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Protected areas of Texas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Protected_areas_of_Texas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_the_United_States" title="Protected areas of the United States">Protected areas</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Texas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_the_United_States" title="List of national parks of the United States">National Parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bend_National_Park" title="Big Bend National Park">Big Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_Mountains_National_Park" title="Guadalupe Mountains National Park">Guadalupe Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_monument_(United_States)" title="National monument (United States)">National monuments and memorials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alibates_Flint_Quarries_National_Monument" title="Alibates Flint Quarries National Monument">Alibates Flint Quarries National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castner_Range_National_Monument" title="Castner Range National Monument">Castner Range National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamizal_National_Memorial" title="Chamizal National Memorial">Chamizal National Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Working_Dog_Teams_National_Monument" title="Military Working Dog Teams National Monument">Military Working Dog Teams National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waco_Mammoth_National_Monument" title="Waco Mammoth National Monument">Waco Mammoth National Monument</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Site_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Historic Site (United States)">National Historical Parks and Historic Sites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Davis_National_Historic_Site" title="Fort Davis National Historic Site">Fort Davis NHS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_National_Historical_Park" title="Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park">Lyndon B. Johnson NHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_Alto_Battlefield_National_Historical_Park" title="Palo Alto Battlefield National Historical Park">Palo Alto Battlefield NHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio_Missions_National_Historical_Park" title="San Antonio Missions National Historical Park">San Antonio Missions NHP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Trail" class="mw-redirect" title="National Historic Trail">National Historic Trails</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/El_Camino_Real_de_los_Tejas_National_Historic_Trail" title="El Camino Real de los Tejas National Historic Trail">El Camino Real de los Tejas National Historic Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camino_Real_de_Tierra_Adentro" title="Camino Real de Tierra Adentro">El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_recreation_area" title="National recreation area">National Recreation Areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amistad_National_Recreation_Area" title="Amistad National Recreation Area">Amistad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Meredith_National_Recreation_Area" title="Lake Meredith National Recreation Area">Lake Meredith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_Wild_and_Scenic_Rivers_System" title="National Wild and Scenic Rivers System">National Wild and Scenic Rivers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_Wild_and_Scenic_River" title="Rio Grande Wild and Scenic River">Rio Grande</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="National Wildlife Refuge">National Wildlife Refuges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anahuac_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge">Anahuac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aransas_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Aransas National Wildlife Refuge">Aransas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attwater_Prairie_Chicken_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Attwater Prairie Chicken National Wildlife Refuge">Attwater Prairie Chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balcones_Canyonlands_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Balcones Canyonlands National Wildlife Refuge">Balcones Canyonlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Boggy_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Big Boggy National Wildlife Refuge">Big Boggy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazoria_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Brazoria National Wildlife Refuge">Brazoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Lake_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Buffalo Lake National Wildlife Refuge">Buffalo Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddo_Lake_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Caddo Lake National Wildlife Refuge">Caddo Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grulla_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Grulla National Wildlife Refuge">Grulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagerman_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Hagerman National Wildlife Refuge">Hagerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laguna_Atascosa_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Laguna Atascosa National Wildlife Refuge">Laguna Atascosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Sandy_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Little Sandy National Wildlife Refuge">Little Sandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Rio_Grande_Valley_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Lower Rio Grande Valley National Wildlife Refuge">Lower Rio Grande Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McFaddin_and_Texas_Point_National_Wildlife_Refuges" title="McFaddin and Texas Point National Wildlife Refuges">McFaddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muleshoe_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Muleshoe National Wildlife Refuge">Muleshoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neches_River_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Neches River National Wildlife Refuge">Neches River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Bernard_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="San Bernard National Wildlife Refuge">San Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Ana_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Santa Ana National Wildlife Refuge">Santa Ana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McFaddin_and_Texas_Point_National_Wildlife_Refuges" title="McFaddin and Texas Point National Wildlife Refuges">Texas Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_River_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Trinity River National Wildlife Refuge">Trinity River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_forest_(United_States)" title="National forest (United States)">National Forests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angelina_National_Forest" title="Angelina National Forest">Angelina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davy_Crockett_National_Forest" title="Davy Crockett National Forest">Davy Crockett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabine_National_Forest" title="Sabine National Forest">Sabine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston_National_Forest" title="Sam Houston National Forest">Sam Houston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_grassland" title="National grassland">National Grasslands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caddo_National_Grassland" title="Caddo National Grassland">Caddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_National_Grassland" title="Lyndon B. Johnson National Grassland">Lyndon B. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McClellan_Creek_National_Grassland" title="McClellan Creek National Grassland">McClellan Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_Blanca_National_Grassland" title="Rita Blanca National Grassland">Rita Blanca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_United_States_National_Park_System_official_units" title="List of the United States National Park System official units">Other Protected Areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Thicket" title="Big Thicket">Big Thicket National Preserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padre_Island_National_Seashore" title="Padre Island National Seashore">Padre Island National Seashore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Texas" title="Government of Texas">State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Texas_state_parks" title="List of Texas state parks">State Parks and Natural Areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abilene_State_Park" title="Abilene State Park">Abilene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_and_Bessie_Kronkosky_State_Natural_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert and Bessie Kronkosky State Natural Area (page does not exist)">Albert and Bessie Kronkosky State Natural Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_State_Park" title="Atlanta State Park">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balmorhea_State_Park" title="Balmorhea State Park">Balmorhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barton_Warnock_Visitor_Center" title="Barton Warnock Visitor Center">Barton Warnock Visitor Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastrop_State_Park" title="Bastrop State Park">Bastrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bentsen-Rio_Grande_Valley_State_Park" title="Bentsen-Rio Grande Valley State Park">Bentsen-Rio Grande Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bend_Ranch_State_Park" title="Big Bend Ranch State Park">Big Bend Ranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Spring_State_Park_(Texas)" title="Big Spring State Park (Texas)">Big Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanco_State_Park" title="Blanco State Park">Blanco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonham_State_Park" title="Bonham State Park">Bonham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazos_Bend_State_Park" title="Brazos Bend State Park">Brazos Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buescher_State_Park" title="Buescher State Park">Buescher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddo_Lake_State_Park" title="Caddo Lake State Park">Caddo Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caprock_Canyons_State_Park_and_Trailway" title="Caprock Canyons State Park and Trailway">Caprock Canyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedar_Hill_State_Park" title="Cedar Hill State Park">Cedar Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinati_Mountains_State_Natural_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chinati Mountains State Natural Area (page does not exist)">Chinati Mountains State Natural Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choke_Canyon_Reservoir" title="Choke Canyon Reservoir">Choke Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleburne_State_Park" title="Cleburne State Park">Cleburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Bend_State_Park" title="Colorado Bend State Park">Colorado Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooper_Lake_State_Park" title="Cooper Lake State Park">Cooper Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_Breaks_State_Park" title="Copper Breaks State Park">Copper Breaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daingerfield_State_Park" title="Daingerfield State Park">Daingerfield</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Davis_Hill_State_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Davis Hill State Park (page does not exist)">Davis Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davis_Mountains_State_Park" title="Davis Mountains State Park">Davis Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devils_River_State_Natural_Area" title="Devils River State Natural Area">Devils River State Natural Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_Sinkhole_State_Natural_Area" title="Devil's Sinkhole State Natural Area">Devil's Sinkhole State Natural Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinosaur_Valley_State_Park" title="Dinosaur Valley State Park">Dinosaur Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_State_Park_(Texas)" title="Eisenhower State Park (Texas)">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enchanted_Rock" title="Enchanted Rock">Enchanted Rock State Natural Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estero_Llano_Grande_State_Park" title="Estero Llano Grande State Park">Estero Llano Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairfield_Lake_State_Park" title="Fairfield Lake State Park">Fairfield Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_State_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Falcon State Park">Falcon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Boggy_State_Park" title="Fort Boggy State Park">Fort Boggy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Parker_State_Park" title="Fort Parker State Park">Fort Parker State Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Richardson_(Texas)" title="Fort Richardson (Texas)">Fort Richardson State Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Mountains_State_Park" title="Franklin Mountains State Park">Franklin Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galveston_Island_State_Park" title="Galveston Island State Park">Galveston Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garner_State_Park" title="Garner State Park">Garner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goliad_State_Park_and_Historic_Site" title="Goliad State Park and Historic Site">Goliad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goose_Island_State_Park" title="Goose Island State Park">Goose Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Canyon_State_Natural_Area" title="Government Canyon State Natural Area">Government Canyon State Natural Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_River_State_Park" title="Guadalupe River State Park">Guadalupe River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_Country_State_Natural_Area" title="Hill Country State Natural Area">Hill Country State Natural Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_Creek_State_Natural_Area" title="Honey Creek State Natural Area">Honey Creek State Natural Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntsville_State_Park" title="Huntsville State Park">Huntsville</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Lodge_(Jeff_Davis_County,_Texas)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indian Lodge (Jeff Davis County, Texas) (page does not exist)">Indian Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inks_Lake_State_Park" title="Inks Lake State Park">Inks Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_Cavern_State_Park" title="Kickapoo Cavern State Park">Kickapoo Cavern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Arrowhead_State_Park" title="Lake Arrowhead State Park">Lake Arrowhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Bob_Sandlin_State_Park" title="Lake Bob Sandlin State Park">Lake Bob Sandlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Brownwood_State_Park" title="Lake Brownwood State Park">Lake Brownwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Casa_Blanca_International_State_Park" title="Lake Casa Blanca International State Park">Lake Casa Blanca International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Colorado_City_State_Park" title="Lake Colorado City State Park">Lake Colorado City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Corpus_Christi_State_Park" title="Lake Corpus Christi State Park">Lake Corpus Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Livingston_State_Park" title="Lake Livingston State Park">Lake Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Mineral_Wells_State_Park_%26_Trailway" title="Lake Mineral Wells State Park & Trailway">Lake Mineral Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Somerville_State_Park_and_Trailway" title="Lake Somerville State Park and Trailway">Lake Somerville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Tawakoni_State_Park" title="Lake Tawakoni State Park">Lake Tawakoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Whitney_State_Park" title="Lake Whitney State Park">Lake Whitney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockhart_State_Park" title="Lockhart State Park">Lockhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhorn_Cavern_State_Park" title="Longhorn Cavern State Park">Longhorn Cavern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Maples_State_Natural_Area" title="Lost Maples State Natural Area">Lost Maples State Natural Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Creek_Lake_State_Park" title="Martin Creek Lake State Park">Martin Creek Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Dies_Jr._State_Park" title="Martin Dies Jr. State Park">Martin Dies Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matagorda_Island" title="Matagorda Island">Matagorda Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McKinney_Falls_State_Park" title="McKinney Falls State Park">McKinney Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McKinney_Roughs_Nature_Park" title="McKinney Roughs Nature Park">McKinney Roughs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_State_Park" title="Meridian State Park">Meridian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Tejas_State_Park" title="Mission Tejas State Park">Mission Tejas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monahans_Sandhills_State_Park" title="Monahans Sandhills State Park">Monahans Sandhills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Neff_State_Park" title="Mother Neff State Park">Mother Neff State Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustang_Island_State_Park" title="Mustang Island State Park">Mustang Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Tunnel_State_Park" title="Old Tunnel State Park">Old Tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmetto_State_Park" title="Palmetto State Park">Palmetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_Duro_Canyon" title="Palo Duro Canyon">Palo Duro Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_Pinto_Mountains_State_Park" title="Palo Pinto Mountains State Park">Palo Pinto Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedernales_Falls_State_Park" title="Pedernales Falls State Park">Pedernales Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possum_Kingdom_State_Park" title="Possum Kingdom State Park">Possum Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purtis_Creek_State_Park" title="Purtis Creek State Park">Purtis Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Roberts_Lake_State_Park" title="Ray Roberts Lake State Park">Ray Roberts Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resaca_de_la_Palma_State_Park" title="Resaca de la Palma State Park">Resaca de la Palma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Angelo_State_Park" title="San Angelo State Park">San Angelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Rim_State_Park" title="Sea Rim State Park">Sea Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Lake_State_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheldon Lake State Park">Sheldon Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Llano_River_State_Park" title="South Llano River State Park">South Llano River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_F._Austin_State_Park" title="Stephen F. Austin State Park">Stephen F. Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyler_State_Park_(Texas)" title="Tyler State Park (Texas)">Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Village_Creek_State_Park_(Texas)" title="Village Creek State Park (Texas)">Village Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Umphrey_State_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Umphrey State Park (page does not exist)">Walter Umphrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyler_Aerial_Tramway" title="Wyler Aerial Tramway">Wyler Aerial Tramway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Texas_State_Historic_Sites" title="List of Texas State Historic Sites">State Historic Sites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acton_State_Historic_Site" title="Acton State Historic Site">Acton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_Pacific_War" title="National Museum of the Pacific War">Admiral Nimitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington-on-the-Brazos,_Texas" title="Washington-on-the-Brazos, Texas">Barrington Living History Farm at Washington-on-the-Brazos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Texas_(BB-35)" title="USS Texas (BB-35)">Battleship TEXAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddo_Mounds_State_Historic_Site" title="Caddo Mounds State Historic Site">Caddo Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Navarro" title="Casa Navarro">Casa Navarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Reunion_Grounds_State_Historic_Site" title="Confederate Reunion Grounds State Historic Site">Confederate Reunion Grounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Birthplace_State_Historic_Site" title="Eisenhower Birthplace State Historic Site">Eisenhower Birthplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanthorp_Inn_State_Historic_Site" title="Fanthorp Inn State Historic Site">Fanthorp Inn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannin_Battleground_State_Historic_Site" title="Fannin Battleground State Historic Site">Fannin Battleground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Griffin" title="Fort Griffin">Fort Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Lancaster" title="Fort Lancaster">Fort Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Leaton_State_Historic_Site" title="Fort Leaton State Historic Site">Fort Leaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_McKavett_State_Historic_Site" title="Fort McKavett State Historic Site">Fort McKavett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Richardson_(Texas)" title="Fort Richardson (Texas)">Fort Richardson State Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton_Mansion_Historical_Site" title="Fulton Mansion Historical Site">Fulton Mansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goliad_State_Park_and_Historic_Site" title="Goliad State Park and Historic Site">Goliad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hueco_Tanks" title="Hueco Tanks">Hueco Tanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_Hill_and_Kreische_Brewery_State_Historic_Sites" title="Monument Hill and Kreische Brewery State Historic Sites">Kreische Brewery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landmark_Inn_State_Historic_Site" title="Landmark Inn State Historic Site">Landmark Inn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Jordan_Plantation_State_Historic_Site" title="Levi Jordan Plantation State Historic Site">Levi Jordan Plantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipantitlan_State_Historic_Site" title="Lipantitlan State Historic Site">Lipantitlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_State_Park_and_Historic_Site" title="Lyndon B. Johnson State Park and Historic Site">Lyndon B. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magoffin_Homestead" title="Magoffin Homestead">Magoffin Homestead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_del_Esp%C3%ADritu_Santo_de_Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga" title="Mission Nuestra Señora del Espíritu Santo de Zúñiga">Mission Espiritu Santo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Dolores_State_Historic_Site" title="Mission Dolores State Historic Site">Mission Dolores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Rosario_State_Historic_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission Rosario State Historic Site">Mission Rosario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_Hill_and_Kreische_Brewery_State_Historic_Sites" title="Monument Hill and Kreische Brewery State Historic Sites">Monument Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedar_Hill_State_Park#Penn_Farm_Agricultural_History_Center" title="Cedar Hill State Park">Penn Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_Isabel_Light" title="Point Isabel Light">Point Isabel Lighthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabine_Pass_Battleground_State_Historic_Site" title="Sabine Pass Battleground State Historic Site">Sabine Pass Battleground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Bell_Maxey_House" title="Sam Bell Maxey House">Sam Bell Maxey House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Rayburn_House_Museum" title="Sam Rayburn House Museum">Samuel T. Rayburn House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_F._Austin_State_Park" title="Stephen F. Austin State Park">San Felipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jacinto_Battleground_State_Historic_Site" title="San Jacinto Battleground State Historic Site">San Jacinto Battleground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_State_Park_and_Historic_Site" title="Lyndon B. Johnson State Park and Historic Site">Sauer-Beckmann Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_Canyon_State_Park_and_Historic_Site" title="Seminole Canyon State Park and Historic Site">Seminole Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starr_Family_Home_State_Historic_Site" title="Starr Family Home State Historic Site">Starr Family Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varner%E2%80%93Hogg_Plantation_State_Historic_Site" title="Varner–Hogg Plantation State Historic Site">Varner–Hogg Plantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington-on-the-Brazos,_Texas" title="Washington-on-the-Brazos, Texas">Washington-on-the-Brazos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaragoza_Birthplace_State_Historic_Site" title="Zaragoza Birthplace State Historic Site">Zaragoza Birthplace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Texas_state_forests" title="List of Texas state forests">State Forests and Arboretums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/E.O._Siecke_State_Forest" title="E.O. Siecke State Forest">E.O. Siecke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._D._Fairchild_State_Forest" title="I. D. Fairchild State Forest">I.D. Fairchild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Kirby_State_Forest" title="John Henry Kirby State Forest">John Henry Kirby</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Masterson_State_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masterson State Forest (page does not exist)">Masterson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=W._Goodrich_Jones_State_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W. Goodrich Jones State Forest (page does not exist)">W. Goodrich Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruth_Bowling_Nichols_Arboretum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruth Bowling Nichols Arboretum (page does not exist)">Ruth Bowling Nichols Arboretum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olive_Scott_Petty_Arboretum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olive Scott Petty Arboretum (page does not exist)">Olive Scott Petty Arboretum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Texas_state_wildlife_trails" title="List of Texas state wildlife trails">State Wildlife Trails</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Texas_Coastal_Birding_Trail" title="Great Texas Coastal Birding Trail">Great Texas Coastal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Texas_Wildlife_Trail" title="Heart of Texas Wildlife Trail">Heart of Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhandle_Plains_Wildlife_Trail" title="Panhandle Plains Wildlife Trail">Panhandle Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairies_and_Pineywoods_Wildlife_Trail" title="Prairies and Pineywoods Wildlife Trail">Prairies and Pineywoods</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#bbeb85;;font-style: italic;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Parks_and_Wildlife_Department" title="Texas Parks and Wildlife Department">Texas Parks and Wildlife Department</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Central_business_districts_of_Texas&#039;s_ten_largest_cities_(2010)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Central_Business_Districts_in_Texas" title="Template:Central Business Districts in Texas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Central_Business_Districts_in_Texas" title="Template talk:Central Business Districts in Texas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Central_Business_Districts_in_Texas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Central Business Districts in Texas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Central_business_districts_of_Texas&#039;s_ten_largest_cities_(2010)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Central business districts of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Texas</a>'s ten largest cities (2010)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Houston" title="Downtown Houston">Downtown Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_San_Antonio" title="Downtown San Antonio">Downtown San Antonio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Dallas" title="Downtown Dallas">Downtown Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Austin" title="Downtown Austin">Downtown Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Fort_Worth" title="Downtown Fort Worth">Downtown Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_El_Paso" title="Downtown El Paso">Downtown El Paso</a></li> <li>Downtown Arlington</li> <li>Downtown Corpus Christi</li> <li>Downtown Plano</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Laredo" title="Downtown Laredo">Downtown Laredo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Counties_of_Texas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Texas_counties" title="Template:Texas counties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Texas_counties" title="Template talk:Texas counties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Texas_counties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Texas counties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Counties_of_Texas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Texas" title="List of counties in Texas">Counties of Texas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anderson_County,_Texas" title="Anderson County, Texas">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrews_County,_Texas" title="Andrews County, Texas">Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelina_County,_Texas" title="Angelina County, Texas">Angelina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aransas_County,_Texas" title="Aransas County, Texas">Aransas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archer_County,_Texas" title="Archer County, Texas">Archer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armstrong_County,_Texas" title="Armstrong County, Texas">Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atascosa_County,_Texas" title="Atascosa County, Texas">Atascosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_County,_Texas" title="Austin County, Texas">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailey_County,_Texas" title="Bailey County, Texas">Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandera_County,_Texas" title="Bandera County, Texas">Bandera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastrop_County,_Texas" title="Bastrop County, Texas">Bastrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baylor_County,_Texas" title="Baylor County, Texas">Baylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bee_County,_Texas" title="Bee County, Texas">Bee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_County,_Texas" title="Bell County, Texas">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bexar_County,_Texas" title="Bexar County, Texas">Bexar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanco_County,_Texas" title="Blanco County, Texas">Blanco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borden_County,_Texas" title="Borden County, Texas">Borden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosque_County,_Texas" title="Bosque County, Texas">Bosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowie_County,_Texas" title="Bowie County, Texas">Bowie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazoria_County,_Texas" title="Brazoria County, Texas">Brazoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazos_County,_Texas" title="Brazos County, Texas">Brazos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewster_County,_Texas" title="Brewster County, Texas">Brewster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briscoe_County,_Texas" title="Briscoe County, Texas">Briscoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks_County,_Texas" title="Brooks County, Texas">Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_County,_Texas" title="Brown County, Texas">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burleson_County,_Texas" title="Burleson County, Texas">Burleson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnet_County,_Texas" title="Burnet County, Texas">Burnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldwell_County,_Texas" title="Caldwell County, Texas">Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calhoun_County,_Texas" title="Calhoun County, Texas">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callahan_County,_Texas" title="Callahan County, Texas">Callahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameron_County,_Texas" title="Cameron County, Texas">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_County,_Texas" title="Camp County, Texas">Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carson_County,_Texas" title="Carson County, Texas">Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cass_County,_Texas" title="Cass County, Texas">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castro_County,_Texas" title="Castro County, Texas">Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chambers_County,_Texas" title="Chambers County, Texas">Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_County,_Texas" title="Cherokee County, Texas">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childress_County,_Texas" title="Childress County, Texas">Childress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_County,_Texas" title="Clay County, Texas">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochran_County,_Texas" title="Cochran County, Texas">Cochran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coke_County,_Texas" title="Coke County, Texas">Coke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coleman_County,_Texas" title="Coleman County, Texas">Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collin_County,_Texas" title="Collin County, Texas">Collin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collingsworth_County,_Texas" title="Collingsworth County, Texas">Collingsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_County,_Texas" title="Colorado County, Texas">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comal_County,_Texas" title="Comal County, Texas">Comal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_County,_Texas" title="Comanche County, Texas">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concho_County,_Texas" title="Concho County, Texas">Concho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooke_County,_Texas" title="Cooke County, Texas">Cooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coryell_County,_Texas" title="Coryell County, Texas">Coryell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottle_County,_Texas" title="Cottle County, Texas">Cottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crane_County,_Texas" title="Crane County, Texas">Crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crockett_County,_Texas" title="Crockett County, Texas">Crockett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosby_County,_Texas" title="Crosby County, Texas">Crosby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culberson_County,_Texas" title="Culberson County, Texas">Culberson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallam_County,_Texas" title="Dallam County, Texas">Dallam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas_County,_Texas" title="Dallas County, Texas">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawson_County,_Texas" title="Dawson County, Texas">Dawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deaf_Smith_County,_Texas" title="Deaf Smith County, Texas">Deaf Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_County,_Texas" title="Delta County, Texas">Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denton_County,_Texas" title="Denton County, Texas">Denton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeWitt_County,_Texas" title="DeWitt County, Texas">DeWitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dickens_County,_Texas" title="Dickens County, Texas">Dickens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimmit_County,_Texas" title="Dimmit County, Texas">Dimmit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donley_County,_Texas" title="Donley County, Texas">Donley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duval_County,_Texas" title="Duval County, Texas">Duval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastland_County,_Texas" title="Eastland County, Texas">Eastland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ector_County,_Texas" title="Ector County, Texas">Ector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwards_County,_Texas" title="Edwards County, Texas">Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Paso_County,_Texas" title="El Paso County, Texas">El Paso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellis_County,_Texas" title="Ellis County, Texas">Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erath_County,_Texas" title="Erath County, Texas">Erath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falls_County,_Texas" title="Falls County, Texas">Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannin_County,_Texas" title="Fannin County, Texas">Fannin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayette_County,_Texas" title="Fayette County, Texas">Fayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher_County,_Texas" title="Fisher County, Texas">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floyd_County,_Texas" title="Floyd County, Texas">Floyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foard_County,_Texas" title="Foard County, Texas">Foard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Bend_County,_Texas" title="Fort Bend County, Texas">Fort Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_County,_Texas" title="Franklin County, Texas">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freestone_County,_Texas" title="Freestone County, Texas">Freestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frio_County,_Texas" title="Frio County, Texas">Frio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaines_County,_Texas" title="Gaines County, Texas">Gaines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galveston_County,_Texas" title="Galveston County, Texas">Galveston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garza_County,_Texas" title="Garza County, Texas">Garza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillespie_County,_Texas" title="Gillespie County, Texas">Gillespie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasscock_County,_Texas" title="Glasscock County, Texas">Glasscock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goliad_County,_Texas" title="Goliad County, Texas">Goliad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzales_County,_Texas" title="Gonzales County, Texas">Gonzales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_County,_Texas" title="Gray County, Texas">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grayson_County,_Texas" title="Grayson County, Texas">Grayson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregg_County,_Texas" title="Gregg County, Texas">Gregg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimes_County,_Texas" title="Grimes County, Texas">Grimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_County,_Texas" title="Guadalupe County, Texas">Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hale_County,_Texas" title="Hale County, Texas">Hale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hall_County,_Texas" title="Hall County, Texas">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_County,_Texas" title="Hamilton County, Texas">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hansford_County,_Texas" title="Hansford County, Texas">Hansford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardeman_County,_Texas" title="Hardeman County, Texas">Hardeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardin_County,_Texas" title="Hardin County, Texas">Hardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_County,_Texas" title="Harris County, Texas">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_County,_Texas" title="Harrison County, Texas">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartley_County,_Texas" title="Hartley County, Texas">Hartley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskell_County,_Texas" title="Haskell County, Texas">Haskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hays_County,_Texas" title="Hays County, Texas">Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemphill_County,_Texas" title="Hemphill County, Texas">Hemphill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henderson_County,_Texas" title="Henderson County, Texas">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidalgo_County,_Texas" title="Hidalgo County, Texas">Hidalgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_County,_Texas" title="Hill County, Texas">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hockley_County,_Texas" title="Hockley County, Texas">Hockley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hood_County,_Texas" title="Hood County, Texas">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopkins_County,_Texas" title="Hopkins County, Texas">Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_County,_Texas" title="Houston County, Texas">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_County,_Texas" title="Howard County, Texas">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudspeth_County,_Texas" title="Hudspeth County, Texas">Hudspeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunt_County,_Texas" title="Hunt County, Texas">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutchinson_County,_Texas" title="Hutchinson County, Texas">Hutchinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irion_County,_Texas" title="Irion County, Texas">Irion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_County,_Texas" title="Jack County, Texas">Jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_County,_Texas" title="Jackson County, Texas">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper_County,_Texas" title="Jasper County, Texas">Jasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Davis_County,_Texas" title="Jeff Davis County, Texas">Jeff Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Texas" title="Jefferson County, Texas">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Hogg_County,_Texas" title="Jim Hogg County, Texas">Jim Hogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Wells_County,_Texas" title="Jim Wells County, Texas">Jim Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_County,_Texas" title="Johnson County, Texas">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jones_County,_Texas" title="Jones County, Texas">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnes_County,_Texas" title="Karnes County, Texas">Karnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaufman_County,_Texas" title="Kaufman County, Texas">Kaufman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendall_County,_Texas" title="Kendall County, Texas">Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenedy_County,_Texas" title="Kenedy County, Texas">Kenedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent_County,_Texas" title="Kent County, Texas">Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerr_County,_Texas" title="Kerr County, Texas">Kerr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimble_County,_Texas" title="Kimble County, Texas">Kimble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_County,_Texas" title="King County, Texas">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinney_County,_Texas" title="Kinney County, Texas">Kinney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleberg_County,_Texas" title="Kleberg County, Texas">Kleberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knox_County,_Texas" title="Knox County, Texas">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Salle_County,_Texas" title="La Salle County, Texas">La Salle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamar_County,_Texas" title="Lamar County, Texas">Lamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamb_County,_Texas" title="Lamb County, Texas">Lamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampasas_County,_Texas" title="Lampasas County, Texas">Lampasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavaca_County,_Texas" title="Lavaca County, Texas">Lavaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_County,_Texas" title="Lee County, Texas">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_County,_Texas" title="Leon County, Texas">Leon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_County,_Texas" title="Liberty County, Texas">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limestone_County,_Texas" title="Limestone County, Texas">Limestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipscomb_County,_Texas" title="Lipscomb County, Texas">Lipscomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_Oak_County,_Texas" title="Live Oak County, Texas">Live Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llano_County,_Texas" title="Llano County, Texas">Llano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loving_County,_Texas" title="Loving County, Texas">Loving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubbock_County,_Texas" title="Lubbock County, Texas">Lubbock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynn_County,_Texas" title="Lynn County, Texas">Lynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_County,_Texas" title="Madison County, Texas">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_County,_Texas" title="Marion County, Texas">Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_County,_Texas" title="Martin County, Texas">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mason_County,_Texas" title="Mason County, Texas">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matagorda_County,_Texas" title="Matagorda County, Texas">Matagorda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maverick_County,_Texas" title="Maverick County, Texas">Maverick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCulloch_County,_Texas" title="McCulloch County, Texas">McCulloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McLennan_County,_Texas" title="McLennan County, Texas">McLennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMullen_County,_Texas" title="McMullen County, Texas">McMullen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina_County,_Texas" title="Medina County, Texas">Medina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menard_County,_Texas" title="Menard County, Texas">Menard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midland_County,_Texas" title="Midland County, Texas">Midland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milam_County,_Texas" title="Milam County, Texas">Milam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mills_County,_Texas" title="Mills County, Texas">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_County,_Texas" title="Mitchell County, Texas">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montague_County,_Texas" title="Montague County, Texas">Montague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Texas" title="Montgomery County, Texas">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moore_County,_Texas" title="Moore County, Texas">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_County,_Texas" title="Morris County, Texas">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motley_County,_Texas" title="Motley County, Texas">Motley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacogdoches_County,_Texas" title="Nacogdoches County, Texas">Nacogdoches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarro_County,_Texas" title="Navarro County, Texas">Navarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_County,_Texas" title="Newton County, Texas">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nolan_County,_Texas" title="Nolan County, Texas">Nolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueces_County,_Texas" title="Nueces County, Texas">Nueces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochiltree_County,_Texas" title="Ochiltree County, Texas">Ochiltree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldham_County,_Texas" title="Oldham County, Texas">Oldham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_County,_Texas" title="Orange County, Texas">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_Pinto_County,_Texas" title="Palo Pinto County, Texas">Palo Pinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panola_County,_Texas" title="Panola County, Texas">Panola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parker_County,_Texas" title="Parker County, Texas">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmer_County,_Texas" title="Parmer County, Texas">Parmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecos_County,_Texas" title="Pecos County, Texas">Pecos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polk_County,_Texas" title="Polk County, Texas">Polk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potter_County,_Texas" title="Potter County, Texas">Potter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidio_County,_Texas" title="Presidio County, Texas">Presidio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rains_County,_Texas" title="Rains County, Texas">Rains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randall_County,_Texas" title="Randall County, Texas">Randall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_County,_Texas" title="Reagan County, Texas">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_County,_Texas" title="Real County, Texas">Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_County,_Texas" title="Red River County, Texas">Red River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reeves_County,_Texas" title="Reeves County, Texas">Reeves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugio_County,_Texas" title="Refugio County, Texas">Refugio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberts_County,_Texas" title="Roberts County, Texas">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robertson_County,_Texas" title="Robertson County, Texas">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockwall_County,_Texas" title="Rockwall County, Texas">Rockwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runnels_County,_Texas" title="Runnels County, Texas">Runnels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusk_County,_Texas" title="Rusk County, Texas">Rusk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabine_County,_Texas" title="Sabine County, Texas">Sabine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Augustine_County,_Texas" title="San Augustine County, Texas">San Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jacinto_County,_Texas" title="San Jacinto County, Texas">San Jacinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Patricio_County,_Texas" title="San Patricio County, Texas">San Patricio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Saba_County,_Texas" title="San Saba County, Texas">San Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schleicher_County,_Texas" title="Schleicher County, Texas">Schleicher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scurry_County,_Texas" title="Scurry County, Texas">Scurry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shackelford_County,_Texas" title="Shackelford County, Texas">Shackelford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelby_County,_Texas" title="Shelby County, Texas">Shelby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_County,_Texas" title="Sherman County, Texas">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_County,_Texas" title="Smith County, Texas">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somervell_County,_Texas" title="Somervell County, Texas">Somervell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starr_County,_Texas" title="Starr County, Texas">Starr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephens_County,_Texas" title="Stephens County, Texas">Stephens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterling_County,_Texas" title="Sterling County, Texas">Sterling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_County,_Texas" title="Stonewall County, Texas">Stonewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutton_County,_Texas" title="Sutton County, Texas">Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swisher_County,_Texas" title="Swisher County, Texas">Swisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarrant_County,_Texas" title="Tarrant County, Texas">Tarrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taylor_County,_Texas" title="Taylor County, Texas">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrell_County,_Texas" title="Terrell County, Texas">Terrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_County,_Texas" title="Terry County, Texas">Terry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throckmorton_County,_Texas" title="Throckmorton County, Texas">Throckmorton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus_County,_Texas" title="Titus County, Texas">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Green_County,_Texas" title="Tom Green County, Texas">Tom Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travis_County,_Texas" title="Travis County, Texas">Travis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_County,_Texas" title="Trinity County, Texas">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyler_County,_Texas" title="Tyler County, Texas">Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upshur_County,_Texas" title="Upshur County, Texas">Upshur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upton_County,_Texas" title="Upton County, Texas">Upton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvalde_County,_Texas" title="Uvalde County, Texas">Uvalde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_Verde_County,_Texas" title="Val Verde County, Texas">Val Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Zandt_County,_Texas" title="Van Zandt County, Texas">Van Zandt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_County,_Texas" title="Victoria County, Texas">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walker_County,_Texas" title="Walker County, Texas">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waller_County,_Texas" title="Waller County, Texas">Waller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_County,_Texas" title="Ward County, Texas">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_Texas" title="Washington County, Texas">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webb_County,_Texas" title="Webb County, Texas">Webb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wharton_County,_Texas" title="Wharton County, Texas">Wharton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheeler_County,_Texas" title="Wheeler County, Texas">Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita_County,_Texas" title="Wichita County, Texas">Wichita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilbarger_County,_Texas" title="Wilbarger County, Texas">Wilbarger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willacy_County,_Texas" title="Willacy County, Texas">Willacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamson_County,_Texas" title="Williamson County, Texas">Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_County,_Texas" title="Wilson County, Texas">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winkler_County,_Texas" title="Winkler County, Texas">Winkler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wise_County,_Texas" title="Wise County, Texas">Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_County,_Texas" title="Wood County, Texas">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoakum_County,_Texas" title="Yoakum County, Texas">Yoakum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_County,_Texas" title="Young County, Texas">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapata_County,_Texas" title="Zapata County, Texas">Zapata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zavala_County,_Texas" title="Zavala County, Texas">Zavala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Southern_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Southern_United_States" title="Template:Southern United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Southern_United_States" title="Template talk:Southern United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Southern_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Southern United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Southern_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southern United States">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Culture of the Southern United States">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">Dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States#Economy" title="Southern United States">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States#Geography" title="Southern United States">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Politics of the Southern United States">Government and politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="History of the Southern United States">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States#Sports" title="Southern United States">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Southerners" title="Black Southerners">Black Southerners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Southerners" title="White Southerners">White Southerners</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population" title="List of United States cities by population">Major cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston (SC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston,_West_Virginia" title="Charleston, West Virginia">Charleston (WV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina" title="Columbia, South Carolina">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas" title="Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensboro,_North_Carolina" title="Greensboro, North Carolina">Greensboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton,_Virginia" title="Hampton, Virginia">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hialeah,_Florida" title="Hialeah, Florida">Hialeah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida" title="Jacksonville, Florida">Jacksonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansas" title="Little Rock, Arkansas">Little Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newport_News,_Virginia" title="Newport News, Virginia">Newport News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City" title="Oklahoma City">Oklahoma City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando,_Florida" title="Orlando, Florida">Orlando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth,_Virginia" title="Portsmouth, Virginia">Portsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg,_Florida" title="St. Petersburg, Florida">St. Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampa,_Florida" title="Tampa, Florida">Tampa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma" title="Tulsa, Oklahoma">Tulsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Beach,_Virginia" title="Virginia Beach, Virginia">Virginia Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_Delaware" title="Wilmington, Delaware">Wilmington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston-Salem,_North_Carolina" title="Winston-Salem, North Carolina">Winston-Salem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">State capitals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland" title="Annapolis, Maryland">Annapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana" title="Baton Rouge, Louisiana">Baton Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston,_West_Virginia" title="Charleston, West Virginia">Charleston (WV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina" title="Columbia, South Carolina">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dover,_Delaware" title="Dover, Delaware">Dover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfort,_Kentucky" title="Frankfort, Kentucky">Frankfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi" title="Jackson, Mississippi">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansas" title="Little Rock, Arkansas">Little Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City" title="Oklahoma City">Oklahoma City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallahassee,_Florida" title="Tallahassee, Florida">Tallahassee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="&quot;Six_flags_over_Texas&quot;" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Six_flags_of_Texas" title="Template:Six flags of Texas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Six_flags_of_Texas" title="Template talk:Six flags of Texas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Six_flags_of_Texas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Six flags of Texas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="&quot;Six_flags_over_Texas&quot;" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">"<a href="/wiki/Six_flags_over_Texas" title="Six flags over Texas">Six flags over Texas</a>"</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg/23px-Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg/35px-Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg/45px-Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France">French Texas</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Spain" title="Flag of Spain">Spanish Texas</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Mexico_%281823-1864%2C_1867-1893%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281823-1864%2C_1867-1893%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Mexico_%281823-1864%2C_1867-1893%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281823-1864%2C_1867-1893%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Mexico_%281823-1864%2C_1867-1893%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281823-1864%2C_1867-1893%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Mexico" title="Flag of Mexico">Mexican Texas</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/23px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/35px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/45px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Texas" title="Flag of Texas">Republic of Texas</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%28March_%E2%80%93_May_1861%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%28March_%E2%80%93_May_1861%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%28March_%E2%80%93_May_1861%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%28March_%E2%80%93_May_1861%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%28March_%E2%80%93_May_1861%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%28March_%E2%80%93_May_1861%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America" title="Flags of the Confederate States of America">Confederate States</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_divisions_of_the_Confederate_States_(1861–1865)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Confederate_States_political_divisions" title="Template:Confederate States political divisions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Confederate_States_political_divisions" title="Template talk:Confederate States political divisions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Confederate_States_political_divisions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Confederate States political divisions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_divisions_of_the_Confederate_States_(1861–1865)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Political divisions of the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States</a> (1861–1865)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federated_state" title="Federated state">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Alabama in the American Civil War">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Arkansas in the American Civil War">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Florida in the American Civil War">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Georgia in the American Civil War">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Louisiana in the American Civil War">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Mississippi in the American Civil War">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="North Carolina in the American Civil War">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="South Carolina in the American Civil War">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Tennessee in the American Civil War">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Texas in the American Civil War">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Virginia in the American Civil War">Virginia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="West Virginia in the American Civil War">West Virginia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_government_of_West_Virginia" title="Confederate government of West Virginia">government</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Confederate_States_of_America.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the Confederate States"><img alt="Map of the Confederate States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Confederate_States_of_America.svg/175px-Confederate_States_of_America.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Confederate_States_of_America.svg/263px-Confederate_States_of_America.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Confederate_States_of_America.svg/350px-Confederate_States_of_America.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="913" data-file-height="572" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_in_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Government in exile">Governments in exile</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Kentucky in the American Civil War">Kentucky</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_government_of_Kentucky" title="Confederate government of Kentucky">government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Missouri in the American Civil War">Missouri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_government_of_Missouri" title="Confederate government of Missouri">government</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territory" title="Territory">Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Arizona" title="Confederate Arizona">Arizona Territory</a>2</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>1 Admitted to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">Union</a> June 20, 1863.</li> <li>2 Organized January 18, 1862.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_divisions_of_the_United_States" style="text-align:left;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_political_divisions" title="Template:United States political divisions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_political_divisions" title="Template talk:United States political divisions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_political_divisions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States political divisions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_divisions_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Political divisions of the United States</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_the_United_States" title="List of states and territories of the United States">List of states and territories</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">Outlying islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Island" title="Baker Island">Baker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howland_Island" title="Howland Island">Howland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarvis_Island" title="Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnston_Atoll" title="Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingman_Reef" title="Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midway_Atoll" title="Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navassa_Island" title="Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_Atoll" title="Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake_Island" title="Wake Island">Wake Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">List of Indian reservations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Concessions_and_leases_in_international_relations" title="Concessions and leases in international relations">International concessions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_Naval_Base" title="Guantanamo Bay Naval Base">Guantanamo Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pituffik_Space_Base" title="Pituffik Space Base">Pituffik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJj8XjVR9hP7dPxwVtRqcP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4059594-8">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80129616">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00628779">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge134541&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007559624705171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058514572906706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/f934c8da-e40e-4056-8f8c-212e68fdcaec">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/164591354">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045173">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output 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Template:Infobox"," 5.10% 246.639 44 Template:Cite_book"," 5.10% 246.412 58 Template:Cite_news"," 4.38% 211.875 34 Template:Cite_Handbook_of_Texas"," 4.08% 197.509 3 Template:Sfn"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.998","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":25657354,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAaronson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAcosta2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlexander_Kent2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlwyn2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndrew_J._Torget2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAquila2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArnold2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAten1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarr2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBauer2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBernardini\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBethancourt2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlakeRappaportLandsea2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlanton2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlatt2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBolton1915\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBomar2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBonnin,_Richard\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoyle,_Alan2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrittonElliottMiller2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuenger2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBureau\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBybee2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalvert2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalvertLeónCantrell2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalvey2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarmack2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarter1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCastillo2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChipman1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChipman2017\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFClark2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarke\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClaytonKnightMoore1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollman2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavidsonLytle2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDavis2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDepartment_of_Atmospheric_Sciences_(DAS)_at_the_University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana-Champaign.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDouglas2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDulaney2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDymeck\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdmondson2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElectronic_Municipal_Market_Access2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElving2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFairchild2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarrell2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFechter2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFederal_Reserve_Bank_of_Dallas_Office_of_Community_Affairs\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFederal_Writers\u0026#039;_Project1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFehrenbach2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFehrenbach2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFernandez2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFernandez2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFernandez2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFischerAbrahams2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrosch2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFry2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGalán2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarnham2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGershoffFont2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffin2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrissom2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGwinnett2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGwynne2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanson2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHardin1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeath2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHellmann2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHendrickson1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHennessy-FiskeCarcamo2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHethcock2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHicksBurton2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHinton2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHofsommer2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHudson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunt2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuson1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInvestor_Relations\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJennifer_LeClaire\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJervis2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJillson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJin2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson1866\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoutel1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKanellos\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlos2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoppel2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKreneck2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLack1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaura_M._MaruschakTodd_D._Minton2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeeBarnesBowman1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevin2015\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFManchaca2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMandi_CaiMatthew_WatkinsAnna_NovakDarla_Cameron2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarsh2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarvel2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaxwell2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaxwell2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcComb2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcComb2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDonald2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKellop2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiranda2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiroffPartlow2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoneyhon2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuzzafar\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMyerson1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMéndez2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNacko2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNet\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeu2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeuman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNova_Lomax2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Grady2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlien2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOwensSunseri2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeckScherer1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerotin2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPettit\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlocheck2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPopik\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoston2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrindle2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProcter2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRabin2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamos2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamosReavis2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamsey2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRedden2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReport_of_President\u0026#039;s_Commission_on_the_assassination_of_President_John_F._Kennedy.1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichardsonAndersonWintzWallace2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichardsonWintzBoswellAnderson2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRidder2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRisen2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoell2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenwald2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenzweig-Ziff2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaghaye-Biria2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalhotra2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSansom2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchulte2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmyrl2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmyrl2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSolomon2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSouder2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteen2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStorey,_John_WoodrowKelleyMary_L.2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStorey2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStory2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTamir2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTan2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeja2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTexas_Education_Agency2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTodishTodishSpring1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTom_Niziol2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUra2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUra2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUraKaoAstudilloEssig2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeber1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeddle1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWerner2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWest1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinders2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinship1904\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWomack2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWooster2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoosterSanders2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoung1976\"] = 1,\n [\"Political_history\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 37,\n [\"Accents of English\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Angbr\"] = 2,\n [\"As of\"] = 3,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bar box\"] = 1,\n [\"Bar percent\"] = 9,\n [\"Bartable\"] = 14,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 2,\n [\"Central Business Districts in Texas\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite Handbook of Texas\"] = 34,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 44,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 58,\n [\"Cite ngs\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 261,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Cn\"] = 1,\n [\"Col-2\"] = 2,\n [\"Col-begin\"] = 1,\n [\"Col-end\"] = 1,\n [\"Confederate States political divisions\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 29,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"Efn\"] = 8,\n [\"Further\"] = 8,\n [\"Google books\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 8,\n [\"IPA\"] = 3,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 2,\n [\"IPAslink\"] = 1,\n [\"IncreaseNeutral\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox U.S. state\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox region symbols\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 18,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Largest cities\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 13,\n [\"Listen\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 23,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 4,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 19,\n [\"Numero\"] = 2,\n [\"Osmrelation-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-vandalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Protected areas of Texas\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Respell\"] = 2,\n [\"Section link\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 14,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 31,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Six flags of Texas\"] = 1,\n [\"Southern United States\"] = 1,\n [\"Texas\"] = 1,\n [\"Texas History\"] = 1,\n [\"Texas counties\"] = 1,\n [\"US Census population\"] = 1,\n [\"United States political divisions\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 11,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"small\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","500","15.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","380","11.7"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","320","9.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","140","4.3"],["recursiveClone 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