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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_tribes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_tribes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Contemporary tribes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_tribes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Name</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Name-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Name subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Difficulties_in_naming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Difficulties_in_naming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Difficulties in naming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Difficulties_in_naming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tribes_and_bands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tribes_and_bands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Tribes and bands</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tribes_and_bands-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tribes and bands subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tribes_and_bands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chiricahua_–_Mimbreño_–_Ndendahe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chiricahua_–_Mimbreño_–_Ndendahe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Chiricahua – Mimbreño – Ndendahe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chiricahua_–_Mimbreño_–_Ndendahe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jicarilla" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jicarilla"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Jicarilla</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jicarilla-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lipan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lipan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Lipan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lipan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mescalero" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mescalero"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Mescalero</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mescalero-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnobotany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnobotany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Ethnobotany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnobotany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plains_Apache" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plains_Apache"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Plains Apache</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plains_Apache-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Apache" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Apache"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Western Apache</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Apache-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnobotany_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnobotany_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.1</span> <span>Ethnobotany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnobotany_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Other terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Entry_into_the_Southwest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entry_into_the_Southwest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Entry into the Southwest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entry_into_the_Southwest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflict_with_Mexico_and_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflict_with_Mexico_and_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Conflict with Mexico and the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflict_with_Mexico_and_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forced_removal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forced_removal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Forced removal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forced_removal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defeat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defeat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Defeat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defeat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-reservation_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-reservation_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Pre-reservation culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pre-reservation_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pre-reservation culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pre-reservation_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Social organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kinship_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kinship_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Kinship systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kinship_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chiricahua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chiricahua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1.1</span> <span>Chiricahua</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chiricahua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jicarilla_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jicarilla_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1.2</span> <span>Jicarilla</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jicarilla_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Housing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Housing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Housing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Housing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Food</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hunting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hunting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Hunting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hunting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clothing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clothing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Clothing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clothing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Undomesticated_plants_and_other_food_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Undomesticated_plants_and_other_food_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Undomesticated plants and other food sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Undomesticated_plants_and_other_food_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnobotany_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnobotany_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.1</span> <span>Ethnobotany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnobotany_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crop_cultivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crop_cultivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Crop cultivation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crop_cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trade,_raids,_and_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade,_raids,_and_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Trade, raids, and war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade,_raids,_and_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Population history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_historic_Apache" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_historic_Apache"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notable historic Apache</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_historic_Apache-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>General bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tribal_websites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tribal_websites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Tribal websites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tribal_websites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_external_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_external_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Other external links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_external_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Apache</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 77 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-77" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">77 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A_(%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8)" title="أباتشي (شعب) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أباتشي (شعب)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%8F%D0%BB" title="Апачеял – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Апачеял" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apa%C3%A7il%C9%99r" title="Apaçilər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Apaçilər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%86%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%B1" title="آپاچی‌لر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آپاچی‌لر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%8B" title="Апачы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Апачы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Апачи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Апачи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apached" title="Apached – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Apached" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apatxe" title="Apatxe – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Apatxe" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Аппачсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Аппачсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apa%C4%8Dov%C3%A9" title="Apačové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Apačové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache" title="Apache – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Apache" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache" title="Apache – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Apache" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apachen" title="Apachen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Apachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apat%C5%A1id" title="Apatšid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Apatšid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%80%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%83%CE%B9" title="Απάτσι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Απάτσι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache" title="Apache – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Apache" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apa%C4%89oj" title="Apaĉoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Apaĉoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apatxe" title="Apatxe – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Apatxe" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%86%DB%8C_(%D9%82%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%87)" title="آپاچی (قبیله) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آپاچی (قبیله)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache" title="Apache – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Apache" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apaches" title="Apaches – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Apaches" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap%C3%A1itsigh" title="Apáitsigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Apáitsigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_apache" title="Pobo apache – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo apache" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%ED%8C%8C%EC%B9%98%EC%A1%B1" title="아파치족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아파치족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B9%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ապաչներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ապաչներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80" title="अपाची – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अपाची" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apa%C5%A1i_(Sjeverna_Amerika)" title="Apaši (Sjeverna Amerika) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Apaši (Sjeverna Amerika)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Apache" title="Orang Apache – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Apache" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache" title="Apache – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Apache" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A6%27%D7%99" title="אפאצ'י – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אפאצ'י" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Apache" title="Wong Apache – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wong Apache" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%86" title="ಅಪಾಚೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಪಾಚೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98" title="აპაჩი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აპაჩი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Апачилер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Апачилер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Апачи – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Апачи" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apa%C4%8Di" title="Apači – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Apači" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apa%C4%8Diai" title="Apačiai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Apačiai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apacsok" title="Apacsok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Apacsok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Апачи – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Апачи" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC" title="അപ്പാച്ചി ഇന്ത്യർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അപ്പാച്ചി ഇന്ത്യർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%89" title="اباتشى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اباتشى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Apache" title="Orang Apache – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Orang Apache" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apachen" title="Apachen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Apachen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%91%E3%83%83%E3%83%81%E6%97%8F" title="アパッチ族 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アパッチ族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache" title="Apache – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Apache" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apasjar" title="Apasjar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Apasjar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apaches" title="Apaches – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Apaches" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apaches" title="Apaches – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Apaches" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%80" title="ਅਪਾਚੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਪਾਚੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%86%DB%8C" title="اپاچی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اپاچی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apachen" title="Apachen – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Apachen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apacze" title="Apacze – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Apacze" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apaches" title="Apaches – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Apaches" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apa%C8%99i" title="Apași – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Apași" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apachi" title="Apachi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Apachi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Апачи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Апачи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache" title="Apache – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Apache" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apa%C3%A7%C3%ABt" title="Apaçët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Apaçët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache" title="Apache – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Apache" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apa%C4%8Di" title="Apači – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Apači" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apa%C4%8Di" title="Apači – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Apači" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Dadka" title="Apache Dadka – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Apache Dadka" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%86%DB%8C" title="ئەپاچی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەپاچی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Апачи – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Апачи" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apa%C4%8Di" title="Apači – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Apači" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apassit" title="Apassit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Apassit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apacher" title="Apacher – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Apacher" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache" title="Apache – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Apache" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF_(%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D)" title="அப்பாச்சி (பழங்குடிகள்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அப்பாச்சி (பழங்குடிகள்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5" title="อะแพชี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อะแพชี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B4hts%C3%A9heonetane" title="Môhtséheonetane – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Môhtséheonetane" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apa%C3%A7iler" title="Apaçiler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Apaçiler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%96" title="Апачі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Апачі" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indigenous peoples of the United States</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Apache_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Apache (disambiguation)">Apache (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Apache" title="Special:EditPage/Apache">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Apache%22">"Apache"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Apache%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Apache%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Apache%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Apache%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Apache%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Apache</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">194,715 (self-identified)<sup id="cite_ref-2021_American_Community_Survey_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021_American_Community_Survey-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Southwest United States (<a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>) and Northern <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">Coahuila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)">Chihuahua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamaulipas" title="Tamaulipas">Tamaulipas</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-inali2023_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inali2023-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>: 825 residents of Canada identified as having Apache ancestry in the <a href="/wiki/2016_Canadian_census" title="2016 Canadian census">2016 Canadian census</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Apache_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache language">Apache</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jicarilla_language" title="Jicarilla language">Jicarilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plains_Apache_language" title="Plains Apache language">Plains Apache</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipan_language" title="Lipan language">Lipan Apache</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mescalero-Chiricahua_language" title="Mescalero-Chiricahua language">Mescalero-Chiricahua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Apache_language" title="Western Apache language">Western Apache</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ethnologue_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethnologue-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religion" title="Indigenous religion">Indigenous religion</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Navajo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Navajo people">Navajo</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Athabascan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Athabascan language">Athabascan language</a>-speaking tribes </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Apache</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">ə-<span style="font-size:90%">PATCH</span>-ee</i></a>) are several <a href="/wiki/Southern_Athabaskan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Athabaskan language">Southern Athabaskan language</a>–speaking peoples of the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwest</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Plains" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Plains">Southern Plains</a> and Northern <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>. They are linguistically related to the <a href="/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo">Navajo</a>. They migrated from the <a href="/wiki/Athabascan" class="mw-redirect" title="Athabascan">Athabascan</a> homelands in the north into the Southwest between 1000 and 1500 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-monaz_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monaz-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apache bands include the <a href="/wiki/Chiricahua" title="Chiricahua">Chiricahua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jicarilla_Apache" title="Jicarilla Apache">Jicarilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipan_Apache_people" title="Lipan Apache people">Lipan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mescalero" title="Mescalero">Mescalero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mimbre%C3%B1o_Apache" title="Mimbreño Apache">Mimbreño</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salinero_Apaches" title="Salinero Apaches">Salinero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plains_Apache" title="Plains Apache">Plains</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Western_Apache" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Apache">Western Apache</a> (<a href="/wiki/San_Carlos_Apache_Indian_Reservation" title="San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation">Aravaipa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinale%C3%B1o_Mountains" title="Pinaleño Mountains">Pinaleño</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Apache_Indian_Reservation" title="Fort Apache Indian Reservation">Coyotero</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tonto_Apache" title="Tonto Apache">Tonto</a>). Today, Apache tribes and <a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">reservations</a> are headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, while in Mexico the Apache are settled in Sonora, Chihuahua, <a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">Coahuila</a> and areas of <a href="/wiki/Tamaulipas" title="Tamaulipas">Tamaulipas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each <a href="/wiki/Native_American_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American tribe">tribe</a> is politically autonomous. </p><p>Historically, the Apache homelands have consisted of high mountains, sheltered and watered valleys, deep canyons, deserts, and the southern <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a>, including areas in what is now Eastern Arizona, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mexico" title="Northern Mexico">Northern Mexico</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)">Chihuahua</a>) and <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Texas" title="West Texas">West Texas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South-Central_Colorado" title="South-Central Colorado">Southern Colorado</a>. These areas are collectively known as <a href="/wiki/Apacheria" title="Apacheria">Apacheria</a>. </p><p>The Apache tribes fought the <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">invading Spanish</a> and Mexican peoples for centuries. The first Apache raids on <a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a> appear to have taken place during the late 17th century. In 19th-century confrontations during the <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">American Indian Wars</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a> found the Apache to be fierce warriors and skillful strategists. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_tribes">Contemporary tribes</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apachean_ca.18-century.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Apachean_ca.18-century.png/220px-Apachean_ca.18-century.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Apachean_ca.18-century.png/330px-Apachean_ca.18-century.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Apachean_ca.18-century.png/440px-Apachean_ca.18-century.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="730" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Southern_Athabascan" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Athabascan">Southern Athabascan</a>-speaking tribes, c. 18th century: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>WA: <a href="/wiki/Western_Apache_people" title="Western Apache people">Western Apache</a></li><li>N: <a href="/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li><li>Ch: <a href="/wiki/Chiricahua" title="Chiricahua">Chiricahua</a></li><li>M: <a href="/wiki/Mescalero" title="Mescalero">Mescalero</a></li><li>J: <a href="/wiki/Jicarilla_Apache" title="Jicarilla Apache">Jicarilla</a></li><li>L: <a href="/wiki/Lipan_Apache_people" title="Lipan Apache people">Lipan</a></li><li>Pl: <a href="/wiki/Plains_Apache" title="Plains Apache">Plains Apache</a></li></ul></div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apachean_present.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Apachean_present.png/220px-Apachean_present.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Apachean_present.png/330px-Apachean_present.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Apachean_present.png/440px-Apachean_present.png 2x" data-file-width="1173" data-file-height="574" /></a><figcaption>Present-day primary locations of Apache and Navajo tribes (scale and colors in map above)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Federally_recognized" class="mw-redirect" title="Federally recognized">Federally recognized</a> Apache tribes are: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache Tribe of Oklahoma">Apache Tribe of Oklahoma</a><sup id="cite_ref-soplains_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soplains-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Sill_Apache_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Sill Apache Tribe of Oklahoma">Fort Sill Apache Tribe of Oklahoma</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-soplains_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soplains-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oklahoma</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_McDowell_Yavapai_Nation" title="Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation">Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation</a>, Arizona<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicarilla_Apache_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Jicarilla Apache Nation">Jicarilla Apache Nation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-sw_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sw-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New Mexico</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mescalero_Apache_Tribe_of_the_Mescalero_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mescalero Apache Tribe of the Mescalero Reservation">Mescalero Apache Tribe of the Mescalero Reservation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-sw_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sw-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New Mexico</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Carlos_Apache_Tribe_of_the_San_Carlos_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="San Carlos Apache Tribe of the San Carlos Reservation">San Carlos Apache Tribe of the San Carlos Reservation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-west_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-west-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arizona</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonto_Apache_Tribe_of_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonto Apache Tribe of Arizona">Tonto Apache Tribe of Arizona</a><sup id="cite_ref-west_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-west-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Mountain_Apache_Tribe_of_the_Fort_Apache_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="White Mountain Apache Tribe of the Fort Apache Reservation">White Mountain Apache Tribe of the Fort Apache Reservation</a>, Arizona<sup id="cite_ref-west_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-west-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavapai-Apache_Nation_of_the_Camp_Verde_Indian_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavapai-Apache Nation of the Camp Verde Indian Reservation">Yavapai-Apache Nation of the Camp Verde Indian Reservation</a>, Arizona<sup id="cite_ref-west_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-west-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>The Jicarilla are headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Dulce,_New_Mexico" title="Dulce, New Mexico">Dulce, New Mexico</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-sw_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sw-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the <a href="/wiki/Mescalero" title="Mescalero">Mescalero</a> are headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Mescalero,_New_Mexico" title="Mescalero, New Mexico">Mescalero, New Mexico</a>. The Western Apache, located in Arizona, is divided into several reservations, which crosscut cultural divisions. The Western Apache reservations include the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Apache_Indian_Reservation" title="Fort Apache Indian Reservation">Fort Apache Indian Reservation</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Carlos_Apache_Indian_Reservation" title="San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation">San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camp_Verde_Indian_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Camp Verde Indian Reservation">Camp Verde Indian Reservation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tonto_Apache" title="Tonto Apache">Tonto-Apache Reservation</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Chiricahua_Apache" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiricahua Apache">Chiricahua</a> were divided into two groups after they were released from being prisoners of war. The majority moved to the Mescalero Reservation and formed, with the larger Mescalero political group, the <a href="/wiki/Mescalero_Apache_Tribe_of_the_Mescalero_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mescalero Apache Tribe of the Mescalero Reservation">Mescalero Apache Tribe of the Mescalero Reservation</a>, along with the <a href="/wiki/Lipan_Apache_people" title="Lipan Apache people">Lipan Apache</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other Chiricahua are enrolled in the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sill_Apache_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Sill Apache Tribe of Oklahoma">Fort Sill Apache Tribe of Oklahoma</a>, headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Apache,_Oklahoma" title="Apache, Oklahoma">Apache, Oklahoma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-soplains_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soplains-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Plains_Apache" title="Plains Apache">Plains Apache</a> are located in Oklahoma, headquartered around <a href="/wiki/Anadarko,_Oklahoma" title="Anadarko, Oklahoma">Anadarko</a>, and are federally recognized as the <a href="/wiki/Apache_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache Tribe of Oklahoma">Apache Tribe of Oklahoma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-soplains_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soplains-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nine Apache tribes formed a nonprofit organization, the Apache Alliance. Tribal leaders convene at the Apache Alliance Summits, meetings hosted by a different Apache tribe each time.<sup id="cite_ref-bruce_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bruce-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The member tribes are the Apache Tribe of Oklahoma, Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation, Fort Sill Apache Tribe, Jicarilla Apache Tribe, Mescalero Apache Tribe, San Carlos Apache Tribe, Tonto Apache Tribe, White Mountain Apache Tribe, Yavapai-Apache Nation,<sup id="cite_ref-bruce_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bruce-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, "Lipan Apaches were present" at the summit.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2></div> <p>Apaches first encountered European and African people, when they met <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistadors</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>, and thus the term <i>Apache</i> has its roots in the Spanish language. The Spanish first used the term <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Apachu de Nabajo</i></span> (Navajo) in the 1620s, referring to people in the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Chama_(Rio_Grande)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio Chama (Rio Grande)">Chama</a> region east of the <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_River_(Colorado_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="San Juan River (Colorado River)">San Juan River</a>. By the 1640s, they applied the term to Southern Athabaskan peoples from the Chama on the east to the San Juan on the west. The ultimate origin is uncertain and lost to Spanish history.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The first known written record in Spanish is by <span title="Spanish-language text"><span lang="es" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_O%C3%B1ate" title="Juan de Oñate">Juan de Oñate</a></span></span> in 1598. The most widely accepted origin theory suggests <i>Apache</i> was borrowed and transliterated from the <a href="/wiki/Zuni_language" title="Zuni language">Zuni</a> word <span title="Zuni-language text"><i lang="zun">ʔa·paču</i></span> meaning "Navajos" (the plural of <span title="Zuni-language text"><i lang="zun">paču</i></span> "Navajo").<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-de_Reuse,_p._385_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Reuse,_p._385-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/J._P._Harrington" class="mw-redirect" title="J. P. Harrington">J. P. Harrington</a> reports that <span title="Zuni-language text"><i lang="zun">čišše·kʷe</i></span> can also be used to refer to the Apache in general. </p><p>Another theory suggests the term comes from <a href="/wiki/Yavapai_language" title="Yavapai language">Yavapai</a> <span title="Havasupai–Hualapai-language text"><i lang="yuf">ʔpačə</i></span> meaning "enemy".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Zuni and Yavapai sources are less certain because Oñate used the term before he had encountered any Zuni or Yavapai.<sup id="cite_ref-de_Reuse,_p._385_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Reuse,_p._385-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A less likely origin may be from Spanish <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">mapache</i></span>, meaning "raccoon".<sup id="cite_ref-de_Reuse,_p._385_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Reuse,_p._385-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern Apache people use the Spanish term to refer to themselves and tribal functions, and so does the US government. However, Apache language speakers also refer to themselves and their people in the Apache term <span title="Apache languages collective text"><i lang="apa">Indé</i></span> meaning "person" or "people". A related Southern Athabascan–speaking tribe, the Navajo, refer to themselves as the <span title="Navajo-language text"><i lang="nv"><a href="/wiki/Din%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Diné">Diné</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fame of the tribes' tenacity and fighting skills, probably bolstered by <a href="/wiki/Dime_novel" title="Dime novel">dime novels</a>, was widely known among Europeans. In early 20th century Parisian society, the word <i>Apache</i> was adopted into French, essentially meaning an outlaw.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>Apachean</i> includes the related <a href="/wiki/Navajo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Navajo people">Navajo people</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Difficulties_in_naming">Difficulties in naming</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kathy_Kitcheyan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Kathy_Kitcheyan.jpg/220px-Kathy_Kitcheyan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Kathy_Kitcheyan.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="242" data-file-height="329" /></a><figcaption>Kathy Kitcheyan, chairwoman of the <a href="/wiki/San_Carlos_Apache" class="mw-redirect" title="San Carlos Apache">San Carlos Apache</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Apache" title="Special:EditPage/Apache">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Many of the historical names of Apache groups that were recorded by non-Apache are difficult to match to modern-day tribes or their subgroups. Over the centuries, many Spanish, French and English-speaking authors did not differentiate between Apache and other semi-nomadic non-Apache peoples who might pass through the same area. Most commonly, Europeans learned to identify the tribes by translating their <a href="/wiki/Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">exonym</a>, what another group whom the Europeans encountered first called the Apache peoples. Europeans often did not learn what the peoples called themselves, their <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/autonym" class="extiw" title="wikt:autonym">autonyms</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_S._Soule_-_Pacer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/William_S._Soule_-_Pacer.jpg/220px-William_S._Soule_-_Pacer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/William_S._Soule_-_Pacer.jpg/330px-William_S._Soule_-_Pacer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/William_S._Soule_-_Pacer.jpg/440px-William_S._Soule_-_Pacer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Essa-queta, <a href="/wiki/Plains_Apache" title="Plains Apache">Plains Apache</a> chief</figcaption></figure> <p>While anthropologists agree on some traditional major subgrouping of Apaches, they have often used different criteria to name finer divisions, and these do not always match modern Apache groupings. Some scholars do not consider groups residing in what is now Mexico to be Apache. In addition, an Apache individual has different ways of identification with a group, such as a band or clan, as well as the larger tribe or language grouping, which can add to the difficulties in an outsider comprehending the distinctions. </p><p>In 1900, the US government classified the members of the Apache tribe in the United States as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinal_Coyotero&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pinal Coyotero (page does not exist)">Pinal Coyotero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jicarilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Jicarilla">Jicarilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mescalero" title="Mescalero">Mescalero</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Carlos_Apache" class="mw-redirect" title="San Carlos Apache">San Carlos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tonto_Apache_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonto Apache people">Tonto</a>, and <a href="/wiki/White_Mountain_Apache_people" class="mw-redirect" title="White Mountain Apache people">White Mountain</a> Apache. The different groups were located in Arizona, New Mexico, and Oklahoma. </p><p>In the 1930s, the anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Greenville_Goodwin" title="Greenville Goodwin">Greenville Goodwin</a> classified the Western Apache into five groups (based on his informants' views of dialect and cultural differences): White Mountain, Cibecue, San Carlos, North Tonto, and South Tonto. Since then, other anthropologists (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Albert_Schroeder" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Schroeder">Albert Schroeder</a>) consider Goodwin's classification inconsistent with pre-reservation cultural divisions. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Willem_de_Reuse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willem de Reuse (page does not exist)">Willem de Reuse</a> finds linguistic evidence supporting only three major groupings: White Mountain, San Carlos, and Dilzhe'e (Tonto). He believes San Carlos is the most divergent dialect, and that Dilzhe'e is a remnant, intermediate member of a dialect continuum that previously spanned from the Western Apache language to the Navajo. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Upton_Terrell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Upton Terrell (page does not exist)">John Upton Terrell</a> classifies the Apache into western and eastern groups. In the western group, he includes Toboso, Cholome,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jocome, Sibolo or Cibola, Pelone, Manso, and Kiva or Kofa. He includes Chicame (the earlier term for Hispanized <a href="/wiki/Chicano" title="Chicano">Chicano</a> or New Mexicans of Spanish/<a href="/wiki/Hispanic" title="Hispanic">Hispanic</a> and Apache descent) among them as having definite Apache connections or names which the Spanish associated with the Apache. </p><p>In a detailed study of New Mexico Catholic Church records, David M. Brugge identifies 15 tribal names that the Spanish used to refer to the Apache. These were drawn from records of about 1,000 baptisms from 1704 to 1862.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tribes_and_bands">Tribes and bands</h2></div> <p>The list below is based on Foster and McCollough (2001), Opler (1983b, 1983c, 2001), and de Reuse (1983). </p><p>The term <i>Apache</i> refers to six major Apache-speaking groups: Chiricahua, Jicarilla, Lipan, Mescalero, Plains, and Western Apache. Historically, the term has also been applied to the <a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohave_people" title="Mohave people">Mojaves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hualapai" title="Hualapai">Hualapais</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yavapai" title="Yavapai">Yavapais</a>, none of whom speak Apache languages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chiricahua_–_Mimbreño_–_Ndendahe"><span id="Chiricahua_.E2.80.93_Mimbre.C3.B1o_.E2.80.93_Ndendahe"></span>Chiricahua – Mimbreño – Ndendahe</h3></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Chiricahua" title="Chiricahua">Chiricahua</a></b> historically lived in Southeastern Arizona and Northern Sonora and Chihuahua. Chíshí (also Tchishi) is a <a href="/wiki/Navajo_language" title="Navajo language">Navajo</a> word meaning "Chiricahua, southern Apaches in general".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><b>Ch'úúkʾanén</b>, true Chiricahua (Tsokanende, also Č'ók'ánéń, Č'ó·k'anén, Chokonni, Cho-kon-nen, Cho Kŭnĕ́, Chokonen) is the Eastern Chiricahua band identified by <a href="/wiki/Morris_Opler" class="mw-redirect" title="Morris Opler">Morris Opler</a>. The name is an <a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">autonym</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Chiricahua_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiricahua language">Chiricahua language</a>.</li> <li><b>Gileño</b> (also Apaches de Gila, Apaches de Xila, Apaches de la Sierra de Gila, Xileños, Gilenas, Gilans, Gilanians, Gila Apache, Gilleños) referred to several different Apache and non-Apache groups at different times. <i>Gila</i> refers to either the <a href="/wiki/Gila_River" title="Gila River">Gila River</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Mogollon_Mountains" title="Mogollon Mountains">Gila Mountains</a>. Some of the Gila Apaches were probably later known as the Mogollon Apaches, a Central Apache sub-band, while others probably coalesced into the Chiricahua proper. But, since the term was used indiscriminately for all Apachean groups west of the Rio Grande (i.e. in southeast Arizona and western New Mexico), the reference in historical documents is often unclear. After 1722, Spanish documents start to distinguish between these different groups, in which case <i>Apaches de Gila</i> refers to the Western Apache living along the Gila River (synonymous with <i>Coyotero</i>). American writers first used the term to refer to the Mimbres (another Central Apache subdivision).</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mimbre%C3%B1os" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimbreños">Mimbreño</a></b> are the Tchihende, not a <i>Chiricahua</i> band but a central Apache division sharing the same language with the Chiricahua and the Mescalero divisions, the name being referred to a central Apache division improperly considered as a section of Opler's "<i>Eastern Chiricahua</i> band", and to Albert Schroeder's <i>Mimbres</i>, or <i>Warm Springs</i> and <i>Copper Mines</i> "Chiricahua" bands<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in southwestern New Mexico. <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Chiricahua" title="Chiricahua">Copper Mines</a> Mimbreño</b> (also Coppermine) were located on upper reaches of Gila River, New Mexico, having their center in the Pinos Altos area. (See also <i>Gileño</i> and <i>Mimbreño</i>.)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chiricahua" title="Chiricahua">Warm Springs</a> Mimbreño</b> (also Warmspring) were located on upper reaches of Gila River, New Mexico, having their center in the Ojo Caliente area. (See also <i>Gileño</i> and <i>Mimbreño</i>.)</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ndendahe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ndendahe (page does not exist)">Ndendahe</a></b> were a division comprising the Bedonkohe (Mogollon) group and the Nedhni (Carrizaleño and Janero) group, incorrectly called, sometimes, <i>Southern Chirichua</i>. <ul><li><b>Mogollon</b> was considered by Schroeder to be a separate pre-reservation Chiricahua band, while Opler considered the Mogollon to be part of his <i>Eastern Chiricahua</i> band in New Mexico. This is not be confused with the precontact <a href="/wiki/Mogollon_culture" title="Mogollon culture">Mogollon culture</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nedhni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nedhni (page does not exist)">Nedhni</a></b> were the most southern group of the Central Apache, having their center in the Carrizal (Carrizaleño) and Janos (Janero) areas, in the Mexican state of Chihuahua.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jicarilla">Jicarilla</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jicarilla_apache_boy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Jicarilla_apache_boy.jpg/170px-Jicarilla_apache_boy.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Jicarilla_apache_boy.jpg/255px-Jicarilla_apache_boy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Jicarilla_apache_boy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption>Young <a href="/wiki/Jicarilla_Apache_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Jicarilla Apache Nation">Jicarilla Apache</a> boy, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Jicarilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Jicarilla">Jicarilla</a> primarily live in Northern New Mexico and Southern Colorado. The term <i>jicarilla</i> comes from the Spanish word for "little gourd." </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Jicarilla_Apache" title="Jicarilla Apache">Carlana</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (also Sierra Blanca) is <a href="/wiki/Raton_Mesa" title="Raton Mesa">Raton Mesa</a> in Southeastern <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>. In 1726, they joined the <a href="/wiki/El_Cuartelejo" title="El Cuartelejo">Cuartelejo</a> and Paloma, and by the 1730s, they lived with the Jicarilla. The Llanero band of the Jicarilla or the Dáchizh-ó-zhn Jicarilla (defined by <a href="/wiki/James_Mooney" title="James Mooney">James Mooney</a>) might be descendants of the Carlana, Cuartelejo, and Paloma. Parts of the group were called Lipiyanes or Llaneros. In 1812, the term <i>Carlana</i> was used to mean Jicarilla. The Flechas de Palo might have been a part of or absorbed by the Carlana (or Cuartelejo).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lipan">Lipan</h3></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Lipan_Apache_people" title="Lipan Apache people">Lipan</a></b> (Ypandes) primarily live in New Mexico today on the <a href="/wiki/Mescalero_Apache_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mescalero Apache Reservation">Mescalero Apache Reservation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-may-ohs_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-may-ohs-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Lipan Apache descendants merged with the <a href="/wiki/Tonkawa" title="Tonkawa">Tonkawa</a> tribe in Oklahoma.<sup id="cite_ref-may-ohs_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-may-ohs-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, they moved from what is now the Southwest into the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Plains" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Plains">Southern Plains</a> before 1650.<sup id="cite_ref-may-ohs_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-may-ohs-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1719, French explorer <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_B%C3%A9nard_de_La_Harpe" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Baptiste Bénard de La Harpe">Jean Baptiste Bénard de La Harpe</a> encountered the Lipan Apache near what is now <a href="/wiki/Latimer_County,_Oklahoma" title="Latimer County, Oklahoma">Latimer County, Oklahoma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-may-ohs_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-may-ohs-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Lipan people were moved further east, into present day Louisiana, largely through enslavement of women & children<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Caddo" title="Caddo">Caddo</a> tribes and French Settlers. Upon gaining their freedom, they settled in the same area, present day St. Martin (Prairie Marron) & Lafayette Parishes (Bayou Tortue), along the Vermilion (aka "Red") River. Two groups, <i>Tcic n’ti óané</i> (Trees Tall Standing People) & <i>Gocłic Łit’xuné</i> (People of the Red Mud) merged to form the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cannecitinne.com">Canneci Tinné</a>, who continue to occupy this territory. </p><p>They were mentioned in 1718 records as being near the newly established town of <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="San Antonio, Texas">San Antonio, Texas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-de_Reuse,_p._385_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Reuse,_p._385-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They expanded into Texas and south the Gulf of Mexico and Rio Grande. In the mid-18th century, some Lipan settled in and near <a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Texas" title="Spanish missions in Texas">Spanish missions in Texas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tsha_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tsha-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clashes with Comanche forced them into southern Texas and northern Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-tsha_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tsha-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Briefly in the late 1830s, the Lipan allied with the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Republic of Texas</a>; however, after Texas gained statehood in 1846, the Americans waged a brutal campaign against the Lipan, destroying Lipan villages and trying to force them from Texas. Most were forced onto the Mescalero Reservation and some went to Oklahoma.<sup id="cite_ref-may-ohs_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-may-ohs-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tsha_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tsha-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Lipan_Apache_people" title="Lipan Apache people">Pelones</a></b> ("Bald Ones") lived far from San Antonio and far to the northeast of the Ypandes near the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red River of the South</a> of North-Central Texas, although able to field 800 warriors, more than the <i>Ypandes</i> and <i>Natagés</i> together, they were described as less warlike because they had fewer horses than the Plains Lipan, their population were estimated between 1,600 and 2,400 persons, were the <i>Forest Lipan</i> division (<i>Chishį́į́hį́į́</i>, <i>Tcici</i>, <i>Tcicihi</i> – "People of the Forest", after 1760 the name Pelones was never used by the Spanish for any Texas Apache group, the Pelones had fled for the Comanche south and southwest, but never mixed up with the Plains Lipan division – retaining their distinct identity, so that <a href="/wiki/Morris_Opler" class="mw-redirect" title="Morris Opler">Morris Opler</a> was told by his Lipan informants in 1935 that their tribal name was "People of the Forest")<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mescalero">Mescalero</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mescalero" title="Mescalero">Mescaleros</a> primarily live in Eastern New Mexico. </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Faraones" class="mw-redirect" title="Faraones">Faraones</a></b> (also Fahanos,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apaches Faraone, Paraonez, Pharaones, Taraones, or Taracones) is derived from Spanish <i>Faraón</i> meaning "Pharaoh." Before 1700, the name was vague. Between 1720 and 1726, it referred to Apache between the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pecos_River" title="Pecos River">Pecos River</a>, the area around <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe, New Mexico">Santa Fe</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Conchos_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Conchos River">Conchos River</a>. After 1726, <i>Faraones</i> only referred to the groups of the north and central parts of this region. The Faraones like were part of the modern-day Mescalero or merged with them. After 1814, the term <i>Faraones</i> disappeared and was replaced by <i>Mescalero</i>.</li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Blanca_Mescalero&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sierra Blanca Mescalero (page does not exist)">Sierra Blanca Mescaleros</a></b> were a northern Mescalero group from the Sierra Blanca Mountains, who roamed in what is now eastern New Mexico and western Texas.</li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacramento_Mescalero&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sacramento Mescalero (page does not exist)">Sacramento Mescaleros</a></b> were a northern Mescalero group from the Sacramento and Organ Mountains, who roamed in what is now eastern New Mexico and western Texas.</li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalupe_Mescalero&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guadalupe Mescalero (page does not exist)">Guadalupe Mescaleros</a></b>. were a northern Mescalero group from the Guadalupe Mountains, who roamed in what is now eastern New Mexico and western Texas.</li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limpia_Mescalero&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limpia Mescalero (page does not exist)">Limpia Mescaleros</a></b> were a southern Mescalero group from the Limpia Mountains (later named as Davis Mountains) and roamed in what is now eastern New Mexico and western Texas.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Natag%C3%A9s" class="mw-redirect" title="Natagés">Natagés</a></b> (also <i>Natagees</i>, <i>Apaches del Natafé</i>, <i>Natagêes</i>, <i>Yabipais Natagé</i>, <i>Natageses</i>, <i>Natajes</i>) is a term used from 1726 to 1820 to refer to the Faraón, Sierra Blanca, and Siete Ríos Apaches of southeastern New Mexico. In 1745, the Natagé are reported to have consisted of the Mescalero (around <a href="/wiki/El_Paso" class="mw-redirect" title="El Paso">El Paso</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Organ_Mountains" title="Organ Mountains">Organ Mountains</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Salinero_Apaches" title="Salinero Apaches">Salinero</a> (around <a href="/wiki/Rio_Salado_(New_Mexico)" title="Rio Salado (New Mexico)">Rio Salado</a>), but these were probably the same group, were oft called by the Spanish and Apaches themselves <i>true Apaches</i>, had had a considerable influence on the decision making of some bands of the Western Lipan in the 18th century. After 1749, the term became synonymous with Mescalero, which eventually replaced it.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</h4></div> <p>A full list of documented plant uses by the Mescalero tribe can be found at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://naeb.brit.org/uses/tribes/11/">http://naeb.brit.org/uses/tribes/11/</a> (which also includes the Chiricahua; 198 documented plant uses) and <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://naeb.brit.org/uses/tribes/12/">http://naeb.brit.org/uses/tribes/12/</a> (83 documented uses). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plains_Apache">Plains Apache</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Plains_Apache" title="Plains Apache">Plains Apache</a> (Kiowa-Apache, Naisha, Naʼishandine) are headquartered in Southwest Oklahoma. Historically, they followed the <a href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a>. Other names for them include Ná'įįsha, Ná'ęsha, Na'isha, Na'ishandine, Na-i-shan-dina, Na-ishi, Na-e-ca, Ną'ishą́, Nadeicha, Nardichia, Nadíisha-déna, Na'dí'į́shą́ʼ, Nądí'įįshąą, and Naisha. </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Querechos" class="mw-redirect" title="Querechos">Querechos</a></b> referred to by Coronado in 1541, possibly Plains Apaches, at times maybe Navajo. Other early Spanish might have also called them Vaquereo or Llanero.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Apache">Western Apache</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Carlos_Apache_woman_(F24259_DPLW).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/San_Carlos_Apache_woman_%28F24259_DPLW%29.jpg/220px-San_Carlos_Apache_woman_%28F24259_DPLW%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="357" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/San_Carlos_Apache_woman_%28F24259_DPLW%29.jpg/330px-San_Carlos_Apache_woman_%28F24259_DPLW%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/San_Carlos_Apache_woman_%28F24259_DPLW%29.jpg/440px-San_Carlos_Apache_woman_%28F24259_DPLW%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2469" data-file-height="4002" /></a><figcaption>A Western Apache woman from the San Carlos group</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Western_Apache" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Apache">Western Apache</a> include Northern Tonto, Southern Tonto, Cibecue, White Mountain, and San Carlos groups. While these subgroups spoke the same language and had kinship ties, Western Apaches considered themselves as separate from each other, according to Goodwin. Other writers have used this term to refer to all non-Navajo Apachean peoples living west of the Rio Grande (thus failing to distinguish the Chiricahua from the other Apacheans). Goodwin's formulation: "all those Apache peoples who have lived within the present boundaries of the state of Arizona during historic times with the exception of the Chiricahua, Warm Springs, and allied Apache, and a small band of Apaches known as the Apache Mansos, who lived in the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Western_Apache" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Apache">Cibecue</a></b> is a Western Apache group, according to Goodwin, from north of the <a href="/wiki/Salt_River_(Arizona)" title="Salt River (Arizona)">Salt River</a> between the Tonto and White Mountain Apache, consisting of Ceder Creek, Carrizo, and Cibecue (proper) bands.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/San_Carlos_Apache" class="mw-redirect" title="San Carlos Apache">San Carlos</a></b>. A Western Apache group that ranged closest to Tucson according to Goodwin. This group consisted of the Apache Peaks, Arivaipa, Pinal, San Carlos (proper) bands. <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Arivaipa" class="mw-redirect" title="Arivaipa">Arivaipa</a></b> (also Aravaipa) is a band of the San Carlos Apache. Schroeder believes the Arivaipa were a separate people in pre-reservation times. <i>Arivaipa</i> is a Hispanized word from the <a href="/wiki/O%27odham_language" class="mw-redirect" title="O'odham language">O'odham language</a>. The Arivaipa are known as <i>Tsézhiné</i> ("Black Rock") in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Apache_language" title="Western Apache language">Western Apache language</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinal_(Apache_band)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pinal (Apache band) (page does not exist)">Pinal</a></b> (also <i>Pinaleño</i>). One of the bands of the San Carlos group of Western Apache, described by Goodwin. Also used along with <i>Coyotero</i> to refer more generally to one of two major Western Apache divisions. Some Pinaleño were referred to as the <i>Gila Apache</i>.</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tonto_Apache" title="Tonto Apache">Tonto</a></b>. Goodwin divided into Northern Tonto and Southern Tonto groups, living in the north and west areas of the Western Apache groups according to Goodwin. This is north of Phoenix, north of the Verde River. Schroeder has suggested that the Tonto are originally Yavapais who assimilated Western Apache culture. Tonto is one of the major dialects of the Western Apache language. Tonto Apache speakers are traditionally bilingual in Western Apache and <a href="/wiki/Yavapai_language" title="Yavapai language">Yavapai</a>. Goodwin's Northern Tonto consisted of Bald Mountain, Fossil Creek, Mormon Lake, and Oak Creek bands; Southern Tonto consisted of the Mazatzal band and unidentified "semi-bands".</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/White_Mountain_Apache" class="mw-redirect" title="White Mountain Apache">White Mountain</a></b> are the easternmost group of the Western Apache, according to Goodwin, who included the Eastern White Mountain and Western White Mountain Apache. <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Coyotero" class="mw-redirect" title="Coyotero">Coyotero</a></b> refers to a southern pre-reservation White Mountain group of the Western Apache, but has also been used more widely to refer to the Apache in general, Western Apache, or an Apache band in the high plains of Southern Colorado to <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ethnobotany_2">Ethnobotany</h4></div> <ul><li>A full list of 134 ethnobotany plant uses for Western Apache can be found at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://naeb.brit.org/uses/tribes/14/">http://naeb.brit.org/uses/tribes/14/</a>.</li> <li>A full list of 165 ethnobotany plant uses for White Mountain Apache can be found at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://naeb.brit.org/uses/tribes/15/">http://naeb.brit.org/uses/tribes/15/</a>.</li> <li>A full list of 14 ethnobotany plant uses for the San Carlos Apache can be found at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://naeb.brit.org/uses/tribes/13/">http://naeb.brit.org/uses/tribes/13/</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_terms">Other terms</h3></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Llanero" title="Llanero">Llanero</a></b> is a Spanish-language borrowing meaning "plains dweller". The name referred to several different groups who hunted buffalo on the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a>. (See also <i>Carlanas</i>.)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lipiy%C3%A1nes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipiyánes">Lipiyánes</a></b> (also Lipiyán, Lipillanes). A coalition of splinter groups of Nadahéndé (Natagés), Guhlkahéndé, and Lipan of the 18th century under the leadership of Picax-Ande-Ins-Tinsle ("Strong Arm"), who fought the Comanche on the Plains. This term is not to be confused with <i>Lipan</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entry_into_the_Southwest">Entry into the Southwest</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_or_chiri_apache_playing_cards_NMAI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Western_or_chiri_apache_playing_cards_NMAI.jpg/170px-Western_or_chiri_apache_playing_cards_NMAI.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Western_or_chiri_apache_playing_cards_NMAI.jpg/255px-Western_or_chiri_apache_playing_cards_NMAI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Western_or_chiri_apache_playing_cards_NMAI.jpg/340px-Western_or_chiri_apache_playing_cards_NMAI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>Apache rawhide playing cards c. 1875–1885, collection of <a href="/wiki/NMAI" class="mw-redirect" title="NMAI">NMAI</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Apache and Navajo speak related languages of the <a href="/wiki/Athabaskan" class="mw-redirect" title="Athabaskan">Athabaskan</a> language family.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts48ff_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts48ff-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Athabaskan-speaking people in North America continue to reside in <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, western <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Northwest Pacific Coast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts48ff_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts48ff-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anthropological evidence suggests that the Apache and Navajo peoples lived in these same northern locales before migrating to the Southwest sometime between AD 1200 and 1500.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts48ff_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts48ff-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Apaches' nomadic way of life complicates accurate dating, primarily because they constructed less substantial dwellings than other Southwestern groups.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the early 21st century, substantial progress has been made in dating and distinguishing their dwellings and other forms of material culture.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They left behind a more austere set of tools and material goods than other Southwestern cultures.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Athabaskan-speaking group probably moved into areas that were concurrently occupied or recently abandoned by other cultures. Other Athabaskan speakers, perhaps including the Southern Athabaskan, adapted many of their neighbors' technology and practices into their own cultures. Thus sites where early Southern Athabaskans may have lived are difficult to locate and even more difficult to firmly identify as culturally Southern Athabaskan. Recent advances have been made in the regard in the far southern portion of the American Southwest.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There are several hypotheses about Apache migrations. One<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (January 2014)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> posits that they moved into the Southwest from the Great Plains. In the mid-16th century, these mobile groups lived in tents, hunted <a href="/wiki/Bison" title="Bison">bison</a> and other game, and used dogs to pull <a href="/wiki/Travois" title="Travois">travois</a> loaded with their possessions. Substantial numbers of the people and a wide range were recorded by the Spanish in the 16th century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In April 1541, while traveling on the plains east of the <a href="/wiki/Pueblo" title="Pueblo">Pueblo</a> region, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Coronado" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Coronado">Francisco Coronado</a> referred to the people as "dog <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomads</a>." He wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>After seventeen days of travel, I came upon a 'rancheria' of the Indians who follow these cattle (bison). These natives are called Querechos. They do not cultivate the land, but eat raw meat and drink the blood of the cattle they kill. They dress in the skins of the cattle, with which all the people in this land clothe themselves, and they have very well-constructed tents, made with tanned and greased cowhides, in which they live and which they take along as they follow the cattle. They have dogs which they load to carry their tents, poles, and belongings.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coronado_expedition.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Coronado_expedition.jpg/220px-Coronado_expedition.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Coronado_expedition.jpg/330px-Coronado_expedition.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Coronado_expedition.jpg/440px-Coronado_expedition.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1230" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1squez_de_Coronado" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Vásquez de Coronado">Coronado Expedition</a>, 1540–1542</figcaption></figure> <p>The Spanish described Plains dogs as very white, with black spots, and "not much larger than water spaniels."<sup id="cite_ref-Henderson_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henderson-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plains dogs were slightly smaller than those used for hauling loads by modern Inuit and northern First Nations people in Canada. Recent experiments show these dogs may have pulled loads up to 50 pounds (20 kg) on long trips, at rates as high as two or three miles per hour (3 to 5 km/h).<sup id="cite_ref-Henderson_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henderson-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Plains migration theory associates the Apache peoples with the <a href="/wiki/Dismal_River_culture" title="Dismal River culture">Dismal River culture</a>, an archaeological culture known primarily from ceramics and house remains, dated 1675–1725, which has been excavated in <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a>, eastern Colorado, and western <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Although the first documentary sources mention the Apache, and historians have suggested some passages indicate a 16th-century entry from the north, archaeological data indicate they were present on the plains long before this first reported contact.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A competing theory<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (January 2014)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> posits their migration south, through the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a>, ultimately reaching the American Southwest by the 14th century or perhaps earlier. An archaeological material culture assemblage identified in this mountainous zone as ancestral Apache has been referred to as the "Cerro Rojo complex".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This theory does not preclude arrival via a plains route as well, perhaps concurrently, but to date the earliest evidence has been found in the mountainous Southwest.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Plains Apache have a significant Southern Plains cultural influence. </p><p>When the Spanish arrived in the area, trade between the long-established Pueblo peoples and the Southern Athabaskan was well established. They reported the Pueblo exchanged maize and woven cotton goods for bison meat, and hides and materials for stone tools. Coronado observed the Plains people wintering near the Pueblo in established camps. Later Spanish sovereignty over the area disrupted trade between the Pueblo and the diverging Apache and Navajo groups. The Apache quickly acquired horses, improving their mobility for quick raids on settlements. In addition, the Pueblo were forced to work Spanish mission lands and care for mission flocks; they had fewer surplus goods to trade with their neighbors.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1540, Coronado reported that the modern Western Apache area was uninhabited, although some scholars have argued that he simply did not see the American Indians. Other Spanish explorers first mention "Querechos" living west of the Rio Grande in the 1580s. To some historians, this implies the Apaches moved into their current Southwestern homelands in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. Other historians note that Coronado reported that Pueblo women and children had often been evacuated by the time his party attacked their dwellings, and that he saw some dwellings had been recently abandoned as he moved up the Rio Grande. This might indicate the semi-nomadic Southern Athabaskan had advance warning about his hostile approach and evaded encounter with the Spanish. Archaeologists are finding ample evidence of an early proto-Apache presence in the Southwestern mountain zone in the 15th century and perhaps earlier. The Apache presence on both the Plains and in the mountainous Southwest indicate that the people took multiple early migration routes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflict_with_Mexico_and_the_United_States">Conflict with Mexico and the United States</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Apache_Wars" title="Apache Wars">Apache Wars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apache%E2%80%93Mexico_Wars" title="Apache–Mexico Wars">Apache–Mexico Wars</a></div> <p>In general, the recently arrived Spanish colonists, who settled in villages, and Apache bands developed a pattern of interaction over a few centuries. Both raided and traded with each other. Records of the period seem to indicate that relationships depended on the specific villages and bands: a band might be friends with one village and raid another. When war occurred, the Spanish would send troops; after a battle both sides would "sign a treaty" and go home. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geronimo_(Goyathlay),_a_Chiricahua_Apache,_full-length,_kneeling_with_rifle,_1887_-_NARA_-_530880_restored.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Geronimo_%28Goyathlay%29%2C_a_Chiricahua_Apache%2C_full-length%2C_kneeling_with_rifle%2C_1887_-_NARA_-_530880_restored.jpg/220px-Geronimo_%28Goyathlay%29%2C_a_Chiricahua_Apache%2C_full-length%2C_kneeling_with_rifle%2C_1887_-_NARA_-_530880_restored.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Geronimo_%28Goyathlay%29%2C_a_Chiricahua_Apache%2C_full-length%2C_kneeling_with_rifle%2C_1887_-_NARA_-_530880_restored.jpg/330px-Geronimo_%28Goyathlay%29%2C_a_Chiricahua_Apache%2C_full-length%2C_kneeling_with_rifle%2C_1887_-_NARA_-_530880_restored.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Geronimo_%28Goyathlay%29%2C_a_Chiricahua_Apache%2C_full-length%2C_kneeling_with_rifle%2C_1887_-_NARA_-_530880_restored.jpg/440px-Geronimo_%28Goyathlay%29%2C_a_Chiricahua_Apache%2C_full-length%2C_kneeling_with_rifle%2C_1887_-_NARA_-_530880_restored.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1829" data-file-height="2939" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Geronimo" title="Geronimo">Geronimo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The traditional and sometimes treacherous relationships continued after the independence of Mexico in 1821. By 1835 Mexico had placed a bounty on Apache scalps (see <a href="/wiki/Scalping" title="Scalping">scalping</a>), but certain villages still traded with some bands. When <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Comp%C3%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan José Compà (page does not exist)">Juan José Compà</a>, the leader of the Copper Mines <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimbre%C3%B1o_Apaches&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mimbreño Apaches (page does not exist)">Mimbreño Apaches</a>, was killed for bounty money in 1837, <i><a href="/wiki/Mangas_Coloradas" title="Mangas Coloradas">Mangas Coloradas</a></i> (Red Sleeves) or <i>Dasoda-hae</i> (He just sits there) became the principal chief and war leader; also in 1837 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soldado_Fiero&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soldado Fiero (page does not exist)">Soldado Fiero</a> (a.k.a. Fuerte), leader of the Warm Springs <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimbre%C3%B1o_Apaches&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mimbreño Apaches (page does not exist)">Mimbreño Apaches</a>, was killed by Mexican soldiers near Janos, and his son <i><a href="/wiki/Cuchillo_Negro" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuchillo Negro">Cuchillo Negro</a></i> (Black Knife) became the principal chief and war leader. They (being now Mangas Coloradas the first chief and Cuchillo Negro the second chief of the whole Tchihende or Mimbreño people) conducted a series of retaliatory raids against the Mexicans. By 1856, authorities in horse-rich <a href="/wiki/Durango" title="Durango">Durango</a> would claim that Indian raids (mostly Comanche and Apache) in their state had taken nearly 6,000 lives, abducted 748 people, and forced the abandonment of 358 settlements over the previous 20 years.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">United States went to war against Mexico</a> in 1846, many Apache bands promised U.S. soldiers safe passage through their lands. When the U.S. claimed former territories of Mexico in 1846, <i>Mangas Coloradas</i> signed a peace treaty with the nation, respecting them as conquerors of the Mexicans' land. An uneasy peace with U.S. citizens held until the 1850s. An influx of gold miners into the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Rita_Mountains" title="Santa Rita Mountains">Santa Rita Mountains</a> led to conflict with the Apache. This period is sometimes called the <a href="/wiki/Apache_Wars" title="Apache Wars">Apache Wars</a>. </p><p>The United States' concept of a <a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">reservation</a> had not been used by the Spanish, Mexicans or other Apache neighbors before. Reservations were often badly managed, and bands that had no kinship relationships were forced to live together. No fences existed to keep people in or out. It was common for a band to be allowed to leave for a short period of time. Other times a band would leave without permission, to raid, return to their homeland to forage, or to simply get away. The U.S. military usually had forts nearby to keep the bands on the reservations by finding and returning those who left. The reservation policies of the U.S. caused conflict and war with the various Apache bands who left the reservations for almost another quarter century. </p><p>War between the Apaches and Euro-Americans has led to a stereotypical focus on certain aspects of Apache cultures. These have often been distorted through misunderstanding of their cultures, as noted by anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Keith_H._Basso" title="Keith H. Basso">Keith Basso</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Of the hundreds of peoples that lived and flourished in native North America, few have been so consistently misrepresented as the Apacheans of Arizona and New Mexico. Glorified by novelists, sensationalized by historians, and distorted beyond credulity by commercial film makers, the popular image of 'the Apache'—a brutish, terrifying semi-human bent upon wanton death and destruction—is almost entirely a product of irresponsible caricature and exaggeration. Indeed, there can be little doubt that the Apache has been transformed from a native American into an American legend, the fanciful and fallacious creation of a non-Indian citizenry whose inability to recognize the massive treachery of ethnic and cultural stereotypes has been matched only by its willingness to sustain and inflate them.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forced_removal">Forced removal</h3></div> <p>In 1875, United States military forced the removal of an estimated 1,500 <a href="/wiki/Yavapai-Apache_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavapai-Apache Nation">Yavapai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tonto_Apache_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonto Apache people">Dilzhe'e Apache</a> (better known as <i>Tonto Apache</i>) from the <a href="/wiki/Fort_McDowell_Yavapai_Nation" title="Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation">Rio Verde Indian Reserve</a> and its several thousand acres of treaty lands promised to them by the United States government. At the orders of Indian Commissioner L. E. Dudley, U.S. Army troops made the people, young and old, walk through winter-flooded rivers, mountain passes and narrow canyon trails to get to the <a href="/wiki/San_Carlos_Apache_Indian_Reservation" title="San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation">Indian Agency at San Carlos</a>, 180 miles (290 km) away. The trek killed several hundred people. The people were interned there for 25 years while white settlers took over their land. Only a few hundred ever returned to their lands. At the San Carlos reservation, the <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_soldiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffalo soldiers">Buffalo soldiers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/9th_Cavalry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="9th Cavalry Regiment (United States)">9th Cavalry Regiment</a>—replacing the <a href="/wiki/8th_Cavalry_Regiment" title="8th Cavalry Regiment">8th Cavalry</a> who were being stationed to Texas—guarded the Apaches from 1875 to 1881.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in 1879, an Apache uprising against the reservation system led to <a href="/wiki/Victorio%27s_War" title="Victorio's War">Victorio's War</a> between <a href="/wiki/Victorio" title="Victorio">Chief Victorio's</a> band of Apaches and the 9th Cavalry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defeat">Defeat</h3></div> <p>Most United States' histories of this era report that the final defeat of an Apache band took place when 5,000 US troops forced <a href="/wiki/Geronimo" title="Geronimo">Geronimo</a>'s group of 30 to 50 men, women and children to surrender on September 4, 1886, at <a href="/wiki/Skeleton_Canyon" title="Skeleton Canyon">Skeleton Canyon</a>, Arizona.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Army sent this band and the Chiricahua scouts who had tracked them to military confinement in <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Pickens" title="Fort Pickens">Fort Pickens</a> and, subsequently, <a href="/wiki/Ft._Sill" class="mw-redirect" title="Ft. Sill">Ft. Sill</a>, Oklahoma. </p><p>Many books were written on the stories of hunting and trapping during the late 19th century. Many of these stories involve Apache raids and the failure of agreements with Americans and Mexicans. In the post-war era, the US government arranged for Apache children to be taken from their families for adoption by white Americans in assimilation programs.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pre-reservation_culture">Pre-reservation culture</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_organization">Social organization</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apache_bride.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Apache_bride.jpg/170px-Apache_bride.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Apache_bride.jpg/255px-Apache_bride.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Apache_bride.jpg/340px-Apache_bride.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>Apache bride</figcaption></figure> <p>All Apache peoples lived in extended family units (or <i>family clusters</i>); they usually lived close together, with each nuclear family in separate dwellings. An extended family generally consisted of a husband and wife, their unmarried children, their married daughters, their married daughters' husbands, and their married daughters' children. Thus, the extended family is connected through a lineage of women who live together (that is, matrilocal residence), into which men may enter upon marriage (leaving behind his parents' family). </p><p>When a daughter married, a new dwelling was built nearby for her and her husband. Among the Navajo, residence rights are ultimately derived from a head mother. Although the Western Apache usually practiced matrilocal residence, sometimes the eldest son chose to bring his wife to live with his parents after marriage. All tribes practiced <a href="/wiki/Sororate_marriage" title="Sororate marriage">sororate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Levirate_marriage" title="Levirate marriage">levirate</a> marriages. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apache_Indian_girl_carrying_an_olla_(a_water_basket)_on_her_head,_ca.1900_(CHS-2328).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Apache_Indian_girl_carrying_an_olla_%28a_water_basket%29_on_her_head%2C_ca.1900_%28CHS-2328%29.jpg/220px-Apache_Indian_girl_carrying_an_olla_%28a_water_basket%29_on_her_head%2C_ca.1900_%28CHS-2328%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Apache_Indian_girl_carrying_an_olla_%28a_water_basket%29_on_her_head%2C_ca.1900_%28CHS-2328%29.jpg/330px-Apache_Indian_girl_carrying_an_olla_%28a_water_basket%29_on_her_head%2C_ca.1900_%28CHS-2328%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Apache_Indian_girl_carrying_an_olla_%28a_water_basket%29_on_her_head%2C_ca.1900_%28CHS-2328%29.jpg/440px-Apache_Indian_girl_carrying_an_olla_%28a_water_basket%29_on_her_head%2C_ca.1900_%28CHS-2328%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4050" data-file-height="5072" /></a><figcaption>Apache Indian girl carrying an <a href="/wiki/Olla" title="Olla">olla</a> (a water basket) on her head, c. 1900</figcaption></figure> <p>Apache men practiced varying degrees of "avoidance" of his wife's close relatives, a practice often most strictly observed by distance between mother-in-law and son-in-law. The degree of avoidance differed by Apache group. The most elaborate system was among the Chiricahua, where men had to use indirect polite speech toward and were not allowed to be within visual sight of the wife's female relatives, whom he had to avoid. His female Chiricahua relatives through marriage also avoided him. </p><p>Several extended families worked together as a "local group", which carried out certain ceremonies, and economic and military activities. Political control was mostly present at the local group level. Local groups were headed by a chief, an influential man with an impressive reputation. The position was not hereditary, and was often filled by members of different extended families. The chief's influence was as strong as he was evaluated to be—no group member was obliged to follow the chief. Western Apache criteria for a good chief included: industriousness, generosity, impartiality, forbearance, conscientiousness, and eloquence in language. </p><p>Many Apache peoples joined several local groups into "<a href="/wiki/Band_society" title="Band society">bands</a>". Banding was strongest among the Chiricahua and Western Apache, and weak among the Lipan and Mescalero. The Navajo did not organize into bands, perhaps because of the requirements of the <a href="/wiki/Sheepherd" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheepherd">sheepherding</a> economy. However, the Navajo did have "the outfit", a group of relatives that was larger than the extended family, but smaller than a local group community or a band. </p><p>On a larger level, Western Apache bands organized into what <a href="/wiki/Grenville_Goodwin" title="Grenville Goodwin">Grenville Goodwin</a> called "groups". He reported five groups for the Western Apache: Northern Tonto, Southern Tonto, Cibecue, San Carlos, and White Mountain. The Jicarilla grouped their bands into "<a href="/wiki/Kinship#Lineages,_clans,_phratries,_moieties,_and_matrimonial_sides" title="Kinship">moieties</a>", perhaps influenced by the northeastern <a href="/wiki/Pueblo" title="Pueblo">Pueblo</a>. The Western Apache and Navajo also had a system of <a href="/wiki/Matrilineal" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrilineal">matrilineal</a> "<a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">clans</a>" organized further into <i><a href="/wiki/Phratries" class="mw-redirect" title="Phratries">phratries</a></i> (perhaps influenced by the western Pueblo). </p><p>The notion of a tribe within Apache cultures is very weakly developed; essentially it was only a recognition "that one owed a modicum of hospitality to those of the same speech, dress, and customs."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The six Apache tribes had political independence from each other<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and even fought against each other. For example, the Lipan once fought against the Mescalero. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kinship_systems">Kinship systems</h4></div> <p>The Apache tribes have two distinctly different <a href="/wiki/Kinship_term" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinship term">kinship term</a> systems: a <i>Chiricahua type</i> and a <i>Jicarilla type</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chiricahua-type system is used by the Chiricahua, Mescalero, and Western Apache. The Western Apache kinship system differs slightly from the other two but shares similarities with the Navajo system. </p><p>The Jicarilla type, which is similar to the <a href="/wiki/Dakota_people" title="Dakota people">Dakota</a>–<a href="/wiki/Iroquois_kinship" title="Iroquois kinship">Iroquois kinship</a> systems, is used by the Jicarilla, Navajo, Lipan, and Plains Apache. The Navajo system is more divergent among the four, having similarities with the Chiricahua-type system. The Lipan and Plains Apache systems are very similar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Chiricahua">Chiricahua</h5></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naiche_ChiriApache_hidepainting_1900_OHS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Naiche_ChiriApache_hidepainting_1900_OHS.jpg/170px-Naiche_ChiriApache_hidepainting_1900_OHS.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Naiche_ChiriApache_hidepainting_1900_OHS.jpg/255px-Naiche_ChiriApache_hidepainting_1900_OHS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Naiche_ChiriApache_hidepainting_1900_OHS.jpg/340px-Naiche_ChiriApache_hidepainting_1900_OHS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Hide painting depicting Apache girl's puberty ceremony, by Naiche (Chiricahua Apache), c. 1900, <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_History_Center" title="Oklahoma History Center">Oklahoma History Center</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Chiricahua language has four words for grandparent: <i>-chú</i><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "maternal grandmother", <i>-tsúyé</i> "maternal grandfather", <i>-chʼiné</i> "paternal grandmother", <i>-nálé</i> "paternal grandfather". Additionally, a grandparent's siblings are identified by the same word; thus, one's maternal grandmother, one's maternal grandmother's sisters, and one's maternal grandmother's brothers are all called <i>-chú</i>. Furthermore, the grandchild terms are reciprocal, that is, one uses the same term to refer to their grandchild. For example, a person's maternal grandmother is called <i>-chú</i> and that grandmother also calls that granddaughter <i>-chú</i> (i.e. <i>-chú</i> can mean the child of either your own daughter or your sibling's daughter.) </p><p>Chiricahua cousins are not distinguished from siblings through kinship terms. Thus, the same word refers to either a sibling or a cousin (there are not separate terms for <a href="/wiki/Parallel-cousin" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallel-cousin">parallel-cousin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cross-cousin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-cousin">cross-cousin</a>). The terms depend on the sex of the speaker (unlike the English terms <i>brother</i> and <i>sister</i>): <i>-kʼis</i> "same-sex sibling or same-sex cousin", <i>-´-ląh</i> "opposite-sex sibling or opposite-sex cousin". This means if one is a male, then one's brother is called <i>-kʼis</i> and one's sister is called <i>-´-ląh</i>. If one is a female, then one's brother is called <i>-´-ląh</i> and one's sister is called <i>-kʼis</i>. Chiricahuas in a <i>-´-ląh</i> relationship observed great restraint and respect toward that relative; cousins (but not siblings) in a <i>-´-ląh</i> relationship may practice total <i>avoidance</i>. </p><p>Two different words are used for each parent according to sex: <i>-mááʼ</i> "mother", <i>-taa</i> "father". Likewise, there are two words for a parent's child according to sex: <i>-yáchʼeʼ</i> "daughter", <i>-gheʼ</i> "son". </p><p>A parent's siblings are classified together regardless of sex: <i>-ghúyé</i> "maternal aunt or uncle (mother's brother or sister)", <i>-deedééʼ</i> "paternal aunt or uncle (father's brother or sister)". These two terms are reciprocal like the grandparent/grandchild terms. Thus, <i>-ghúyé</i> also refers to one's opposite-sex sibling's son or daughter (that is, a person will call their maternal aunt <i>-ghúyé</i> and that aunt will call them <i>-ghúyé</i> in return). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Jicarilla_2">Jicarilla</h5></div> <p>Unlike the Chiricahua system, the Jicarilla have only two terms for grandparents according to sex: <i>-chóó</i> "grandmother", <i>-tsóyéé</i> "grandfather". They do not have separate terms for maternal or paternal grandparents. The terms are also used of a grandparent's siblings according to sex. Thus, <i>-chóó</i> refers to one's grandmother or one's grand-aunt (either maternal or paternal); <i>-tsóyéé</i> refers to one's grandfather or one's grand-uncle. These terms are not reciprocal. There is a single word for grandchild (regardless of sex): <i>-tsóyí̱í̱</i>. </p><p>There are two terms for each parent. These terms also refer to that parent's same-sex sibling: <i>-ʼnííh</i> "mother or maternal aunt (mother's sister)", <i>-kaʼéé</i> "father or paternal uncle (father's brother)". Additionally, there are two terms for a parent's opposite-sex sibling depending on sex: <i>-daʼá̱á̱</i> "maternal uncle (mother's brother)", <i>-béjéé</i> "paternal aunt (father's sister). </p><p>Two terms are used for same-sex and opposite-sex siblings. These terms are also used for <a href="/wiki/Parallel-cousin" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallel-cousin">parallel-cousins</a>: <i>-kʼisé</i> "same-sex sibling or same-sex parallel cousin (i.e. same-sex father's brother's child or mother's sister's child)", <i>-´-láh</i> "opposite-sex sibling or opposite parallel cousin (i.e. opposite-sex father's brother's child or mother's sister's child)". These two terms can also be used for <a href="/wiki/Cross-cousin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-cousin">cross-cousins</a>. There are also three sibling terms based on the age relative to the speaker: <i>-ndádéé</i> "older sister", <i>-´-naʼá̱á̱</i> "older brother", <i>-shdá̱zha</i> "younger sibling (i.e. younger sister or brother)". Additionally, there are separate words for cross-cousins: <i>-zeedń</i> "cross-cousin (either same-sex or opposite-sex of speaker)", <i>-iłnaaʼaash</i> "male cross-cousin" (only used by male speakers). </p><p>A parent's child is classified with their same-sex sibling's or same-sex cousin's child: <i>-zhácheʼe</i> "daughter, same-sex sibling's daughter, same-sex cousin's daughter", <i>-gheʼ</i> "son, same-sex sibling's son, same-sex cousin's son". There are different words for an opposite-sex sibling's child: <i>-daʼá̱á̱</i> "opposite-sex sibling's daughter", <i>-daʼ</i> "opposite-sex sibling's son". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Housing">Housing</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribs_of_Apache_wickiup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Ribs_of_Apache_wickiup.jpg/220px-Ribs_of_Apache_wickiup.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Ribs_of_Apache_wickiup.jpg/330px-Ribs_of_Apache_wickiup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Ribs_of_Apache_wickiup.jpg/440px-Ribs_of_Apache_wickiup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4026" data-file-height="2548" /></a><figcaption>Frame of Apache <a href="/wiki/Wigwam" title="Wigwam">wickiup</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Apache lived in three types of houses. <a href="/wiki/Tipi" title="Tipi">Tipis</a> were common in the plains. <a href="/wiki/Wigwam" title="Wigwam">Wickiups</a> were common in the highlands; these were 8-foot-tall (2.4 m) framed of wood held together with yucca fibers and covered in brush. If a family member died, the wickiup would be burned. Apache of the desert of northern Mexico lived in <a href="/wiki/Hogan" title="Hogan">hogans</a>, an earthen structure for keeping cool. </p><p>Below is a description of Chiricahua wickiups recorded by anthropologist Morris Opler: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The home in which the family lives is made by the women and is ordinarily a circular, dome-shaped brush dwelling, with the floor at ground level. It is seven feet high at the center and approximately eight feet in diameter. To build it, long fresh poles of oak or willow are driven into the ground or placed in holes made with a digging stick. These poles, which form the framework, are arranged at one-foot intervals and are bound together at the top with yucca-leaf strands. Over them a thatching of bundles of <a href="/wiki/Big_bluestem_grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Big bluestem grass">big bluestem grass</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bear_grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Bear grass">bear grass</a> is tied, shingle style, with yucca strings. A smoke hole opens above a central fireplace. A hide, suspended at the entrance, is fixed on a cross-beam so that it may be swung forward or backward. The doorway may face in any direction. For waterproofing, pieces of hide are thrown over the outer hatching, and in rainy weather, if a fire is not needed, even the smoke hole is covered. In warm, dry weather much of the outer roofing is stripped off. It takes approximately three days to erect a sturdy dwelling of this type. These houses are 'warm and comfortable, even though there is a big snow.' The interior is lined with brush and grass beds over which robes are spread ... </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chiricahua_medicine_man.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Chiricahua_medicine_man.jpg/220px-Chiricahua_medicine_man.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Chiricahua_medicine_man.jpg/330px-Chiricahua_medicine_man.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Chiricahua_medicine_man.jpg/440px-Chiricahua_medicine_man.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4038" data-file-height="2205" /></a><figcaption>Chiricahua medicine man in wickiup with family</figcaption></figure> <p>The woman not only makes the furnishings of the home but is responsible for the construction, maintenance, and repair of the dwelling itself and for the arrangement of everything in it. She provides the grass and brush beds and replaces them when they become too old and dry ... However, formerly 'they had no permanent homes, so they didn't bother with cleaning.' The dome-shaped dwelling or wickiup, the usual home type for all the Chiricahua bands, has already been described ... Said a Central Chiricahua informant. </p> <blockquote><p>Both the teepee and the oval-shaped house were used when I was a boy. The oval hut was covered with hide and was the best house. The more well-to-do had this kind. The tepee type was just made of brush. It had a place for a fire in the center. It was just thrown together. Both types were common even before my time ... </p></blockquote> <p>A house form that departs from the more common dome-shaped variety is recorded for the Southern Chiricahua as well: </p> <blockquote><p>... When we settled down, we used the wickiup; when we were moving around a great deal, we used this other kind ...<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote></blockquote> <p>Recent research has documented the archaeological remains of Chiricahua Apache wickiups as found on protohistoric and at historical sites, such as Canon de los Embudos where C. S. Fly photographed Geronimo, his people, and dwellings during surrender negotiations in 1886, demonstrating their unobtrusive and improvised nature."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food">Food</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apache-still-life_restored-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Apache-still-life_restored-2.jpg/220px-Apache-still-life_restored-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Apache-still-life_restored-2.jpg/330px-Apache-still-life_restored-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Apache-still-life_restored-2.jpg/440px-Apache-still-life_restored-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3797" data-file-height="2830" /></a><figcaption>Various Apache containers: baskets, bowls and jars. Apache women wove <a href="/wiki/Yucca" title="Yucca">yucca</a>, willow leaves, or <a href="/wiki/Juniper" title="Juniper">juniper</a> bark into baskets that could hold heavy loads.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Apache people obtained food from hunting, gathering wild plants, cultivating domestic plants, trade, or raiding neighboring groups for livestock and agricultural projects.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Particular types of foods eaten by a group depending upon their respective environment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hunting">Hunting</h4></div> <p>Hunting was done primarily by men, although there were sometimes exceptions depending on animal and culture (e.g. Lipan women could help in hunting rabbits and Chiricahua boys were also allowed to hunt rabbits). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apache_jug_(UBC-2011).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Apache_jug_%28UBC-2011%29.jpg/170px-Apache_jug_%28UBC-2011%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Apache_jug_%28UBC-2011%29.jpg/255px-Apache_jug_%28UBC-2011%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Apache_jug_%28UBC-2011%29.jpg/340px-Apache_jug_%28UBC-2011%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Apache jug</figcaption></figure> <p>Hunting often had elaborate preparations, such as fasting and religious rituals performed by <a href="/wiki/Medicine_man" title="Medicine man">medicine men</a> before and after the hunt. In Lipan culture, since deer were protected by Mountain Spirits, great care was taken in Mountain Spirit rituals to ensure smooth hunting. Slaughter follows religious guidelines (many of which are recorded in religious stories) prescribing cutting, prayers, and bone disposal. Southern Athabascan hunters often distributed successfully slaughtered game. For example, among the Mescalero a hunter was expected to share as much as half of his kill with a fellow hunter and needy people at the camp. Feelings of individuals about this practice spoke of social obligation and spontaneous generosity. </p><p>The most common hunting weapon before the introduction of European guns was the <a href="/wiki/Bow_(weapon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bow (weapon)">bow and arrow</a>. Various hunting techniques were used. Some involved wearing animal head masks as a disguise. Whistles were sometimes used to lure animals closer. Another technique was the relay method where hunters positioned at various points would chase the prey in turns in order to tire the animal. A similar method involved chasing the prey down a steep cliff. </p><p>Eating certain animals was taboo. Although different cultures had different taboos, common examples included bears, peccaries, turkeys, fish, snakes, insects, owls, and coyotes. An example of taboo differences: the black bear was a part of the Lipan diet (although less common as buffalo, deer, or antelope), but the Jicarilla never ate bear because it was considered an evil animal. Some taboos were a regional phenomenon, such as fish, which was taboo throughout the southwest (e.g. in certain Pueblo cultures like the <a href="/wiki/Hopi" title="Hopi">Hopi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zuni_people" title="Zuni people">Zuni</a>) and considered to resemble a snake (an evil animal) in physical appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Western Apache hunted deer and <a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">pronghorns</a> mostly in the ideal late fall. After the meat was smoked into jerky around November, they migrated from the farm sites in the mountains along stream banks to winter camps in the <a href="/wiki/Salt_River_(Arizona)" title="Salt River (Arizona)">Salt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_River_(Arizona)" title="Black River (Arizona)">Black</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gila_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Gila river">Gila river</a> and even the Colorado River valleys. </p><p>The Chiricahua mostly hunted deer followed by pronghorn. Lesser game included <a href="/wiki/Cottontail_rabbit" title="Cottontail rabbit">cottontail rabbits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opossum" title="Opossum">opossums</a>, squirrels, surplus horses, surplus mules, <i>wapiti</i> (elk), wild cattle and <a href="/wiki/Wood_rat" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood rat">wood rats</a>. </p><p>The Mescalero primarily hunted deer. Other game includes <a href="/wiki/Bighorn_sheep" title="Bighorn sheep">bighorn sheep</a>, buffalo (for those living closer to the plains), cottontail rabbits, elk, horses, mules, opossums, pronghorn, wild steers, and wood rats. Beavers, minks, muskrats, and weasels were hunted for their hides but were not eaten. </p><p>The Jicarilla primarily hunted bighorn sheep, buffalo, deer, elk, and pronghorn. Other game included beaver, bighorn sheep, chief hares, chipmunks, doves, groundhogs, grouse, peccaries, porcupines, prairie dogs, quail, rabbits, skunks, snow birds, squirrels, turkeys and wood rats. Burros and horses were only eaten in emergencies. Minks, weasels, wildcats and wolves were not eaten but hunted for their body parts. </p><p>The Lipan ate mostly buffalo with a three-week hunt during the fall and smaller hunts until the spring. The second most utilized animal was deer. Fresh <a href="/wiki/Deer_Blood" class="mw-redirect" title="Deer Blood">deer blood</a> was drunk for health. Other animals included beavers, bighorns, black bears, burros, ducks, elk, fish, horses, mountain lions, mourning doves, mules, prairie dogs, pronghorns, quail, rabbits, squirrels, turkeys, turtles, and wood rats. Skunks were eaten only in emergencies. </p><p>Plains Apache hunters hunted primarily buffalo and deer. Other game included badgers, bears, beavers, fowl (including geese), opossums, otters, rabbits, and tortoises. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clothing">Clothing</h3></div> <p>Influenced by the Plains Indians, Western Apaches wore clothing sewn from animal hides decorated with seed beads for clothing. These beaded designs historically resembled that of the Great Basin Paiute and is characterized by linear patterning. Apache beaded clothing was bordered with narrow bands of glass <a href="/wiki/Seed_bead" title="Seed bead">seed beads</a> in diagonal stripes of alternating colors.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They made buckskin shirts, ponchos, skirts, and moccasins and decorated them with colorful beadwork. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Undomesticated_plants_and_other_food_sources">Undomesticated plants and other food sources</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apache_girl_with_basket.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Apache_girl_with_basket.jpg/170px-Apache_girl_with_basket.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Apache_girl_with_basket.jpg/255px-Apache_girl_with_basket.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Apache_girl_with_basket.jpg/340px-Apache_girl_with_basket.jpg 2x" data-file-width="983" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Apache girl with basket, 1902</figcaption></figure> <p>The gathering of plants and other food was primarily done by women. The men's job was usually to hunt animals such as deer, buffalo, and small game. However, men helped in certain gathering activities, such as of heavy <a href="/wiki/Agave" title="Agave">agave</a> crowns. Numerous plants were used as both food and medicine and in religious ceremonies. Other plants were used for only their religious or medicinal value. </p><p>In May, the Western Apache baked and dried agave crowns pounded into pulp and formed into rectangular cakes. At the end of June and beginning of July, <a href="/wiki/Saguaro" title="Saguaro">saguaro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opuntia" title="Opuntia">prickly pear</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cylindropuntia" title="Cylindropuntia">cholla</a> fruits were gathered. In July and August, <a href="/wiki/Mesquite" title="Mesquite">mesquite</a> beans, <a href="/wiki/Hesperoyucca_whipplei" title="Hesperoyucca whipplei">Spanish bayonet</a> fruit, and <a href="/wiki/Quercus_emoryi" title="Quercus emoryi">Emory oak</a> acorns were gathered. In late September, gathering was stopped as attention moved to harvesting cultivated crops. In late fall, <a href="/wiki/Juniper_berries" class="mw-redirect" title="Juniper berries">juniper berries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pinyon_pine" title="Pinyon pine">pinyon</a> <a href="/wiki/Pine_nut" title="Pine nut">nuts</a> were gathered. </p><p>The most important plant food for the Chiricahua was the <a href="/wiki/Century_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Century plant">Century plant</a> (also known as <a href="/wiki/Agave_parryi" title="Agave parryi">mescal</a> or agave). The crowns (the <a href="/wiki/Tuberous" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuberous">tuberous</a> base portion) were baked in large underground ovens and sun-dried. The shoots were also eaten. Other plants used by the Chiricahua include: <a href="/wiki/Mahonia_trifoliolata" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahonia trifoliolata">agarita</a> (or algerita) berries, <a href="/wiki/Juniperus_deppeana" title="Juniperus deppeana">alligator juniper</a> berries, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Matelea_producta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matelea producta (page does not exist)">anglepod</a> seeds, <a href="/wiki/Yucca_baccata" title="Yucca baccata">banana yucca</a> (or datil, broadleaf yucca) fruit, <a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili peppers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prunus_virginiana" title="Prunus virginiana">chokecherries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cota_(plant)" title="Cota (plant)">cota</a> (used for tea), <a href="/wiki/Ribes" title="Ribes">currants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sporobolus" title="Sporobolus">dropseed grass</a> seeds, <a href="/wiki/Quercus_gambelii" title="Quercus gambelii">Gambel oak</a> acorns, Gambel oak bark (used for tea), grass seeds (of various varieties), <a href="/wiki/Leaf_vegetable" title="Leaf vegetable">greens</a> (of various varieties), <a href="/wiki/Crataegus" title="Crataegus">hawthorne</a> fruit, <a href="/wiki/Chenopodium_berlandieri" title="Chenopodium berlandieri">Lamb's-quarters</a> leaves, <a href="/wiki/Cheilanthes" title="Cheilanthes">lip ferns</a> (used for tea), <a href="/wiki/Quercus_turbinella" title="Quercus turbinella">live oak</a> acorns, <a href="/wiki/Robinia_neomexicana" title="Robinia neomexicana">locust</a> blossoms, locust pods, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> kernels (used for <a href="/wiki/Tiswin" title="Tiswin">tiswin</a>), and mesquite beans. </p><p>Also eaten were <a href="/wiki/Mulberry" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry">mulberries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yucca_angustissima" title="Yucca angustissima">narrowleaf yucca</a> blossoms, narrowleaf yucca stalks, <a href="/wiki/Mammillaria" title="Mammillaria">nipple cactus</a> fruit, <a href="/wiki/Juniperus_monosperma" title="Juniperus monosperma">one-seed juniper</a> berries, onions, <a href="/wiki/Chenopodium_album" title="Chenopodium album">pigweed</a> seeds, pinyon nuts, <a href="/wiki/Pitahaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitahaya">pitahaya</a> fruit, prickly pear fruit, prickly pear juice, raspberries, <a href="/wiki/Prosopis_pubescens" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosopis pubescens">screwbean</a> (or tornillo) fruit, saguaro fruit, <a href="/wiki/Spurge" class="mw-redirect" title="Spurge">spurge</a> seeds, strawberries, <a href="/wiki/Rhus_trilobata" title="Rhus trilobata">sumac</a> (<i>Rhus trilobata</i>) berries,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sunflower_seed" title="Sunflower seed">sunflower seeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tule" class="mw-redirect" title="Tule">tule</a> <a href="/wiki/Rootstock" title="Rootstock">rootstocks</a>, tule shoots, <a href="/wiki/Amaranthus_albus" title="Amaranthus albus">pigweed tumbleweed</a> seeds, <a href="/wiki/Proboscidea_(plant)" title="Proboscidea (plant)">unicorn plant</a> seeds, walnuts, <a href="/wiki/Ponderosa_Pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ponderosa Pine">western yellow pine</a> inner bark (used as a sweetener), western yellow pine nuts, <a href="/wiki/Ipomoea_lacunosa" title="Ipomoea lacunosa">whitestar potatoes</a> (<i>Ipomoea lacunosa</i>), <a href="/wiki/Vitis" title="Vitis">wild grapes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solanum_jamesii" title="Solanum jamesii">wild potatoes</a> (<i>Solanum jamesii</i>), <a href="/wiki/Oxalis" title="Oxalis">wood sorrel</a> leaves, and <a href="/wiki/Yucca" title="Yucca">yucca</a> buds (unknown species). Other items include: honey from ground hives and hives found within agave, <a href="/wiki/Dasylirion_wheeleri" title="Dasylirion wheeleri">sotol</a>, and narrowleaf yucca plants. </p><p>The abundant agave (mescal) was also important to the Mescalero,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who gathered the crowns in late spring after reddish flower stalks appeared. The smaller sotol crowns were also important. The crowns of both plants were baked and dried. Other plants include: acorns, agarita berries, amole stalks (roasted and peeled), <a href="/wiki/Aspen" title="Aspen">aspen</a> inner bark (used as a sweetener), <a href="/wiki/Nolina" title="Nolina">bear grass</a> stalks (roasted and peeled), <a href="/wiki/Acer_negundo" title="Acer negundo">box elder</a> inner bark (used as a sweetener), banana yucca fruit, banana yucca flowers, box elder sap (used as a sweetener), cactus fruits (of various varieties), <a href="/wiki/Cattail" class="mw-redirect" title="Cattail">cattail</a> rootstocks, chokecherries, currants, <a href="/wiki/Sporobolus" title="Sporobolus">dropseed grass</a> seeds (used for <a href="/wiki/Flatbread" title="Flatbread">flatbread</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sambucus_nigra" title="Sambucus nigra">elderberries</a>, gooseberries (<i><a href="/wiki/Ribes_leptanthum" title="Ribes leptanthum">Ribes leptanthum</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ribes_pinetorum" title="Ribes pinetorum">R. pinetorum</a></i>), grapes, <a href="/wiki/Celtis" title="Celtis">hackberries</a>, hawthorne fruit, and <a href="/wiki/Hops" title="Hops">hops</a> (used as condiment). </p><p>They also used <a href="/wiki/Monarda" title="Monarda">horsemint</a> (as a condiment), juniper berries, Lamb's-quarters leaves, locust flowers, locust pods, mesquite pods, mint (as a condiment), mulberries, <a href="/wiki/Mentha_pulegium" title="Mentha pulegium">pennyroyal</a> (as a condiment), pigweed seeds (for flatbread), pine inner bark (as a sweetener), pinyon pine nuts, prickly pear fruit (dethorned and roasted), <a href="/wiki/Portulaca_oleracea" title="Portulaca oleracea">purslane</a> leaves, raspberries, <a href="/wiki/Salvia" title="Salvia">sage</a> (as a condiment), screwbeans, <a href="/wiki/Cyperaceae" title="Cyperaceae">sedge</a> tubers, <a href="/wiki/Capsella_bursa-pastoris" title="Capsella bursa-pastoris">shepherd's purse</a> leaves, strawberries, sunflower seeds, tumbleweed seeds (for flatbread), <a href="/wiki/Vetch" class="mw-redirect" title="Vetch">vetch</a> pods, walnuts, <a href="/wiki/Western_white_pine" title="Western white pine">western white pine</a> nuts, western yellow pine nuts, white <a href="/wiki/Oenothera" title="Oenothera">evening primrose</a> fruit, <a href="/wiki/Cymopterus_acaulis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cymopterus acaulis">wild celery</a> (as a condiment), <a href="/wiki/Allium" title="Allium">wild onion</a> (as a condiment), wild pea pods, wild potatoes, and wood sorrel leaves. </p><p>The Jicarilla used acorns, chokecherries, juniper berries, mesquite beans, pinyon nuts, prickly pear fruit, yucca fruit, and many other kinds of fruits, acorns, greens, nuts, and seed grasses. </p><p>The Lipan heavily used agave (mescal) and sotol. Other plants include agarita, blackberries, cattails, devil's claw, elderberries, gooseberries, hackberries, hawthorn, juniper, Lamb's-quarters, locust, mesquite, mulberries, oak, <a href="/wiki/Sabal" title="Sabal">palmetto</a>, pecan, pinyon, prickly pears, raspberries, screwbeans, seed grasses, strawberries, sumac, sunflowers, <a href="/wiki/Diospyros_texana" title="Diospyros texana">Texas persimmons</a>, walnuts, western yellow pine, wild cherries, wild grapes, wild onions, wild plums, wild potatoes, <a href="/wiki/Rosa_arkansana" title="Rosa arkansana">wild roses</a>, yucca flowers, and yucca fruit. Other gathered food includes salt obtained from caves and honey. </p><p>The Plains Apache gathered chokecherries, blackberries, grapes, <a href="/wiki/Pediomelum_esculentum" title="Pediomelum esculentum">prairie turnips</a>, wild onions, and wild plums, and many other fruits, vegetables, and tuberous roots. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ethnobotany_3">Ethnobotany</h4></div> <p>A list of 198 ethnobotany plant uses for the Chiricahua can be found at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://naeb.brit.org/uses/tribes/11/">http://naeb.brit.org/uses/tribes/11/</a>, which also includes the Mescalero. </p><p>A list of 54 ethnobotany plant uses for the uncategorized Apache can also be found here. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://naeb.brit.org/uses/tribes/10/">http://naeb.brit.org/uses/tribes/10/</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crop_cultivation">Crop cultivation</h3></div> <p>The Navajo practiced the most crop cultivation, the Western Apache, Jicarilla, and Lipan less. The one Chiricahua band (of Opler's) and the Mescalero practiced very little cultivation. The other two Chiricahua bands and the Plains Apache did not grow any crops. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade,_raids,_and_war"><span id="Trade.2C_raids.2C_and_war"></span>Trade, raids, and war</h3></div> <p>Interchanges between the Apache and European-descended explorers and settlers included trading. The Apache found they could use European and American goods. </p><p>Apaches distinguished raiding from war. Raiding was done in small parties with a specific economic purpose. War was waged in large parties (often clan members), usually to achieve retribution. Raiding was traditional for the Apache, but Mexican settlers objected to their stock being stolen. As tensions grew between the Apache and settlers, the Mexican government passed laws offering cash rewards for Apache scalps.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <p>Apache <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">religious stories</a> relate to two <a href="/wiki/Culture_hero" title="Culture hero">culture heroes</a> (one of the Sun/fire:"Killer-Of-Enemies/Monster Slayer", and one of Water/Moon/thunder: "Child-Of-The-Water/Born For Water") who destroy several creatures harmful to humankind.<sup id="cite_ref-Opler_1983a,_pp.368–369_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Opler_1983a,_pp.368–369-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another story is of a hidden ball game, where good and evil animals decide whether or not the world should be forever dark. <a href="/wiki/Coyote_(mythology)" title="Coyote (mythology)">Coyote</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Trickster" title="Trickster">trickster</a>, is an important being that often has inappropriate behavior (such as marrying his own daughter, etc.) in which he overturns social convention. The Navajo, Western Apache, Jicarilla, and Lipan have an emergence or Creation Story, while this is lacking in the Chiricahua and Mescalero.<sup id="cite_ref-Opler_1983a,_pp.368–369_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Opler_1983a,_pp.368–369-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most Southern Athabascan gods are personified natural forces that run through the universe. They may be used for human purposes through ritual ceremonies. The following is a formulation by the anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Keith_Basso" class="mw-redirect" title="Keith Basso">Keith Basso</a> of the Western Apache's concept of <i>diyí'</i>: </p> <blockquote><p>The term <i>diyí'</i> refers to one or all of a set of abstract and invisible forces that are said to derive from certain classes of animals, plants, minerals, meteorological phenomena, and mythological figures within the Western Apache universe. Any of the various powers may be acquired by man and, if properly handled, used for a variety of purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Medicine men learn the ceremonies, which can also be acquired by direct revelation to the individual. Different Apache cultures had different views of ceremonial practice. Most Chiricahua and Mescalero ceremonies were learned through the transmission of personal religious visions, while the Jicarilla and Western Apache used standardized rituals as the more central ceremonial practice. Important standardized ceremonies include the puberty ceremony (Sunrise Dance) of young women, Navajo chants, Jicarilla "long-life" ceremonies, and Plains Apache "sacred-bundle" ceremonies. </p><p>Certain animals—owls, snakes, bears, and coyotes—are considered spiritually evil and prone to cause sickness to humans. </p><p>Many Apache ceremonies use masked representations of religious spirits. <a href="/wiki/Sandpainting" title="Sandpainting">Sandpainting</a> is an important ceremony in the Navajo, Western Apache, and Jicarilla traditions, in which healers create temporary, sacred art from colored sands. Anthropologists believe the use of masks and sandpainting are examples of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_diffusion" title="Cultural diffusion">cultural diffusion</a> from neighboring Pueblo cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="spirit_dance"></span>The Apaches participate in many religious dances, including the rain dance, dances for the crop and harvest, and a spirit dance. These dances were mostly for influencing the weather and enriching their food resources. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population_history">Population history</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Urrutia" title="José de Urrutia">José de Urrutia</a> estimated the Apache population in year 1700 at up to 60,000 people (or 12,000 warriors). Indian Affairs 1837 estimated the Apache population in 1837 at 20,280 people, this estimate was later repeated by official reports of Indian Affairs 1841 and 1844. In Indian Affairs 1857 "every possible estimate" has been gathered - from 18,000 warriors (which would indicate a total population of 90,000) down to 300. Many estimates did not include the whole body of the tribe and referred only to some bands or to a part of the area they roved over. In 1875 there were already on the reservations 9,248 Apaches (Indian Affairs 1875), this number does not include those who were still not on the reservations. The census of 1890 returned at least 7,218 (including 4,041 in Arizona) and the census of 1910 returned at least 6,119.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 20th and 21st centuries Apache population has rebounded, reaching 148,936 in the USA according to the 2020 census.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Languages">Languages</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Southern_Athabascan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Athabascan languages">Southern Athabascan languages</a></div> <p>The five Apache languages are <a href="/wiki/Apachean_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Apachean languages">Apachean languages</a>, which in turn belong to the <a href="/wiki/Athabaskan_languages" title="Athabaskan languages">Athabaskan</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">Eyak-Athabaskan language family</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ethnologue_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethnologue-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All Apache languages are <a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">endangered</a>. Lipan is reported <a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">extinct</a>. </p><p>The Southern Athabascan branch was defined by <a href="/wiki/Harry_Hoijer" title="Harry Hoijer">Harry Hoijer</a> primarily according to its <a href="/wiki/Sound_change" title="Sound change">merger</a> of <a href="/wiki/Word_stem" title="Word stem">stem</a>-initial <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto</a>-Athabascan series <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*k̯</span></i> and <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*c</span></i> into <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*c</span></i> (in addition to the widespread merger of <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*č</span></i> and <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*čʷ</span></i> into <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*č</span></i> also found in many <a href="/wiki/Northern_Athabascan" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Athabascan">Northern Athabascan</a> languages). </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr style="line-height:1.2em"> <th>Proto-<br />Athabascan </th> <th> </th> <th>Navajo </th> <th>Western<br />Apache </th> <th>Chiricahua </th> <th>Mescalero </th> <th>Jicarilla </th> <th>Lipan </th> <th>Plains<br />Apache </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*k̯uʔs</span> </td> <td>"handle fabric-like object" </td> <td><i>-tsooz</i> </td> <td><i>-tsooz</i> </td> <td><i>-tsuuz</i> </td> <td><i>-tsuudz</i> </td> <td><i>-tsoos</i> </td> <td><i>-tsoos</i> </td> <td><i>-tsoos</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*ce·</span> </td> <td>"stone" </td> <td><i>tsé</i> </td> <td><i>tséé</i> </td> <td><i>tsé</i> </td> <td><i>tsé</i> </td> <td><i>tsé</i> </td> <td><i>tsí</i> </td> <td><i>tséé</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Hoijer (1938) divided the Apache sub-family into an eastern branch consisting of Jicarilla, Lipan, and Plains Apache and a Western branch consisting of Navajo, Western Apache (San Carlos), Chiricahua, and Mescalero based on the merger of Proto-Apachean <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*t</span></i> and <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*k</span></i> to <i>k</i> in the Eastern branch. Thus, as can be seen in the example below, when the Western languages have noun or verb stems that start with <i>t</i>, the related forms in the Eastern languages will start with a <i>k</i>: </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="4"><i>Western</i> </th> <th colspan="3"><i>Eastern</i> </th></tr> <tr style="line-height:1.2em"> <th> </th> <th>Navajo </th> <th>Western<br />Apache </th> <th>Chiricahua </th> <th>Mescalero </th> <th>Jicarilla </th> <th>Lipan </th> <th>Plains<br />Apache </th></tr> <tr> <td>"water" </td> <td><i>tó</i> </td> <td><i>tū</i> </td> <td><i>tú</i> </td> <td><i>tú</i> </td> <td><i>kó</i> </td> <td><i>kó</i> </td> <td><i>kóó</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"fire" </td> <td><i>kǫʼ</i> </td> <td><i>kǫʼ</i> </td> <td><i>kųų</i> </td> <td><i>kų</i> </td> <td><i>ko̱ʼ</i> </td> <td><i>kǫǫʼ</i> </td> <td><i>kǫʼ</i> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>He later revised his proposal in 1971 when he found that Plains Apache did not participate in the <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*k̯/*c</span></i> merger to consider Plains Apache as a language equidistant from the other languages, now called Southwestern Apachean. Thus, some stems that originally started with <i>*k̯</i> in Proto-Athabascan start with <i>ch</i> in Plains Apache while the other languages start with <i>ts</i>. </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr style="line-height:1.2em"> <th>Proto-<br />Athabascan </th> <th> </th> <th>Navajo </th> <th>Chiricahua </th> <th>Mescalero </th> <th>Jicarilla </th> <th>Plains<br />Apache </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*k̯aʔx̣ʷ</span> </td> <td>"big" </td> <td><i>-tsaa</i> </td> <td><i>-tsaa</i> </td> <td><i>-tsaa</i> </td> <td><i>-tsaa</i> </td> <td><i>-cha</i> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>Morris Opler (1975) has noted cultural similarities of Jicarilla and Lipan with Eastern Apache language speakers and differences from Western Apache speakers, supporting Hojier's initial classification. Other linguists, particularly <a href="/wiki/Michael_E._Krauss" title="Michael E. Krauss">Michael Krauss</a> (1973), have noted that a classification based only on the initial consonants of noun and verb stems is arbitrary and when other <a href="/wiki/Sound_correspondence" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound correspondence">sound correspondences</a> are considered the relationships between the languages appear more complex. </p><p>Apache languages are <a href="/wiki/Tonal_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonal language">tonal</a>. Regarding tonal development, all Apache languages are <i>low-marked</i>, which means that stems with a "constricted" <a href="/wiki/Syllable_rime" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable rime">syllable rime</a> in the proto-language developed low tone while all other rimes developed high tone. Other Northern Athabascan languages are <i>high-marked</i>: their tonal development is the reverse. In the example below, if low-marked Navajo and Chiricahua have a low tone, then the high-marked Northern Athabascan languages, <a href="/wiki/Slavey_language" title="Slavey language">Slavey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chilcotin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilcotin language">Chilcotin</a>, have a high tone, and if Navajo and Chiricahua have a high tone, then Slavey and Chilcotin have a low tone. </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th colspan="2"><i>Low-Marked</i> </th> <th colspan="2"><i>High-Marked</i> </th></tr> <tr style="line-height:1.2em"> <th>Proto-<br />Athabascan </th> <th> </th> <th>Navajo </th> <th>Chiricahua </th> <th>Slavey </th> <th>Chilcotin </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*taʔ</span> </td> <td>"father" </td> <td><i>-taaʼ</i> </td> <td><i>-taa</i> </td> <td><i>-táʼ</i> </td> <td><i>-tá</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*tu·</span> </td> <td>"water" </td> <td><i>tó</i> </td> <td><i>tú</i> </td> <td><i>tù</i> </td> <td><i>tù</i> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_historic_Apache">Notable historic Apache</h2></div> <p>Contemporary Apache people are listed under their specific tribes, see <a href="/wiki/Category:Apache_people" title="Category:Apache people">Category:Apache people</a>. Historic Apache are also listed under their bands: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiricahua#Notable_Chiricahua_Apache_people" title="Chiricahua">Notable Chiricahua Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicarilla_Apache#Notable_people" title="Jicarilla Apache">Notable Jicarilla Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipan_Apache_people#Notable_Lipan_Apache_chiefs" title="Lipan Apache people">Notable Lipan Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mescalero#Notable_Mescalero" title="Mescalero">Notable Mescalero Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimbre%C3%B1o_Apache#Notable_Mimbreños" title="Mimbreño Apache">Notable Mimbreño Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Apache#Notable_tribal_members" title="Plains Apache">Notable Plains Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Apache_people#Notable_Western_Apache" title="Western Apache people">Notable Western Apache</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athabascan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Athabascan languages">Athabascan languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Apache_Pass" title="Battle of Apache Pass">Battle of Apache Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cieneguilla" title="Battle of Cieneguilla">Battle of Cieneguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Grant_massacre" title="Camp Grant massacre">Camp Grant massacre</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fort_Apache_(film)" title="Fort Apache (film)">Fort Apache</a></i>, a historical fictional movie about encounters between the US Army and <a href="/wiki/Cochise" title="Cochise">Cochise</a>'s band</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neoapachella" title="Neoapachella">Neoapachella</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Monotypic_taxon" title="Monotypic taxon">monotypic</a> genus of North American <i><a href="/wiki/Mygalomorphae" title="Mygalomorphae">mygalomorph</a></i> spiders in the <i><a href="/wiki/Euctenizidae" title="Euctenizidae">Euctenizidae</a></i> named in their honor.<sup id="cite_ref-Bond2002_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bond2002-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Other Zuni words identifying specific Apache groups are <span title="Zuni-language text"><i lang="zun">wilacʔu·kʷe</i></span> "White Mountain Apache" and <span title="Zuni-language text"><i lang="zun">čišše·kʷe</i></span> "San Carlos Apache".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">All kinship terms in Apache languages are <a href="/wiki/Possession_(linguistics)#Inherent_and_non-inherent" title="Possession (linguistics)">inherently possessed</a>, which means they must be preceded by a possessive <a href="/wiki/Prefix_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prefix (linguistics)">prefix</a>. This is signified by the preceding hyphen.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The name <i>Mescalero</i> is, in fact, derived from the word <i>mescal</i>, a reference to their use of this plant as food.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2021_American_Community_Survey-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2021_American_Community_Survey_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/table?q=apache+population&t=-23&tid=ACSSPP1Y2021.S0201">"The American Community Survey"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230506003122/https://data.census.gov/table?q=apache+population&t=-23&tid=ACSSPP1Y2021.S0201">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+American+Community+Survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Ftable%3Fq%3Dapache%2Bpopulation%26t%3D-23%26tid%3DACSSPP1Y2021.S0201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApache" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inali2023-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-inali2023_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.inali.gob.mx/detalle/lengua-ndee-nnee-nde">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240304094548/https://www.inali.gob.mx/detalle/lengua-ndee-nnee-nde">Archived</a> 2024-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Lengua N'dee/N'nee/Ndé</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/abpopprof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&B1=All&C1=All&SEX_ID=1&AGE_ID=1&RESGEO_ID=1">"Aboriginal Population Profile, 2016 Census"</a>. Statistics Canada. 21 June 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220130040007/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/abpopprof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Data=Count&SearchText=canada&SearchType=Begins&B1=All&C1=All&SEX_ID=1&AGE_ID=1&RESGEO_ID=1">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aboriginal+Population+Profile%2C+2016+Census&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft.date=2018-06-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2016%2Fdp-pd%2Fabpopprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26Geo1%3DPR%26Code1%3D01%26Data%3DCount%26SearchText%3DCanada%26SearchType%3DBegins%26B1%3DAll%26C1%3DAll%26SEX_ID%3D1%26AGE_ID%3D1%26RESGEO_ID%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApache" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ethnologue-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ethnologue_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ethnologue_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/apachean-0">"Apache"</a>. <i>Ethnologue</i>. SIL International. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225003345/https://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/apachean-0">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Apache&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fsubgroups%2Fapachean-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApache" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-monaz-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-monaz_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musnaz.org/on-view/native-peoples-of-the-colorado-plateau/apache/">"Apache"</a>. Museum of Northern Arizona. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231029141600/https://musnaz.org/on-view/native-peoples-of-the-colorado-plateau/apache/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apache&rft.pub=Museum+of+Northern+Arizona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmusnaz.org%2Fon-view%2Fnative-peoples-of-the-colorado-plateau%2Fapache%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApache" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://contigoenladistancia.cultura.gob.mx/detalle/conversatorio-historia-de-la-lengua-y-cultura-n-dee-n-nee-nde-hacia-el-registro-en-el-catalogo-de-las-lenguas-indigenas-nacionales-clin-">"Historia de la lengua y cultura n'dee/n'nee/ndé"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221022035458/https://contigoenladistancia.cultura.gob.mx/detalle/conversatorio-historia-de-la-lengua-y-cultura-n-dee-n-nee-nde-hacia-el-registro-en-el-catalogo-de-las-lenguas-indigenas-nacionales-clin-">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historia+de+la+lengua+y+cultura+n%27dee%2Fn%27nee%2Fnd%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontigoenladistancia.cultura.gob.mx%2Fdetalle%2Fconversatorio-historia-de-la-lengua-y-cultura-n-dee-n-nee-nde-hacia-el-registro-en-el-catalogo-de-las-lenguas-indigenas-nacionales-clin-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApache" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-soplains-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-soplains_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-soplains_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-soplains_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-soplains_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncai.org/index.php?id=126&selectpro_area=13">"Tribal Governments by Area: Southern Plains."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120328055733/http://www.ncai.org/index.php?id=126&selectpro_area=13">Archived</a> March 28, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>National Congress of American Indians.</i> Retrieved 7 March 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://itcaonline.com/member-tribes/fort-mcdowell-yavapai-nation/">"Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation"</a>. <i>Inter Tribal Council of Arizona</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231225015611/https://itcaonline.com/member-tribes/fort-mcdowell-yavapai-nation/">Archived</a> from the original on December 25, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 10,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inter+Tribal+Council+of+Arizona&rft.atitle=Fort+McDowell+Yavapai+Nation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fitcaonline.com%2Fmember-tribes%2Ffort-mcdowell-yavapai-nation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApache" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sw-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sw_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sw_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sw_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncai.org/index.php?id=126&selectpro_area=14">"Tribal Governments by Area: Southwest."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120328055703/http://www.ncai.org/index.php?id=126&selectpro_area=14">Archived</a> March 28, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>National Congress of American Indians.</i> Retrieved 7 March 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-west-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-west_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-west_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-west_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-west_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncai.org/index.php?id=126&selectpro_area=15">"Tribal Governments by Area: Western."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120228214106/http://www.ncai.org/index.php?id=126&selectpro_area=15">Archived</a> 2012-02-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>National Congress of American Indians.</i> Retrieved 7 March 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=apl">"Apache, Lipan."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100725063519/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=apl">Archived</a> 2010-07-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Ethnologue.</i> Retrieved 7 March 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bruce-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bruce_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bruce_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce2021" class="citation news cs1">Bruce, Barbara (November 19, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wmicentral.com/news/latest_news/13th-annual-apache-alliance-held-in-san-carlos/article_ccf35086-ef35-5deb-958e-eb87567e8652.html">"13th Annual Apache Alliance held in San Carlos"</a>. <i>White Mountain Independent</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240105020509/https://www.wmicentral.com/news/latest_news/13th-annual-apache-alliance-held-in-san-carlos/article_ccf35086-ef35-5deb-958e-eb87567e8652.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=White+Mountain+Independent&rft.atitle=13th+Annual+Apache+Alliance+held+in+San+Carlos&rft.date=2021-11-19&rft.aulast=Bruce&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wmicentral.com%2Fnews%2Flatest_news%2F13th-annual-apache-alliance-held-in-san-carlos%2Farticle_ccf35086-ef35-5deb-958e-eb87567e8652.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApache" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce2021" class="citation news cs1">Bruce, Barbara (November 19, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wmicentral.com/news/latest_news/13th-annual-apache-alliance-held-in-san-carlos/article_ccf35086-ef35-5deb-958e-eb87567e8652.html">"13th Annual Apache Alliance held in San Carlos"</a>. <i>White Mountain Independent</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240801090616/https://www.wmicentral.com/news/latest_news/13th-annual-apache-alliance-held-in-san-carlos/article_ccf35086-ef35-5deb-958e-eb87567e8652.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2024</span>. <q>According to a post by [Terry] Rambler on his Facebook page, "representatives of the White Mountain Apache Tribe, Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation, Fort Sill Apache Tribe, Mescalero Apache Tribe, and the Lipan Apaches were present."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=White+Mountain+Independent&rft.atitle=13th+Annual+Apache+Alliance+held+in+San+Carlos&rft.date=2021-11-19&rft.aulast=Bruce&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wmicentral.com%2Fnews%2Flatest_news%2F13th-annual-apache-alliance-held-in-san-carlos%2Farticle_ccf35086-ef35-5deb-958e-eb87567e8652.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApache" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-de_Reuse,_p._385-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-de_Reuse,_p._385_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-de_Reuse,_p._385_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-de_Reuse,_p._385_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-de_Reuse,_p._385_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanley Newman. (1958). <i>Zuni dictionary</i>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press; Stanley Newman. (1965). <i>Zuni grammar</i>. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. (Newman, pp. 32, 63, 65; de Reuse, p. 385)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120904152848/http://www.mce.k12tn.net/indians/reports2/apache.htm">"Johnson County Schools"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mce.k12tn.net/indians/reports2/apache.htm">the original</a> on 2012-09-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Johnson+County+Schools&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mce.k12tn.net%2Findians%2Freports2%2Fapache.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApache" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/hutr/faqs.htm">"Hubbell Trading Post: Frequently Asked Questions"</a>. <i>National Park Service</i>. U.S. Department of the Interior. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110120112/https://www.nps.gov/hutr/faqs.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Park+Service&rft.atitle=Hubbell+Trading+Post%3A+Frequently+Asked+Questions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fhutr%2Ffaqs.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApache" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/apache">"apache"</a>. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180817023403/https://www.etymonline.com/word/apache">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-08-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-08-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=apache&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fapache&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApache" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnesNaylorPolzer" class="citation book cs1">Barnes, Thomas C.; Naylor, Thomas H.; Polzer, Charles W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://open.uapress.arizona.edu/read/northern-new-spain-a-research-guide/section/1f21260b-5632-4c85-a79f-dde8198f2c5c"><i>Northern New Spain: A Research Guide</i></a>. University of Arizona. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240510164203/https://open.uapress.arizona.edu/read/northern-new-spain-a-research-guide/section/1f21260b-5632-4c85-a79f-dde8198f2c5c">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Northern+New+Spain%3A+A+Research+Guide&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Thomas+C.&rft.au=Naylor%2C+Thomas+H.&rft.au=Polzer%2C+Charles+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopen.uapress.arizona.edu%2Fread%2Fnorthern-new-spain-a-research-guide%2Fsection%2F1f21260b-5632-4c85-a79f-dde8198f2c5c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApache" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPS-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NPS_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://npshistory.com/publications/amis/aspr-34/chap2.htm">"Amistad NRA: American Indian Tribal Affiliation Study (Phase 1) (Chapter 2)"</a>. <i>npshistory.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240811190606/http://npshistory.com/publications/amis/aspr-34/chap2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=npshistory.com&rft.atitle=Amistad+NRA%3A+American+Indian+Tribal+Affiliation+Study+%28Phase+1%29+%28Chapter+2%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnpshistory.com%2Fpublications%2Famis%2Faspr-34%2Fchap2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApache" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alternate spellings include: Chilome, Chocolome, Chokone, Cholame,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chalome, Zolome.<sup id="cite_ref-NPS_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPS-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrugge,_David_M.1968" class="citation book cs1">Brugge, David M. (1968). <i>Navajos in the Catholic Church Records of New Mexico 1694–1875</i>. Window Rock, Arizona: Research Section, The Navajo Tribe.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Navajos+in+the+Catholic+Church+Records+of+New+Mexico+1694%E2%80%931875&rft.place=Window+Rock%2C+Arizona&rft.pub=Research+Section%2C+The+Navajo+Tribe&rft.date=1968&rft.au=Brugge%2C+David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApache" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Similar words occur in <a href="/wiki/Jicarilla_language" title="Jicarilla language">Jicarilla</a> <i>Chíshín</i> and <a href="/wiki/Lipan_language" title="Lipan language">Lipan</a> <i>Chishį́į́hį́į́</i> "Forest Lipan".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Opler lists three Chiricahua bands, while Schroeder lists five</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnesNaylorPolzer" class="citation book cs1">Barnes, Thomas C.; Naylor, Thomas H.; Polzer, Charles W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://open.uapress.arizona.edu/read/northern-new-spain-a-research-guide/section/1f21260b-5632-4c85-a79f-dde8198f2c5c"><i>Northern New Spain: A Research Guide</i></a>. University of Arizona. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240510164203/https://open.uapress.arizona.edu/read/northern-new-spain-a-research-guide/section/1f21260b-5632-4c85-a79f-dde8198f2c5c">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Northern+New+Spain%3A+A+Research+Guide&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Thomas+C.&rft.au=Naylor%2C+Thomas+H.&rft.au=Polzer%2C+Charles+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopen.uapress.arizona.edu%2Fread%2Fnorthern-new-spain-a-research-guide%2Fsection%2F1f21260b-5632-4c85-a79f-dde8198f2c5c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApache" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alternate spellings include: Carlane, Carbame<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-may-ohs-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-may-ohs_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-may-ohs_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-may-ohs_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-may-ohs_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-may-ohs_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMay" class="citation web cs1">May, Jon D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry?entry=AP004">"Apache, Lipan"</a>. <i>The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture</i>. Oklahoma Historical Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240508143850/https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry?entry=AP004">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Oklahoma+History+and+Culture&rft.atitle=Apache%2C+Lipan&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=Jon+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.okhistory.org%2Fpublications%2Fenc%2Fentry%3Fentry%3DAP004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApache" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMills2015" class="citation web cs1">Mills, Elizabeth Shown (October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/ForgottenPeopleCaneRiverCreoles/posts/713710488760741:0/">"Forgotten People: Cane River Creoles (Bits of Evidence, No. 496 Canneci Slavery at Rivière aux Cannes)"</a>. <i>Facebook</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241125195008/https://www.facebook.com/ForgottenPeopleCaneRiverCreoles/posts/713710488760741:0/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Facebook&rft.atitle=Forgotten+People%3A+Cane+River+Creoles+%28Bits+of+Evidence%2C+No.+496+Canneci+Slavery+at+Rivi%C3%A8re+aux+Cannes%29&rft.date=2015-10&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+Shown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FForgottenPeopleCaneRiverCreoles%2Fposts%2F713710488760741%3A0%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApache" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarr2005" class="citation web cs1">Barr, Juliana (1 June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/jah/article-abstract/92/1/19/783029">"From Captives to Slaves: Commodifying Indian Women in the Borderlands"</a>. <i>Oxford Academic</i>. Journal of American History, Volume 92, Issue 1, June 2005, Pages 19–46. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220826033855/https://academic.oup.com/jah/article-abstract/92/1/19/783029">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Academic&rft.atitle=From+Captives+to+Slaves%3A+Commodifying+Indian+Women+in+the+Borderlands&rft.date=2005-06-01&rft.aulast=Barr&rft.aufirst=Juliana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fjah%2Farticle-abstract%2F92%2F1%2F19%2F783029&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApache" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://64parishes.org/entry/indian-slavery">"Indigenous Slavery"</a>. <i>64 Parishes</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240724084907/https://64parishes.org/entry/indian-slavery">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=64+Parishes&rft.atitle=Indigenous+Slavery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F64parishes.org%2Fentry%2Findian-slavery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApache" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tsha-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tsha_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tsha_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tsha_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlisle" class="citation web cs1">Carlisle, Jeffrey D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/apache-indians">"Apache Indians"</a>. <i>Texas Beyond History</i>. Texas State Historical Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230823201927/https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/apache-indians">Archived</a> from the original on 23 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Beyond+History&rft.atitle=Apache+Indians&rft.aulast=Carlisle&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tshaonline.org%2Fhandbook%2Fentries%2Fapache-indians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApache" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://npshistory.com/publications/amis/aspr-34/chap3.htm">"Amistad NRA: American Indian Tribal Affiliation Study (Phase 1) (Chapter 3)"</a>. <i>npshistory.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240811175036/http://npshistory.com/publications/amis/aspr-34/chap3.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=npshistory.com&rft.atitle=Amistad+NRA%3A+American+Indian+Tribal+Affiliation+Study+%28Phase+1%29+%28Chapter+3%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnpshistory.com%2Fpublications%2Famis%2Faspr-34%2Fchap3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApache" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goodwin, p. 55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roberts48ff-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts48ff_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts48ff_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts48ff_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertsRoberts,_Calvin_A.1998" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Susan A.; Roberts, Calvin A. (1998). <i>A History of New Mexico</i>. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">48–</span>49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8263-1792-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8263-1792-8"><bdi>0-8263-1792-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+New+Mexico&rft.place=Albuquerque&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E48-%3C%2Fspan%3E49&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8263-1792-8&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Susan+A.&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Calvin+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApache" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cordell, p. 148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seymour 2004, 2009 a, 2009 b, 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hammond and Rey</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Henderson-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Henderson_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henderson_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seymour 2004, 2009b, 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cordell, p. 151</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DeLay, Brian, <i>The War of a Thousand Deserts</i>. New Haven: Yale U Press, 2008, p. 298</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Basso, p. 462</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchubert1997" class="citation book cs1">Schubert, Frank N. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackvalorbuffal00schu/page/41"><i>Black Valor: Buffalo Soldiers and the Medal of Honor, 1870–1898</i></a>. Scholarly Resources Inc. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackvalorbuffal00schu/page/41">41, 42</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780842025867" title="Special:BookSources/9780842025867"><bdi>9780842025867</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Valor%3A+Buffalo+Soldiers+and+the+Medal+of+Honor%2C+1870%E2%80%931898&rft.pages=41%2C+42&rft.pub=Scholarly+Resources+Inc.&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780842025867&rft.aulast=Schubert&rft.aufirst=Frank+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblackvalorbuffal00schu%2Fpage%2F41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApache" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles, p. 526</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/article/native-americans-expose-the-adoption-era-and-repair-its-devastation-65966">Stephanie Woodward, "Native Americans Expose the Adoption Era and Repair Its Devastation"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131006094813/http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/article/native-americans-expose-the-adoption-era-and-repair-its-devastation-65966">Archived</a> 2013-10-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Indian Country Today Media Network, Retrieved 3 March 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Opler 1983a, p. 369</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Basso 1983</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Opler 1936b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Opler, 1941, pp. 22–23, 385–386</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seymour 2009a, 2010b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carolyn Casey. <i>The Apache</i>, Marshall Cavendish, 2006, p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Information on Apache subsistence are in Basso (1983: 467–470), Foster & McCollough (2001: 928–929), Opler (1936b: 205–210; 1941: 316–336, 354–375; 1983b: 412–413; 1983c: 431–432; 2001: 945–947), and Tiller (1983: 441–442).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brugge, p. 494</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Landar</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statemuseum.arizona.edu/coll/jewl2.shtml">"Western Apache Beaded Shirt." History: Jewelry."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111002202515/http://www.statemuseum.arizona.edu/coll/jewl2.shtml">Archived</a> 2011-10-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Arizona State Museum.</i> (retrieved 4 August 2011)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoerman2010" class="citation book cs1">Moerman, Daniel E. (2010). <i>Native American Food Plants: An Ethnobotanical Dictionary</i>. Timber Press. p. 215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781604691894" title="Special:BookSources/9781604691894"><bdi>9781604691894</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Native+American+Food+Plants%3A+An+Ethnobotanical+Dictionary&rft.pages=215&rft.pub=Timber+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781604691894&rft.aulast=Moerman&rft.aufirst=Daniel+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApache" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/weshallremain/the_films/episode_4_trailer">"We Shall Remain: Geronimo, <i>The American Experience</i>"</a>. PBS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091209035920/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/weshallremain/the_films/episode_4_trailer">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 10,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=We+Shall+Remain%3A+Geronimo%2C+The+American+Experience&rft.pub=PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famex%2Fweshallremain%2Fthe_films%2Fepisode_4_trailer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApache" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Opler_1983a,_pp.368–369-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Opler_1983a,_pp.368–369_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Opler_1983a,_pp.368–369_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Opler 1983a, pp. 368–369</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Basso, 1969, p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Opler 1983a, pp. 372–373</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrzywicki1934" class="citation book cs1">Krzywicki, Ludwik (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b4381154&view=1up&seq=346&skin=2021"><i>Primitive society and its vital statistics</i></a>. Publications of the Polish Sociological Institute. London: Macmillan. p. 524-526. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240508023217/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b4381154&view=1up&seq=346&skin=2021">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-05-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Primitive+society+and+its+vital+statistics&rft.place=London&rft.series=Publications+of+the+Polish+Sociological+Institute&rft.pages=524-526&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Krzywicki&rft.aufirst=Ludwik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duc1.b4381154%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D346%26skin%3D2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApache" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statimetric.com/us-ethnicity/American_Indian_tribes_Apache">"Distribution of American Indian tribes: Apache People in the US"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240507235431/https://www.statimetric.com/us-ethnicity/American_Indian_tribes_Apache">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-05-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Distribution+of+American+Indian+tribes%3A+Apache+People+in+the+US&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statimetric.com%2Fus-ethnicity%2FAmerican_Indian_tribes_Apache&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApache" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bond2002-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bond2002_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBondOpell2002" class="citation journal cs1">Bond, J. E.; Opell, B. D. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1096-3642.2002.00035.x">"Phylogeny and taxonomy of the genera of south-western North American Euctenizinae trapdoor spiders and their relatives (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Cyrtaucheniidae)"</a>. <i>Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</i>. <b>136</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">487–</span>534. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1096-3642.2002.00035.x">10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00035.x</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zoological+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&rft.atitle=Phylogeny+and+taxonomy+of+the+genera+of+south-western+North+American+Euctenizinae+trapdoor+spiders+and+their+relatives+%28Araneae%3A+Mygalomorphae%3A+Cyrtaucheniidae%29.&rft.volume=136&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E487-%3C%2Fspan%3E534&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1096-3642.2002.00035.x&rft.aulast=Bond&rft.aufirst=J.+E.&rft.au=Opell%2C+B.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1046%252Fj.1096-3642.2002.00035.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApache" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_bibliography">General bibliography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Basso, Keith H. (1969). "Western Apache witchcraft", <i>Anthropological papers of the University of Arizona</i> (No. 15). Tucson: University of Arizona Press,</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrugge,_David_M.1968" class="citation book cs1">Brugge, David M. (1968). <i>Navajos in the Catholic Church Records of New Mexico 1694–1875</i>. Window Rock, Arizona: Research Section, The Navajo Tribe.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Navajos+in+the+Catholic+Church+Records+of+New+Mexico+1694%E2%80%931875&rft.place=Window+Rock%2C+Arizona&rft.pub=Research+Section%2C+The+Navajo+Tribe&rft.date=1968&rft.au=Brugge%2C+David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApache" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Brugge, David M. (1983). "Navajo prehistory and history to 1850", in A. Ortiz (Ed.), <i>Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest</i> (Vol. 10, pp. 489–501). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.</li> <li>Cordell, Linda S. <i>Ancient Pueblo Peoples</i>. St. Remy Press and Smithsonian Institution, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89599-038-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-89599-038-5">0-89599-038-5</a>.</li> <li>Etulain, Richard W. <i>New Mexican Lives: A Biographical History</i>, University of New Mexico Center for the American West, University of New Mexico Press, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8263-2433-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8263-2433-9">0-8263-2433-9</a></li> <li>Foster, Morris W; & McCollough, Martha. (2001). "Plains Apache", in R. J. DeMallie (Ed.), <i>Handbook of North American Indians: Plains</i> (Vol. 13, pp. 926–939). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.</li> <li>Gatewood, Charles B. (Edited by Louis Kraft). <i>Lt. Charles Gatewood & His Apache Wars Memoir.</i> University of Nebraska Press, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-2772-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-2772-9">978-0-8032-2772-9</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodwin,_Greenville1969" class="citation book cs1">Goodwin, Greenville (1969) [1941]. <i>The Social Organization of the Western Apache</i>. Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/76-75453">76-75453</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+Organization+of+the+Western+Apache&rft.place=Tucson%2C+Arizona&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F76-75453&rft.au=Goodwin%2C+Greenville&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApache" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Gunnerson, James H. (1979). "Southern Athapaskan archeology", in A. Ortiz (Ed.), <i>Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest</i> (Vol. 9, pp. 162–169). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.</li> <li>Haley, James L. <i>Apaches: A History and Culture Portrait</i>. University of Oklahoma Press, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-2978-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-2978-6">0-8061-2978-6</a>.</li> <li>Hammond, George P., & Rey, Agapito (Eds.). (1940). <i>Narratives of the Coronado Expedition 1540–1542.</i> Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.</li> <li>Henderson, Richard. (1994). "Replicating dog 'travois' travel on the northern plains", <i>Plains Anthropologist</i>, <i>39</i>, 145–59.</li> <li>Hodge, F. W. (Ed.). (1907). <i>Handbook of American Indians</i>. Washington.</li> <li>Hoijer, Harry. (1938). "The southern Athapaskan languages", <i>American Anthropologist</i>, <i>40</i> (1), 75–87.</li> <li>Hoijer, Harry. (1971). "The position of the Apachean languages in the Athapaskan stock", in K. H. Basso & M. E. Opler (Eds.), <i>Apachean culture history and ethnology</i> (pp. 3–6). Anthropological papers of the University of Arizona (No. 21). Tucson: University of Arizona Press.</li> <li>Huld, Martin E. (1983). "Athapaskan bears", <i>International Journal of American Linguistics</i>, <i>49</i> (2), 186–195.</li> <li>Krauss, Michael E. (1973). "Na-Dene", in T. A. Sebeok (Ed.), <i>Linguistics in North America</i> (pp. 903–978). <i>Current trends in linguistics</i> (Vol. 10). The Hague: Mouton. (Reprinted 1976).</li> <li>Landar, Herbert J. (1960). "The loss of Athapaskan words for fish in the Southwest", <i>International Journal of American Linguistics</i>, <i>26</i> (1), 75–77.</li> <li>Miles, General Nelson Appleton. (1897). <i>Personal Recollections and Observations of General Nelson A. Miles embracing a brief view of the Civil War, or, From New England to the Golden Gate : and the story of his Indian campaigns, with comments on the exploration, development and progress of our great western empire</i>. Chicago: The Werner Company.</li> <li>Opler, Morris E. (1936a). "A summary of Jicarilla Apache culture", <i>American Anthropologist</i>, <i>38</i> (2), 202–223.</li> <li>Opler, Morris E. (1936b). "The kinship systems of the Southern Athapaskan-speaking tribes", <i>American Anthropologist</i>, <i>38</i> (4), 620–633.</li> <li>Opler, Morris E. (1941). <i>An Apache life-way: The economic, social, and religious institutions of the Chiricahua Indians</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</li> <li>Opler, Morris E. (1975). "Problems in Apachean cultural history, with special reference to the Lipan Apache", <i>Anthropological Quarterly</i>, <i>48</i> (3), 182–192.</li> <li>Opler, Morris E. (1983a). "The Apachean culture pattern and its origins", in A. Ortiz (Ed.), <i>Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest</i> (Vol. 10, pp. 368–392). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.</li> <li>Opler, Morris E. (1983b). "Chiricahua Apache", in A. Ortiz (Ed.), <i>Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest</i> (Vol. 10, pp. 401–418). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.</li> <li>Opler, Morris E. (1983c). "Mescalero Apache", in A. Ortiz (Ed.), <i>Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest</i> (Vol. 10, pp. 419–439). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.</li> <li>Opler, Morris E. (2001). "Lipan Apache", in R. J. DeMallie (Ed.), <i>Handbook of North American Indians: Plains</i> (Vol. 13, pp. 941–952). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plog,_Stephen" class="mw-redirect" title="Plog, Stephen">Plog, Stephen</a>. (1997). <i>Ancient peoples of the American Southwest.</i> London: Thames and London, LTD. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-27939-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-27939-X">0-500-27939-X</a>.</li> <li>Reuse, Willem J., de. (1983). "The Apachean culture pattern and its origins: Synonymy", in A. Ortiz (Ed.), <i>Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest</i> (Vol. 10, pp. 385–392). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.</li> <li>Schroeder, Albert H. (1963). "Navajo and Apache relationships west of the Rio Grande", <i>El Palacio</i>, <i>70</i> (3), 5–23.</li> <li>Schroeder, Albert H. (1974a). "A study of the Apache Indian: Parts 1–3", in <i>American Indian ethnology: Indians of the Southwest</i>. New York: Garland.</li> <li>Schroeder, Albert H. (1974b). "A study of the Apache Indian: Parts 4–5", <i>American Indian ethnology: Indians of the Southwest</i>. New York: Garland.</li> <li>Schroeder, Albert H. (1974c). "The Jicarilla Apache", <i>American Indian ethnology: Indians of the Southwest</i>. New York: Garland.</li> <li>Seymour, Deni J. (2004) "A Ranchería in the Gran Apachería: Evidence of Intercultural Interaction at the Cerro Rojo Site", <i>Plains Anthropologist</i> 49(190):153–192.</li> <li>Seymour, Deni J. (2009a) "Nineteenth-Century Apache Wickiups: Historically Documented Models for Archaeological Signatures of the Dwellings of Mobile People", <i>Antiquity</i> 83(319):157–164.</li> <li>Seymour, Deni J.(2009b) "Evaluating Eyewitness Accounts of Native Peoples along the Coronado Trail from the International Border to Cibola", <i>New Mexico Historical Review</i> 84(3):399–435.</li> <li>Seymour, Deni J. (2010a) "Contextual Incongruities, Statistical Outliers, and Anomalies: Targeting Inconspicuous Occupational Events", <i>American Antiquity</i> 75(1):158–176.</li> <li>Seymour, Deni J. (2010b) "Cycles of Renewal, Transportable Assets: Aspects of Ancestral Apache Housing", <i>Plains Anthropologist</i> (Spring or Summer issue)</li> <li>Sweeney, Edwin R. (1998). <i>Mangas Coloradas: Chief of the Chiricahua Apaches</i>. University of Oklahoma Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-3063-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-3063-6">0-8061-3063-6</a></li> <li>Terrell, John Upton. (1972). <i>Apache chronicle</i>. World Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-529-04520-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-529-04520-6">0-529-04520-6</a>.</li> <li>Tiller, Veronica E. (1983). "Jicarilla Apache", in A. Ortiz (Ed.), <i>Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest</i> (Vol. 10, pp. 440–461). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witherspoon,_Gary" class="mw-redirect" title="Witherspoon, Gary">Witherspoon, Gary</a>. (1983). "Navajo social organization", in A. Ortiz (Ed.), <i>Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest</i> (Vol. 10, pp. 524–535). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.</li> <li>Worcester, Donald E. (1992). <i>The Apaches: Eagles of the Southwest</i>, University of Oklahoma Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-1495-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-1495-9">0-8061-1495-9</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Apache</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Apache&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Apache">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Apache&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConrad2021" class="citation book cs1">Conrad, Paul (2021). <i>The Apache Diaspora: Four Centuries of Displacement and Survival</i>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-9954-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-9954-0"><bdi>978-0-8122-9954-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Apache+Diaspora%3A+Four+Centuries+of+Displacement+and+Survival&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-9954-0&rft.aulast=Conrad&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApache" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Park, J. F. (1961). <i>The Apaches in Mexican-American Relations, 1848–1861: A Footnote to the Gadsden Treaty</i>. Arizona and the West, <i>3</i>(2), 129–146.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Apaches" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Apaches">Apaches</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Myths_and_Tales_from_the_San_Carlos_Apache" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Myths and Tales from the San Carlos Apache">Myths and Tales from the San Carlos Apache</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tribal_websites">Tribal websites</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220709102937/https://apachetribe.org/">Apache Tribe of Oklahoma</a>, archive of official website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fortsillapache-nsn.gov/">Fort Sill Apache Tribe</a>, official website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jicarillaonline.com/">Jicarilla Apache Nation</a>, official website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mescaleroapache.com/">Mescalero Apache Tribe</a>, official website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041209084737/http://www.sancarlosapache.com/home.htm">San Carlos Apache Tribe</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup>, official website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wmat.nsn.us/">White Mountain Apache Tribe</a>, official website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170910005931/http://www.yavapai-apache.org/">Yavapai-Apache Nation</a>, official website</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_external_links">Other external links</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/apache-indians">Apache</a>, Museum of Northern Arizona</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/apache-indians">Apache Indians</a>, Texas State Historical Association</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=AP002">Apache Tribe of Oklahoma</a>, Oklahoma Historical Society</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry?entry=AP003">Apache, Fort Sill</a>, Oklahoma Historical Society</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=AP004">Apache, Lipan</a>, Oklahoma Historical Society</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://itcaonline.com/member-tribes/tonto-apache-tribe/">Tonto Apache Tribe</a>, Inter Tribal Council of Arizona</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Apache_people68" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Apache_people" title="Template:Apache people"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Apache_people" title="Template talk:Apache people"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Apache_people" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Apache people"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Apache_people68" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Apache_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache people">Apache people</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiricahua" title="Chiricahua">Chiricahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicarilla_Apache" title="Jicarilla Apache">Jicarilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipan_Apache_people" title="Lipan Apache people">Lipan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mescalero" title="Mescalero">Mescalero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimbre%C3%B1os" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimbreños">Mimbreños</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Apache" title="Plains Apache">Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salinero_Apaches" title="Salinero Apaches">Salinero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Apache_people" title="Western Apache people">Western Apache people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tonto_Apache" title="Tonto Apache">Tonto</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(Native_American)" title="Tribe (Native American)">Tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache Tribe of Oklahoma">Apache Tribe of Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Sill_Apache_Tribe" title="Fort Sill Apache Tribe">Fort Sill Apache Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_McDowell_Yavapai_Nation" title="Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation">Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicarilla_Apache_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Jicarilla Apache Nation">Jicarilla Apache Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mescalero_Apache_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mescalero Apache Tribe">Mescalero Apache Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Carlos_Apache_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="San Carlos Apache Tribe">San Carlos Apache Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonto_Apache_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonto Apache Tribe">Tonto Apache Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Mountain_Apache_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="White Mountain Apache Tribe">White Mountain Apache Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavapai_Apache_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavapai Apache Nation">Yavapai Apache Nation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Wars" title="Apache Wars">Apache Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apacheria" title="Apacheria">Apacheria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache language">Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Arizona&#124;link=Arizona_Indigenous_peoples_of_Arizona294" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indigenous_People_of_Arizona" title="Template:Indigenous People of Arizona"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indigenous_People_of_Arizona" title="Template talk:Indigenous People of Arizona"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous_People_of_Arizona" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous People of Arizona"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Arizona&#124;link=Arizona_Indigenous_peoples_of_Arizona294" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona"><img alt="Arizona" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arizona.svg/23px-Flag_of_Arizona.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arizona.svg/35px-Flag_of_Arizona.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arizona.svg/45px-Flag_of_Arizona.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Arizona" title="Indigenous peoples of Arizona">Indigenous peoples</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary peoples native to Arizona</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemehuevi" title="Chemehuevi">Chemehuevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiricahua" title="Chiricahua">Chiricahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocopah" title="Cocopah">Cocopah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halchidhoma" title="Halchidhoma">Halchidhoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havasupai" title="Havasupai">Havasupai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi" title="Hopi">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hualapai" title="Hualapai">Hualapai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maricopa_people" title="Maricopa people">Maricopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohave_people" title="Mohave people">Mohave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Navajo people">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Paiute" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Paiute">Southern Paiute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pima_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pima people">Pima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechan" title="Quechan">Quechan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tewa" title="Tewa">Tewa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hopi-Tewa" title="Hopi-Tewa">Hopi-Tewa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%CA%BCodham" title="Oʼodham">Oʼodham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tohono_O%CA%BCodham_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tohono Oʼodham people">Tohono Oʼodham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pima_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pima people">Akimel O'odham</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonto_Apache" title="Tonto Apache">Tonto Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_people" title="Ute people">Southern Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Apache_people" title="Western Apache people">Western Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavapai_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavapai people">Yavapai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_people" title="Zuni people">Zuni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prehistoric cultures in Arizona</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Ancestral Puebloans">Ancestral Pueblo</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ancestral_Puebloan_dwellings_in_Arizona" title="List of Ancestral Puebloan dwellings in Arizona">dwellings</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketmaker_culture" title="Basketmaker culture">Basketmaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohonina" title="Cohonina">Cohonina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohokam" title="Hohokam">Hohokam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogollon_culture" title="Mogollon culture">Mogollon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patayan" title="Patayan">Patayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salado_culture" title="Salado culture">Salado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinagua" title="Sinagua">Sinagua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>See also:</b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_Arizona" title="List of Indian reservations in Arizona">List of Indian reservations in Arizona</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Oklahoma&#124;link=Oklahoma_Native_American_tribes_in_Oklahoma341" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Native_American_Tribes_in_Oklahoma" title="Template:Native American Tribes in Oklahoma"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Native_American_Tribes_in_Oklahoma" title="Template talk:Native American Tribes in Oklahoma"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Native_American_Tribes_in_Oklahoma" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Native American Tribes in Oklahoma"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Oklahoma&#124;link=Oklahoma_Native_American_tribes_in_Oklahoma341" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma"><img alt="Oklahoma" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/45px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Native_American_tribes_in_Oklahoma" title="List of Native American tribes in Oklahoma">Native American tribes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of federally recognized tribes">Federally<br />recognized<br />tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absentee_Shawnee_Tribe_of_Indians" title="Absentee Shawnee Tribe of Indians">Absentee Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama%E2%80%93Quassarte_Tribal_Town" title="Alabama–Quassarte Tribal Town">Alabama-Quassarte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Apache" title="Plains Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddo" title="Caddo">Caddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation" title="Cherokee Nation">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_and_Arapaho_Tribes" title="Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes">Cheyenne and Arapaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw_Nation" title="Chickasaw Nation">Chickasaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_Nation_of_Oklahoma" title="Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Potawatomi_Nation" title="Citizen Potawatomi Nation">Citizen Potawatomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Nation" title="Delaware Nation">Delaware Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Tribe_of_Indians" title="Delaware Tribe of Indians">Delaware Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Shawnee_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma">Eastern Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Sill_Apache_Tribe" title="Fort Sill Apache Tribe">Fort Sill Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaw_people" title="Kaw people">Kaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kialegee_Tribal_Town" title="Kialegee Tribal Town">Kialegee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma">Kickapoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Miami Tribe of Oklahoma">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modoc_Nation" title="Modoc Nation">Modoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee_Nation" title="Muscogee Nation">Muscogee (Creek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_Nation" title="Osage Nation">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otoe%E2%80%93Missouria_Tribe_of_Indians" title="Otoe–Missouria Tribe of Indians">Otoe-Missouria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoria_people" title="Peoria people">Peoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponca_Tribe_of_Indians_of_Oklahoma" title="Ponca Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma">Ponca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quapaw" title="Quapaw">Quapaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sac_and_Fox_Nation" title="Sac and Fox Nation">Sac and Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_Nation_of_Oklahoma" title="Seminole Nation of Oklahoma">Seminole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca%E2%80%93Cayuga_Nation" title="Seneca–Cayuga Nation">Seneca-Cayuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee_Tribe" title="Shawnee Tribe">Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thlopthlocco_Tribal_Town" title="Thlopthlocco Tribal Town">Thlopthlocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa" title="Tonkawa">Tonkawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Keetoowah_Band_of_Cherokee_Indians" title="United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians">United Keetoowah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita_people" title="Wichita people">Wichita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandotte_Nation" title="Wyandotte Nation">Wyandotte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Tribal languages</a><br />(still spoken)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_language" title="Alabama language">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arapaho_language" title="Arapaho language">Arapaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddo_language" title="Caddo language">Caddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayuga_language" title="Cayuga language">Cayuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_language" title="Cherokee language">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_language" title="Cheyenne language">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw_language" title="Chickasaw language">Chickasaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiwere_language" title="Chiwere language">Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_language" title="Choctaw language">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_language" title="Comanche language">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_languages" title="Delaware languages">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koasati_language" title="Koasati language">Koasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikasuki_language" title="Mikasuki language">Hitchiti-Mikasuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mescalero-Chiricahua_language" title="Mescalero-Chiricahua language">Mescalero-Chiricahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language" title="Fox language">Fox (Meskwaki, Sauk, and Kickapoo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee_language" title="Muscogee language">Muscogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_language" title="Osage language">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_dialect" title="Ottawa dialect">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_language" title="Pawnee language">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha%E2%80%93Ponca_language" title="Omaha–Ponca language">Ponca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quapaw" title="Quapaw">Quapaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_language" title="Seneca language">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee_language" title="Shawnee language">Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita_language" title="Wichita language">Wichita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_language" title="Wyandot language">Wyandot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Texas&#124;link=Texas_Native_American_tribes_in_Texas369" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Native_American_Tribes_in_Texas" title="Template:Native American Tribes in Texas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Native_American_Tribes_in_Texas" title="Template talk:Native American Tribes in Texas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Native_American_Tribes_in_Texas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Native American Tribes in Texas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Texas&#124;link=Texas_Native_American_tribes_in_Texas369" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas"><img alt="Texas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/23px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/35px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/45px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Native_American_tribes_in_Texas" title="Native American tribes in Texas">Native American tribes in Texas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of federally recognized tribes">Federally recognized<br />tribes</a><br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama%E2%80%93Coushatta_Tribe_of_Texas" title="Alabama–Coushatta Tribe of Texas">Alabama–Coushatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_Traditional_Tribe_of_Texas" title="Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas">Kickapoo Traditional Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ysleta_del_Sur_Pueblo" title="Ysleta del Sur Pueblo">Ysleta del Sur Pueblo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages</a><br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aranama_language" title="Aranama language">Araname</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atakapa_language" title="Atakapa language">Atacapan</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borrado_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Borrado language">Borrado</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddo_language" title="Caddo language">Caddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coahuiltecan_languages" title="Coahuiltecan languages">Coahuiltecan</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotoname_language" title="Cotoname language">Cotoname</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garza_language" title="Garza language">Garzan</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakawan_languages" title="Pakawan languages">Pakawan</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solano_language" title="Solano language">Solano</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamaulipeco_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamaulipeco language">Tamaulipecan</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanpachoa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanpachoa language">Tanpachoan</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Tiwa_language" title="Southern Tiwa language">Tiwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa_language" title="Tonkawa language">Tonkawan</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita_language" title="Wichita language">Wichita</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical Indigenous<br />peoples of Texas<br />(Several are in<br />Oklahoma today)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adai_people" title="Adai people">Adai</a><sup>≠</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anxau (page does not exist)">Anxau</a><sup>≠</sup></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apache</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lipan_Apache" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipan Apache">Lipan Apache</a><sup>°</sup>, <a href="/wiki/Querecho_Indians" title="Querecho Indians">Querecho</a><sup><small> >< </small></sup>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranama_people" title="Aranama people">Aranama</a><sup>≠</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atakapa" title="Atakapa">Atakapa</a><sup>≠</sup> (<a href="/wiki/Akokna_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Akokna people">Akokna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akokisa" title="Akokisa">Akokisa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bidai" title="Bidai">Bidai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deadose" title="Deadose">Deadose</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddo_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Caddo Nation">Caddo</a><sup>*</sup> (<a href="/wiki/Eyeish" title="Eyeish">Eyeish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hasinai" title="Hasinai">Hasinai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hainai" title="Hainai">Hainai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kadohadacho" title="Kadohadacho">Kadohadacho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nabedache" title="Nabedache">Nabedache</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nabiti" title="Nabiti">Nabiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nacogdoche" title="Nacogdoche">Nacogdoche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nacono" title="Nacono">Nacono</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nadaco" title="Nadaco">Nadaco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanatsoho" title="Nanatsoho">Nanatsoho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nasoni" title="Nasoni">Lower Nasoni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neche_people" title="Neche people">Neche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nechaui" title="Nechaui">Nechaui</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Cherokees" title="Texas Cherokees">Cherokee, Texas</a><sup>°*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coahuiltecan" title="Coahuiltecan">Coahuiltecan</a><sup>≠</sup> (<a href="/wiki/Ervipiame" title="Ervipiame">Ervipiame</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pajalat" title="Pajalat">Pajalat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Payaya_people" title="Payaya people">Payaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sijame" title="Sijame">Sijame</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xarames" title="Xarames">Xarames</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deacose_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deacose people (page does not exist)">Decose</a><sup>≠</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emet_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emet people (page does not exist)">Emet</a><sup>≠</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumanos" title="Jumanos">Jumanos</a><sup>≠</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karankawa_people" title="Karankawa people">Karankawa</a><sup>≠</sup> (<a href="/wiki/Copano_people" title="Copano people">Copano</a><sup>≠</sup>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kohani_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kohani people (page does not exist)">Kohani</a><sup>≠</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayeye" title="Mayeye">Mayeye</a><sup>≠</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pachal_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pachal people (page does not exist)">Pachal</a><sup>≠</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacoa_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pacoa people (page does not exist)">Pacoa</a><sup>≠</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paguame&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paguame (page does not exist)">Paguame</a><sup>≠</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pampopa_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pampopa people (page does not exist)">Pampopa</a><sup>≠</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papanac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Papanac (page does not exist)">Papanac</a><sup>≠</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastia_people" title="Pastia people">Pastia</a><sup>≠</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasxa_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasxa people (page does not exist)">Pasxa</a><sup>≠</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Patiri">Patiri</a><sup>≠</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulacuam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pulacuam (page does not exist)">Pulacuam</a><sup>≠</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sana_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sana people">Sana</a><sup>≠</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saracuam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saracuam (page does not exist)">Saracuam</a><sup>≠</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semonam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semonam (page does not exist)">Semonam</a><sup>≠</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamique_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamique people (page does not exist)">Tamique</a><sup>≠</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teyas_Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="Teyas Indians">Teyas</a><sup>°</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tilijae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tilijae (page does not exist)">Tilijae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tomoacas_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tomoacas people (page does not exist)">Tomoacas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa" title="Tonkawa">Tonkawa</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita_and_Affiliated_Tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Wichita and Affiliated Tribes">Wichita and Affiliated Tribes</a><sup>*</sup> (<a href="/wiki/Kichai_people" title="Kichai people">Kichai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taovaya_people" title="Taovaya people">Taovaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tawakoni" title="Tawakoni">Tawakoni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waco_people" title="Waco people">Waco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wichita_people" title="Wichita people">Wichita proper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yojuane" title="Yojuane">Yojuane</a><sup>≠</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston_and_Native_American_relations" title="Sam Houston and Native American relations">Sam Houston and Native American relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><sup>†</sup> extinct language / <sup>≠</sup> extinct tribe / <sup><small> >< </small></sup> early, <a href="/wiki/Post-Classic_stage" title="Post-Classic stage">obsolete name</a> of Indigenous tribe / <sup>°</sup> people absorbed into other tribe(s) / <sup>*</sup> headquartered in Oklahoma today</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico126" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" title="Template:Indigenous peoples of Mexico"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" title="Template talk:Indigenous peoples of Mexico"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous peoples of Mexico"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico126" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" title="Indigenous peoples of Mexico">Indigenous peoples of Mexico</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">More than 100,000 people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinantec_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinantec people">Chinantec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%CA%BCol_people" title="Chʼol people">Chʼol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huastec_people" title="Huastec people">Huastec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_peoples" title="Maya peoples">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazahua_people" title="Mazahua people">Mazahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazatec" title="Mazatec">Mazatec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixe_people" title="Mixe people">Mixe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec" title="Mixtec">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahuas" title="Nahuas">Nahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otomi" title="Otomi">Otomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha" title="Purépecha">Purépecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rar%C3%A1muri" title="Rarámuri">Rarámuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlapanec_people" title="Tlapanec people">Tlapanec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totonac" title="Totonac">Totonac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzeltal_people" title="Tzeltal people">Tzeltal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzotzil" title="Tzotzil">Tzotzil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_peoples" title="Zapotec peoples">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/32px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/48px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/64px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mexico" title="Portal:Mexico">Mexico portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20,000 – 100,000 people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amuzgos" title="Amuzgos">Amuzgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatinos" title="Chatinos">Chatino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chontal_Maya" title="Chontal Maya">Chontal Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cora_people" title="Cora people">Cora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuicatecs" title="Cuicatecs">Cuicatec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huave_people" title="Huave people">Huave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mam_people" title="Mam people">Mam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayo_people" title="Mayo people">Mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popoluca" title="Popoluca">Popoluca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepehu%C3%A1n" title="Tepehuán">Tepehuán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tojolabal_people" title="Tojolabal people">Tojolabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triqui" title="Triqui">Triqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichol" title="Huichol">Wixarika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoque_people" title="Zoque people">Zoque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1,000 – 20,000 people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akatek_people" title="Akatek people">Akatek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichimeca_Jonaz_people" title="Chichimeca Jonaz people">Chichimeca Jonaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocho_people" title="Chocho people">Chocho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuj_people" title="Chuj people">Chuj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarijio_people" title="Guarijio people">Guarijio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakaltek_people" title="Jakaltek people">Jakaltek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacandon_people" title="Lacandon people">Lacandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matlatzinca_people" title="Matlatzinca people">Matlatzinca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexicaneros" title="Mexicaneros">Mexicanero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocuiltec_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocuiltec people">Ocuiltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pame_people" title="Pame people">Pame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pima_Bajo_people" title="Pima Bajo people">Pima Bajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%CA%BCanjob%CA%BCal_people" title="Qʼanjobʼal people">Qʼanjobʼal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%CA%BCeqchi%CA%BC" title="Qʼeqchiʼ">Qʼeqchiʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacuate" title="Tacuate">Tacuate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepehuas" title="Tepehuas">Tepehua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Less than 1,000 people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awakatek_people" title="Awakatek people">Awakatek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiricahua" title="Chiricahua">Chiricahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochim%C3%AD" title="Cochimí">Cochimí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucap%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Cucapá">Cucapá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixcatecos" title="Ixcatecos">Ixcatecos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixil_people" title="Ixil people">Ixil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaqchikel_people" title="Kaqchikel people">Kaqchikel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCiche%CA%BC_people" title="Kʼicheʼ people">Kʼicheʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Kickapoo" title="Mexican Kickapoo">Kikapú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiliwa_people" title="Kiliwa people">Kiliwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay" title="Kumeyaay">Kumiai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipan_Apache_people" title="Lipan Apache people">Lipán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mescalero" title="Mescalero">Mezcalero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motozintlecos" title="Motozintlecos">Motozintleco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opata_people" title="Opata people">Opata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paipai_people" title="Paipai people">Paipai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seri_people" title="Seri people">Seri</a></li> 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databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102090#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85005883">United 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