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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/WWII_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="WWII (disambiguation)">WWII (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Second_World_War_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="The Second World War (disambiguation)">The Second World War (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="World War II (disambiguation)">World War II (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style>World War II<a href="#cite_note-2">[b]</a> or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a <a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">global conflict</a> between two coalitions: the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Nearly all the world's countries</a>—including all the <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great powers</a>—participated, with many investing all available economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities in pursuit of <a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">total war</a>, blurring the distinction between military and civilian resources. <a href="/wiki/Tanks_in_World_War_II" title="Tanks in World War II">Tanks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">aircraft played major roles</a>, with the latter enabling the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing" title="Strategic bombing">strategic bombing</a> of population centres and delivery of the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">only two nuclear weapons</a> ever used in war. World War II was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_by_death_toll" title="List of wars by death toll">deadliest conflict</a> in history, resulting in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">70 to 85 million deaths</a>, more than half being civilians. Millions died in <a href="/wiki/Genocides" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocides">genocides</a>, including <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a> of European Jews, as well as from massacres, starvation, and disease. Following the Allied powers' victory, <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Austria" title="Allied-occupied Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Japan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea#Post%E2%80%93World_War_II" title="Division of Korea">Korea</a> were occupied, and <a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">war crimes</a> tribunals were conducted <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">against German</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Japanese leaders</a>. <div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">World War II</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:171px;max-width:171px"><div style="height:115px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-646-5188-17,_Flugzeuge_Junkers_Ju_87.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-646-5188-17%2C_Flugzeuge_Junkers_Ju_87.jpg/169px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-646-5188-17%2C_Flugzeuge_Junkers_Ju_87.jpg" decoding="async" width="169" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-646-5188-17%2C_Flugzeuge_Junkers_Ju_87.jpg/254px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-646-5188-17%2C_Flugzeuge_Junkers_Ju_87.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-646-5188-17%2C_Flugzeuge_Junkers_Ju_87.jpg/338px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-646-5188-17%2C_Flugzeuge_Junkers_Ju_87.jpg 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="544"></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:117px;max-width:117px"><div style="height:115px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Matilda_tanks_on_the_move_outside_the_perimeter_of_Tobruk,_Libya,_18_November_1941._E6600.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Matilda_tanks_on_the_move_outside_the_perimeter_of_Tobruk%2C_Libya%2C_18_November_1941._E6600.jpg/115px-Matilda_tanks_on_the_move_outside_the_perimeter_of_Tobruk%2C_Libya%2C_18_November_1941._E6600.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Matilda_tanks_on_the_move_outside_the_perimeter_of_Tobruk%2C_Libya%2C_18_November_1941._E6600.jpg/173px-Matilda_tanks_on_the_move_outside_the_perimeter_of_Tobruk%2C_Libya%2C_18_November_1941._E6600.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Matilda_tanks_on_the_move_outside_the_perimeter_of_Tobruk%2C_Libya%2C_18_November_1941._E6600.jpg/230px-Matilda_tanks_on_the_move_outside_the_perimeter_of_Tobruk%2C_Libya%2C_18_November_1941._E6600.jpg 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="800"></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:105px;max-width:105px"><div style="height:123px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Nagasakibomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="in the" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Nagasakibomb.jpg/103px-Nagasakibomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Nagasakibomb.jpg/155px-Nagasakibomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Nagasakibomb.jpg/206px-Nagasakibomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3245" data-file-height="3877"></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:183px;max-width:183px"><div style="height:123px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R76619,_Russland,_Kesselschlacht_Stalingrad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R76619%2C_Russland%2C_Kesselschlacht_Stalingrad.jpg/181px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R76619%2C_Russland%2C_Kesselschlacht_Stalingrad.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R76619%2C_Russland%2C_Kesselschlacht_Stalingrad.jpg/272px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R76619%2C_Russland%2C_Kesselschlacht_Stalingrad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R76619%2C_Russland%2C_Kesselschlacht_Stalingrad.jpg/362px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R76619%2C_Russland%2C_Kesselschlacht_Stalingrad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="544"></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:151px;max-width:151px"><div style="height:107px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Raising_a_flag_over_the_Reichstag_-_Restoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Raising_a_flag_over_the_Reichstag_-_Restoration.jpg/149px-Raising_a_flag_over_the_Reichstag_-_Restoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Raising_a_flag_over_the_Reichstag_-_Restoration.jpg/224px-Raising_a_flag_over_the_Reichstag_-_Restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Raising_a_flag_over_the_Reichstag_-_Restoration.jpg/298px-Raising_a_flag_over_the_Reichstag_-_Restoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4349" data-file-height="3139"></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:137px;max-width:137px"><div style="height:107px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Pennsylvania_moving_into_Lingayen_Gulf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/USS_Pennsylvania_moving_into_Lingayen_Gulf.jpg/135px-USS_Pennsylvania_moving_into_Lingayen_Gulf.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/USS_Pennsylvania_moving_into_Lingayen_Gulf.jpg/203px-USS_Pennsylvania_moving_into_Lingayen_Gulf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/USS_Pennsylvania_moving_into_Lingayen_Gulf.jpg/270px-USS_Pennsylvania_moving_into_Lingayen_Gulf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1384" data-file-height="1109"></a></div></div></div></div></div>From top to bottom, left to right: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>German <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_87" title="Junkers Ju 87">Stuka</a> dive bombers on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a>, 1943</li> <li>British <a href="/wiki/Matilda_II" title="Matilda II">Matilda II</a> tanks during the <a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North African campaign</a>, 1941</li> <li>U.S. <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">atomic bombing of Nagasaki</a> in Japan, 1945</li> <li>Soviet troops at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a>, 1943</li> <li>Soviet soldier <a href="/wiki/Raising_a_Flag_over_the_Reichstag" title="Raising a Flag over the Reichstag">raising a flag</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_building" title="Reichstag building">Reichstag</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a>, 1945</li> <li>U.S. warships in <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Lingayen_Gulf" title="Invasion of Lingayen Gulf">Lingayen Gulf</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Philippines</a>, 1945</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a> (6 years, 1 day)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Major <a href="/wiki/Theater_(warfare)" title="Theater (warfare)">theatres</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_raids_on_Japan" title="Air raids on Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">Horn of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gabon" title="Battle of Gabon">Central Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Attacks on Australia during World War II">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Caribbean" title="Battle of the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">North and South America</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> victory (see also <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">aftermath of World War II</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Main Allied leaders</a>:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500"></a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></a> <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></a> <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)"><img alt="Republic of China (1912–1949)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a> <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">Main Axis leaders</a>:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></a> <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan"><img alt="Empire of Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700"></a> <a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Hirohito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy"><img alt="Fascist Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/33px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/44px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"></a> <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Military dead:</li> <li>Over 16,000,000</li> <li>Civilian dead:</li> <li>Over 45,000,000</li> <li>Total dead:</li> <li>Over 61,000,000</li> <li>(1937–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">...further details</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Military dead:</li> <li>Over 8,000,000</li> <li>Civilian dead:</li> <li>Over 4,000,000</li> <li>Total dead:</li> <li>Over 12,000,000</li> <li>(1937–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">...further details</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> The <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">causes of World War II</a> included unresolved tensions in the <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_I" title="Aftermath of World War I">aftermath of World War I</a> and the rise of <a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">fascism in Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_militarism" title="Japanese militarism">militarism in Japan</a>. Key events leading up to the war included <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">Japan's invasion of Manchuria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>, and Germany's <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">annexations of Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">the Sudetenland</a>. World War II is generally considered to have begun on 1 September 1939, when <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invaded Poland</a>, prompting the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1939)" title="United Kingdom declaration of war on Germany (1939)">United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1939)" title="French declaration of war on Germany (1939)">France</a> to declare war on Germany. Poland was divided between Germany and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a>, in which they had agreed on "<a href="/wiki/Spheres_of_influence" class="mw-redirect" title="Spheres of influence">spheres of influence</a>" in Eastern Europe. In 1940, the Soviets <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">annexed the Baltic states</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">parts of Finland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Romania</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">fall of France</a> in June 1940, the war continued mainly between Germany and the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, with fighting in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Balkans campaign (World War II)">Balkans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean, and Middle East</a>, the aerial <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">the Blitz</a>, and naval <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a>. Through a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany took control of much of <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">continental Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">formed the Axis alliance</a> with <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a>, and other countries. In June 1941, Germany led the European Axis in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">an invasion of the Soviet Union</a>, opening the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> and initially making large territorial gains. Japan aimed to <a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">dominate East Asia and the Asia-Pacific</a>, and by 1937 was at war with the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a>. In December 1941, Japan attacked American and British territories <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War#Japanese_offensives,_1941%E2%80%9342" title="Pacific War">in Southeast Asia and the Central Pacific</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor in Hawaii</a>, which resulted in the US and the UK declaring war against Japan, and the European Axis declaring war on the US. <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Japan conquered much of coastal China and Southeast Asia</a>, but its advances in the Pacific were halted in mid-1942 after its defeat in the naval <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a>; Germany and Italy were <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">defeated in North Africa</a> and at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Stalingrad</a> in the Soviet Union. Key setbacks in 1943—including German defeats on the Eastern Front, the <a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasions of Sicily</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Italian mainland</a>, and Allied offensives in the Pacific—cost the Axis powers their initiative and forced them into strategic retreat on all fronts. In 1944, the Western Allies <a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">invaded German-occupied France at Normandy</a>, while the Soviet Union <a href="/wiki/Stalin%27s_ten_blows" title="Stalin's ten blows">regained its territorial losses</a> and pushed Germany and its allies westward. At the same time, Japan suffered reversals in mainland Asia, while the Allies crippled the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Japanese Navy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leapfrogging_(strategy)" title="Leapfrogging (strategy)">captured key islands</a>. The war in Europe concluded with the liberation of <a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">German-occupied territories</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">invasion of Germany by the Western Allies</a> and the Soviet Union, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">fall of Berlin</a> to Soviet troops; <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Death of Adolf Hitler">Hitler's suicide</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">German unconditional surrender</a> on <a href="/wiki/Victory_in_Europe_Day" title="Victory in Europe Day">8 May 1945</a>. Following the refusal of Japan to surrender on the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a>, the US <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">dropped the first atomic bombs</a> on <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a> on 6 and 9 August. Faced with an imminent <a href="/wiki/Operation_Downfall" title="Operation Downfall">invasion of the Japanese archipelago</a>, the possibility of further atomic bombings, and the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">declaration of war</a> against Japan and its <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">invasion of Manchuria</a>, Japan announced <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">its unconditional surrender</a> on 15 August and signed <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">a surrender document</a> on <a href="/wiki/Victory_over_Japan_Day" title="Victory over Japan Day">2 September 1945</a>, marking the end of the war. World War II changed the political alignment and social structure of the world, and it set the foundation of international relations for the rest of the 20th century and into the 21st century. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> was established to foster international cooperation and prevent conflicts, with the victorious great powers—China, France, the Soviet Union, the UK, and the US—becoming <a href="/wiki/Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council">the permanent members</a> of <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">its security council</a>. The Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival <a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">superpowers</a>, setting the stage for the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. In the wake of European devastation, the influence of its great powers waned, triggering the <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">decolonisation of Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Asia" title="Decolonisation of Asia">Asia</a>. Most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards <a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion" title="Post–World War II economic expansion">economic recovery and expansion</a>. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Start_and_end_dates">1 Start and end dates</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Background">2.1 Background</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="#Aftermath_of_World_War_I">2.1.1 Aftermath of World War I</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#Germany_and_Italy">2.1.2 Germany and Italy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#European_treaties">2.1.3 European treaties</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Asia">2.1.4 Asia</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Pre-war_events">2.2 Pre-war events</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Italian_invasion_of_Ethiopia_(1935)">2.2.1 Italian invasion of Ethiopia (1935)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Spanish_Civil_War_(1936%E2%80%931939)">2.2.2 Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Japanese_invasion_of_China_(1937)">2.2.3 Japanese invasion of China (1937)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts">2.2.4 Soviet–Japanese border conflicts</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#European_occupations_and_agreements">2.2.5 European occupations and agreements</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Course_of_the_war">2.3 Course of the war</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#War_breaks_out_in_Europe_(1939%E2%80%931940)">2.3.1 War breaks out in Europe (1939–1940)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Western_Europe_(1940%E2%80%931941)">2.3.2 Western Europe (1940–1941)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="#Mediterranean_(1940%E2%80%931941)">2.3.3 Mediterranean (1940–1941)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#Axis_attack_on_the_Soviet_Union_(1941)">2.3.4 Axis attack on the Soviet Union (1941)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#War_breaks_out_in_the_Pacific_(1941)">2.3.5 War breaks out in the Pacific (1941)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#Axis_advance_stalls_(1942%E2%80%931943)">2.3.6 Axis advance stalls (1942–1943)</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-21"><a href="#Pacific_(1942%E2%80%931943)">2.3.6.1 Pacific (1942–1943)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-22"><a href="#Eastern_Front_(1942%E2%80%931943)">2.3.6.2 Eastern Front (1942–1943)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-23"><a href="#Western_Europe/Atlantic_and_Mediterranean_(1942%E2%80%931943)">2.3.6.3 Western Europe/Atlantic and Mediterranean (1942–1943)</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="#Allies_gain_momentum_(1943%E2%80%931944)">2.3.7 Allies gain momentum (1943–1944)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25"><a href="#Allies_close_in_(1944)">2.3.8 Allies close in (1944)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-26"><a href="#Axis_collapse_and_Allied_victory_(1944%E2%80%931945)">2.3.9 Axis collapse and Allied victory (1944–1945)</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Aftermath">3 Aftermath</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Impact">4 Impact</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Casualties_and_war_crimes">4.1 Casualties and war crimes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Genocide,_concentration_camps,_and_slave_labour">4.2 Genocide, concentration camps, and slave labour</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Occupation">4.3 Occupation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Home_fronts_and_production">4.4 Home fronts and production</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Advances_in_technology_and_its_application">4.5 Advances in technology and its application</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#See_also">5 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#Notes">6 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#Citations">7 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#References">8 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="#External_links">9 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Start_and_end_dates">Start and end dates</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">List of timelines of World War II</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> World War II began in Europe on 1 September 1939<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinberg20056-3">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[2]</a> with the <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="German invasion of Poland">German invasion of Poland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1939)" title="United Kingdom declaration of war on Germany (1939)">United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1939)" title="French declaration of war on Germany (1939)">France</a>'s declaration of war on Germany two days later on 3 September 1939. Dates for the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a> include the start of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> on 7 July 1937,<a href="#cite_note-5">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEF%C3%B6rsterGessler200564-6">[4]</a> or the earlier <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">Japanese invasion of Manchuria</a>, on 19 September 1931.<a href="#cite_note-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a> Others follow the British historian <a href="/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" title="A. J. P. Taylor">A. J. P. Taylor</a>, who stated that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously, and the two wars became World War II in 1941.<a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a> Other proposed starting dates for World War II include the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Italian invasion of Abyssinia</a> on 3 October 1935.<a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a> The British historian <a href="/wiki/Antony_Beevor" title="Antony Beevor">Antony Beevor</a> views the beginning of World War II as the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a> fought between <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a> and the forces of <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> from May to September 1939.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor201210-11">[9]</a> Others view the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> as the start or prelude to World War II.<a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a> The exact date of the war's end also is not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 15 August 1945 (<a href="/wiki/Victory_over_Japan_Day" title="Victory over Japan Day">V-J Day</a>), rather than with the formal <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">surrender of Japan</a> on 2 September 1945, which officially <a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">ended the war in Asia</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Francisco" title="Treaty of San Francisco">peace treaty between Japan and the Allies</a> was signed in 1951.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasaya19904-14">[12]</a> A 1990 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">treaty regarding Germany's future</a> allowed the <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">reunification of East and West Germany</a> to take place and resolved most post–World War II issues.<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> No formal peace treaty between Japan and the Soviet Union was ever signed,<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> although the state of war between the two countries was terminated by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_Joint_Declaration_of_1956" title="Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956">Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956</a>, which also restored full diplomatic relations between them.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-17">[15]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Causes of World War II</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aftermath_of_World_War_I">Aftermath of World War I</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1034237262"><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-09042,_Genf,_V%C3%B6lkerbund,_Sitzungssaal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-09042%2C_Genf%2C_V%C3%B6lkerbund%2C_Sitzungssaal.jpg/250px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-09042%2C_Genf%2C_V%C3%B6lkerbund%2C_Sitzungssaal.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="795" data-file-height="528"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 166px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-09042%2C_Genf%2C_V%C3%B6lkerbund%2C_Sitzungssaal.jpg/250px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-09042%2C_Genf%2C_V%C3%B6lkerbund%2C_Sitzungssaal.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="166" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-09042%2C_Genf%2C_V%C3%B6lkerbund%2C_Sitzungssaal.jpg/375px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-09042%2C_Genf%2C_V%C3%B6lkerbund%2C_Sitzungssaal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-09042%2C_Genf%2C_V%C3%B6lkerbund%2C_Sitzungssaal.jpg/500px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-09042%2C_Genf%2C_V%C3%B6lkerbund%2C_Sitzungssaal.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> assembly, held in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, Switzerland (1930)</figcaption></figure></div></div> <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> had radically altered the political European map with the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>—including <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>—and the 1917 <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">Bolshevik seizure of power</a> in <a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russia</a>, which led to the founding of the Soviet Union. Meanwhile, the victorious <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies of World War I</a>, such as France, Belgium, Italy, Romania, and Greece, gained territory, and new <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation-states</a> were created out of the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman, and Russian Empires.<a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a> To prevent a future world war, the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> was established in 1920 by the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a>. The organisation's primary goals were to prevent armed conflict through collective security, military, and <a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Treaty" title="Washington Naval Treaty">naval disarmament</a>, as well as settling international disputes through peaceful negotiations and arbitration.<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> Despite strong pacifist sentiment <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_I" title="Aftermath of World War I">after World War I</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIngram2006%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidbREQibN9i-sCpgPA76_76%E2%80%9378%5D-20">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">irredentist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">revanchist</a> <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> had emerged in several European states. These sentiments were especially marked in Germany because of the significant territorial, colonial, and financial losses imposed by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>. Under the treaty, Germany lost around 13 percent of its home territory and all <a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">its overseas possessions</a>, while German annexation of other states was prohibited, <a href="/wiki/World_War_I_reparations" title="World War I reparations">reparations</a> were imposed, and limits were placed on the size and capability of the country's <a href="/wiki/Reichswehr" title="Reichswehr">armed forces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKantowicz1999149-21">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany_and_Italy">Germany and Italy</h4></div> The German Empire was dissolved in the <a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a>, and a democratic government, later known as the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>, was created. The interwar period saw strife between supporters of the new republic and hardline opponents on both the political right and left. Italy, as an Entente ally, had made some post-war territorial gains; however, Italian nationalists were angered that the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1915)" title="Treaty of London (1915)">promises made</a> by the United Kingdom and France to secure Italian entrance into the war were not fulfilled in the peace settlement. From 1922 to 1925, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Fascist</a> movement led by <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> seized power in Italy with a nationalist, <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">class collaborationist</a> agenda that abolished representative democracy, repressed socialist, left-wing, and liberal forces, and pursued an aggressive expansionist foreign policy aimed at making Italy a world power, promising the creation of a "<a href="/wiki/New_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="New Roman Empire">New Roman Empire</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw200035-22">[20]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:N%C3%BCrnberg_Reichsparteitag_Hitler_retouched.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/N%C3%BCrnberg_Reichsparteitag_Hitler_retouched.jpg/170px-N%C3%BCrnberg_Reichsparteitag_Hitler_retouched.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="284" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="479" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 284px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/N%C3%BCrnberg_Reichsparteitag_Hitler_retouched.jpg/170px-N%C3%BCrnberg_Reichsparteitag_Hitler_retouched.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="284" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/N%C3%BCrnberg_Reichsparteitag_Hitler_retouched.jpg/255px-N%C3%BCrnberg_Reichsparteitag_Hitler_retouched.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/N%C3%BCrnberg_Reichsparteitag_Hitler_retouched.jpg/340px-N%C3%BCrnberg_Reichsparteitag_Hitler_retouched.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> at a German <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi</a> political rally in <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a>, August 1933</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, after an <a href="/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch">unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the German government</a> in 1923, eventually <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">became the Chancellor of Germany</a> in 1933 when <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a> and the Reichstag appointed him. Following Hindenburg's death in 1934, Hitler proclaimed himself Führer of Germany and abolished democracy, espousing a <a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Nazism)" title="New Order (Nazism)">radical, racially motivated revision of the world order</a>, and soon began a massive <a href="/wiki/German_rearmament" title="German rearmament">rearmament campaign</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrody19994-23">[21]</a> France, seeking to secure its alliance with Italy, <a href="/wiki/Franco-Italian_Agreement_of_1935" title="Franco-Italian Agreement of 1935">allowed Italy a free hand in Ethiopia</a>, which Italy desired as a colonial possession. The situation was aggravated in early 1935 when the <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Saar_Basin" title="Territory of the Saar Basin">Territory of the Saar Basin</a> was legally reunited with Germany, and Hitler repudiated the Treaty of Versailles, accelerated his rearmament programme, and introduced conscription.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZalampas198962-24">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="European_treaties">European treaties</h4></div> The United Kingdom, France and Italy formed the <a href="/wiki/Stresa_Front" title="Stresa Front">Stresa Front</a> in April 1935 in order to contain Germany, a key step towards <a href="/wiki/Military_globalization" title="Military globalization">military globalisation</a>; however, that June, the United Kingdom made an <a href="/wiki/Anglo-German_Naval_Agreement" title="Anglo-German Naval Agreement">independent naval agreement</a> with Germany, easing prior restrictions. The Soviet Union, concerned by Germany's <a href="/wiki/Drang_nach_Osten" title="Drang nach Osten">goals of capturing vast areas of Eastern Europe</a>, drafted a treaty of mutual assistance with France. Before taking effect, though, the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Soviet_Treaty_of_Mutual_Assistance" title="Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance">Franco-Soviet pact</a> was required to go through the bureaucracy of the League of Nations, which rendered it essentially toothless.<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> The United States, concerned with events in Europe and Asia, passed the <a href="/wiki/Neutrality_Acts_of_the_1930s" title="Neutrality Acts of the 1930s">Neutrality Act</a> in August of the same year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitz2000124-26">[24]</a> Hitler defied the Versailles and <a href="/wiki/Locarno_Treaties" title="Locarno Treaties">Locarno Treaties</a> by <a href="/wiki/Remilitarisation_of_the_Rhineland" title="Remilitarisation of the Rhineland">remilitarising the Rhineland</a> in March 1936, encountering little opposition due to the policy of <a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">appeasement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamthwaite199252-27">[25]</a> In October 1936, Germany and Italy formed the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Rome–Berlin Axis</a>. A month later, Germany and Japan signed the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a>, which Italy joined the following year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1990298%E2%80%93299-28">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asia">Asia</h4></div> The <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> (KMT) party in China launched a <a href="/wiki/Northern_Expedition" title="Northern Expedition">unification campaign</a> against <a href="/wiki/Warlord_Era" title="Warlord Era">regional warlords</a> and nominally unified China in the mid-1920s, but was soon embroiled in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">a civil war</a> against its former <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP) allies<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston1998104-29">[27]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Plains_War" title="Central Plains War">new regional warlords</a>. In 1931, an <a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">increasingly militaristic</a> <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>, which had long sought influence in China<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyersPeattie1987458-30">[28]</a> as the first step of what its government saw as the country's <a href="/wiki/Hakk%C5%8D_ichiu" title="Hakkō ichiu">right to rule Asia</a>, staged the <a href="/wiki/Mukden_incident" title="Mukden incident">Mukden incident</a> as a pretext to <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">invade Manchuria</a> and establish the <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithSteadman200428-31">[29]</a> China appealed to the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> to stop the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. Japan withdrew from the League of Nations after being <a href="/wiki/Lytton_Report" title="Lytton Report">condemned</a> for its incursion into Manchuria. The two nations then fought several battles, in <a href="/wiki/January_28_incident" title="January 28 incident">Shanghai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rehe" title="Battle of Rehe">Rehe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Defense_of_the_Great_Wall" title="Defense of the Great Wall">Hebei</a>, until the <a href="/wiki/Tanggu_Truce" title="Tanggu Truce">Tanggu Truce</a> was signed in 1933. Thereafter, Chinese volunteer forces continued the resistance to Japanese aggression in <a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Manchukuo" title="Pacification of Manchukuo">Manchuria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Actions_in_Inner_Mongolia_(1933%E2%80%931936)" title="Actions in Inner Mongolia (1933–1936)">Chahar and Suiyuan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> After the 1936 <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_Incident" title="Xi'an Incident">Xi'an Incident</a>, the Kuomintang and CCP forces agreed on a ceasefire to present <a href="/wiki/Second_United_Front" title="Second United Front">a united front</a> to oppose Japan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusky200210-33">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-war_events">Pre-war events</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italian_invasion_of_Ethiopia_(1935)">Italian invasion of Ethiopia (1935)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mussolini_truppe_Etiopia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Mussolini_truppe_Etiopia.jpg/220px-Mussolini_truppe_Etiopia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Mussolini_truppe_Etiopia.jpg/220px-Mussolini_truppe_Etiopia.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Mussolini_truppe_Etiopia.jpg/330px-Mussolini_truppe_Etiopia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Mussolini_truppe_Etiopia.jpg/440px-Mussolini_truppe_Etiopia.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> inspecting troops during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Italo-Ethiopian War</a>, 1935</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a> was a brief <a href="/wiki/Colonial_war" title="Colonial war">colonial war</a> that began in October 1935 and ended in May 1936. The war began with the invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a> (also known as <a href="/wiki/Etymology_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Etymology of Ethiopia">Abyssinia</a>) by the armed forces of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> (Regno d'Italia), which was launched from <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritrea" title="Italian Eritrea">Eritrea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> The war resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">military occupation</a> of Ethiopia and its <a href="/wiki/Annexation" title="Annexation">annexation</a> into the newly created colony of <a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Italian East Africa</a> (Africa Orientale Italiana, or AOI); in addition it exposed the weakness of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> as a force to preserve peace. Both Italy and Ethiopia were member nations, <a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">but the League did little</a> when the former clearly violated Article X of the League's <a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Covenant of the League of Nations">Covenant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker1971131%E2%80%93132-35">[33]</a> The United Kingdom and France supported imposing sanctions on Italy for the invasion, but the sanctions were not fully enforced and failed to end the Italian invasion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1990289-36">[34]</a> Italy subsequently dropped its objections to Germany's goal of absorbing <a href="/wiki/Federal_State_of_Austria" title="Federal State of Austria">Austria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitson2001231-37">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spanish_Civil_War_(1936–1939)">Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></div> When civil war broke out in Spain, Hitler and Mussolini lent military support to the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)">Nationalist rebels</a>, led by General <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a>. Italy supported the Nationalists to a greater extent than the Nazis: Mussolini sent more than 70,000 ground troops, 6,000 aviation personnel, and 720 aircraft to Spain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeulen200025-38">[36]</a> The Soviet Union supported the existing government of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Spanish Republic</a>. More than 30,000 foreign volunteers, known as the <a href="/wiki/International_Brigades" title="International Brigades">International Brigades</a>, also fought against the Nationalists. Both Germany and the Soviet Union used this <a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">proxy war</a> as an opportunity to test in combat their most advanced weapons and tactics. The Nationalists won the civil war in April 1939; Franco, now dictator, remained officially neutral during World War II but <a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">generally favoured the Axis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2008271-39">[37]</a> His greatest collaboration with Germany was the sending of <a href="/wiki/Blue_Division" title="Blue Division">volunteers</a> to fight on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2008146-40">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japanese_invasion_of_China_(1937)">Japanese invasion of China (1937)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shanghai1937IJA_ruins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Shanghai1937IJA_ruins.jpg/220px-Shanghai1937IJA_ruins.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="630"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 139px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Shanghai1937IJA_ruins.jpg/220px-Shanghai1937IJA_ruins.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="139" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Shanghai1937IJA_ruins.jpg/330px-Shanghai1937IJA_ruins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Shanghai1937IJA_ruins.jpg/440px-Shanghai1937IJA_ruins.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> soldiers during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanghai" title="Battle of Shanghai">Battle of Shanghai</a>, 1937</figcaption></figure> In July 1937, Japan captured the former Chinese imperial capital of <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Peking</a> after instigating the <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_Bridge_incident" title="Marco Polo Bridge incident">Marco Polo Bridge incident</a>, which culminated in the Japanese campaign to invade all of China.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEastman1986547%E2%80%93551-41">[39]</a> The Soviets quickly signed a <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_Non-Aggression_Pact" title="Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact">non-aggression pact with China</a> to lend <a href="/wiki/Materiel" title="Materiel">materiel</a> support, effectively ending China's prior <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Germany_relations_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="China–Germany relations (1912–1949)">cooperation with Germany</a>. From September to November, the Japanese attacked <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taiyuan" title="Battle of Taiyuan">Taiyuan</a>, engaged the <a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">Kuomintang Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Xinkou" title="Battle of Xinkou">around Xinkou</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Hsu_&_Chang_1971_221-42">[40]</a> and fought <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Communist forces</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pingxingguan" title="Battle of Pingxingguan">in Pingxingguan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tucker2009-43">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-yang-44">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/Generalissimo" title="Generalissimo">Generalissimo</a> <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> deployed his <a href="/wiki/List_of_German-trained_divisions_of_the_National_Revolutionary_Army" title="List of German-trained divisions of the National Revolutionary Army">best army</a> to <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanghai" title="Battle of Shanghai">defend Shanghai</a>, but after three months of fighting, Shanghai fell. The Japanese continued to push Chinese forces back, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nanking" title="Battle of Nanking">capturing the capital Nanking</a> in December 1937. After the fall of Nanking, tens or hundreds of thousands of Chinese civilians and disarmed combatants were <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">murdered by the Japanese</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-tot-46">[44]</a> In March 1938, Nationalist Chinese forces won their <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taierzhuang" title="Battle of Taierzhuang">first major victory at Taierzhuang</a>, but then the city of <a href="/wiki/Xuzhou" title="Xuzhou">Xuzhou</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Xuzhou" title="Battle of Xuzhou">was taken by the Japanese</a> in May.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsuChang1971221%E2%80%93230-47">[45]</a> In June 1938, Chinese forces stalled the Japanese advance by <a href="/wiki/1938_Yellow_River_flood" title="1938 Yellow River flood">flooding the Yellow River</a>; this manoeuvre bought time for the Chinese to prepare their defences at <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a>, but the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wuhan" title="Battle of Wuhan">city was taken</a> by October.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEastman1986566-48">[46]</a> Japanese military victories did not bring about the collapse of Chinese resistance that Japan had hoped to achieve; instead, the Chinese government relocated inland to <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a> and continued the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2009150%E2%80%93152-49">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESella1983651%E2%80%93687-50">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Soviet–Japanese_border_conflicts">Soviet–Japanese border conflicts</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts" title="Soviet–Japanese border conflicts">Soviet–Japanese border conflicts</a></div> In the mid-to-late 1930s, Japanese forces in <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a> had sporadic border clashes with the Soviet Union and <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolia</a>. The Japanese doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Hokushin-ron" title="Hokushin-ron">Hokushin-ron</a>, which emphasised Japan's expansion northward, was favoured by the Imperial Army during this time. This policy would prove difficult to maintain in light of the Japanese defeat at <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Khalkin Gol</a> in 1939, the ongoing Second Sino-Japanese War<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2012342-51">[49]</a> and ally Nazi Germany pursuing neutrality with the Soviets. Japan and the Soviet Union eventually signed a <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_Neutrality_Pact" title="Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact">Neutrality Pact</a> in April 1941, and Japan adopted the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Nanshin-ron" title="Nanshin-ron">Nanshin-ron</a>, promoted by the Navy, which took its focus southward and eventually led to war with the United States and the Western Allies.<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="European_occupations_and_agreements">European occupations and agreements</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R69173,_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen,_Staatschefs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R69173%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Staatschefs.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R69173%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Staatschefs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="548"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 151px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R69173%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Staatschefs.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R69173%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Staatschefs.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="151" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R69173%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Staatschefs.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R69173%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Staatschefs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R69173%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Staatschefs.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R69173%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Staatschefs.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Daladier" title="Édouard Daladier">Daladier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Galeazzo_Ciano" title="Galeazzo Ciano">Ciano</a> pictured just before signing the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a>, 29 September 1938</figcaption></figure> In Europe, Germany and Italy were becoming more aggressive. In March 1938, Germany <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">annexed Austria</a>, again provoking <a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">little response</a> from other European powers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollierPedley2000144-54">[52]</a> Encouraged, Hitler began pressing German claims on the <a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a>, an area of <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> with a predominantly <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">ethnic German</a> population. Soon the United Kingdom and France followed the appeasement policy of British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a> and conceded this territory to Germany in the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a>, which was made against the wishes of the Czechoslovak government, in exchange for a promise of no further territorial demands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2001121%E2%80%93122-55">[53]</a> Soon afterwards, Germany and Italy forced Czechoslovakia to <a href="/wiki/First_Vienna_Award" title="First Vienna Award">cede additional territory</a> to Hungary, and Poland annexed the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Olza" title="Trans-Olza">Trans-Olza</a> region of Czechoslovakia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2001157-56">[54]</a> Although all of Germany's stated demands had been satisfied by the agreement, privately Hitler was furious that British interference had prevented him from seizing all of Czechoslovakia in one operation. In subsequent speeches Hitler attacked British and Jewish "war-mongers" and in January 1939 <a href="/wiki/Plan_Z" title="Plan Z">secretly ordered a major build-up of the German navy</a> to challenge British naval supremacy. In March 1939, <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Germany invaded the remainder of Czechoslovakia</a> and subsequently split it into the German <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia</a> and a pro-German <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client state</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2006pp._143%E2%80%93144_(2008_ed.)-57">[55]</a> Hitler also delivered an <a href="/wiki/1939_German_ultimatum_to_Lithuania" title="1939 German ultimatum to Lithuania">ultimatum to Lithuania</a> on 20 March 1939, forcing the concession of the <a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da_Region" title="Klaipėda Region">Klaipėda Region</a>, formerly the German Memelland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1990461%E2%80%93462-58">[56]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H27337,_Moskau,_Stalin_und_Ribbentrop_im_Kreml.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H27337%2C_Moskau%2C_Stalin_und_Ribbentrop_im_Kreml.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H27337%2C_Moskau%2C_Stalin_und_Ribbentrop_im_Kreml.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1185" data-file-height="1562"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 224px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H27337%2C_Moskau%2C_Stalin_und_Ribbentrop_im_Kreml.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H27337%2C_Moskau%2C_Stalin_und_Ribbentrop_im_Kreml.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="224" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H27337%2C_Moskau%2C_Stalin_und_Ribbentrop_im_Kreml.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H27337%2C_Moskau%2C_Stalin_und_Ribbentrop_im_Kreml.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H27337%2C_Moskau%2C_Stalin_und_Ribbentrop_im_Kreml.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H27337%2C_Moskau%2C_Stalin_und_Ribbentrop_im_Kreml.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>German Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">Joachim von Ribbentrop</a> (right) and the Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, after signing the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a>, 23 August 1939</figcaption></figure> Greatly alarmed and with Hitler making further demands on the <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig">Free City of Danzig</a>, the United Kingdom and France <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Polish_alliance#British_assurance_to_Poland" title="Anglo-Polish alliance">guaranteed their support for Polish independence</a>; when <a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italy conquered Albania</a> in April 1939, the same guarantee was extended to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdoms of Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoweMarzari2002330-59">[57]</a> Shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Polish_alliance" title="Franco-Polish alliance">Franco</a>-<a href="/wiki/Anglo-Polish_alliance" title="Anglo-Polish alliance">British</a> pledge to Poland, Germany and Italy formalised their own alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Steel" title="Pact of Steel">Pact of Steel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDearFoot2001234-60">[58]</a> Hitler accused the United Kingdom and Poland of trying to "encircle" Germany and renounced the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-German_Naval_Agreement" title="Anglo-German Naval Agreement">Anglo-German Naval Agreement</a> and the <a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Polish_declaration_of_non-aggression" title="German–Polish declaration of non-aggression">German–Polish declaration of non-aggression</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1990471-61">[59]</a> The situation became a crisis in late August as German troops continued to mobilise against the Polish border. On 23 August the Soviet Union signed <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">a non-aggression pact</a> with Germany,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShore2003108-62">[60]</a> after tripartite negotiations for a military alliance between France, the United Kingdom, and Soviet Union had stalled.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> This pact had a secret protocol that defined German and Soviet "spheres of influence" (western <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a> and Lithuania for Germany; <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_Poland_annexed_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union">eastern Poland</a>, Finland, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a> for the Soviet Union), and raised the question of continuing Polish independence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDearFoot2001608-64">[62]</a> The pact neutralised the possibility of Soviet opposition to a campaign against Poland and assured that Germany would not have to face the prospect of a two-front war, as it had in World War I. Immediately afterwards, Hitler ordered the attack to proceed on 26 August, but upon hearing that the United Kingdom had concluded a formal mutual assistance pact with Poland and that Italy would maintain neutrality, he decided to delay it.<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> In response to British requests for direct negotiations to avoid war, Germany made demands on Poland, which served as a pretext to worsen relations.<a href="#cite_note-ww2db_com-66">[64]</a> On 29 August, Hitler demanded that a Polish <a href="/wiki/Plenipotentiary" title="Plenipotentiary">plenipotentiary</a> immediately travel to Berlin to negotiate the handover of <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Danzig</a>, and to allow a <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">plebiscite</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Corridor" title="Polish Corridor">Polish Corridor</a> in which the German minority would vote on secession.<a href="#cite_note-ww2db_com-66">[64]</a> The Poles refused to comply with the German demands, and on the night of 30–31 August in a confrontational meeting with the British ambassador <a href="/wiki/Nevile_Henderson" title="Nevile Henderson">Nevile Henderson</a>, Ribbentrop declared that Germany considered its claims rejected.<a href="#cite_note-ibiblio1939-67">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Course_of_the_war">Course of the war</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">List of timelines of World War II</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomatic history of World War II</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">World War II by country</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="War_breaks_out_in_Europe_(1939–1940)">War breaks out in Europe (1939–1940)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">European theatre of World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Danzig_Police_at_Polish_Border_(1939-09-01).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Danzig_Police_at_Polish_Border_%281939-09-01%29.jpg/220px-Danzig_Police_at_Polish_Border_%281939-09-01%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1033"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 152px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Danzig_Police_at_Polish_Border_%281939-09-01%29.jpg/220px-Danzig_Police_at_Polish_Border_%281939-09-01%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="152" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Danzig_Police_at_Polish_Border_%281939-09-01%29.jpg/330px-Danzig_Police_at_Polish_Border_%281939-09-01%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Danzig_Police_at_Polish_Border_%281939-09-01%29.jpg/440px-Danzig_Police_at_Polish_Border_%281939-09-01%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Soldiers of the Danzig <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig_Police" title="Free City of Danzig Police">Schutzpolizei</a> tearing down the border crossing into <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a>, 1 September 1939</figcaption></figure> On 1 September 1939, Germany <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invaded Poland</a> after <a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">having staged</a> several <a href="/wiki/Gleiwitz_incident" title="Gleiwitz incident">false flag border incidents</a> as a pretext to initiate the invasion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans20081%E2%80%932-68">[66]</a> The first German attack of the war came against the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Westerplatte" title="Battle of Westerplatte">Polish defences at Westerplatte</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zabecki2015-69">[67]</a> The United Kingdom responded with an ultimatum for Germany to cease military operations, and on 3 September, after the ultimatum was ignored, Britain and France declared war on Germany.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a> period, the alliance provided no direct military support to Poland, outside of a <a href="/wiki/Saar_Offensive" title="Saar Offensive">cautious French probe into the Saarland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Keegan_1997_35-71">[69]</a> The Western Allies also began a <a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Germany_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Blockade of Germany (1939–1945)">naval blockade of Germany</a>, which aimed to damage the country's economy and war effort.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> Germany responded by ordering <a href="/wiki/Submarine_warfare#World_War_II" title="Submarine warfare">U-boat warfare</a> against Allied merchant and warships, which would later escalate into the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> On 8 September, German troops reached the suburbs of <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>. The Polish <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bzura" title="Battle of the Bzura">counter-offensive</a> to the west halted the German advance for several days, but it was outflanked and encircled by the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a>. Remnants of the Polish army broke through to <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Warsaw_(1939)" title="Siege of Warsaw (1939)">besieged Warsaw</a>. On 17 September 1939, two days after signing a <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">cease-fire with Japan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">Soviet Union invaded Poland</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaloga200280,_83-74">[72]</a> under the supposed pretext that the Polish state had ceased to exist.<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> On 27 September, the Warsaw garrison surrendered to the Germans, and <a href="/wiki/Independent_Operational_Group_Polesie" title="Independent Operational Group Polesie">the last large operational unit of the Polish Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kock_(1939)" title="Battle of Kock (1939)">surrendered on 6 October</a>. Despite the military defeat, Poland never surrendered; instead, it formed the <a href="/wiki/Polish_government-in-exile" title="Polish government-in-exile">Polish government-in-exile</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Polish_Underground_State" title="Polish Underground State">clandestine state apparatus remained</a> in occupied Poland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHempel200524-76">[74]</a> A significant part of Polish military personnel <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Bridgehead" title="Romanian Bridgehead">evacuated to Romania</a> and Latvia; many of them later <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Poland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Poland during World War II">fought against the Axis</a> in other theatres of the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaloga200288%E2%80%9389-77">[75]</a> Germany <a href="/wiki/Polish_areas_annexed_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany">annexed western</a> Poland and <a href="/wiki/General_Government" title="General Government">occupied central Poland</a>; the Soviet Union <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_Poland_annexed_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union">annexed eastern Poland</a>; small shares of Polish territory were transferred to <a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Poland#World_War_II" title="Territorial evolution of Poland">Lithuania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovak_invasion_of_Poland" title="Slovak invasion of Poland">Slovakia</a>. On 6 October, Hitler made a public peace overture to the United Kingdom and France but said that the future of Poland was to be determined exclusively by Germany and the Soviet Union. The proposal was rejected<a href="#cite_note-ibiblio1939-67">[65]</a> and Hitler ordered an immediate offensive against France,<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> which was postponed until the spring of 1940 due to bad weather.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiddell_Hart197739%E2%80%9340-79">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullock1990pp._563%E2%80%93564,_566,_568%E2%80%93569,_574%E2%80%93575_(1983_ed.)-80">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karelian_Isthmus_13_March_1940.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Karelian_Isthmus_13_March_1940.png/220px-Karelian_Isthmus_13_March_1940.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="546" data-file-height="492"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 198px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Karelian_Isthmus_13_March_1940.png/220px-Karelian_Isthmus_13_March_1940.png" data-width="220" data-height="198" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Karelian_Isthmus_13_March_1940.png/330px-Karelian_Isthmus_13_March_1940.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Karelian_Isthmus_13_March_1940.png/440px-Karelian_Isthmus_13_March_1940.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mannerheim_Line" title="Mannerheim Line">Mannerheim Line</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karelian_Isthmus" title="Karelian Isthmus">Karelian Isthmus</a> on the last day of the <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a>, 13 March 1940</figcaption></figure> After the outbreak of war in Poland, Stalin threatened <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> with military invasion, forcing the three <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic countries</a> to sign <a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states#Soviet_ultimatums_and_occupation" title="Background of the occupation of the Baltic states">pacts</a> allowing the creation of Soviet military bases in these countries; in October 1939, significant Soviet military contingents were moved there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithPabriksPursLane200224-82">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilinsky19999-83">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurrayMillett200155%E2%80%9356-84">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> refused to sign a similar pact and rejected ceding part of its territory to the Soviet Union. <a href="/wiki/Winter_War#Soviet_invasion" title="Winter War">The Soviet Union invaded Finland</a> in November 1939,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpring1986207%E2%80%93226-85">[83]</a> and was subsequently expelled from the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> for this crime of aggression.<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> Despite overwhelming numerical superiority, Soviet military success during the <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a> was modest,<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> and the Finno-Soviet war ended in March 1940 with <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Peace_Treaty" title="Moscow Peace Treaty">some Finnish concessions of territory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanhim%C3%A4ki199712-88">[86]</a> In June 1940, the Soviet Union <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1940)" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)">occupied</a> the entire territories of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilinsky19999-83">[81]</a> as well as the Romanian regions of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina, and the Hertsa region</a>. In August 1940, Hitler imposed the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vienna_Award" title="Second Vienna Award">Second Vienna Award</a> on Romania which led to the transfer of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Transylvania" title="Northern Transylvania">Northern Transylvania</a> to Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDearFoot2001745,_975-89">[87]</a> In September 1940, Bulgaria demanded <a href="/wiki/Southern_Dobruja" title="Southern Dobruja">Southern Dobruja</a> from Romania with German and Italian support, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Craiova" title="Treaty of Craiova">Treaty of Craiova</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Haynes-2000-90">[88]</a> The loss of one-third of Romania's 1939 territory caused a coup against King Carol II, turning Romania into a fascist dictatorship under Marshal <a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Ion Antonescu</a>, with a course set towards the Axis in the hopes of a German guarantee.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> Meanwhile, German-Soviet political relations and economic co-operation<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson2006367,_376,_379,_417-92">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder2010118ff-93">[91]</a> gradually stalled,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoch1983912%E2%80%93914,_917%E2%80%93920-94">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts200656-95">[93]</a> and both states began preparations for war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts200659-96">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Western_Europe_(1940–1941)">Western Europe (1940–1941)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front (World War II)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WWIIEuropeMay40.gif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/WWIIEuropeMay40.gif/310px-WWIIEuropeMay40.gif" decoding="async" width="310" height="240" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="890" data-file-height="690"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 310px;height: 240px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/WWIIEuropeMay40.gif/310px-WWIIEuropeMay40.gif" data-width="310" data-height="240" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/WWIIEuropeMay40.gif/465px-WWIIEuropeMay40.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/WWIIEuropeMay40.gif/620px-WWIIEuropeMay40.gif 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>German advance into Belgium and Northern France, 10 May – 4 June 1940, sweeping past the <a href="/wiki/Maginot_Line" title="Maginot Line">Maginot Line</a> (shown in dark red)</figcaption></figure> In April 1940, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Weser%C3%BCbung" title="Operation Weserübung">Germany invaded Denmark and Norway</a> to protect shipments of <a href="/wiki/Swedish_iron-ore_industry_during_World_War_II" title="Swedish iron-ore industry during World War II">iron ore from Sweden</a>, which the Allies were <a href="/wiki/Operation_Wilfred" title="Operation Wilfred">attempting to cut off</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">Denmark capitulated after six hours</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">despite Allied support</a>, Norway was conquered within two months.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommager20049-98">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/Norway_Debate" title="Norway Debate">British discontent over the Norwegian campaign</a> led to the resignation of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a>, who was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> on 10 May 1940.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds200676-99">[97]</a> On the same day, Germany <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">launched an offensive against France</a>. To circumvent the strong <a href="/wiki/Maginot_Line" title="Maginot Line">Maginot Line</a> fortifications on the Franco-German border, Germany directed its attack at the neutral nations of <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">the Netherlands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008122%E2%80%93123-100">[98]</a> The Germans carried out a flanking manoeuvre through the <a href="/wiki/Ardennes" title="Ardennes">Ardennes</a> region,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeegan199759%E2%80%9360-101">[99]</a> which was mistakenly perceived by the Allies as an impenetrable natural barrier against armoured vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERegan2004152-102">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiddell_Hart197748-103">[101]</a> By successfully implementing new <a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a> tactics, the Wehrmacht rapidly advanced to the Channel and cut off the Allied forces in Belgium, trapping the bulk of the Allied armies in a cauldron on the Franco-Belgian border near Lille. The United Kingdom was able <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">to evacuate a significant number of Allied troops</a> from the continent by early June, although they had to abandon almost all their equipment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeegan199766%E2%80%9367-104">[102]</a> On 10 June, <a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_France" title="Italian invasion of France">Italy invaded France</a>, declaring war on both France and the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOveryWheatcroft1999207-105">[103]</a> The Germans turned south against the weakened French army, and <a href="/wiki/Paris_in_World_War_II" title="Paris in World War II">Paris</a> fell to them on 14 June. Eight days later <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_22_June_1940" title="Armistice of 22 June 1940">France signed an armistice with Germany</a>; it was divided into <a href="/wiki/German_military_administration_in_occupied_France_during_World_War_II" title="German military administration in occupied France during World War II">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_occupation_of_France" title="Italian occupation of France">Italian occupation zones</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUmbreit1991311-106">[104]</a> and an unoccupied <a href="/wiki/Rump_state" title="Rump state">rump state</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy Regime</a>, which, though officially neutral, was generally aligned with Germany. France kept its fleet, which <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Mers-el-K%C3%A9bir" title="Attack on Mers-el-Kébir">the United Kingdom attacked</a> on 3 July in an attempt to prevent its seizure by Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2004198-107">[105]</a> The air <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeegan1997%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidTF8kcx9hTssCpgPA72_72%5D-108">[106]</a> began in early July with <a href="/wiki/Kanalkampf" title="Kanalkampf">Luftwaffe attacks on shipping and harbours</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Murray_BoB-109">[107]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Adlertag" title="Adlertag">German campaign for air superiority</a> started in August but its failure to defeat <a href="/wiki/RAF_Fighter_Command" title="RAF Fighter Command">RAF Fighter Command</a> forced the indefinite postponement of the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Sea_Lion" title="Operation Sea Lion">proposed German invasion of Britain</a>. The German <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing" title="Strategic bombing">strategic bombing</a> offensive intensified with night attacks on London and other cities in <a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">the Blitz</a>, but largely ended in May 1941<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDearFoot2001108%E2%80%93109-110">[108]</a> after failing to significantly disrupt the British war effort.<a href="#cite_note-Murray_BoB-109">[107]</a> Using newly captured French ports, the German Navy <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic#'The_Happy_Time'_(June_1940_%E2%80%93_February_1941)" title="Battle of the Atlantic">enjoyed success</a> against an over-extended <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>, using <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boats</a> against British shipping <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">in the Atlantic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> The British <a href="/wiki/Home_Fleet" title="Home Fleet">Home Fleet</a> scored a significant victory on 27 May 1941 by <a href="/wiki/Last_battle_of_Bismarck" title="Last battle of Bismarck">sinking the German battleship Bismarck</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> In November 1939, the United States was assisting China and the Western Allies, and had amended the <a href="/wiki/Neutrality_Acts_of_the_1930s" title="Neutrality Acts of the 1930s">Neutrality Act</a> to allow <a href="/wiki/Cash_and_carry_(World_War_II)" title="Cash and carry (World War II)">"cash and carry"</a> purchases by the Allies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOveryWheatcroft1999328%E2%80%93330-113">[111]</a> In 1940, following the German capture of Paris, the size of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> was <a href="/wiki/Two-Ocean_Navy_Act" title="Two-Ocean Navy Act">significantly increased</a>. In September the United States further agreed to a <a href="/wiki/Destroyers-for-bases_deal" title="Destroyers-for-bases deal">trade of American destroyers for British bases</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaingot199452-114">[112]</a> Still, a large majority of the American public continued to oppose any direct military intervention in the conflict well into 1941.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECantril1940390-115">[113]</a> In December 1940, Roosevelt accused Hitler of planning world conquest and ruled out any negotiations as useless, calling for the United States to become an "<a href="/wiki/Arsenal_of_Democracy" title="Arsenal of Democracy">arsenal of democracy</a>" and promoting <a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a> programmes of military and humanitarian aid to support the British war effort; Lend-Lease was later extended to the other Allies, including the Soviet Union after it was <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">invaded</a> by Germany.<a href="#cite_note-ibiblio_1940-116">[114]</a> The United States started strategic planning to prepare for a full-scale offensive against Germany.<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> At the end of September 1940, the <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a> formally united Japan, Italy, and Germany as the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a>. The Tripartite Pact stipulated that any country—with the exception of the Soviet Union—that attacked any Axis Power would be forced to go to war against all three.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilhartzElliott2007179-118">[116]</a> The Axis expanded in November 1940 when <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovakia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a> joined.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDearFoot2001877-119">[117]</a> <a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a> later made major contributions to the Axis war against the Soviet Union, in Romania's case partially to recapture <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">territory ceded to the Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDearFoot2001745%E2%80%93746-120">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mediterranean_(1940–1941)">Mediterranean (1940–1941)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II</a></div> In early June 1940, the Italian <a href="/wiki/Regia_Aeronautica" title="Regia Aeronautica">Regia Aeronautica</a> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(World_War_II)" title="Siege of Malta (World War II)">attacked and besieged Malta</a>, a British possession. From late summer to early autumn, Italy <a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">conquered British Somaliland</a> and made an <a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Egypt" title="Italian invasion of Egypt">incursion into British-held Egypt</a>. In October, <a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italy attacked Greece</a>, but the attack was repulsed with heavy Italian casualties; the campaign ended within months with minor territorial changes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClogg2002118-121">[119]</a> To assist Italy and prevent Britain from gaining a foothold, Germany prepared to invade the Balkans, which would threaten Romanian oil fields and strike against British dominance of the Mediterranean.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-783-0109-11,_Nordafrika,_Panzer_III_in_Fahrt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-783-0109-11%2C_Nordafrika%2C_Panzer_III_in_Fahrt.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-783-0109-11%2C_Nordafrika%2C_Panzer_III_in_Fahrt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="741" data-file-height="452"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 134px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-783-0109-11%2C_Nordafrika%2C_Panzer_III_in_Fahrt.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-783-0109-11%2C_Nordafrika%2C_Panzer_III_in_Fahrt.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="134" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-783-0109-11%2C_Nordafrika%2C_Panzer_III_in_Fahrt.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-783-0109-11%2C_Nordafrika%2C_Panzer_III_in_Fahrt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-783-0109-11%2C_Nordafrika%2C_Panzer_III_in_Fahrt.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-783-0109-11%2C_Nordafrika%2C_Panzer_III_in_Fahrt.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>German <a href="/wiki/Panzer_III" title="Panzer III">Panzer III</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Korps" title="Afrika Korps">Afrika Korps</a> advancing across the North African desert, April 1941</figcaption></figure> In December 1940, British Empire forces began <a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">counter-offensives</a> against Italian forces in Egypt and <a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">Italian East Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJowett20019%E2%80%9310-123">[121]</a> The offensives were successful; by early February 1941, Italy had lost control of eastern Libya, and large numbers of Italian troops had been taken prisoner. The <a href="/wiki/Regia_Marina" title="Regia Marina">Italian Navy</a> also suffered significant defeats, with the Royal Navy putting three Italian battleships out of commission after a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taranto" title="Battle of Taranto">carrier attack at Taranto</a>, and neutralising several more warships at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Matapan" title="Battle of Cape Matapan">Battle of Cape Matapan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2006106-124">[122]</a> Italian defeats prompted Germany to <a href="/wiki/Operation_Sonnenblume" title="Operation Sonnenblume">deploy an expeditionary force</a> to North Africa; at the end of March 1941, <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Rommel" title="Erwin Rommel">Rommel</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Korps" title="Afrika Korps">Afrika Korps</a> <a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">launched an offensive</a> which drove back Commonwealth forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaurier20017%E2%80%938-125">[123]</a> In less than a month, Axis forces advanced to western Egypt and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tobruk" title="Siege of Tobruk">besieged the port of Tobruk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurrayMillett2001263%E2%80%93276-126">[124]</a> By late March 1941, <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Bulgaria_(1908%E2%80%931946)" title="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)">Bulgaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a>; however, the Yugoslav government was <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Yugoslav coup d'état">overthrown two days later</a> by pro-British nationalists. Germany and Italy responded with simultaneous invasions of both <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">Greece</a>, commencing on 6 April 1941; both nations were forced to surrender within the month.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1989174%E2%80%93175-127">[125]</a> The airborne <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">invasion of the Greek island of Crete</a> at the end of May completed the German conquest of the Balkans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1989184%E2%80%93187-128">[126]</a> Partisan warfare subsequently broke out against the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Axis occupation of Yugoslavia</a>, which continued until the end of the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1989208,_575,_604-129">[127]</a> In the Middle East in May, Commonwealth forces <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">quashed an uprising in Iraq</a> which had been supported by German aircraft from bases within Vichy-controlled <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">Syria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson200380-130">[128]</a> Between June and July, British-led forces <a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">invaded and occupied the French possessions of Syria and Lebanon</a>, assisted by the <a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free French</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Axis_attack_on_the_Soviet_Union_(1941)">Axis attack on the Soviet Union (1941)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front (World War II)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_world_war_europe_animation_large_de.gif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Second_world_war_europe_animation_large_de.gif/260px-Second_world_war_europe_animation_large_de.gif" decoding="async" width="260" height="271" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 271px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Second_world_war_europe_animation_large_de.gif/260px-Second_world_war_europe_animation_large_de.gif" data-width="260" data-height="271" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Second_world_war_europe_animation_large_de.gif/390px-Second_world_war_europe_animation_large_de.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Second_world_war_europe_animation_large_de.gif/520px-Second_world_war_europe_animation_large_de.gif 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">European theatre of World War II</a> animation map, 1939–1945 – Red: <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Western Allies</a> and the Soviet Union after 1941; Green: <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> before 1941; Blue: <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a></figcaption></figure> With the situation in Europe and Asia relatively stable, Germany, Japan, and the Soviet Union made preparations for war. With the Soviets wary of mounting tensions with Germany, and the Japanese planning to take advantage of the European War by seizing resource-rich European possessions in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, the two powers signed the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_Neutrality_Pact" title="Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact">Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact</a> in April 1941.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarver1988114-132">[130]</a> By contrast, the Germans were steadily making preparations for an attack on the Soviet Union, massing forces on the Soviet border.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinberg2005195-133">[131]</a> Hitler believed that the United Kingdom's refusal to end the war was based on the hope that the United States and the Soviet Union would enter the war against Germany sooner or later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray1983%5BhttpswwwibiblioorghyperwarAAFAAF-LuftwaffeAAF-Luftwaffe-3html_69%5D-134">[132]</a> On 31 July 1940, Hitler decided that the Soviet Union should be eliminated and aimed for the conquest of <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukraine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GSWW4_26-135">[133]</a> However, other senior German officials like Ribbentrop saw an opportunity to create a Euro-Asian bloc against the British Empire by inviting the Soviet Union into the Tripartite Pact.<a href="#cite_note-GSWW4_38-136">[134]</a> In November 1940, <a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Soviet_Axis_talks" title="German–Soviet Axis talks">negotiations took place</a> to determine if the Soviet Union would join the pact. The Soviets showed some interest but asked for concessions from Finland, Bulgaria, Turkey, and Japan that Germany considered unacceptable. On 18 December 1940, Hitler issued the directive to prepare for an invasion of the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1990810%E2%80%93812-137">[135]</a> On 22 June 1941, Germany, supported by Italy and Romania, invaded the Soviet Union in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>, with Germany accusing the Soviets of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_offensive_plans_controversy" title="Soviet offensive plans controversy">plotting against them</a>; they were joined shortly by Finland and Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-Events1941-138">[136]</a> The primary targets of this surprise offensive<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESella1978555-139">[137]</a> were the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_region" title="Baltic region">Baltic region</a>, Moscow and Ukraine, with the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_goal_(military)" title="Strategic goal (military)">ultimate goal</a> of ending the 1941 campaign near the <a href="/wiki/A-A_line" title="A-A line">Arkhangelsk-Astrakhan line</a>—from the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian</a> to the <a href="/wiki/White_Sea" title="White Sea">White Seas</a>. Hitler's objectives were to eliminate the Soviet Union as a military power, exterminate <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a>, generate <a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a> ("living space")<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw200766%E2%80%9369-140">[138]</a> by <a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">dispossessing the native population</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinberg1995-141">[139]</a> and guarantee access to the strategic resources needed to defeat Germany's remaining rivals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHauner1978-142">[140]</a> Although the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> was preparing for strategic <a href="/wiki/Counter-offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-offensive">counter-offensives</a> before the war,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts1995-143">[141]</a> Operation Barbarossa forced the <a href="/wiki/Stavka" title="Stavka">Soviet supreme command</a> to adopt <a href="/wiki/Strategic_defence" title="Strategic defence">strategic defence</a>. During the summer, the Axis made significant gains into Soviet territory, inflicting immense losses in both personnel and materiel. By mid-August, however, the German <a href="/wiki/Oberkommando_des_Heeres" title="Oberkommando des Heeres">Army High Command</a> decided to <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Smolensk_(1941)" title="Battle of Smolensk (1941)">suspend the offensive</a> of a considerably depleted <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Centre" title="Army Group Centre">Army Group Centre</a>, and to divert the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Panzer_Army" title="2nd Panzer Army">2nd Panzer Group</a> to reinforce troops advancing towards central Ukraine and Leningrad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilt1981-144">[142]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Kiev offensive</a> was overwhelmingly successful, resulting in encirclement and elimination of four Soviet armies, and made possible further <a href="/wiki/Crimean_campaign" title="Crimean campaign">advance into Crimea</a> and industrially-developed Eastern Ukraine (the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Kharkov" title="First Battle of Kharkov">First Battle of Kharkov</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson2003114%E2%80%93137-145">[143]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_2153_After_bombing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/RIAN_archive_2153_After_bombing.jpg/220px-RIAN_archive_2153_After_bombing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2976" data-file-height="1823"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 135px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/RIAN_archive_2153_After_bombing.jpg/220px-RIAN_archive_2153_After_bombing.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="135" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/RIAN_archive_2153_After_bombing.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_2153_After_bombing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/RIAN_archive_2153_After_bombing.jpg/440px-RIAN_archive_2153_After_bombing.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Russian civilians leaving destroyed houses after a German bombardment during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">siege of Leningrad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>), 10 December 1942</figcaption></figure> The diversion of three-quarters of the Axis troops and the majority of their air forces from France and the central Mediterranean to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz20019-146">[144]</a> prompted the United Kingdom to reconsider its <a href="/wiki/Grand_strategy" title="Grand strategy">grand strategy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarrell1993-147">[145]</a> In July, the UK and the Soviet Union formed a <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_Agreement" title="Anglo-Soviet Agreement">military alliance against Germany</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeeble199029-148">[146]</a> and in August, the United Kingdom and the United States jointly issued the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Charter" title="Atlantic Charter">Atlantic Charter</a>, which outlined British and American goals for the post-war world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2012220-149">[147]</a> In late August the British and Soviets <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">invaded neutral Iran</a> to secure the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Corridor" title="Persian Corridor">Persian Corridor</a>, Iran's <a href="/wiki/Oil_fields" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil fields">oil fields</a>, and preempt any Axis advances through Iran toward the Baku oil fields or India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBueno_de_MesquitaSmithSiversonMorrow2003425-150">[148]</a> By October, Axis powers had achieved <a href="/wiki/Operational_objective" title="Operational objective">operational objectives</a> in Ukraine and the Baltic region, with only the sieges of <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Leningrad</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinfeld1983-151">[149]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Sevastopol</a> continuing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2001113-152">[150]</a> A major <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">offensive against Moscow</a> was renewed; after two months of fierce battles in increasingly harsh weather, the German army almost reached the outer suburbs of Moscow, where the exhausted troops<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> were forced to suspend the offensive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReinhardt1992227-154">[152]</a> Large territorial gains were made by Axis forces, but their campaign had failed to achieve its main objectives: two key cities remained in Soviet hands, the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Military_capability" title="Military capability">capability to resist</a> was not broken, and the Soviet Union retained a considerable part of its military potential. The blitzkrieg <a href="/wiki/Phase_(combat)" title="Phase (combat)">phase</a> of the war in Europe had ended.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilward1964-155">[153]</a> By early December, freshly mobilised <a href="/wiki/Military_reserve_force" title="Military reserve force">reserves</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERotundo1986-156">[154]</a> allowed the Soviets to achieve numerical parity with Axis troops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz200126-157">[155]</a> This, as well as <a href="/wiki/Richard_Sorge#Wartime_intelligence" title="Richard Sorge">intelligence data</a> which established that a minimal number of Soviet troops in the East would be sufficient to deter any attack by the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Kwantung_Army" title="Kwantung Army">Kwantung Army</a>,<a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> allowed the Soviets to begin a <a href="/wiki/Winter_campaign_of_1941%E2%80%931942" title="Winter campaign of 1941–1942">massive counter-offensive</a> that started on 5 December all along the front and pushed German troops 100–250 kilometres (62–155 mi) west.<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="War_breaks_out_in_the_Pacific_(1941)">War breaks out in the Pacific (1941)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:228_regiment_in_HK.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/228_regiment_in_HK.jpg/220px-228_regiment_in_HK.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="511"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 141px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/228_regiment_in_HK.jpg/220px-228_regiment_in_HK.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="141" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/228_regiment_in_HK.jpg/330px-228_regiment_in_HK.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/228_regiment_in_HK.jpg/440px-228_regiment_in_HK.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Japanese soldiers <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">entering Hong Kong</a>, 8 December 1941</figcaption></figure> Following the Japanese <a href="/wiki/False_flag" title="False flag">false flag</a> <a href="/wiki/Mukden_incident" title="Mukden incident">Mukden incident</a> in 1931, the Japanese shelling of the American <a href="/wiki/USS_Panay_incident" title="USS Panay incident">gunboat USS Panay</a> in 1937, and the 1937–1938 <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations#1937%E2%80%931941" title="Japan–United States relations">Japanese-American relations deteriorated</a>. In 1939, the United States notified Japan that it would not be extending its trade treaty and American public opinion opposing Japanese expansionism led to a series of economic sanctions—the <a href="/wiki/Export_Control_Act" title="Export Control Act">Export Control Acts</a>—which banned U.S. exports of chemicals, minerals and military parts to Japan, and increased economic pressure on the Japanese regime.<a href="#cite_note-ibiblio_1940-116">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-161">[159]</a> During 1939 Japan launched its <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">first attack against Changsha</a>, but was repulsed by late September.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJowettAndrew200214-162">[160]</a> Despite <a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">several offensives</a> by both sides, by 1940 the war between China and Japan was at a stalemate. To increase pressure on China by blocking supply routes, and to better position Japanese forces in the event of a war with the Western powers, Japan invaded and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">occupied northern Indochina</a> in September 1940.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOveryWheatcroft1999289-163">[161]</a> Chinese nationalist forces launched a large-scale <a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">counter-offensive</a> in early 1940. In August, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese communists</a> launched an <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">offensive in Central China</a>; in retaliation, Japan instituted <a href="/wiki/Three_Alls_policy" title="Three Alls policy">harsh measures</a> in occupied areas to reduce human and material resources for the communists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoes2004224-164">[162]</a> Continued antipathy between Chinese communist and nationalist forces <a href="/wiki/New_Fourth_Army_incident" title="New Fourth Army incident">culminated in armed clashes in January 1941</a>, effectively ending their co-operation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairbankGoldman2006320-165">[163]</a> In March, the Japanese 11th army attacked the headquarters of the Chinese 19th army but was repulsed during <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsuChang197130-166">[164]</a> In September, Japan attempted to <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">take the city of Changsha</a> again and clashed with Chinese nationalist forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsuChang197133-167">[165]</a> German successes in Europe prompted Japan to increase pressure on European governments in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>. The Dutch government agreed to provide Japan with oil supplies from the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>, but negotiations for additional access to their resources ended in failure in June 1941.<a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a> In July 1941 Japan sent troops to southern Indochina, thus threatening British and Dutch possessions in the Far East. The United States, the United Kingdom, and other Western governments reacted to this move with a freeze on Japanese assets and a total oil embargo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1975201-169">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie2012456-170">[168]</a> At the same time, Japan was <a href="/wiki/Kantokuen" title="Kantokuen">planning an invasion of the Soviet Far East</a>, intending to take advantage of the German invasion in the west, but abandoned the operation after the sanctions.<a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a> Since early 1941, the United States and Japan had been engaged in negotiations in an attempt to improve their strained relations and end the war in China. During these negotiations, Japan advanced a number of proposals which were dismissed by the Americans as inadequate.<a href="#cite_note-USAWWIIcp5-172">[170]</a> At the same time the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands engaged in secret discussions for the joint defence of their territories, in the event of a Japanese attack against any of them.<a href="#cite_note-USAWWIIcp4-173">[171]</a> Roosevelt reinforced <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">the Philippines (an American protectorate scheduled for independence in 1946)</a> and warned Japan that the United States would react to Japanese attacks against any "neighboring countries".<a href="#cite_note-USAWWIIcp4-173">[171]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_USS_Arizona_(BB-39)_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg/220px-The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2940" data-file-height="2326"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 174px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg/220px-The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="174" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg/330px-The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg/440px-The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/USS_Arizona" title="USS Arizona">USS Arizona</a> was a total loss in the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Japanese surprise air attack</a> on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Fleet" title="United States Pacific Fleet">American Pacific Fleet</a> at <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor" title="Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a>, Sunday 7 December 1941.</figcaption></figure> Frustrated at the lack of progress and feeling the pinch of the American–British–Dutch sanctions, Japan prepared for war. Emperor <a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Hirohito</a>, after initial hesitation about Japan's chances of victory,<a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> began to favour Japan's entry into the war.<a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a> As a result, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Fumimaro_Konoe" title="Fumimaro Konoe">Fumimaro Konoe</a> resigned.<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a> Hirohito refused the recommendation to appoint <a href="/wiki/Prince_Naruhiko_Higashikuni" title="Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni">Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni</a> in his place, choosing War Minister <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Tojo" title="Hideki Tojo">Hideki Tojo</a> instead.<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> On 3 November, Nagano explained in detail the plan of the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> to the Emperor.<a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a> On 5 November, Hirohito approved in imperial conference the operations plan for the war.<a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a> On 20 November, the new government presented an interim proposal as its final offer. It called for the end of American aid to China and for lifting the embargo on the supply of oil and other resources to Japan. In exchange, Japan promised not to launch any attacks in Southeast Asia and to withdraw its forces from southern Indochina.<a href="#cite_note-USAWWIIcp5-172">[170]</a> The American counter-proposal of 26 November required that Japan evacuate all of China without conditions and conclude non-aggression pacts with all Pacific powers.<a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a> That meant Japan was essentially forced to choose between abandoning its ambitions in China, or seizing the natural resources it needed in the Dutch East Indies by force;<a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a> the Japanese military did not consider the former an option, and many officers considered the oil embargo an unspoken declaration of war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELightbody2004125-184">[182]</a> Japan planned to seize European colonies in Asia to create a large defensive perimeter stretching into the Central Pacific. The Japanese would then be free to exploit the resources of Southeast Asia while exhausting the over-stretched Allies by fighting a defensive war.<a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a> To prevent American intervention while securing the perimeter, it was further planned to neutralise the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Fleet" title="United States Pacific Fleet">United States Pacific Fleet</a> and the American military presence in the Philippines from the outset.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood200711%E2%80%9312-187">[185]</a> On 7 December 1941 (8 December in Asian time zones), Japan attacked British and American holdings with near-simultaneous <a href="/wiki/Japanese_expansion_(1941%E2%80%9342)" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese expansion (1941–42)">offensives against Southeast Asia and the Central Pacific</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWohlstetter1962341%E2%80%93343-188">[186]</a> These included an <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on the American fleets at Pearl Harbor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">the Philippines</a>, as well as invasions of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Guam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Wake Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malaya</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWohlstetter1962341%E2%80%93343-188">[186]</a> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Thailand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>.<a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a> These attacks led the <a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Japan" title="United States declaration of war on Japan">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_on_Japan" title="United Kingdom declaration of war on Japan">United Kingdom</a>, China, Australia, and several other states to formally declare war on Japan, whereas the Soviet Union, being heavily involved in large-scale hostilities with European Axis countries, maintained its neutrality agreement with Japan.<a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a> Germany, followed by the other Axis states, declared war on the United States<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a> in solidarity with Japan, citing as justification the American attacks on German war vessels that had been ordered by Roosevelt.<a href="#cite_note-Events1941-138">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Axis_advance_stalls_(1942–1943)">Axis advance stalls (1942–1943)</h4></div> On 1 January 1942, the <a href="/wiki/Four_Policemen" title="Four Policemen">Allied Big Four</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworthMaiolo2015313%E2%80%93314-193">[191]</a>—the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, and the United States—and 22 smaller or exiled governments issued the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_by_United_Nations" title="Declaration by United Nations">Declaration by United Nations</a>, thereby affirming the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Charter" title="Atlantic Charter">Atlantic Charter</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMingstKarns200722-194">[192]</a> and agreeing not to sign a <a href="/wiki/Separate_peace" title="Separate peace">separate peace</a> with the Axis powers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1990904-195">[193]</a> During 1942, Allied officials debated on the appropriate <a href="/wiki/Grand_strategy" title="Grand strategy">grand strategy</a> to pursue. All agreed that <a href="/wiki/Europe_first" title="Europe first">defeating Germany</a> was the primary objective. The Americans favoured a straightforward, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Sledgehammer" title="Operation Sledgehammer">large-scale attack</a> on Germany through France. The Soviets demanded a second front. The British argued that military operations should target peripheral areas to wear out German strength, leading to increasing demoralisation, and bolstering resistance forces; Germany itself would be subject to a heavy bombing campaign. An offensive against Germany would then be launched primarily by Allied armour, without using large-scale armies.<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a> Eventually, the British persuaded the Americans that a landing in France was infeasible in 1942 and they should instead focus on driving the Axis out of North Africa.<a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Casablanca_Conference" title="Casablanca Conference">Casablanca Conference</a> in early 1943, the Allies reiterated the statements issued in the 1942 Declaration and demanded the <a href="/wiki/Unconditional_surrender" title="Unconditional surrender">unconditional surrender</a> of their enemies. The British and Americans agreed to continue to press the initiative in the Mediterranean by invading Sicily to fully secure the Mediterranean supply routes.<a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a> Although the British argued for further operations in the Balkans to bring Turkey into the war, in May 1943, the Americans extracted a British commitment to limit Allied operations in the Mediterranean to an invasion of the Italian mainland, and to invade France in 1944.<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Pacific_(1942–1943)">Pacific (1942–1943)</h5></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_world_war_asia_1937-1942_map_en6.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Second_world_war_asia_1937-1942_map_en6.png/310px-Second_world_war_asia_1937-1942_map_en6.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="238" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1298" data-file-height="998"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 310px;height: 238px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Second_world_war_asia_1937-1942_map_en6.png/310px-Second_world_war_asia_1937-1942_map_en6.png" data-width="310" data-height="238" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Second_world_war_asia_1937-1942_map_en6.png/465px-Second_world_war_asia_1937-1942_map_en6.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Second_world_war_asia_1937-1942_map_en6.png/620px-Second_world_war_asia_1937-1942_map_en6.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Map of Japanese military advances through mid-1942</figcaption></figure> By the end of April 1942, Japan and its ally <a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a> had almost conquered <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Burma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_campaign" title="Dutch East Indies campaign">the Dutch East Indies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Singapore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rabaul_(1942)" title="Battle of Rabaul (1942)">Rabaul</a>, inflicting severe losses on Allied troops and taking a large number of prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2012247%E2%80%93267,_345-200">[198]</a> Despite stubborn <a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">resistance by Filipino and U.S. forces</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Philippine Commonwealth</a> was eventually captured in May 1942, forcing its government into exile.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1953p._529_(Table_11)-201">[199]</a> On 16 April, in Burma, 7,000 British soldiers were encircled by the Japanese 33rd Division during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yenangyaung" title="Battle of Yenangyaung">Battle of Yenangyaung</a> and rescued by the Chinese 38th Division.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlim195671%E2%80%9374-202">[200]</a> Japanese forces also achieved naval victories in the <a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_Prince_of_Wales_and_Repulse" title="Sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse">South China Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Java Sea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_raid" title="Indian Ocean raid">Indian Ocean</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrove1995362-203">[201]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Darwin" title="Bombing of Darwin">bombed the Allied naval base</a> at <a href="/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territory" title="Darwin, Northern Territory">Darwin</a>, Australia. In January 1942, the only Allied success against Japan was a Chinese <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">victory at Changsha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECh'i1992158-204">[202]</a> These easy victories over the unprepared U.S. and European opponents left Japan overconfident, and overextended.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerez1998145-205">[203]</a> In early May 1942, Japan initiated operations to <a href="/wiki/Operation_Mo" title="Operation Mo">capture Port Moresby</a> by <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">amphibious assault</a> and thus sever communications and supply lines between the United States and Australia. The planned invasion was thwarted when an Allied task force, centred on two American fleet carriers, fought Japanese naval forces to a draw in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddox1992111%E2%80%93112-206">[204]</a> Japan's next plan, motivated by the earlier <a href="/wiki/Doolittle_Raid" title="Doolittle Raid">Doolittle Raid</a>, was to seize <a href="/wiki/Midway_Atoll" title="Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a> and lure American carriers into battle to be eliminated; as a diversion, Japan would also send forces to <a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">occupy the Aleutian Islands</a> in Alaska.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalecker2001186-207">[205]</a> In mid-May, Japan started the <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a> in China, with the goal of inflicting retribution on the Chinese who aided the surviving American airmen in the Doolittle Raid by destroying Chinese air bases and fighting against the Chinese 23rd and 32nd Army Groups.<a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a> In early June, Japan put its operations into action, but the Americans had broken <a href="/wiki/Japanese_naval_codes" title="Japanese naval codes">Japanese naval codes</a> in late May and were fully aware of the plans and order of battle, and used this knowledge to achieve a decisive <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">victory at Midway</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a> With its capacity for aggressive action greatly diminished as a result of the Midway battle, Japan attempted to capture <a href="/wiki/Port_Moresby" title="Port Moresby">Port Moresby</a> by an <a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">overland campaign</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua" title="Territory of Papua">Territory of Papua</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinberg2005339-211">[209]</a> The Americans planned a counterattack against Japanese positions in the southern <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>, primarily <a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal" title="Guadalcanal">Guadalcanal</a>, as a first step towards capturing <a href="/wiki/Rabaul" title="Rabaul">Rabaul</a>, the main Japanese base in Southeast Asia.<a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a> Both plans started in July, but by mid-September, <a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">the Battle for Guadalcanal</a> took priority for the Japanese, and troops in New Guinea were ordered to withdraw from the Port Moresby area to the <a href="/wiki/Oro_Province" title="Oro Province">northern part of the island</a>, where they faced Australian and United States troops in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buna%E2%80%93Gona" title="Battle of Buna–Gona">Battle of Buna–Gona</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwain2001197-213">[211]</a> Guadalcanal soon became a focal point for both sides with heavy commitments of troops and ships in the battle for Guadalcanal. By the start of 1943, the Japanese were defeated on the island and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Ke" title="Operation Ke">withdrew their troops</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHane2001340-214">[212]</a> In Burma, Commonwealth forces mounted two operations. The first was a disastrous <a href="/wiki/Arakan_campaign_(1942%E2%80%931943)" title="Arakan campaign (1942–1943)">offensive into the Arakan region</a> in late 1942 that forced a retreat back to India by May 1943.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarston2005111-215">[213]</a> The second was the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Longcloth" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Longcloth">insertion of irregular forces</a> behind Japanese frontlines in February which, by the end of April, had achieved mixed results.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrayley20029-216">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Eastern_Front_(1942–1943)">Eastern Front (1942–1943)</h5></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_44732_Soviet_soldiers_attack_house.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/RIAN_archive_44732_Soviet_soldiers_attack_house.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_44732_Soviet_soldiers_attack_house.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="118" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2163" data-file-height="776"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 330px;height: 118px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/RIAN_archive_44732_Soviet_soldiers_attack_house.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_44732_Soviet_soldiers_attack_house.jpg" data-width="330" data-height="118" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/RIAN_archive_44732_Soviet_soldiers_attack_house.jpg/495px-RIAN_archive_44732_Soviet_soldiers_attack_house.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/RIAN_archive_44732_Soviet_soldiers_attack_house.jpg/660px-RIAN_archive_44732_Soviet_soldiers_attack_house.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> soldiers on the counterattack during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a>, February 1943</figcaption></figure> Despite considerable losses, in early 1942 Germany and its allies stopped a major Soviet offensive in <a href="/wiki/Central_Russia" title="Central Russia">central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">southern Russia</a>, keeping most territorial gains they had achieved during the previous year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz200131-217">[215]</a> In May, the Germans defeated Soviet offensives in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Kerch_Peninsula" title="Battle of the Kerch Peninsula">Kerch Peninsula</a> and at <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kharkov" title="Second Battle of Kharkov">Kharkov</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERead2004764-218">[216]</a> and then in June 1942 launched their main <a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">summer offensive</a> against southern Russia, to seize the <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Azerbaijan" title="Petroleum industry in Azerbaijan">oil fields of the Caucasus</a> and occupy the <a href="/wiki/Kuban" title="Kuban">Kuban</a> <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a>, while maintaining positions on the northern and central areas of the front. The Germans split <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_South" title="Army Group South">Army Group South</a> into two groups: <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_A" title="Army Group A">Army Group A</a> advanced to the lower <a href="/wiki/Don_(river)" title="Don (river)">Don River</a> and struck south-east to the Caucasus, while <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_B" title="Army Group B">Army Group B</a> headed towards the <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga River</a>. The Soviets decided to make their stand at Stalingrad on the Volga.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2006p._100_(2008_ed.)-219">[217]</a> By mid-November, the Germans had <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">nearly taken Stalingrad</a> in bitter <a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">street fighting</a>. The Soviets began their second winter counter-offensive, starting with an <a href="/wiki/Operation_Uranus" title="Operation Uranus">encirclement of German forces at Stalingrad</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor1998239%E2%80%93265-220">[218]</a> and an assault on the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Mars" title="Operation Mars">Rzhev salient near Moscow</a>, though the latter failed disastrously.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack2003119-221">[219]</a> By early February 1943, the German Army had taken tremendous losses; German troops at Stalingrad had been defeated,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor1998383%E2%80%93391-222">[220]</a> and the front-line had been pushed back beyond its position before the summer offensive. In mid-February, after the Soviet push had tapered off, the Germans launched another <a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Kharkov" title="Third Battle of Kharkov">attack on Kharkov</a>, creating a <a href="/wiki/Salient_(military)" title="Salient (military)">salient</a> in their front line around the Soviet city of <a href="/wiki/Kursk" title="Kursk">Kursk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson2001142-223">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Western_Europe/Atlantic_and_Mediterranean_(1942–1943)">Western Europe/Atlantic and Mediterranean (1942–1943)</h5></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:8th_AF_Bombing_Marienburg.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/8th_AF_Bombing_Marienburg.JPEG/220px-8th_AF_Bombing_Marienburg.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2716" data-file-height="2187"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 177px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/8th_AF_Bombing_Marienburg.JPEG/220px-8th_AF_Bombing_Marienburg.JPEG" data-width="220" data-height="177" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/8th_AF_Bombing_Marienburg.JPEG/330px-8th_AF_Bombing_Marienburg.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/8th_AF_Bombing_Marienburg.JPEG/440px-8th_AF_Bombing_Marienburg.JPEG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>American <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Air_Force" title="Eighth Air Force">Eighth Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-17_Flying_Fortress" title="Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress">Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress</a> bombing raid on the Focke-Wulf factory in Germany, 9 October 1943</figcaption></figure> Exploiting poor American naval command decisions, <a href="/wiki/Second_Happy_Time" title="Second Happy Time">the German navy ravaged Allied shipping off the American Atlantic coast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilner199052-224">[222]</a> By November 1941, Commonwealth forces had launched a counter-offensive in North Africa, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Crusader" title="Operation Crusader">Operation Crusader</a>, and reclaimed all the gains the Germans and Italians had made.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2012224%E2%80%93228-225">[223]</a> The Germans also launched a North African offensive in January, pushing the British back to positions at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala#Gazala_line" title="Battle of Gazala">Gazala line</a> by early February,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMolinari200791-226">[224]</a> followed by a temporary lull in combat which Germany used to prepare for their upcoming offensives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitcham200731-227">[225]</a> Concerns that the Japanese might use bases in <a href="/wiki/French_Madagascar" title="French Madagascar">Vichy-held Madagascar</a> caused the British to <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">invade the island</a> in early May 1942.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2012380%E2%80%93381-228">[226]</a> An Axis <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">offensive in Libya</a> forced an Allied retreat deep inside Egypt until Axis forces were <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">stopped at El Alamein</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERich1992178-229">[227]</a> On the Continent, raids of Allied <a href="/wiki/Commando" title="Commando">commandos</a> on strategic targets, culminating in the failed <a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Dieppe Raid</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2004129-230">[228]</a> demonstrated the Western Allies' inability to launch an invasion of continental Europe without much better preparation, equipment, and operational security.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeillands200560-231">[229]</a> In August 1942, the Allies succeeded in repelling a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alam_el_Halfa" title="Battle of Alam el Halfa">second attack against El Alamein</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeegan1997277-232">[230]</a> and, at a high cost, managed to <a href="/wiki/Operation_Pedestal" title="Operation Pedestal">deliver desperately needed supplies to the besieged Malta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2002-233">[231]</a> A few months later, the Allies <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">commenced an attack of their own</a> in Egypt, dislodging the Axis forces and beginning a drive west across Libya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasAndrew19988-234">[232]</a> This attack was followed up shortly after by <a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Anglo-American landings in French North Africa</a>, which resulted in the region joining the Allies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss199738-235">[233]</a> Hitler responded to the French colony's defection by ordering the <a href="/wiki/Case_Anton" title="Case Anton">occupation of Vichy France</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss199738-235">[233]</a> although Vichy forces did not resist this violation of the armistice, they managed to <a href="/wiki/Scuttling_of_the_French_fleet_at_Toulon" title="Scuttling of the French fleet at Toulon">scuttle their fleet</a> to prevent its capture by German forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss199738-235">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonnerBonner200124-236">[234]</a> Axis forces in Africa withdrew into <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, which was <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">conquered by the Allies</a> in May 1943.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss199738-235">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollier200311-237">[235]</a> In June 1943, the British and Americans began <a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive">a strategic bombing campaign</a> against Germany with a goal to disrupt the war economy, reduce morale, and "<a href="/wiki/Dehousing" title="Dehousing">de-house</a>" the civilian population.<a href="#cite_note-238">[236]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hamburg in World War II">firebombing of Hamburg</a> was among the first attacks in this campaign, inflicting significant casualties and considerable losses on infrastructure of this important industrial centre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery1995119%E2%80%93120-239">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Allies_gain_momentum_(1943–1944)">Allies gain momentum (1943–1944)</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SBD_VB-16_over_USS_Washington_1943.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/SBD_VB-16_over_USS_Washington_1943.jpg/220px-SBD_VB-16_over_USS_Washington_1943.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2131" data-file-height="1658"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 171px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/SBD_VB-16_over_USS_Washington_1943.jpg/220px-SBD_VB-16_over_USS_Washington_1943.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="171" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/SBD_VB-16_over_USS_Washington_1943.jpg/330px-SBD_VB-16_over_USS_Washington_1943.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/SBD_VB-16_over_USS_Washington_1943.jpg/440px-SBD_VB-16_over_USS_Washington_1943.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">U.S. Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Douglas_SBD_Dauntless" title="Douglas SBD Dauntless">SBD-5</a> <a href="/wiki/Scout_plane" title="Scout plane">scout plane</a> flying patrol over <a href="/wiki/USS_Washington_(BB-56)" title="USS Washington (BB-56)">USS Washington</a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_Lexington_(CV-16)" title="USS Lexington (CV-16)">USS Lexington</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a>, 1943</figcaption></figure> After the Guadalcanal campaign, the Allies initiated several operations against Japan in the Pacific. In May 1943, Canadian and U.S. forces were sent to <a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign#Allied_response" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">eliminate Japanese forces from the Aleutians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompsonRandall2008164-240">[238]</a> Soon after, the United States, with support from Australia, New Zealand and Pacific Islander forces, began major ground, sea and air operations to <a href="/wiki/Operation_Cartwheel" title="Operation Cartwheel">isolate Rabaul by capturing surrounding islands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">breach the Japanese Central Pacific perimeter at the Gilbert and Marshall Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2001610-241">[239]</a> By the end of March 1944, the Allies had completed both of these objectives and had also <a href="/wiki/Operation_Hailstone" title="Operation Hailstone">neutralised the major Japanese base at Truk</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline Islands</a>. In April, the Allies launched an operation to <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea_campaign" title="Western New Guinea campaign">retake Western New Guinea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERottman2002228-242">[240]</a> In the Soviet Union, both the Germans and the Soviets spent the spring and early summer of 1943 preparing for large offensives in <a href="/wiki/Central_Russia" title="Central Russia">central Russia</a>. On 5 July 1943, Germany <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">attacked Soviet forces around the Kursk Bulge</a>. Within a week, German forces had exhausted themselves against the Soviets' well-constructed defences,<a href="#cite_note-243">[241]</a> and for the first time in the war, Hitler cancelled an operation before it had achieved tactical or operational success.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2001592-244">[242]</a> This decision was partially affected by the Western Allies' <a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">invasion of Sicily</a> launched on 9 July, which, combined with previous Italian failures, resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">ousting and arrest of Mussolini</a> later that month.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Reilly200132-245">[243]</a> On 12 July 1943, the Soviets launched their own <a href="/wiki/Operation_Kutuzov" title="Operation Kutuzov">counter-offensives</a>, thereby dispelling any chance of German victory or even stalemate in the east. The Soviet victory at Kursk marked the end of German superiority,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellamy2007595-246">[244]</a> giving the Soviet Union the initiative on the Eastern Front.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Reilly200135-247">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHealy199290-248">[246]</a> The Germans tried to stabilise their eastern front along the hastily fortified <a href="/wiki/Panther%E2%80%93Wotan_line" title="Panther–Wotan line">Panther–Wotan line</a>, but the Soviets broke through it at <a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Lower Dnieper Offensive</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz200150%E2%80%9355-249">[247]</a> On 3 September 1943, the Western Allies <a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">invaded the Italian mainland</a>, following <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Italy's armistice with the Allies</a> and the ensuing German occupation of Italy.<a href="#cite_note-250">[248]</a> Germany, with the help of fascists, responded to the armistice by <a href="/wiki/Operation_Achse" title="Operation Achse">disarming Italian forces</a> that were in many places without superior orders, seizing military control of Italian areas,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazower2008362-251">[249]</a> and creating a series of defensive lines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartHartHughes2000151-252">[250]</a> German special forces then <a href="/wiki/Gran_Sasso_raid" title="Gran Sasso raid">rescued Mussolini</a>, who then soon established a new client state in German-occupied Italy named the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlinkhorn200652-253">[251]</a> causing an <a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Italian civil war</a>. The Western Allies fought through several lines until reaching the <a href="/wiki/Winter_Line" title="Winter Line">main German defensive line</a> in mid-November.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReadFisher2002129-254">[252]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_troops_and_T-34_tanks_counterattacking_Kursk_Voronezh_Front_July_1943.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Soviet_troops_and_T-34_tanks_counterattacking_Kursk_Voronezh_Front_July_1943.jpg/220px-Soviet_troops_and_T-34_tanks_counterattacking_Kursk_Voronezh_Front_July_1943.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2525" data-file-height="1428"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Soviet_troops_and_T-34_tanks_counterattacking_Kursk_Voronezh_Front_July_1943.jpg/220px-Soviet_troops_and_T-34_tanks_counterattacking_Kursk_Voronezh_Front_July_1943.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Soviet_troops_and_T-34_tanks_counterattacking_Kursk_Voronezh_Front_July_1943.jpg/330px-Soviet_troops_and_T-34_tanks_counterattacking_Kursk_Voronezh_Front_July_1943.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Soviet_troops_and_T-34_tanks_counterattacking_Kursk_Voronezh_Front_July_1943.jpg/440px-Soviet_troops_and_T-34_tanks_counterattacking_Kursk_Voronezh_Front_July_1943.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> troops in a counter-offensive on German positions at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a>, July 1943</figcaption></figure> German operations in the Atlantic also suffered. By <a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">May 1943, as Allied counter-measures became increasingly effective</a>, the resulting sizeable German submarine losses forced a temporary halt of the German Atlantic naval campaign.<a href="#cite_note-255">[253]</a> In November 1943, <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> and Winston Churchill met with <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Conference" title="Cairo Conference">in Cairo</a> and then with Joseph Stalin <a href="/wiki/Tehran_Conference" title="Tehran Conference">in Tehran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kolko_1990_211,235,267_268-256">[254]</a> The former conference determined the post-war return of Japanese territory<a href="#cite_note-Iriye_1981_154-257">[255]</a> and the military planning for the <a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma campaign</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitter2014286-258">[256]</a> while the latter included agreement that the Western Allies would invade Europe in 1944 and that the Soviet Union would declare war on Japan within three months of Germany's defeat.<a href="#cite_note-polley148-259">[257]</a> From November 1943, during the seven-week <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Battle of Changde</a>, the Chinese awaited allied relief as they forced Japan to fight a costly war of attrition.<a href="#cite_note-Beevor_2012_268_274-260">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-H161-261">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hsu_Chang_412-416-262">[260]</a> In January 1944, the Allies launched a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">series of attacks in Italy against the line at Monte Cassino</a> and tried to outflank it with <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">landings at Anzio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-263">[261]</a> On 27 January 1944, <a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Front" title="Leningrad Front">Soviet</a> troops launched <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad#Soviet_relief_of_the_siege" title="Siege of Leningrad">a major offensive</a> that expelled German forces from the <a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Oblast" title="Leningrad Oblast">Leningrad region</a>, thereby ending the <a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_by_casualties#Sieges_and_urban_combat" title="List of battles by casualties">most lethal siege in history</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Glantz_2002_327_366-264">[262]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Leningrad%E2%80%93Novgorod_offensive" title="Leningrad–Novgorod offensive">following Soviet offensive</a> was <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">halted on the pre-war Estonian border</a> by the German <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_North" title="Army Group North">Army Group North</a> aided by <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_II#Estonians_in_Nazi_German_military_units" title="German occupation of Estonia during World War II">Estonians</a> hoping to <a href="/wiki/Estonian_government-in-exile#Failure_to_reestablish_independence" title="Estonian government-in-exile">re-establish national independence</a>. This delay slowed subsequent Soviet operations in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-Glantz_2002_367_414-265">[263]</a> By late May 1944, the Soviets had <a href="/wiki/Crimean_offensive" title="Crimean offensive">liberated Crimea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dnieper%E2%80%93Carpathian_offensive" title="Dnieper–Carpathian offensive">largely expelled Axis forces from Ukraine</a>, and made <a href="/wiki/First_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="First Jassy–Kishinev offensive">incursions into Romania</a>, which were repulsed by the Axis troops.<a href="#cite_note-Chubarov_2001_122-266">[264]</a> The Allied offensives in Italy had succeeded and, at the expense of allowing several German divisions to retreat, Rome was captured on 4 June.<a href="#cite_note-267">[265]</a> The Allies had mixed success in mainland Asia. In March 1944, the Japanese launched the first of two invasions, <a href="/wiki/Operation_U-Go" title="Operation U-Go">an operation against Allied positions in Assam, India</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Lightbody_2004_224-268">[266]</a> and soon besieged Commonwealth positions at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Imphal" title="Battle of Imphal">Imphal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kohima" title="Battle of Kohima">Kohima</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zeiler-269">[267]</a> In May 1944, British and Indian forces mounted a counter-offensive that drove Japanese troops back to Burma by July,<a href="#cite_note-Zeiler-269">[267]</a> and Chinese forces that had <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">invaded northern Burma</a> in late 1943 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Myitkyina" title="Siege of Myitkyina">besieged Japanese troops</a> in <a href="/wiki/Myitkyina" title="Myitkyina">Myitkyina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-270">[268]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go">second Japanese invasion</a> of China aimed to destroy China's main fighting forces, secure railways between Japanese-held territory and capture Allied airfields.<a href="#cite_note-271">[269]</a> By June, the Japanese had conquered the province of <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a> and begun a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1944)" title="Battle of Changsha (1944)">new attack on Changsha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-272">[270]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Allies_close_in_(1944)">Allies close in (1944)</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Approaching_Omaha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Approaching_Omaha.jpg/220px-Approaching_Omaha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2147"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 157px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Approaching_Omaha.jpg/220px-Approaching_Omaha.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="157" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Approaching_Omaha.jpg/330px-Approaching_Omaha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Approaching_Omaha.jpg/440px-Approaching_Omaha.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>American troops approaching <a href="/wiki/Omaha_Beach" title="Omaha Beach">Omaha Beach</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">invasion of Normandy</a> on <a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">D-Day</a>, 6 June 1944</figcaption></figure> On 6 June 1944 (commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">D-Day</a>), after three years of Soviet pressure,<a href="#cite_note-rees406-273">[271]</a> the Western Allies <a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">invaded northern France</a>. After reassigning several Allied divisions from Italy, they also <a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">attacked southern France</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Weinberg_2005_695-274">[272]</a> These landings were successful and led to the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Falaise_pocket" title="Falaise pocket">German Army units in France</a>. <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> was <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">liberated</a> on 25 August by the <a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">local resistance</a> assisted by the <a href="/wiki/Free_French_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Free French Forces">Free French Forces</a>, both led by General <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a>,<a href="#cite_note-275">[273]</a> and the Western Allies continued to <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Line_campaign" title="Siegfried Line campaign">push back German forces</a> in western Europe during the latter part of the year. An attempt to advance into northern Germany spearheaded by <a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">a major airborne operation</a> in the Netherlands failed.<a href="#cite_note-276">[274]</a> After that, the Western Allies slowly pushed into Germany, but <a href="/wiki/Operation_Queen" title="Operation Queen">failed to cross the Ruhr river</a>. In Italy, the Allied advance slowed due to the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">last major German defensive line</a>.<a href="#cite_note-277">[275]</a> On 22 June, the Soviets launched a strategic offensive in Belarus ("<a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Operation Bagration</a>") that nearly destroyed the German <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Centre" title="Army Group Centre">Army Group Centre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zaloga_1996_7-278">[276]</a> Soon after that, <a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">another Soviet strategic offensive</a> forced German troops from Western Ukraine and Eastern Poland. The Soviets formed the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Committee_of_National_Liberation" title="Polish Committee of National Liberation">Polish Committee of National Liberation</a> to control territory in Poland and combat the Polish <a href="/wiki/Home_Army" title="Home Army">Armia Krajowa</a>; the Soviet Red Army remained in the <a href="/wiki/Praga" title="Praga">Praga</a> district on the other side of the <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a> and watched passively as the Germans quelled the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a> initiated by the Armia Krajowa.<a href="#cite_note-279">[277]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">national uprising</a> in <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovakia</a> was also quelled by the Germans.<a href="#cite_note-280">[278]</a> The Soviet <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">strategic offensive in eastern Romania</a> cut off and destroyed the <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_South_Ukraine" title="Army Group South Ukraine">considerable German troops there</a> and triggered <a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">a successful coup d'état in Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">in Bulgaria</a>, followed by those countries' shift to the Allied side.<a href="#cite_note-countrystudies.us-281">[279]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Douglas_MacArthur_lands_Leyte1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Douglas_MacArthur_lands_Leyte1.jpg/220px-Douglas_MacArthur_lands_Leyte1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1199"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Douglas_MacArthur_lands_Leyte1.jpg/220px-Douglas_MacArthur_lands_Leyte1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Douglas_MacArthur_lands_Leyte1.jpg/330px-Douglas_MacArthur_lands_Leyte1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Douglas_MacArthur_lands_Leyte1.jpg/440px-Douglas_MacArthur_lands_Leyte1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/General_(United_States)" title="General (United States)">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> returns to the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Philippines</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte" title="Battle of Leyte">Battle of Leyte</a>, 20 October 1944.</figcaption></figure> In September 1944, Soviet troops advanced into <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Federal_Yugoslavia" title="Democratic Federal Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> and forced the rapid withdrawal of German Army Groups <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_E" title="Army Group E">E</a> and <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_F" title="Army Group F">F</a> in <a href="/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Greece" title="Axis occupation of Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Albania" title="German occupation of Albania">Albania</a> and Yugoslavia to rescue them from being cut off.<a href="#cite_note-Evans_2008_653-282">[280]</a> By this point, the communist-led <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Partisans</a> under Marshal <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a>, who had led an <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">increasingly successful guerrilla campaign</a> against the occupation since 1941, controlled much of the territory of Yugoslavia and engaged in delaying efforts against German forces further south. In northern <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Military_Commander_in_Serbia" title="Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia">Serbia</a>, the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>, with limited support from Bulgarian forces, assisted the Partisans in a joint <a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">liberation of the capital city of Belgrade</a> on 20 October. A few days later, the Soviets launched a <a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">massive assault</a> against <a href="/wiki/Operation_Panzerfaust" title="Operation Panzerfaust">German-occupied</a> Hungary that lasted until <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">the fall of Budapest</a> in February 1945.<a href="#cite_note-283">[281]</a> Unlike impressive Soviet victories in the Balkans, <a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">bitter Finnish resistance</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Vyborg%E2%80%93Petrozavodsk_offensive" title="Vyborg–Petrozavodsk offensive">Soviet offensive</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Karelian_Isthmus" title="Karelian Isthmus">Karelian Isthmus</a> denied the Soviets occupation of Finland and led to a <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Armistice" title="Moscow Armistice">Soviet-Finnish armistice</a> on relatively mild conditions,<a href="#cite_note-284">[282]</a> although Finland was forced to <a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">fight their former German allies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer19901085-285">[283]</a> By the start of July 1944, Commonwealth forces in Southeast Asia had repelled the Japanese sieges in <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>, pushing the Japanese back to the <a href="/wiki/Chindwin_River" title="Chindwin River">Chindwin River</a><a href="#cite_note-Marston_2005_120-286">[284]</a> while the Chinese captured Myitkyina. In September 1944, Chinese forces <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Song" title="Battle of Mount Song">captured Mount Song</a> and reopened the <a href="/wiki/Burma_Road" title="Burma Road">Burma Road</a>.<a href="#cite_note-287">[285]</a> In China, the Japanese had more successes, having finally <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1944)" title="Battle of Changsha (1944)">captured Changsha</a> in mid-June and the city of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hengyang" title="Battle of Hengyang">Hengyang</a> by early August.<a href="#cite_note-288">[286]</a> Soon after, they invaded the province of <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a>, winning major engagements against Chinese forces at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guilin%E2%80%93Liuzhou" title="Battle of Guilin–Liuzhou">Guilin and Liuzhou</a> by the end of November<a href="#cite_note-289">[287]</a> and successfully linking up their forces in China and Indochina by mid-December.<a href="#cite_note-Drea_2003_54-290">[288]</a> In the Pacific, U.S. forces continued to push back the Japanese perimeter. In mid-June 1944, they began their <a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">offensive against the Mariana and Palau islands</a> and decisively defeated Japanese forces in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Philippine_Sea" title="Battle of the Philippine Sea">Battle of the Philippine Sea</a>. These defeats led to the resignation of the Japanese Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Tojo" title="Hideki Tojo">Hideki Tojo</a>, and provided the United States with air bases to launch intensive heavy bomber attacks on the Japanese home islands. In late October, American forces <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte" title="Battle of Leyte">invaded the Filipino island of Leyte</a>; soon after, Allied naval forces scored another large victory in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Battle of Leyte Gulf</a>, one of the largest naval battles in history.<a href="#cite_note-291">[289]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Axis_collapse_and_Allied_victory_(1944–1945)">Axis collapse and Allied victory (1944–1945)</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yalta_Conference_(Churchill,_Roosevelt,_Stalin)_(B%26W).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg/220px-Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2720" data-file-height="2239"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 181px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg/220px-Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="181" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg/330px-Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg/440px-Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a> held in February 1945, with <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></figcaption></figure> On 16 December 1944, Germany made a last attempt to split the Allies on the Western Front by using most of its remaining reserves to launch <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">a massive counter-offensive in the Ardennes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Northwind_(1944)" title="Operation Northwind (1944)">along the French-German border</a>, hoping to encircle large portions of Western Allied troops and prompt a political settlement after capturing their primary supply port at <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>. By 16 January 1945, this offensive had been repulsed with no strategic objectives fulfilled.<a href="#cite_note-parkerxiii-292">[290]</a> In Italy, the Western Allies remained stalemated at the German defensive line. In mid-January 1945, the Red Army attacked in Poland, <a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">pushing from the Vistula to the Oder</a> river in Germany, and <a href="/wiki/East_Prussian_offensive" title="East Prussian offensive">overran East Prussia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-293">[291]</a> On 4 February Soviet, British, and U.S. leaders met for the <a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a>. They agreed on the occupation of post-war Germany, and on when the Soviet Union would join the war against Japan.<a href="#cite_note-294">[292]</a> In February, the Soviets <a href="/wiki/Silesian_offensives" title="Silesian offensives">entered Silesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Pomeranian_offensive" title="East Pomeranian offensive">Pomerania</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western Allies entered western Germany</a> and closed to the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> river. By March, the Western Allies crossed the Rhine <a href="/wiki/Operation_Plunder" title="Operation Plunder">north</a> and <a href="/wiki/Remagen" title="Remagen">south</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ruhr_(river)" title="Ruhr (river)">Ruhr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruhr_pocket" title="Ruhr pocket">encircling the German Army Group B</a>.<a href="#cite_note-295">[293]</a> In early March, in an attempt to protect its last oil reserves in Hungary and retake Budapest, Germany launched <a href="/wiki/Operation_Spring_Awakening" title="Operation Spring Awakening">its last major offensive</a> against Soviet troops near <a href="/wiki/Lake_Balaton" title="Lake Balaton">Lake Balaton</a>. Within two weeks, the offensive had been repulsed, the Soviets advanced to <a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna</a>, and captured the city. In early April, Soviet troops <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Battle of Königsberg">captured Königsberg</a>, while the Western Allies finally <a href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">pushed forward in Italy</a> and swept across western Germany capturing <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Hamburg" title="Capture of Hamburg">Hamburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nuremberg_(1945)" title="Battle of Nuremberg (1945)">Nuremberg</a>. <a href="/wiki/Elbe_Day" title="Elbe Day">American and Soviet forces met at the Elbe river</a> on 25 April, leaving unoccupied pockets in southern Germany and around Berlin. Soviet troops <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">stormed and captured Berlin</a> in late April.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2001793%E2%80%93829-296">[294]</a> In Italy, <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Caserta" class="mw-redirect" title="Surrender of Caserta">German forces surrendered</a> on 29 April, while the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a> capitulated two days later. On 30 April, the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_building" title="Reichstag building">Reichstag</a> was captured, signalling the military defeat of Nazi Germany.<a href="#cite_note-Shepardson_1998-297">[295]</a> Major changes in leadership occurred on both sides during this period. On 12 April, President Roosevelt died and was succeeded by his vice president, <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>. Benito Mussolini <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Benito_Mussolini" title="Death of Benito Mussolini">was killed</a> by <a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italian partisans</a> on 28 April.<a href="#cite_note-O'Reilly_2001_244-298">[296]</a> On 30 April, <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Death of Adolf Hitler">Hitler committed suicide</a> in his <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrerbunker" title="Führerbunker">headquarters</a>, and was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Grand_Admiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Admiral">Grand Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Karl Dönitz</a> (as <a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany_(1919%E2%80%931945)" title="President of Germany (1919–1945)">President of the Reich</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a> (as <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor of the Reich">Chancellor of the Reich</a>); Goebbels also committed suicide on the following day and was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Lutz_Graf_Schwerin_von_Krosigk" title="Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk">Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk</a>, in what would later be known as the <a href="/wiki/Flensburg_Government" title="Flensburg Government">Flensburg Government</a>. <a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">Total and unconditional surrender</a> in Europe was signed <a href="/wiki/Victory_in_Europe_Day" title="Victory in Europe Day">on 7 and 8 May</a>, to be effective by the end of <a href="/wiki/Victory_Day_(9_May)" title="Victory Day (9 May)">8 May</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Evans_2008_737-299">[297]</a> German Army Group Centre <a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">resisted in Prague</a> until 11 May.<a href="#cite_note-Glantz_1998_34-300">[298]</a> On 23 May all remaining members of the German government were arrested by the Allied Forces in <a href="/wiki/Flensburg" title="Flensburg">Flensburg</a>, while on 5 June all German political and military institutions were transferred under the control of the Allies through the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Declaration_(1945)" title="Berlin Declaration (1945)">Berlin Declaration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-301">[299]</a> In the Pacific theatre, American forces accompanied by the forces of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Philippine Commonwealth</a> advanced <a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">in the Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte" title="Battle of Leyte">clearing Leyte</a> by the end of April 1945. They <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Luzon" title="Battle of Luzon">landed on Luzon</a> in January 1945 and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">recaptured Manila</a> in March. Fighting continued on Luzon, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mindanao" title="Battle of Mindanao">Mindanao</a>, and other islands of the Philippines until the <a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">end of the war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-302">[300]</a> Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">United States Army Air Forces</a> launched <a href="/wiki/Air_raids_on_Japan" title="Air raids on Japan">a massive firebombing campaign</a> of strategic cities in Japan in an effort to destroy Japanese war industry and civilian morale. A devastating <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Tokyo" title="Bombing of Tokyo">bombing raid on Tokyo of 9–10 March</a> was the deadliest conventional bombing raid in history.<a href="#cite_note-303">[301]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mamoru_Shigemitsu_signs_the_Instrument_of_Surrender,_officially_ending_the_Second_World_War.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Mamoru_Shigemitsu_signs_the_Instrument_of_Surrender%2C_officially_ending_the_Second_World_War.jpg/220px-Mamoru_Shigemitsu_signs_the_Instrument_of_Surrender%2C_officially_ending_the_Second_World_War.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5738" data-file-height="4594"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 176px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Mamoru_Shigemitsu_signs_the_Instrument_of_Surrender%2C_officially_ending_the_Second_World_War.jpg/220px-Mamoru_Shigemitsu_signs_the_Instrument_of_Surrender%2C_officially_ending_the_Second_World_War.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="176" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Mamoru_Shigemitsu_signs_the_Instrument_of_Surrender%2C_officially_ending_the_Second_World_War.jpg/330px-Mamoru_Shigemitsu_signs_the_Instrument_of_Surrender%2C_officially_ending_the_Second_World_War.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Mamoru_Shigemitsu_signs_the_Instrument_of_Surrender%2C_officially_ending_the_Second_World_War.jpg/440px-Mamoru_Shigemitsu_signs_the_Instrument_of_Surrender%2C_officially_ending_the_Second_World_War.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Japanese foreign affairs minister <a href="/wiki/Mamoru_Shigemitsu" title="Mamoru Shigemitsu">Mamoru Shigemitsu</a> signs the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">Japanese Instrument of Surrender</a> on board <a href="/wiki/USS_Missouri_(BB-63)" title="USS Missouri (BB-63)">USS Missouri</a>, 2 September 1945.</figcaption></figure> In May 1945, Australian troops <a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">landed in Borneo</a>, overrunning the oilfields there. British, American, and Chinese forces defeated the Japanese in northern <a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a> in March, and the British pushed on to reach <a href="/wiki/Yangon" title="Yangon">Rangoon</a> by 3 May.<a href="#cite_note-Drea_2003_57-304">[302]</a> Chinese forces started a counterattack in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">Battle of West Hunan</a> that occurred between 6 April and 7 June 1945. American naval and amphibious forces also moved towards Japan, taking <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Iwo Jima</a> by March, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Okinawa</a> by the end of June.<a href="#cite_note-305">[303]</a> At the same time, a naval blockade by <a href="/wiki/Allied_submarines_in_the_Pacific_War" title="Allied submarines in the Pacific War">submarines</a> was strangling Japan's economy and drastically reducing its ability to supply overseas forces.<a href="#cite_note-results_of_german_and_american_submarines-306">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-307">[305]</a> On 11 July, Allied leaders <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Conference" title="Potsdam Conference">met in Potsdam, Germany</a>. They <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Agreement" title="Potsdam Agreement">confirmed earlier agreements</a> about Germany,<a href="#cite_note-Williams_2006_90-308">[306]</a> and the American, British and Chinese governments reiterated the demand for unconditional surrender of Japan, specifically stating that "<a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">the alternative for Japan is prompt and utter destruction</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Miscamble_2007_201-309">[307]</a> During this conference, the United Kingdom <a href="/wiki/1945_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1945 United Kingdom general election">held its general election</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a> replaced Churchill as Prime Minister.<a href="#cite_note-Miscamble_2007_203_204-310">[308]</a> The call for unconditional surrender was rejected by the Japanese government, which believed it would be capable of negotiating for more favourable surrender terms.<a href="#cite_note-311">[309]</a> In early August, the United States <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">dropped atomic bombs</a> on the Japanese cities of <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a>. Between the two bombings, the Soviets, pursuant to the Yalta agreement, <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">declared war on Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">invaded Japanese-held Manchuria</a> and quickly defeated the <a href="/wiki/Kwantung_Army" title="Kwantung Army">Kwantung Army</a>, which was the largest Japanese fighting force.<a href="#cite_note-312">[310]</a> These two events persuaded previously adamant Imperial Army leaders to accept surrender terms.<a href="#cite_note-Pape_1993-313">[311]</a> The Red Army also captured the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" title="Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin">southern part of Sakhalin Island</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a>. On the night of 9–10 August 1945, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Hirohito</a> announced his decision to accept the terms demanded by the Allies in the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-314">[312]</a> On 15 August, the Emperor communicated this decision to the Japanese people through a speech broadcast on the radio (<a href="/wiki/Hirohito_surrender_broadcast" title="Hirohito surrender broadcast">Gyokuon-hōsō</a>, literally "broadcast in the Emperor's voice").<a href="#cite_note-315">[313]</a> On 15 August 1945, <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Japan surrendered</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">surrender documents</a> finally signed at <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Bay" title="Tokyo Bay">Tokyo Bay</a> on the deck of the American battleship <a href="/wiki/USS_Missouri_(BB-63)" title="USS Missouri (BB-63)">USS Missouri</a> on 2 September 1945, ending the war.<a href="#cite_note-Beevor_2012_776-316">[314]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath of World War II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Consequences_of_Nazism" title="Consequences of Nazism">Consequences of Nazism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuremberg_Trials._Looking_down_on_defendants_dock,_circa_1945-1946._-_NARA_-_540127.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Nuremberg_Trials._Looking_down_on_defendants_dock%2C_circa_1945-1946._-_NARA_-_540127.jpg/220px-Nuremberg_Trials._Looking_down_on_defendants_dock%2C_circa_1945-1946._-_NARA_-_540127.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2951" data-file-height="2404"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 179px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Nuremberg_Trials._Looking_down_on_defendants_dock%2C_circa_1945-1946._-_NARA_-_540127.jpg/220px-Nuremberg_Trials._Looking_down_on_defendants_dock%2C_circa_1945-1946._-_NARA_-_540127.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="179" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Nuremberg_Trials._Looking_down_on_defendants_dock%2C_circa_1945-1946._-_NARA_-_540127.jpg/330px-Nuremberg_Trials._Looking_down_on_defendants_dock%2C_circa_1945-1946._-_NARA_-_540127.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Nuremberg_Trials._Looking_down_on_defendants_dock%2C_circa_1945-1946._-_NARA_-_540127.jpg/440px-Nuremberg_Trials._Looking_down_on_defendants_dock%2C_circa_1945-1946._-_NARA_-_540127.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Defendants at the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a>, where the Allied forces prosecuted prominent members of the political, military, judicial, and economic leadership of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> for <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a></figcaption></figure> The Allies established occupation administrations in <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Austria" title="Allied-occupied Austria">Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Germany</a>, both initially divided between western and eastern occupation zones controlled by the Western Allies and the Soviet Union, respectively. However, their paths soon diverged. In Germany, the <a href="/wiki/Trizone" class="mw-redirect" title="Trizone">western</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_zone_in_Germany" title="Soviet occupation zone in Germany">eastern occupation zones</a> controlled by the Western Allies and the Soviet Union officially ended in 1949, with the respective zones becoming separate countries, <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wettig_2008_96_100-317">[315]</a> In Austria, however, occupation continued until 1955, when a joint settlement between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union permitted the reunification of Austria as a democratic state officially non-aligned with any political bloc (although in practice having better relations with the Western Allies). A <a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">denazification</a> program in Germany led to the prosecution of Nazi war criminals in the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a> and the removal of ex-Nazis from power, although this policy moved towards amnesty and re-integration of ex-Nazis into West German society.<a href="#cite_note-Frei_2002_41_66-318">[316]</a> Germany lost a quarter of its pre-war (1937) territory. Among the eastern territories, <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neumark" title="Neumark">Neumark</a> and most of <a href="/wiki/Pomerania" title="Pomerania">Pomerania</a> were taken over by Poland,<a href="#cite_note-Eberhardt-2015-319">[317]</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a> was divided between Poland and the Soviet Union, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">expulsion to Germany</a> of the nine million Germans from these provinces,<a href="#cite_note-Eberhardt-2006-320">[318]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eberhardt-2011-321">[319]</a> as well as three million Germans from the <a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a> in Czechoslovakia. By the 1950s, one-fifth of West Germans were refugees from the east. The Soviet Union also took over the Polish provinces east of the <a href="/wiki/Curzon_Line" title="Curzon Line">Curzon Line</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Eberhardt-2012-322">[320]</a> from which <a href="/wiki/Polish_population_transfers_(1944%E2%80%931946)" title="Polish population transfers (1944–1946)">2 million Poles were expelled</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Eberhardt-2011-321">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-stalinswars43-323">[321]</a> north-east Romania,<a href="#cite_note-stalinswars55-324">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-shirer794-325">[323]</a> parts of eastern Finland,<a href="#cite_note-ckpipe-326">[324]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a> were <a href="/wiki/Soviet_re-occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1944)" title="Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)">annexed into the Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wettig_2008_20_21-327">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-Senn_2007_?-328">[326]</a> Italy <a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">lost its monarchy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">colonial empire</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_between_Italy_and_the_Allied_Powers" title="Treaty of Paris between Italy and the Allied Powers">European territories</a>.<a href="#cite_note-329">[327]</a> In an effort to maintain <a href="/wiki/World_peace" title="World peace">world peace</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Yoder_1997_39-330">[328]</a> the Allies formed the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>,<a href="#cite_note-331">[329]</a> which officially came into existence on 24 October 1945,<a href="#cite_note-332">[330]</a> and adopted the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> in 1948 as a common standard for all <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Member states of the United Nations">member nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Waltz_2002-333">[331]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Great_powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Great powers">great powers</a> that were the victors of the war—France, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States—became the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council">permanent members</a> of the UN's <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">Security Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_UN_Security_Council-334">[332]</a> The five permanent members remain so to the present, although there have been two seat changes, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_2758" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758">between</a> the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Republic of China</a> and the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> in 1971, and between the Soviet Union and its <a href="/wiki/Succession_of_states" title="Succession of states">successor state</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian Federation</a>, following the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the USSR</a> in 1991. The alliance between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union had begun to deteriorate even before the war was over.<a href="#cite_note-Kantowicz_2000_6-335">[333]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EasternBloc_BorderChange38-48.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/EasternBloc_BorderChange38-48.svg/220px-EasternBloc_BorderChange38-48.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="374" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="680"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 374px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/EasternBloc_BorderChange38-48.svg/220px-EasternBloc_BorderChange38-48.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="374" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/EasternBloc_BorderChange38-48.svg/330px-EasternBloc_BorderChange38-48.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/EasternBloc_BorderChange38-48.svg/440px-EasternBloc_BorderChange38-48.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Post-war border changes in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a> and creation of the <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communist</a> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></figcaption></figure> Besides Germany, the rest of Europe was also divided into Western and Soviet <a href="/wiki/Spheres_of_influence" class="mw-redirect" title="Spheres of influence">spheres of influence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Trachtenberg_1999_33-336">[334]</a> Most eastern and central European countries fell into <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">the Soviet sphere</a>, which led to establishment of Communist-led regimes, with full or partial support of the Soviet occupation authorities. As a result, <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Applebaum_2012-337">[335]</a> <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a><a href="#cite_note-Naimark_2010-338">[336]</a> became Soviet <a href="/wiki/Satellite_state#Soviet_satellite_states" title="Satellite state">satellite states</a>. Communist <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> conducted a fully <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">independent policy</a>, causing <a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">tension with the Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Swain_1992-339">[337]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Communist uprising in Greece</a> was put down with Anglo-American support and the country remained aligned with the West.<a href="#cite_note-340">[338]</a> Post-war division of the world was formalised by two international military alliances, the United States-led <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> and the Soviet-led <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Borstelmann_2005_318-341">[339]</a> The long period of political tensions and military competition between them—the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>—would be accompanied by an unprecedented <a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">arms race</a> and number of <a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">proxy wars</a> throughout the world.<a href="#cite_note-342">[340]</a> In Asia, the United States led the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">occupation of Japan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trust_Territory_of_the_Pacific_Islands" title="Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands">administered Japan's former islands</a> in the Western Pacific, while the Soviets annexed <a href="/wiki/South_Sakhalin" class="mw-redirect" title="South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kuril_Islands" title="Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Weinberg_2005_911-343">[341]</a> <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, formerly <a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">under Japanese colonial rule</a>, was <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">divided and occupied</a> by the Soviet Union in the <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North</a> and the United States in the <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South</a> between 1945 and 1948. Separate republics emerged on both sides of the 38th parallel in 1948, each claiming to be the legitimate government for all of Korea, which led ultimately to the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-344">[342]</a> In China, nationalist and communist forces resumed <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">the civil war</a> in June 1946. Communist forces were victorious and established the People's Republic of China on the mainland, while nationalist forces retreated to <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> in 1949.<a href="#cite_note-Lynch_2010_12_13-345">[343]</a> In the Middle East, the Arab rejection of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Creation_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Creation of Israel">creation of Israel</a> marked the escalation of the <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a>. While European powers attempted to retain some or all of their <a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">colonial empires</a>, their losses of prestige and resources during the war rendered this unsuccessful, leading to <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonisation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JMRoberts_1996_589-346">[344]</a><a href="#cite_note-347">[345]</a> The global economy suffered heavily from the war, although participating nations were affected differently. The United States emerged much richer than any other nation, leading to a <a href="/wiki/Mid-20th_century_baby_boom" title="Mid-20th century baby boom">baby boom</a>, and by 1950 its gross domestic product per person was much higher than that of any of the other powers, and it dominated the world economy.<a href="#cite_note-348">[346]</a> The Allied occupational authorities pursued a policy of <a href="/wiki/Allied_plans_for_German_industry_after_World_War_II" title="Allied plans for German industry after World War II">industrial disarmament in Western Germany</a> from 1945 to 1948.<a href="#cite_note-Balabkins_1964_207-349">[347]</a> Due to international trade interdependencies, this policy led to an economic stagnation in Europe and delayed European recovery from the war for several years.<a href="#cite_note-350">[348]</a><a href="#cite_note-Balabkins_1964_208,209-351">[349]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_Conference" title="Bretton Woods Conference">Bretton Woods Conference</a> in July 1944, the Allied nations drew up an economic framework for the post-war world. The agreement created the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (IMF) and the <a href="/wiki/International_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="International Bank for Reconstruction and Development">International Bank for Reconstruction and Development</a> (IBRD), which later became part of the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Group" title="World Bank Group">World Bank Group</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system" title="Bretton Woods system">Bretton Woods system</a> lasted until 1973.<a href="#cite_note-352">[350]</a> Recovery began with the mid-1948 <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Mark" title="Deutsche Mark">currency reform in Western Germany</a>, and was sped up by the liberalisation of European economic policy that the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a> economic aid (1948–1951) both directly and indirectly caused.<a href="#cite_note-353">[351]</a><a href="#cite_note-Balabkins_1964_212-354">[352]</a> The post-1948 West German recovery has been called the <a href="/wiki/Wirtschaftswunder#West_Germany" title="Wirtschaftswunder">German economic miracle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-355">[353]</a> Italy also experienced an <a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">economic boom</a><a href="#cite_note-356">[354]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Trente_Glorieuses" title="Trente Glorieuses">French economy rebounded</a>.<a href="#cite_note-357">[355]</a> By contrast, the United Kingdom was in a state of economic ruin,<a href="#cite_note-358">[356]</a> and although receiving a quarter of the total Marshall Plan assistance, more than any other European country,<a href="#cite_note-359">[357]</a> it continued in relative economic decline for decades.<a href="#cite_note-360">[358]</a> The Soviet Union, despite enormous human and material losses, also experienced rapid increase in production in the immediate post-war era,<a href="#cite_note-Smith_1993_32-361">[359]</a> having seized and transferred most of Germany's industrial plants and exacted <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_reparations" title="World War II reparations">war reparations</a> from its satellite states.<a href="#cite_note-362">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-363">[360]</a> Japan recovered much later.<a href="#cite_note-364">[361]</a> China returned to its pre-war industrial production by 1952.<a href="#cite_note-365">[362]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_World_War_II" title="Historiography of World War II">Historiography of World War II</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Casualties_and_war_crimes">Casualties and war crimes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">World War II casualties</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes in World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_War_II_Casualties.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/World_War_II_Casualties.svg/400px-World_War_II_Casualties.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="260" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="333"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 400px;height: 260px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/World_War_II_Casualties.svg/400px-World_War_II_Casualties.svg.png" data-width="400" data-height="260" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/World_War_II_Casualties.svg/600px-World_War_II_Casualties.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/World_War_II_Casualties.svg/800px-World_War_II_Casualties.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>World War II deaths</figcaption></figure> Estimates for the total number of casualties in the war vary, because many deaths went unrecorded.<a href="#cite_note-366">[363]</a> Most suggest that some 60 million people died in the war, including about <a href="/wiki/Battle_casualties_of_World_War_II" title="Battle casualties of World War II">20 million military personnel</a> and 40 million civilians.<a href="#cite_note-WWII:_C&C-367">[364]</a><a href="#cite_note-368">[365]</a><a href="#cite_note-369">[366]</a> The Soviet Union alone lost around 27 million people during the war,<a href="#cite_note-370">[367]</a> including 8.7 million military and 19 million civilian deaths.<a href="#cite_note-Ell&Mak_1994-371">[368]</a> A quarter of the total people in the Soviet Union were wounded or killed.<a href="#cite_note-372">[369]</a> Germany sustained 5.3 million military losses, mostly on the Eastern Front and during the final battles in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-Herf_2003-373">[370]</a> An estimated 11<a href="#cite_note-374">[371]</a> to 17 million<a href="#cite_note-Niewyk45-375">[372]</a> civilians died as a direct or as an indirect result of Hitler's <a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">racist policies</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Mass_killing" title="Mass killing">mass killing</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">around 6 million Jews</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Romani_Holocaust" title="Romani Holocaust">Roma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">homosexuals</a>, at least 1.9 million ethnic <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties_of_Poland" title="World War II casualties of Poland">Poles</a><a href="#cite_note-376">[373]</a><a href="#cite_note-377">[374]</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="World War II casualties of the Soviet Union">millions of other Slavs</a> (including Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians), and <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_victims" title="Holocaust victims">other ethnic and minority groups</a>.<a href="#cite_note-378">[375]</a><a href="#cite_note-Niewyk45-375">[372]</a> Between 1941 and 1945, more than 200,000 ethnic <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a>, along with Roma and Jews, were <a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">persecuted and murdered</a> by the Axis-aligned Croatian <a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-379">[376]</a> Concurrently, <a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Muslims</a> and <a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a> were <a href="/wiki/Chetnik_war_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="Chetnik war crimes in World War II">persecuted and killed</a> by Serb nationalist <a href="/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">Chetniks</a>,<a href="#cite_note-380">[377]</a> with an estimated 50,000–68,000 victims (of which 41,000 were civilians).<a href="#cite_note-Geiger-381">[378]</a> Also, more than 100,000 Poles were massacred by the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukrainian Insurgent Army</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Poles_in_Volhynia_and_Eastern_Galicia" title="Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia">Volhynia massacres</a>, between 1943 and 1945.<a href="#cite_note-382">[379]</a> At the same time, about 10,000–15,000 Ukrainians were killed by the Polish <a href="/wiki/Home_Army" title="Home Army">Home Army</a> and other Polish units, in reprisal attacks.<a href="#cite_note-383">[380]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nanking_bodies_1937.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Nanking_bodies_1937.jpg/220px-Nanking_bodies_1937.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="559"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 154px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Nanking_bodies_1937.jpg/220px-Nanking_bodies_1937.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="154" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Nanking_bodies_1937.jpg/330px-Nanking_bodies_1937.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Nanking_bodies_1937.jpg/440px-Nanking_bodies_1937.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bodies of Chinese civilians killed by the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a> in December 1937</figcaption></figure> In Asia and the Pacific, the number of people killed by Japanese troops remains contested. According to R.J. Rummel, the Japanese killed between 3 million and more than 10 million people, with the most probable case of almost 6,000,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-384">[381]</a> According to the British historian <a href="/wiki/M._R._D._Foot" title="M. R. D. Foot">M. R. D. Foot</a>, civilian deaths are between 10 million and 20 million, whereas Chinese military casualties (killed and wounded) are estimated to be over five million.<a href="#cite_note-385">[382]</a> Other estimates say that up to 30 million people, most of them civilians, were killed.<a href="#cite_note-386">[383]</a><a href="#cite_note-387">[384]</a> The most infamous Japanese atrocity was the <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a>, in which fifty to three hundred thousand Chinese civilians were raped and murdered.<a href="#cite_note-388">[385]</a> Mitsuyoshi Himeta reported that 2.7 million casualties occurred during the <a href="/wiki/Three_Alls_policy" title="Three Alls policy">Three Alls policy</a>. General <a href="/wiki/Yasuji_Okamura" title="Yasuji Okamura">Yasuji Okamura</a> implemented the policy in <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>.<a href="#cite_note-389">[386]</a> Axis forces employed <a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">biological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">chemical weapons</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> used a variety of such weapons during its <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">invasion and occupation of China</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a>)<a href="#cite_note-390">[387]</a><a href="#cite_note-391">[388]</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">early conflicts against the Soviets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-392">[389]</a> Both the Germans and the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_human_experimentation_on_the_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese human experimentation on the Chinese">Japanese tested</a> such weapons against civilians,<a href="#cite_note-393">[390]</a> and sometimes on <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-394">[391]</a> The Soviet Union was responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Katyn_massacre" title="Katyn massacre">Katyn massacre</a> of 22,000 Polish officers,<a href="#cite_note-395">[392]</a> and the imprisonment or execution of <a href="/wiki/NKVD_prisoner_massacres" title="NKVD prisoner massacres">hundreds of thousands of political prisoners</a> by the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> secret police, along with <a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">mass civilian deportations to Siberia</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a> and <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_Poland_annexed_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union">eastern Poland</a> annexed by the Red Army.<a href="#cite_note-396">[393]</a> Soviet soldiers committed mass rapes in occupied territories, especially <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_zone_in_Germany" title="Soviet occupation zone in Germany">in Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-397">[394]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bird-398">[395]</a> The exact number of German women and girls raped by Soviet troops during the war and occupation is uncertain, but historians estimate their numbers are likely in the hundreds of thousands, and possibly as many as two million,<a href="#cite_note-:4-399">[396]</a> while figures for women raped by German soldiers in the Soviet Union go as far as ten million.<a href="#cite_note-400">[397]</a><a href="#cite_note-401">[398]</a> The mass bombing of cities in Europe and Asia has often been called a war crime, although no <a href="/wiki/Positive_law" title="Positive law">positive</a> or specific <a href="/wiki/Customary_international_law" title="Customary international law">customary</a> <a href="/wiki/International_humanitarian_law" title="International humanitarian law">international humanitarian law</a> with respect to <a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">aerial warfare</a> existed before or during World War II.<a href="#cite_note-402">[399]</a> The USAAF <a href="/wiki/Air_raids_on_Japan" title="Air raids on Japan">bombed a total of 67 Japanese cities</a>, killing 393,000 civilians, including the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a>, and destroying 65% of built-up areas.<a href="#cite_note-403">[400]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genocide,_concentration_camps,_and_slave_labour">Genocide, concentration camps, and slave labour</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination camp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">Forced labour under German rule during World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_of_children_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany">Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Nazi human experimentation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes § World War II</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Liberation_of_Bergen-belsen_Concentration_Camp,_April_1945_BU4031.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/The_Liberation_of_Bergen-belsen_Concentration_Camp%2C_April_1945_BU4031.jpg/220px-The_Liberation_of_Bergen-belsen_Concentration_Camp%2C_April_1945_BU4031.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="789"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 217px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/The_Liberation_of_Bergen-belsen_Concentration_Camp%2C_April_1945_BU4031.jpg/220px-The_Liberation_of_Bergen-belsen_Concentration_Camp%2C_April_1945_BU4031.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="217" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/The_Liberation_of_Bergen-belsen_Concentration_Camp%2C_April_1945_BU4031.jpg/330px-The_Liberation_of_Bergen-belsen_Concentration_Camp%2C_April_1945_BU4031.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/The_Liberation_of_Bergen-belsen_Concentration_Camp%2C_April_1945_BU4031.jpg/440px-The_Liberation_of_Bergen-belsen_Concentration_Camp%2C_April_1945_BU4031.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a> (SS) female camp guards removing prisoners' bodies from lorries and carrying them to a mass grave, inside the German <a href="/wiki/Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp" title="Bergen-Belsen concentration camp">Bergen-Belsen concentration camp</a>, 1945</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, under the <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorship</a> of Adolf Hitler, was responsible for murdering about 6 million Jews in what is now known as <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>. They also murdered an additional 4 million others who were deemed "<a href="/wiki/Life_unworthy_of_life" title="Life unworthy of life">unworthy of life</a>" (including the <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">disabled</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">mentally ill</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">Soviet prisoners of war</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homosexuals" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexuals">homosexuals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freemasons" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemasons">Freemasons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>) as part of a program of deliberate extermination, in effect becoming a "<a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocidal</a> state".<a href="#cite_note-404">[401]</a> <a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">Soviet POWs</a> were kept in especially unbearable conditions, and 3.6 million Soviet POWs out of 5.7 million died in Nazi camps during the war.<a href="#cite_note-405">[402]</a><a href="#cite_note-Overy_2004_568_569-406">[403]</a> In addition to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">concentration camps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">death camps</a> were created in Nazi Germany to exterminate people on an industrial scale. Nazi Germany extensively used <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labourers</a>; about 12 million <a href="/wiki/Ostarbeiter" title="Ostarbeiter">Europeans</a> from German-occupied countries were abducted and used as a slave work force in German industry, agriculture and war economy.<a href="#cite_note-compensation-407">[404]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Czeslawa_Kwoka_-_Brasse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Czeslawa_Kwoka_-_Brasse.jpg/220px-Czeslawa_Kwoka_-_Brasse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="665"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 98px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Czeslawa_Kwoka_-_Brasse.jpg/220px-Czeslawa_Kwoka_-_Brasse.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="98" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Czeslawa_Kwoka_-_Brasse.jpg/330px-Czeslawa_Kwoka_-_Brasse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Czeslawa_Kwoka_-_Brasse.jpg/440px-Czeslawa_Kwoka_-_Brasse.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Czes%C5%82awa_Kwoka" title="Czesława Kwoka">Prisoner identity photograph of a Polish girl</a> taken by the German <a href="/wiki/SS" class="mw-redirect" title="SS">SS</a> in <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-408">[405]</a> Approximately 230,000 children were held prisoner and used in forced labour and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Nazi medical experiments</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Soviet <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a> became a de facto system of deadly camps during 1942–43, when wartime privation and hunger caused numerous deaths of inmates,<a href="#cite_note-409">[406]</a> including foreign citizens of Poland and <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">other countries</a> occupied in 1939–40 by the Soviet Union, as well as Axis <a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">POWs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-410">[407]</a> By the end of the war, most Soviet POWs liberated from Nazi camps and many repatriated civilians were detained in special filtration camps where they were subjected to <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> evaluation, and 226,127 were sent to the Gulag as real or perceived Nazi collaborators.<a href="#cite_note-411">[408]</a> Japanese <a href="/wiki/Prisoner-of-war_camp" title="Prisoner-of-war camp">prisoner-of-war camps</a>, many of which were used as labour camps, also had high death rates. The <a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">International Military Tribunal for the Far East</a> found the death rate of Western prisoners was 27 percent (for American POWs, 37 percent),<a href="#cite_note-412">[409]</a> seven times that of POWs under the Germans and Italians.<a href="#cite_note-413">[410]</a> While 37,583 prisoners from the UK, 28,500 from the Netherlands, and 14,473 from the United States were released after the <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">surrender of Japan</a>, the number of Chinese released was only 56.<a href="#cite_note-414">[411]</a> At least five million Chinese civilians from northern China and Manchukuo were enslaved between 1935 and 1941 by the <a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Development_Board" title="East Asia Development Board">East Asia Development Board</a>, or Kōain, for work in mines and war industries. After 1942, the number reached 10 million.<a href="#cite_note-zhifen2002-415">[412]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, between 4 and 10 million <a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dmusha" title="Rōmusha">rōmusha</a> (Japanese: "manual labourers"), were forced to work by the Japanese military. About 270,000 of these Javanese labourers were sent to other Japanese-held areas in Southeast Asia, and only 52,000 were repatriated to Java.<a href="#cite_note-indonesiaww2-416">[413]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occupation">Occupation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">German-occupied Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance during World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Imperial_Japan" title="Collaboration with Imperial Japan">Collaboration with Imperial Japan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palmiry_before_execution.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Palmiry_before_execution.jpg/220px-Palmiry_before_execution.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="641"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 141px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Palmiry_before_execution.jpg/220px-Palmiry_before_execution.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="141" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Palmiry_before_execution.jpg/330px-Palmiry_before_execution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Palmiry_before_execution.jpg/440px-Palmiry_before_execution.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Polish civilians wearing blindfolds photographed just before being massacred by German soldiers in <a href="/wiki/Palmiry_massacre" title="Palmiry massacre">Palmiry forest</a>, 1940</figcaption></figure> In Europe, occupation came under two forms. In Western, Northern, and Central Europe (France, Norway, Denmark, the Low Countries, and the <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">annexed portions of Czechoslovakia</a>) Germany established economic policies through which it collected roughly 69.5 billion reichsmarks (27.8 billion U.S. dollars) by the end of the war; this figure does not include the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">plunder</a> of industrial products, military equipment, raw materials and other goods.<a href="#cite_note-417">[414]</a> Thus, the income from occupied nations was over 40 percent of the income Germany collected from taxation, a figure which increased to nearly 40 percent of total German income as the war went on.<a href="#cite_note-Milward_1979_138-418">[415]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-031-2436-03A,_Russland,_Hinrichtung_von_Partisanen_retouched.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-031-2436-03A%2C_Russland%2C_Hinrichtung_von_Partisanen_retouched.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-031-2436-03A%2C_Russland%2C_Hinrichtung_von_Partisanen_retouched.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="497"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 138px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-031-2436-03A%2C_Russland%2C_Hinrichtung_von_Partisanen_retouched.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-031-2436-03A%2C_Russland%2C_Hinrichtung_von_Partisanen_retouched.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="138" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-031-2436-03A%2C_Russland%2C_Hinrichtung_von_Partisanen_retouched.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-031-2436-03A%2C_Russland%2C_Hinrichtung_von_Partisanen_retouched.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-031-2436-03A%2C_Russland%2C_Hinrichtung_von_Partisanen_retouched.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-031-2436-03A%2C_Russland%2C_Hinrichtung_von_Partisanen_retouched.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet partisans</a> hanged by the German army. The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Russian Academy of Sciences</a> reported in 1995 that <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="World War II casualties of the Soviet Union">civilian victims in the Soviet Union</a> at German hands totalled 13.7 million dead, twenty percent of the 68 million people in the occupied Soviet Union.</figcaption></figure> In the East, the intended gains of <a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a> were never attained as fluctuating front-lines and Soviet <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth</a> policies denied resources to the German invaders.<a href="#cite_note-Milward_1992_148-419">[416]</a> Unlike in the West, the <a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Nazi racial policy</a> encouraged extreme brutality against what it considered to be the "<a href="/wiki/Untermensch" title="Untermensch">inferior people</a>" of Slavic descent; most German advances were thus followed by <a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">mass atrocities and war crimes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-420">[417]</a> The Nazis <a href="/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_the_Polish_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi crimes against the Polish nation">killed an estimated 2.77 million ethnic Poles</a> during the war in addition to Polish-Jewish victims of the Holocaust.<a href="#cite_note-421">[418]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Although <a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">resistance groups</a> formed in most occupied territories, they did not significantly hamper German operations in either the East<a href="#cite_note-422">[419]</a> or the West<a href="#cite_note-423">[420]</a> until late 1943. In Asia, Japan termed nations under its occupation as being part of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere</a>, essentially a Japanese <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemony</a> which it claimed was for purposes of liberating colonised peoples.<a href="#cite_note-424">[421]</a> Although Japanese forces were sometimes welcomed as liberators from European domination, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a> frequently turned local public opinion against them.<a href="#cite_note-GSWW6_266-425">[422]</a> During Japan's initial conquest, it captured 4,000,000 barrels (640,000 m3) of oil (~550,000 tonnes) left behind by retreating Allied forces; and by 1943, was able to get production in the Dutch East Indies up to 50 million barrels (7,900,000 m3) of oil (~6.8 million tonnes), 76 percent of its 1940 output rate.<a href="#cite_note-GSWW6_266-425">[422]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Home_fronts_and_production">Home fronts and production</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production during World War II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front during World War II</a></div> <div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:-moz-fit-content; width:fit-content;"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:auto;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940" class="extiw" title="phab:T334940">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Graph/Plans">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="thumbcaption">Allies to Axis GDP ratio between 1938 and 1945</div></div></div> In the 1930s Britain and the United States of America together controlled almost 75% of world mineral output—essential for projecting military power.<a href="#cite_note-426">[423]</a> In Europe, before the outbreak of the war, the Allies had significant advantages in both population and economics. In 1938, the Western Allies (United Kingdom, France, Poland and the British Dominions) had a 30 percent larger population and a 30 percent higher gross domestic product than the European Axis powers (Germany and Italy); including colonies, the Allies had more than a 5:1 advantage in population and a nearly 2:1 advantage in GDP.<a href="#cite_note-6Econ3-427">[424]</a> In Asia at the same time, China had roughly six times the population of Japan but only an 89 percent higher GDP; this reduces to three times the population and only a 38 percent higher GDP if Japanese colonies are included.<a href="#cite_note-6Econ3-427">[424]</a> The United States produced about two-thirds of all munitions used by the Allies in World War II, including warships, transports, warplanes, artillery, tanks, trucks, and ammunition.<a href="#cite_note-428">[425]</a> Although the Allies' economic and population advantages were largely mitigated during the initial rapid blitzkrieg attacks of Germany and Japan, they became the decisive factor by 1942, after the United States and Soviet Union joined the Allies and the war evolved into one of <a href="/wiki/Attrition_warfare" title="Attrition warfare">attrition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6Econ2-429">[426]</a> While the Allies' ability to out-produce the Axis was partly due to more access to natural resources, other factors, such as Germany and Japan's reluctance to employ women in the <a href="/wiki/Workforce" title="Workforce">labour force</a>,<a href="#cite_note-430">[427]</a> Allied <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">strategic bombing</a>,<a href="#cite_note-431">[428]</a> and Germany's late shift to a <a href="/wiki/War_economy" title="War economy">war economy</a><a href="#cite_note-432">[429]</a> contributed significantly. Additionally, neither Germany nor Japan planned to fight a protracted war, and had not equipped themselves to do so.<a href="#cite_note-433">[430]</a> To improve their production, Germany and Japan used millions of <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slave labourers</a>;<a href="#cite_note-434">[431]</a> <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">Germany enslaved</a> about 12 million people, mostly from Eastern Europe,<a href="#cite_note-compensation-407">[404]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Japan" title="Slavery in Japan">Japan used</a> more than 18 million people in Far East Asia.<a href="#cite_note-zhifen2002-415">[412]</a><a href="#cite_note-indonesiaww2-416">[413]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advances_in_technology_and_its_application">Advances in technology and its application</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology during World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1978-Anh.026-01,_Peenem%C3%BCnde,_V2_beim_Start.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1978-Anh.026-01%2C_Peenem%C3%BCnde%2C_V2_beim_Start.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1978-Anh.026-01%2C_Peenem%C3%BCnde%2C_V2_beim_Start.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="554"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 152px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1978-Anh.026-01%2C_Peenem%C3%BCnde%2C_V2_beim_Start.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1978-Anh.026-01%2C_Peenem%C3%BCnde%2C_V2_beim_Start.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="152" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1978-Anh.026-01%2C_Peenem%C3%BCnde%2C_V2_beim_Start.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1978-Anh.026-01%2C_Peenem%C3%BCnde%2C_V2_beim_Start.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1978-Anh.026-01%2C_Peenem%C3%BCnde%2C_V2_beim_Start.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1978-Anh.026-01%2C_Peenem%C3%BCnde%2C_V2_beim_Start.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/V-2_rocket" title="V-2 rocket">V-2 rocket</a> launched from a fixed site in <a href="/wiki/Peenem%C3%BCnde" title="Peenemünde">Peenemünde</a>, 21 June 1943</figcaption></figure> Aircraft were used for <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Reconnaissance aircraft">reconnaissance</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">bombers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">ground-support</a>, and each role developed considerably. Innovations included <a href="/wiki/Airlift" title="Airlift">airlift</a> (the capability to quickly move limited high-priority supplies, equipment, and personnel);<a href="#cite_note-EncWWII_76-435">[432]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing" title="Strategic bombing">strategic bombing</a> (the bombing of enemy industrial and population centres to destroy the enemy's ability to wage war).<a href="#cite_note-436">[433]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Anti-aircraft weaponry</a> also advanced, including defences such as <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> and surface-to-air artillery, in particular the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Proximity_fuze" title="Proximity fuze">proximity fuze</a>. The use of the <a href="/wiki/Jet_aircraft" title="Jet aircraft">jet aircraft</a> was pioneered and led to jets becoming standard in air forces worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-437">[434]</a> Advances were made in nearly every aspect of <a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">naval warfare</a>, most notably with <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carriers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarines</a>. Although <a href="/wiki/Aeronautics" title="Aeronautics">aeronautical</a> warfare had relatively little success at the start of the war, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taranto" title="Battle of Taranto">actions at Taranto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Coral Sea</a> established the carrier as the dominant capital ship (in place of the battleship).<a href="#cite_note-EncWWII_163-438">[435]</a><a href="#cite_note-439">[436]</a><a href="#cite_note-440">[437]</a> In the Atlantic, <a href="/wiki/Escort_carrier" title="Escort carrier">escort carriers</a> became a vital part of Allied convoys, increasing the effective protection radius and helping to close the <a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_gap" title="Mid-Atlantic gap">Mid-Atlantic gap</a>.<a href="#cite_note-441">[438]</a> Carriers were also more economical than <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleships</a> due to the relatively low cost of aircraft<a href="#cite_note-442">[439]</a> and because they are not required to be as heavily armoured.<a href="#cite_note-443">[440]</a> Submarines, which had proved to be an effective weapon during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Bur&Ryd_1995_15-444">[441]</a> were expected by all combatants to be important in the second. The British focused development on <a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare" title="Anti-submarine warfare">anti-submarine</a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_weapon" title="Anti-submarine weapon">weaponry</a> and tactics, such as <a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">sonar</a> and convoys, while Germany focused on improving its offensive capability, with designs such as the <a href="/wiki/Type_VII_submarine" title="Type VII submarine">Type VII submarine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_(naval_tactic)" title="Wolfpack (naval tactic)">wolfpack</a> tactics.<a href="#cite_note-Bur&Ryd_1995_16-445">[442]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="this is arguably a reference in passing – the book is about the design of submarines and deals with this fairly superficially. Also reference in article only points to a review of this book. (July 2020)">better source needed</a>] Gradually, improving Allied technologies such as the <a href="/wiki/Leigh_Light" title="Leigh Light">Leigh Light</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hedgehog_(weapon)" title="Hedgehog (weapon)">Hedgehog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Squid_(weapon)" title="Squid (weapon)">Squid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mark_24_mine" title="Mark 24 mine">homing torpedoes</a> proved effective against German submarines.<a href="#cite_note-446">[443]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trinity_device_readied.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Trinity_device_readied.jpg/220px-Trinity_device_readied.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5520" data-file-height="4371"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 174px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Trinity_device_readied.jpg/220px-Trinity_device_readied.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="174" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Trinity_device_readied.jpg/330px-Trinity_device_readied.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Trinity_device_readied.jpg/440px-Trinity_device_readied.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Nuclear Gadget being raised to the top of the detonation "shot tower", at <a href="/wiki/Alamogordo_Bombing_and_Gunnery_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range">Alamogordo Bombing Range</a>; <a href="/wiki/Trinity_(nuclear_test)" title="Trinity (nuclear test)">Trinity nuclear test</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, July 1945</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Land_warfare" title="Land warfare">Land warfare</a> changed from the static frontlines of <a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">trench warfare</a> of World War I, which had relied on improved <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> that outmatched the speed of both <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a>, to increased mobility and <a href="/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">combined arms</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tank</a>, which had been used predominantly for infantry support in the First World War, had evolved into the primary weapon.<a href="#cite_note-EncWWII_125-447">[444]</a> In the late 1930s, tank design was considerably more advanced than it had been during World War I,<a href="#cite_note-448">[445]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tanks_in_World_War_II" title="Tanks in World War II">advances continued throughout the war</a> with increases in speed, armour and firepower.<a href="#cite_note-449">[446]</a><a href="#cite_note-450">[447]</a> At the start of the war, most commanders thought enemy tanks should be met by tanks with superior specifications.<a href="#cite_note-EncWWII_108-451">[448]</a> This idea was challenged by the poor performance of the relatively light early tank guns against armour, and German doctrine of avoiding tank-versus-tank combat. This, along with Germany's use of combined arms, were among the key elements of their highly successful blitzkrieg tactics across Poland and France.<a href="#cite_note-EncWWII_125-447">[444]</a> Many means of <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_warfare" title="Anti-tank warfare">destroying tanks</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Indirect_fire" title="Indirect fire">indirect artillery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_gun" title="Anti-tank gun">anti-tank guns</a> (both towed and <a href="/wiki/Self-propelled_artillery" title="Self-propelled artillery">self-propelled</a>), <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_mine" title="Anti-tank mine">mines</a>, short-ranged infantry antitank weapons, and other tanks were used.<a href="#cite_note-EncWWII_108-451">[448]</a> Even with large-scale mechanisation, infantry remained the backbone of all forces,<a href="#cite_note-EncWWII_734-452">[449]</a> and throughout the war, most infantry were equipped similarly to World War I.<a href="#cite_note-Comp_221-453">[450]</a> The portable machine gun spread, a notable example being the German <a href="/wiki/MG_34" title="MG 34">MG 34</a>, and various <a href="/wiki/Submachine_gun" title="Submachine gun">submachine guns</a> which were suited to <a href="/wiki/Close_combat" class="mw-redirect" title="Close combat">close combat</a> in urban and jungle settings.<a href="#cite_note-Comp_221-453">[450]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Assault_rifle" title="Assault rifle">assault rifle</a>, a late war development incorporating many features of the rifle and submachine gun, became the standard post-war infantry weapon for most armed forces.<a href="#cite_note-454">[451]</a> Most major belligerents attempted to solve the problems of complexity and security involved in using large <a href="/wiki/Codebook" title="Codebook">codebooks</a> for <a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">cryptography</a> by designing <a href="/wiki/Cipher" title="Cipher">ciphering</a> machines, the most well-known being the German <a href="/wiki/Enigma_machine" title="Enigma machine">Enigma machine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-455">[452]</a> Development of <a href="/wiki/SIGINT" class="mw-redirect" title="SIGINT">SIGINT</a> (signals intelligence) and <a href="/wiki/Cryptanalysis" title="Cryptanalysis">cryptanalysis</a> enabled the countering process of decryption. Notable examples were the Allied decryption of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_naval_codes" title="Japanese naval codes">Japanese naval codes</a><a href="#cite_note-Schoenherr-456">[453]</a> and British <a href="/wiki/Ultra_(cryptography)" title="Ultra (cryptography)">Ultra</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Bombe#The_British_Bombe" title="Bombe">pioneering method</a> for decoding Enigma that benefited from information given to the United Kingdom by the <a href="/wiki/Cipher_Bureau_(Poland)#Gift_to_allies" title="Cipher Bureau (Poland)">Polish Cipher Bureau</a>, which had been decoding early versions of Enigma before the war.<a href="#cite_note-457">[454]</a> Another component of <a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">military intelligence</a> was <a href="/wiki/Deception" title="Deception">deception</a>, which the Allies used to great effect in operations such as <a href="/wiki/Operation_Mincemeat" title="Operation Mincemeat">Mincemeat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodyguard" title="Operation Bodyguard">Bodyguard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schoenherr-456">[453]</a><a href="#cite_note-458">[455]</a> Other technological and engineering feats achieved during, or as a result of, the war include the world's first programmable computers (<a href="/wiki/Z3_(computer)" title="Z3 (computer)">Z3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colossus_computer" title="Colossus computer">Colossus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC">ENIAC</a>), <a href="/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb" title="V-1 flying bomb">guided missiles</a> and <a href="/wiki/V-2_rocket" title="V-2 rocket">modern rockets</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>'s development of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">operations research</a>, the development of <a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">artificial harbours</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Pluto" title="Operation Pluto">oil pipelines under the English Channel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-459">[456]</a> <a href="/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin">Penicillin</a> was first <a href="/wiki/History_of_penicillin" title="History of penicillin">developed, mass-produced, and used</a> during the war.<a href="#cite_note-460">[457]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition to World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_III" title="World War III">World War III</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> While <a href="#Start_and_end_dates">various other dates</a> have been proposed as the date on which World War II began or ended, this is the period most frequently cited. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Often abbreviated as WWII or WW2 </li> <li id="cite_note-362"><a href="#cite_ref-362">^</a> Reparations were exacted from <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanian_People%27s_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian People's Republic">Romania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> using Soviet-dominated joint enterprises. The USSR also instituted trading arrangements deliberately designed to favour the country. Moscow controlled the Communist parties that ruled the satellite states, and they followed orders from the Kremlin. Historian Mark Kramer concludes: "The net outflow of resources from eastern Europe to the Soviet Union was approximately $15 billion to $20 billion in the first decade after World War II, an amount roughly equal to the total aid provided by the United States to western Europe under the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a>." </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 21em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinberg20056-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinberg20056_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeinberg2005">Weinberg 2005</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Wells, Anne Sharp (2014) Historical Dictionary of World War II: The War against Germany and Italy. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowman_%26_Littlefield_Publishing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rowman & Littlefield Publishing (page does not exist)">Rowman & Littlefield Publishing</a>. p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFerrisMawdsley2015" class="citation book cs1">Ferris, John; Mawdsley, Evan (2015). The Cambridge History of the Second World War, Volume I: Fighting the War. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+the+Second+World+War%2C+Volume+I%3A+Fighting+the+War&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Ferris&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Mawdsley%2C+Evan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFörsterGessler200564-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEF%C3%B6rsterGessler200564_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFF%C3%B6rsterGessler2005">Förster & Gessler 2005</a>, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Ghuhl, Wernar (2007) Imperial Japan's World War Two Transaction Publishers pp. 7, 30 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Polmar, Norman; Thomas B. Allen (1991) <a href="//archive.org/details/worldwariiameric00polm" class="extiw" title="iarchive:worldwariiameric00polm">World War II: America at war, 1941–1945</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-58530-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-58530-7">978-0-394-58530-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHett1996" class="citation journal cs1">Hett, Benjamin Carter (1 August 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=00084107&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA18672225&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs">"'Goak here': A.J.P. Taylor and 'The Origins of the Second World War.'"</a>. Canadian Journal of History. 31 (2): 257–281. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fcjh.31.2.257">10.3138/cjh.31.2.257</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0008-4107">0008-4107</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307200155/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=00084107&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA18672225&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs&userGroupName=nm_p_oweb&isGeoAuthType=true">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+History&rft.atitle=%27Goak+here%27%3A+A.J.P.+Taylor+and+%27The+Origins+of+the+Second+World+War.%27&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=257-281&rft.date=1996-08-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2Fcjh.31.2.257&rft.issn=0008-4107&rft.aulast=Hett&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+Carter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgo.gale.com%2Fps%2Fi.do%3Fp%3DAONE%26sw%3Dw%26issn%3D00084107%26v%3D2.1%26it%3Dr%26id%3DGALE%257CA18672225%26sid%3DgoogleScholar%26linkaccess%3Dabs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBen-Horin1943">Ben-Horin 1943</a>, p. 169; <a href="#CITEREFTaylor1979">Taylor 1979</a>, p. 124; Yisreelit, Hevrah Mizrahit (1965). Asian and African Studies, p. 191. For 1941 see <a href="#CITEREFTaylor1961">Taylor 1961</a>, p. vii; Kellogg, William O (2003). <a href="//archive.org/details/americanhistorye00kell" class="extiw" title="iarchive:americanhistorye00kell">American History the Easy Way</a>. Barron's Educational Series. p. 236 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7641-1973-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7641-1973-6">978-0-7641-1973-6</a>. There is also the viewpoint that both World War I and World War II are part of the same "<a href="/wiki/European_Civil_War" title="European Civil War">European Civil War</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Second_Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Second Thirty Years' War">Second Thirty Years' War</a>": <a href="#CITEREFCanfora2006">Canfora 2006</a>, p. 155; <a href="#CITEREFPrins2002">Prins 2002</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor201210-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor201210_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor2012">Beevor 2012</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2017/03/10/519462137/in-many-ways-author-says-spanish-civil-war-was-the-first-battle-of-wwii">"In Many Ways, Author Says, Spanish Civil War Was 'The First Battle Of WWII'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fresh_Air" title="Fresh Air">Fresh Air</a>. NPR. 10 March 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210416013707/https://www.npr.org/2017/03/10/519462137/in-many-ways-author-says-spanish-civil-war-was-the-first-battle-of-wwii">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fresh+Air&rft.atitle=In+Many+Ways%2C+Author+Says%2C+Spanish+Civil+War+Was+%27The+First+Battle+Of+WWII%27&rft.date=2017-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2017%2F03%2F10%2F519462137%2Fin-many-ways-author-says-spanish-civil-war-was-the-first-battle-of-wwii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank,_Willard_C.1987" class="citation journal cs1">Frank, Willard C. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40105814">"The Spanish Civil War and the Coming of the Second World War"</a>. The International History Review. 9 (3): 368–409. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07075332.1987.9640449">10.1080/07075332.1987.9640449</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40105814">40105814</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220201143429/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40105814">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2022. Retrieved 17 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+History+Review&rft.atitle=The+Spanish+Civil+War+and+the+Coming+of+the+Second+World+War&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=368-409&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07075332.1987.9640449&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40105814%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Frank%2C+Willard+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40105814&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasaya19904-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasaya19904_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasaya1990">Masaya 1990</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://usa.usembassy.de/etexts/2plusfour8994e.htm">"German-American Relations – Treaty on the Final Settlement concerning Germany"</a>. usa.usembassy.de. 12 September 1990. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120507180629/https://usa.usembassy.de/etexts/2plusfour8994e.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2012. Retrieved 6 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=German-American+Relations+%E2%80%93+Treaty+on+the+Final+Settlement+concerning+Germany&rft.pub=usa.usembassy.de&rft.date=1990-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fusa.usembassy.de%2Fetexts%2F2plusfour8994e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asiatimes.com/article/fact-box-japan-russia-never-signed-wwii-peace-treaty/">Why Japan and Russia never signed a WWII peace treaty</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180604072306/https://www.atimes.com/article/fact-box-japan-russia-never-signed-wwii-peace-treaty/">Archived</a> 4 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Asia Times. </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-17"><a href="#cite_ref-nyt_17-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1956/10/20/archives/texts-of-sovietjapanese-statements-peace-declaration-trade-protocol.html?sq=Soviet-Japanese+Joint+Declaration&scp=1&st=p">Texts of Soviet–Japanese Statements; Peace Declaration Trade Protocol.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211209133402/https://www.nytimes.com/1956/10/20/archives/texts-of-sovietjapanese-statements-peace-declaration-trade-protocol.html?sq=Soviet-Japanese+Joint+Declaration&scp=1&st=p">Archived</a> 9 December 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, page 2, 20 October 1956. Subtitle: "Moscow, October 19. (UP) – Following are the texts of a Soviet–Japanese peace declaration and of a trade protocol between the two countries, signed here today, in unofficial translation from the Russian". Quote: "The state of war between the U.S.S.R. and Japan ends on the day the present declaration enters into force [...]" </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMintz" class="citation web cs1">Mintz, Steven. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-resources/teaching-resource/historical-context-global-effect-world-war-i">"Historical Context: The Global Effect of World War I"</a>. The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240304193001/https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-resources/teaching-resource/historical-context-global-effect-world-war-i">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2024. Retrieved 4 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Gilder+Lehrman+Institute+of+American+History&rft.atitle=Historical+Context%3A+The+Global+Effect+of+World+War+I&rft.aulast=Mintz&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gilderlehrman.org%2Fhistory-resources%2Fteaching-resource%2Fhistorical-context-global-effect-world-war-i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerwarth" class="citation news cs1">Gerwarth, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/paris-peace-treaties-failed-to-create-a-secure-peaceful-and-lasting-world-order-1.3745849">"Paris Peace Treaties failed to create a secure, peaceful and lasting world order"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210814213229/https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/paris-peace-treaties-failed-to-create-a-secure-peaceful-and-lasting-world-order-1.3745849">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Paris+Peace+Treaties+failed+to+create+a+secure%2C+peaceful+and+lasting+world+order&rft.aulast=Gerwarth&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fculture%2Fheritage%2Fparis-peace-treaties-failed-to-create-a-secure-peaceful-and-lasting-world-order-1.3745849&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIngram2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbREQibN9i-sCpgPA76_76–78]-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIngram2006%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidbREQibN9i-sCpgPA76_76%E2%80%9378%5D_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIngram2006">Ingram 2006</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bREQibN9i-sC&pg=PA76">76–78</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKantowicz1999149-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKantowicz1999149_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKantowicz1999">Kantowicz 1999</a>, p. 149. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw200035-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw200035_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShaw2000">Shaw 2000</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrody19994-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrody19994_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrody1999">Brody 1999</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZalampas198962-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZalampas198962_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZalampas1989">Zalampas 1989</a>, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMandelbaum1988">Mandelbaum 1988</a>, p. 96; <a href="#CITEREFRecord2005">Record 2005</a>, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitz2000124-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitz2000124_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchmitz2000">Schmitz 2000</a>, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamthwaite199252-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamthwaite199252_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdamthwaite1992">Adamthwaite 1992</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1990298–299-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1990298%E2%80%93299_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShirer1990">Shirer 1990</a>, pp. 298–299. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston1998104-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston1998104_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPreston1998">Preston 1998</a>, p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyersPeattie1987458-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyersPeattie1987458_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMyersPeattie1987">Myers & Peattie 1987</a>, p. 458. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithSteadman200428-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithSteadman200428_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmithSteadman2004">Smith & Steadman 2004</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoogan1993">Coogan 1993</a>: "Although some Chinese troops in the Northeast managed to retreat south, others were trapped by the advancing Japanese Army and were faced with the choice of resistance in defiance of orders, or surrender. A few commanders submitted, receiving high office in the puppet government, but others took up arms against the invader. The forces they commanded were the first of the volunteer armies." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusky200210-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBusky200210_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBusky2002">Busky 2002</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrea_L._StantonEdward_RamsamyPeter_J._Seybolt2012" class="citation book cs1">Andrea L. Stanton; Edward Ramsamy; Peter J. Seybolt (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GtCL2OYsH6wC">Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia</a>. p. 308. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-8176-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-8176-7"><bdi>978-1-4129-8176-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307201327/https://books.google.com/books?id=GtCL2OYsH6wC">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Sociology+of+the+Middle+East%2C+Asia%2C+and+Africa%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=308&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-8176-7&rft.au=Andrea+L.+Stanton&rft.au=Edward+Ramsamy&rft.au=Peter+J.+Seybolt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGtCL2OYsH6wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker1971131–132-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarker1971131%E2%80%93132_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarker1971">Barker 1971</a>, pp. 131–132. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1990289-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1990289_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShirer1990">Shirer 1990</a>, p. 289. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitson2001231-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitson2001231_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKitson2001">Kitson 2001</a>, p. 231. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeulen200025-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeulen200025_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeulen2000">Neulen 2000</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2008271-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2008271_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPayne2008">Payne 2008</a>, p. 271. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2008146-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2008146_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPayne2008">Payne 2008</a>, p. 146. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEastman1986547–551-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEastman1986547%E2%80%93551_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEastman1986">Eastman 1986</a>, pp. 547–551. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hsu_&_Chang_1971_221-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Hsu_&_Chang_1971_221_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHsuChang1971">Hsu & Chang 1971</a>, pp. 195–200. </li> <li id="cite_note-Tucker2009-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Tucker2009_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2009" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer C. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC&pg=PA1873">A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East [6 volumes]: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East</a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-672-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-672-5"><bdi>978-1-85109-672-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307201303/https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC&pg=PA1873">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 27 August 2017 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Global+Chronology+of+Conflict%3A+From+the+Ancient+World+to+the+Modern+Middle+East+%5B6+volumes%5D%3A+From+the+Ancient+World+to+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-672-5&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh5_tSnygvbIC%26pg%3DPA1873&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-yang-44"><a href="#cite_ref-yang_44-0">^</a> Yang Kuisong, "On the reconstruction of the facts of the Battle of Pingxingguan" </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Levene, Mark and Roberts, Penny. The Massacre in History. 1999, pp. 223–224 </li> <li id="cite_note-tot-46"><a href="#cite_ref-tot_46-0">^</a> Totten, Samuel. Dictionary of Genocide. 2008, 298–299. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsuChang1971221–230-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHsuChang1971221%E2%80%93230_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHsuChang1971">Hsu & Chang 1971</a>, pp. 221–230. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEastman1986566-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEastman1986566_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEastman1986">Eastman 1986</a>, p. 566. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2009150–152-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2009150%E2%80%93152_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor2009">Taylor 2009</a>, pp. 150–152. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESella1983651–687-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESella1983651%E2%80%93687_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSella1983">Sella 1983</a>, pp. 651–687. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2012342-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor2012342_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor2012">Beevor 2012</a>, p. 342. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldman,_Stuart_D.2012" class="citation magazine cs1">Goldman, Stuart D. (28 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2012/08/the-forgotten-soviet-japanese-war-of-1939/">"The Forgotten Soviet-Japanese War of 1939"</a>. The Diplomat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150629092821/https://thediplomat.com/2012/08/the-forgotten-soviet-japanese-war-of-1939/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2015. Retrieved 26 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Diplomat&rft.atitle=The+Forgotten+Soviet-Japanese+War+of+1939&rft.date=2012-08-28&rft.au=Goldman%2C+Stuart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2012%2F08%2Fthe-forgotten-soviet-japanese-war-of-1939%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimothy_Neeno" class="citation web cs1">Timothy Neeno. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/20thcentury/articles/nomonhan.aspx">"Nomonhan: The Second Russo-Japanese War"</a>. MilitaryHistoryOnline.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051124070956/https://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/20thcentury/articles/nomonhan.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2005. Retrieved 26 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nomonhan%3A+The+Second+Russo-Japanese+War&rft.pub=MilitaryHistoryOnline.com&rft.au=Timothy+Neeno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.militaryhistoryonline.com%2F20thcentury%2Farticles%2Fnomonhan.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollierPedley2000144-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollierPedley2000144_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCollierPedley2000">Collier & Pedley 2000</a>, p. 144. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2001121–122-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2001121%E2%80%93122_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKershaw2001">Kershaw 2001</a>, pp. 121–122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2001157-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2001157_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKershaw2001">Kershaw 2001</a>, p. 157. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2006pp._143–144_(2008_ed.)-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2006pp._143%E2%80%93144_(2008_ed.)_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavies2006">Davies 2006</a>, pp. 143–144 (2008 ed.). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1990461–462-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1990461%E2%80%93462_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShirer1990">Shirer 1990</a>, pp. 461–462. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoweMarzari2002330-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoweMarzari2002330_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLoweMarzari2002">Lowe & Marzari 2002</a>, p. 330. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDearFoot2001234-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDearFoot2001234_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDearFoot2001">Dear & Foot 2001</a>, p. 234. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1990471-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1990471_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShirer1990">Shirer 1990</a>, p. 471. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShore2003108-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShore2003108_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShore2003">Shore 2003</a>, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2000" class="citation journal cs1">Watson, Derek (2000). "Molotov's Apprenticeship in Foreign Policy: The Triple Alliance Negotiations in 1939". Europe-Asia Studies. 52 (4): 695–722. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F713663077">10.1080/713663077</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/153322">153322</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144385167">144385167</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Europe-Asia+Studies&rft.atitle=Molotov%27s+Apprenticeship+in+Foreign+Policy%3A+The+Triple+Alliance+Negotiations+in+1939&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=695-722&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144385167%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F153322%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F713663077&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Derek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDearFoot2001608-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDearFoot2001608_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDearFoot2001">Dear & Foot 2001</a>, p. 608. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/DAP-Poland/Campaign-II.html#chapter5">"The German Campaign In Poland (1939)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140524013551/https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/DAP-Poland/Campaign-II.html#chapter5">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+German+Campaign+In+Poland+%281939%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FUSA%2FDAP-Poland%2FCampaign-II.html%23chapter5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ww2db_com-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ww2db_com_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ww2db_com_66-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ww2db.com/battle_spec.php?battle_id=162">"The Danzig Crisis"</a>. ww2db.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160505010109/https://ww2db.com/battle_spec.php?battle_id=162">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2016. Retrieved 29 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ww2db.com&rft.atitle=The+Danzig+Crisis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fww2db.com%2Fbattle_spec.php%3Fbattle_id%3D162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ibiblio1939-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ibiblio1939_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ibiblio1939_67-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibiblio.org/pha/events/1939.html">"Major international events of 1939, with explanation"</a>. Ibiblio.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130310103815/https://www.ibiblio.org/pha/events/1939.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2013. Retrieved 9 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Major+international+events+of+1939%2C+with+explanation&rft.pub=Ibiblio.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fpha%2Fevents%2F1939.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans20081–2-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans20081%E2%80%932_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2008">Evans 2008</a>, pp. 1–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-Zabecki2015-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Zabecki2015_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_T._Zabecki2015" class="citation book cs1">David T. Zabecki (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mq_lCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT1663">World War II in Europe: An Encyclopedia</a>. Routledge. p. 1663. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-81242-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-81242-3"><bdi>978-1-135-81242-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307201256/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mq_lCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT1663">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 17 June 2019. <q>The earliest fighting started at 0445 hours when marines from the battleship Schleswig-Holstein attempted to storm a small Polish fort in Danzig, the Westerplate</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+II+in+Europe%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=1663&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-135-81242-3&rft.au=David+T.+Zabecki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMq_lCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT1663&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1939)" title="United Kingdom declaration of war on Germany (1939)">The UK declared war on Germany</a> at 11 am. <a href="/wiki/French_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1939)" title="French declaration of war on Germany (1939)">France followed 6 hours later</a> at 5 pm. </li> <li id="cite_note-Keegan_1997_35-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Keegan_1997_35_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeegan1997">Keegan 1997</a>, p. 35. <a href="#CITEREFCienciala2010">Cienciala 2010</a>, p. 128, observes that, while it is true that Poland was far away, making it difficult for the French and British to provide support, "[f]ew Western historians of World War II ... know that the British had committed to bomb Germany if it attacked Poland, but did not do so except for one raid on the base of Wilhelmshaven. The French, who committed to attacking Germany in the west, had no intention of doing so." </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor2012">Beevor 2012</a>, p. 32; <a href="#CITEREFDearFoot2001">Dear & Foot 2001</a>, pp. 248–249; <a href="#CITEREFRoskill1954">Roskill 1954</a>, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.co.uk/history-of-ww2/battle-of-the-atlantic">"Battle of the Atlantic"</a>. Sky HISTORY TV channel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220520073745/https://www.history.co.uk/history-of-ww2/battle-of-the-atlantic">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 11 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sky+HISTORY+TV+channel&rft.atitle=Battle+of+the+Atlantic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.co.uk%2Fhistory-of-ww2%2Fbattle-of-the-atlantic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaloga200280,_83-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaloga200280,_83_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZaloga2002">Zaloga 2002</a>, pp. 80, 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGinsburgs1958" class="citation journal cs1">Ginsburgs, George (1958). "A Case Study in the Soviet Use of International Law: Eastern Poland in 1939". The American Journal of International Law. 52 (1): 69–84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2195670">10.2307/2195670</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2195670">2195670</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146904066">146904066</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=A+Case+Study+in+the+Soviet+Use+of+International+Law%3A+Eastern+Poland+in+1939&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=69-84&rft.date=1958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146904066%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2195670%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2195670&rft.aulast=Ginsburgs&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHempel200524-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHempel200524_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHempel2005">Hempel 2005</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaloga200288–89-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaloga200288%E2%80%9389_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZaloga2002">Zaloga 2002</a>, pp. 88–89. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Nuremberg Documents C-62/GB86, a directive from Hitler in October 1939 which concludes: "The attack [on France] is to be launched this Autumn if conditions are at all possible." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiddell_Hart197739–40-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiddell_Hart197739%E2%80%9340_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLiddell_Hart1977">Liddell Hart 1977</a>, pp. 39–40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullock1990pp._563–564,_566,_568–569,_574–575_(1983_ed.)-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBullock1990pp._563%E2%80%93564,_566,_568%E2%80%93569,_574%E2%80%93575_(1983_ed.)_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBullock1990">Bullock 1990</a>, pp. 563–564, 566, 568–569, 574–575 (1983 ed.). </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Blitzkrieg: From the Rise of Hitler to the Fall of Dunkirk, L Deighton, Jonathan Cape, 1993, pp. 186–187. Deighton states that "the offensive was postponed twenty-nine times before it finally took place." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithPabriksPursLane200224-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithPabriksPursLane200224_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmithPabriksPursLane2002">Smith et al. 2002</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilinsky19999-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBilinsky19999_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBilinsky19999_83-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBilinsky1999">Bilinsky 1999</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurrayMillett200155–56-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurrayMillett200155%E2%80%9356_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMurrayMillett2001">Murray & Millett 2001</a>, pp. 55–56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpring1986207–226-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpring1986207%E2%80%93226_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpring1986">Spring 1986</a>, pp. 207–226. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Carl van Dyke. The Soviet Invasion of Finland. Frank Cass Publishers, Portland, OR. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4753-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4753-1">978-0-7146-4753-1</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassari2015" class="citation web cs1">Massari, Ivano (18 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.warhistoryonline.com/war-articles/winter-war-finland.html">"The Winter War – When the Finns Humiliated the Russians"</a>. War History Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211219185618/https://www.warhistoryonline.com/war-articles/winter-war-finland.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Winter+War+%E2%80%93+When+the+Finns+Humiliated+the+Russians&rft.pub=War+History+Online&rft.date=2015-08-18&rft.aulast=Massari&rft.aufirst=Ivano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.warhistoryonline.com%2Fwar-articles%2Fwinter-war-finland.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanhimäki199712-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanhim%C3%A4ki199712_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHanhim%C3%A4ki1997">Hanhimäki 1997</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDearFoot2001745,_975-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDearFoot2001745,_975_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDearFoot2001">Dear & Foot 2001</a>, pp. 745, 975. </li> <li id="cite_note-Haynes-2000-90"><a href="#cite_ref-Haynes-2000_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaynes2000" class="citation book cs1">Haynes, Rebecca (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b_I-AQAAIAAJ">Romanian policy towards Germany, 1936–40</a>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. p. 205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-23260-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-23260-3"><bdi>978-0-312-23260-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307201243/https://books.google.com/books?id=b_I-AQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2023. 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<a href="#CITEREFUS_Army1986">US Army 1986</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/balkan/20_260_1.htm">4–6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJowett20019–10-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJowett20019%E2%80%9310_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJowett2001">Jowett 2001</a>, pp. 9–10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2006106-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2006106_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJackson2006">Jackson 2006</a>, p. 106. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaurier20017–8-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaurier20017%E2%80%938_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLaurier2001">Laurier 2001</a>, pp. 7–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurrayMillett2001263–276-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurrayMillett2001263%E2%80%93276_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMurrayMillett2001">Murray & Millett 2001</a>, pp. 263–276. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1989174–175-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1989174%E2%80%93175_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1989">Gilbert 1989</a>, pp. 174–175. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1989184–187-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1989184%E2%80%93187_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1989">Gilbert 1989</a>, pp. 184–187. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1989208,_575,_604-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1989208,_575,_604_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1989">Gilbert 1989</a>, pp. 208, 575, 604. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson200380-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson200380_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWatson2003">Watson 2003</a>, p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrisey2019" class="citation cs2">Morrisey, Will (2019), "What Churchill and De Gaulle learned from the Great War", Winston Churchill, Routledge, pp. 119–126, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780429027642-6">10.4324/9780429027642-6</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-02764-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-02764-2"><bdi>978-0-429-02764-2</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:189257503">189257503</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=What+Churchill+and+De+Gaulle+learned+from+the+Great+War&rft.btitle=Winston+Churchill&rft.pages=119-126&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A189257503%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780429027642-6&rft.isbn=978-0-429-02764-2&rft.aulast=Morrisey&rft.aufirst=Will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarver1988114-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarver1988114_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarver1988">Garver 1988</a>, p. 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinberg2005195-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinberg2005195_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeinberg2005">Weinberg 2005</a>, p. 195. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray1983[httpswwwibiblioorghyperwarAAFAAF-LuftwaffeAAF-Luftwaffe-3html_69]-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurray1983%5BhttpswwwibiblioorghyperwarAAFAAF-LuftwaffeAAF-Luftwaffe-3html_69%5D_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMurray1983">Murray 1983</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/AAF-Luftwaffe/AAF-Luftwaffe-3.html">69</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-GSWW4_26-135"><a href="#cite_ref-GSWW4_26_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFF%C3%B6rster1998">Förster 1998</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-GSWW4_38-136"><a href="#cite_ref-GSWW4_38_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFF%C3%B6rster1998">Förster 1998</a>, pp. 38–42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1990810–812-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1990810%E2%80%93812_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShirer1990">Shirer 1990</a>, pp. 810–812. </li> <li id="cite_note-Events1941-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Events1941_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Events1941_138-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKloozWiley1944" class="citation cs2">Klooz, Marle; Wiley, Evelyn (1944), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibiblio.org/pha/events/">Events leading up to World War II – Chronological History</a>, 78th Congress, 2d Session – House Document N. 541, Director: Humphrey, Richard A., Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, pp. 267–312 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibiblio.org/pha/events/1941.html">1941</a>), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131214113907/https://www.ibiblio.org/pha/events/">archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2013, retrieved 9 May 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Events+leading+up+to+World+War+II+%E2%80%93+Chronological+History&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.series=78th+Congress%2C+2d+Session+%E2%80%93+House+Document+N.+541&rft.pages=pp.+267-312+%281941%29&rft.pub=US+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1944&rft.aulast=Klooz&rft.aufirst=Marle&rft.au=Wiley%2C+Evelyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fpha%2Fevents%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESella1978555-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESella1978555_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSella1978">Sella 1978</a>, p. 555. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw200766–69-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw200766%E2%80%9369_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKershaw2007">Kershaw 2007</a>, pp. 66–69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinberg1995-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinberg1995_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteinberg1995">Steinberg 1995</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHauner1978-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHauner1978_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHauner1978">Hauner 1978</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts1995-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts1995_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoberts1995">Roberts 1995</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilt1981-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilt1981_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilt1981">Wilt 1981</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson2003114–137-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson2003114%E2%80%93137_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFErickson2003">Erickson 2003</a>, pp. 114–137. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz20019-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz20019_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGlantz2001">Glantz 2001</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarrell1993-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarrell1993_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarrell1993">Farrell 1993</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeeble199029-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeeble199029_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeeble1990">Keeble 1990</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2012220-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor2012220_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor2012">Beevor 2012</a>, p. 220. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBueno_de_MesquitaSmithSiversonMorrow2003425-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBueno_de_MesquitaSmithSiversonMorrow2003425_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBueno_de_MesquitaSmithSiversonMorrow2003">Bueno de Mesquita et al. 2003</a>, p. 425. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinfeld1983-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleinfeld1983_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKleinfeld1983">Kleinfeld 1983</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2001113-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2001113_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJukes2001">Jukes 2001</a>, p. 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGlantz2001">Glantz 2001</a>, p. 26: "By 1 November [the Wehrmacht] had lost fully 20% of its committed strength (686,000 men), up to 2/3 of its ½ million motor vehicles, and 65 percent of its tanks. The German Army High Command (OKH) rated its 136 divisions as equivalent to 83 full-strength divisions." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReinhardt1992227-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReinhardt1992227_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReinhardt1992">Reinhardt 1992</a>, p. 227. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilward1964-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilward1964_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMilward1964">Milward 1964</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERotundo1986-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERotundo1986_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRotundo1986">Rotundo 1986</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz200126-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz200126_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGlantz2001">Glantz 2001</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeighton1993" class="citation book cs1">Deighton, Len (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bloodtearsfollyo0000deig_v3m3">Blood, Tears and Folly</a>. London: Pimlico. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bloodtearsfollyo0000deig_v3m3/page/479">479</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-6226-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-6226-0"><bdi>978-0-7126-6226-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blood%2C+Tears+and+Folly&rft.place=London&rft.pages=479&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7126-6226-0&rft.aulast=Deighton&rft.aufirst=Len&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbloodtearsfollyo0000deig_v3m3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor1998">Beevor 1998</a>, pp. 41–42; <a href="#CITEREFEvans2008">Evans 2008</a>, pp. 213–214, notes that "Zhukov had pushed the Germans back where they had launched Operation Typhoon two months before. ... Only Stalin's decision to attack all along the front instead of concentrating his forces in an all-out assault against the retreating German Army Group Centre prevented the disaster from being even worse." </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibiblio.org/pha/paw/">"Peace and War: United States Foreign Policy, 1931–1941"</a>. U.S. Department of State Publication (1983): 87–97. 1983. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220114073007/http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/paw/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2022. Retrieved 17 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+State+Publication&rft.atitle=Peace+and+War%3A+United+States+Foreign+Policy%2C+1931%E2%80%931941&rft.issue=1983&rft.pages=87-97&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fpha%2Fpaw%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceC-161"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_161-0">^</a> Maechling, Charles. Pearl Harbor: The First Energy War. History Today. December 2000 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJowettAndrew200214-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJowettAndrew200214_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJowettAndrew2002">Jowett & Andrew 2002</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOveryWheatcroft1999289-163"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOveryWheatcroft1999289_163-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOveryWheatcroft1999">Overy & Wheatcroft 1999</a>, p. 289. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoes2004224-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoes2004224_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoes2004">Joes 2004</a>, p. 224. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairbankGoldman2006320-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFairbankGoldman2006320_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFairbankGoldman2006">Fairbank & Goldman 2006</a>, p. 320. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsuChang197130-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHsuChang197130_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHsuChang1971">Hsu & Chang 1971</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsuChang197133-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHsuChang197133_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHsuChang1971">Hsu & Chang 1971</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-P-Strategy/Strategy-2.html">"Japanese Policy and Strategy 1931 – July 1941"</a>. 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US Army in WWII – Strategy, and Command: The First Two Years. pp. 113–127. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130525064812/https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-P-Strategy/Strategy-5.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2013. Retrieved 15 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+Army+in+WWII+%E2%80%93+Strategy%2C+and+Command%3A+The+First+Two+Years&rft.atitle=The+decision+for+War&rft.pages=113-127&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FUSA%2FUSA-P-Strategy%2FStrategy-5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USAWWIIcp4-173">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USAWWIIcp4_173-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USAWWIIcp4_173-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-WD-Strategic1/USA-WD-Strategic1-4.html">"The Showdown With Japan Aug–Dec 1941"</a>. US Army in WWII – Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare. pp. 63–96. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121109144920/https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-WD-Strategic1/USA-WD-Strategic1-4.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+Army+in+WWII+%E2%80%93+Strategic+Planning+for+Coalition+Warfare&rft.atitle=The+Showdown+With+Japan+Aug%E2%80%93Dec+1941&rft.pages=63-96&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FUSA%2FUSA-WD-Strategic1%2FUSA-WD-Strategic1-4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBix2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_P._Bix" title="Herbert P. 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HarperPerennial. pp. 399–414. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-256051-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-256051-3"><bdi>978-0-06-256051-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hirohito+and+the+making+of+modern+Japan&rft.pages=399-414&rft.pub=HarperPerennial&rft.date=2016-11-03&rft.isbn=978-0-06-256051-3&rft.aulast=Bix&rft.aufirst=Herbert+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitano2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kitano, Ryuichi (6 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/14496398">"Diary: Hirohito prepared for U.S. war before Pearl Harbor attack"</a>. The Asahi Shimbun. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220417192302/https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/14496398">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2022. Retrieved 8 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Asahi+Shimbun&rft.atitle=Diary%3A+Hirohito+prepared+for+U.S.+war+before+Pearl+Harbor+attack&rft.date=2021-12-06&rft.aulast=Kitano&rft.aufirst=Ryuichi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asahi.com%2Fajw%2Farticles%2F14496398&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFujiwara1991" class="citation book cs1">Fujiwara, Akira (1991). Shōwa tennō no jūgo-nen sensō. p. 126, citing Kenji Tomita's diary.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sh%C5%8Dwa+tenn%C5%8D+no+j%C5%ABgo-nen+sens%C5%8D&rft.pages=126%2C+citing+Kenji+Tomita%27s+diary&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Fujiwara&rft.aufirst=Akira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> Bix, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, pp. 417–420 </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> Bix, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, p. 418 </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWetzler1998" class="citation book cs1">Wetzler, Peter (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BWqEkwH1KRMC&pg=PA29">Hirohito and War: Imperial Tradition and Military Decision Making in Prewar Japan</a>. University of Hawai'i Press. pp. 29, 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1925-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1925-5"><bdi>978-0-8248-1925-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240315182053/https://books.google.com/books?id=BWqEkwH1KRMC&pg=PA29">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2024. Retrieved 15 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hirohito+and+War%3A+Imperial+Tradition+and+Military+Decision+Making+in+Prewar+Japan&rft.pages=29%2C+35&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%27i+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-1925-5&rft.aulast=Wetzler&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBWqEkwH1KRMC%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> Bix, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, p. 424 </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibiblio.org/pha/pha/congress/app-d.html#363">The United States Replies</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130429222741/https://www.ibiblio.org/pha/pha/congress/app-d.html#363">Archived</a> 29 April 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Investigation of the Pearl Harbor attack. </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPainter2012">Painter 2012</a>, p. 26: "The United States cut off oil exports to Japan in the summer of 1941, forcing Japanese leaders to choose between going to war to seize the oil fields of the Netherlands East Indies or giving in to U.S. pressure." </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWood2007">Wood 2007</a>, p. 9, listing various military and diplomatic developments, observes that "the threat to Japan was not purely economic." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELightbody2004125-184"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELightbody2004125_184-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLightbody2004">Lightbody 2004</a>, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeinberg2005">Weinberg 2005</a>, p. 310 </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDower1986">Dower 1986</a>, p. 5, calls attention to the fact that "the Allied struggle against Japan exposed the racist underpinnings of the European and American colonial structure. Japan did not invade independent countries in southern Asia. It invaded colonial outposts which the Westerners had dominated for generations, taking absolutely for granted their racial and cultural superiority over their Asian subjects." Dower goes on to note that, before the horrors of Japanese occupation made themselves felt, many Asians responded favourably to the victories of the Imperial Japanese forces. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood200711–12-187"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood200711%E2%80%9312_187-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWood2007">Wood 2007</a>, pp. 11–12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWohlstetter1962341–343-188">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWohlstetter1962341%E2%80%93343_188-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWohlstetter1962341%E2%80%93343_188-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWohlstetter1962">Wohlstetter 1962</a>, pp. 341–343. </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Keegan" title="John Keegan">Keegan, John</a> (1989) The Second World War. New York: Viking. pp. 256–257. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0399504341" title="Special:BookSources/978-0399504341">978-0399504341</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunn1998">Dunn 1998</a>, p. 157. According to <a href="#CITEREFMay1955">May 1955</a>, p. 155, Churchill stated: "Russian declaration of war on Japan would be greatly to our advantage, provided, but only provided, that Russians are confident that will not impair their Western Front." </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_Declaration_of_War_against_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="s:Adolf Hitler's Declaration of War against the United States">Adolf Hitler's Declaration of War against the United States</a> in Wikisource. </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKloozWiley1944" class="citation cs2">Klooz, Marle; Wiley, Evelyn (1944), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibiblio.org/pha/events/">Events leading up to World War II – Chronological History</a>, 78th Congress, 2d Session – House Document N. 541, Director: Humphrey, Richard A., Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, p. 310 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibiblio.org/pha/events/1941.html">1941</a>), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131214113907/https://www.ibiblio.org/pha/events/">archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2013, retrieved 9 May 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Events+leading+up+to+World+War+II+%E2%80%93+Chronological+History&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.series=78th+Congress%2C+2d+Session+%E2%80%93+House+Document+N.+541&rft.pages=p.+310+%281941%29&rft.pub=US+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1944&rft.aulast=Klooz&rft.aufirst=Marle&rft.au=Wiley%2C+Evelyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fpha%2Fevents%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworthMaiolo2015313–314-193"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworthMaiolo2015313%E2%80%93314_193-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBosworthMaiolo2015">Bosworth & Maiolo 2015</a>, pp. 313–314. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMingstKarns200722-194"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMingstKarns200722_194-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMingstKarns2007">Mingst & Karns 2007</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1990904-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1990904_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShirer1990">Shirer 1990</a>, p. 904. </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-WD-Strategic1/USA-WD-Strategic1-5.html">"The First Full Dress Debate over Strategic Deployment. Dec 1941 – Jan 1942"</a>. US Army in WWII – Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare. pp. 97–119. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121109145033/https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-WD-Strategic1/USA-WD-Strategic1-5.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2012. Retrieved 16 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+Army+in+WWII+%E2%80%93+Strategic+Planning+for+Coalition+Warfare&rft.atitle=The+First+Full+Dress+Debate+over+Strategic+Deployment.+Dec+1941+%E2%80%93+Jan+1942&rft.pages=97-119&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FUSA%2FUSA-WD-Strategic1%2FUSA-WD-Strategic1-5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-WD-Strategic1/USA-WD-Strategic1-12.html">"The Elimination of the Alternatives. Jul–Aug 1942"</a>. US Army in WWII – Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare. pp. 266–292. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130430013447/https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-WD-Strategic1/USA-WD-Strategic1-12.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2013. Retrieved 16 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+Army+in+WWII+%E2%80%93+Strategic+Planning+for+Coalition+Warfare&rft.atitle=The+Elimination+of+the+Alternatives.+Jul%E2%80%93Aug+1942&rft.pages=266-292&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FUSA%2FUSA-WD-Strategic1%2FUSA-WD-Strategic1-12.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-WD-Strategic2/USA-WD-Strategic2-1.html">"Casablanca – Beginning of an Era: January 1943"</a>. US Army in WWII – Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare. pp. 18–42. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130525075310/https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-WD-Strategic2/USA-WD-Strategic2-1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2013. Retrieved 16 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+Army+in+WWII+%E2%80%93+Strategic+Planning+for+Coalition+Warfare&rft.atitle=Casablanca+%E2%80%93+Beginning+of+an+Era%3A+January+1943&rft.pages=18-42&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FUSA%2FUSA-WD-Strategic2%2FUSA-WD-Strategic2-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-WD-Strategic2/USA-WD-Strategic2-6.html">"The Trident Conference – New Patterns: May 1943"</a>. US Army in WWII – Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare. pp. 126–145. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130525100621/https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-WD-Strategic2/USA-WD-Strategic2-6.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2013. Retrieved 16 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+Army+in+WWII+%E2%80%93+Strategic+Planning+for+Coalition+Warfare&rft.atitle=The+Trident+Conference+%E2%80%93+New+Patterns%3A+May+1943&rft.pages=126-145&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FUSA%2FUSA-WD-Strategic2%2FUSA-WD-Strategic2-6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2012247–267,_345-200"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor2012247%E2%80%93267,_345_200-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor2012">Beevor 2012</a>, pp. 247–267, 345. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1953p._529_(Table_11)-201"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis1953p._529_(Table_11)_201-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewis1953">Lewis 1953</a>, p. 529 (Table 11). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlim195671–74-202"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlim195671%E2%80%9374_202-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlim1956">Slim 1956</a>, pp. 71–74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrove1995362-203"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrove1995362_203-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrove1995">Grove 1995</a>, p. 362. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECh'i1992158-204"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECh'i1992158_204-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCh'i1992">Ch'i 1992</a>, p. 158. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerez1998145-205"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerez1998145_205-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPerez1998">Perez 1998</a>, p. 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddox1992111–112-206"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddox1992111%E2%80%93112_206-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaddox1992">Maddox 1992</a>, pp. 111–112. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalecker2001186-207"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalecker2001186_207-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalecker2001">Salecker 2001</a>, p. 186. </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchoppa2011">Schoppa 2011</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lILltXBTo8oC&pg=PA19">Chevrier & Chomiczewski & Garrigue 2004</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRopp2000">Ropp 2000</a>, p. 368. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinberg2005339-211"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinberg2005339_211-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeinberg2005">Weinberg 2005</a>, p. 339. </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert2003" class="citation book cs1">Gilbert, Adrian (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwa0000gilb/page/259">The Encyclopedia of Warfare: From Earliest Times to the Present Day</a>. Globe Pequot. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwa0000gilb/page/259">259</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59228-027-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59228-027-8"><bdi>978-1-59228-027-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190719123035/https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwa0000gilb/page/259">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2019. 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The weeks after the fall of Rome saw a dramatic upswing in German atrocities in Italy (<a href="#CITEREFMazower2008">Mazower 2008</a>, pp. 500–502). 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Museum of the Slovak National Uprising. Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of the Slovak Republic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200519024459/https://www.mzv.sk/documents/10182/2369491/BROZURA_70_VYROCIE_SNP_indd.pdf/007d0f33-4aa1-4e3a-95ae-5ef5096360d3">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2020. Retrieved 27 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Museum+of+the+Slovak+National+Uprising&rft.atitle=Slovak+National+Uprising+1944&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mzv.sk%2Fdocuments%2F10182%2F2369491%2FBROZURA_70_VYROCIE_SNP_indd.pdf%2F007d0f33-4aa1-4e3a-95ae-5ef5096360d3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-countrystudies.us-281"><a href="#cite_ref-countrystudies.us_281-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://countrystudies.us/romania/23.htm">"Armistice Negotiations and Soviet Occupation"</a>. US Library of Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110430001849/https://countrystudies.us/romania/23.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2011. 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Review of Croatian History. VIII (1). Croatian Institute of History: 117. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117064114/https://hrcak.srce.hr/103223?lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2015. 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Retrieved 12 July 2023. <q>Kwoka was murdered with a phenol injection to the heart a few weeks later.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Color+photo+of+girl+at+Auschwitz+strikes+chord&rft.date=2018-03-19&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fcolorized-photo-of-girl-at-auschwitz-strikes-chord-on-social-media%2Fa-43033478&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-409"><a href="#cite_ref-409">^</a> J. Arch Getty, Gábor T. Rittersporn and Viktor N. Zemskov. Victims of the Soviet Penal System in the Pre-War Years: A First Approach on the Basisof Archival Evidence. The American Historical Review, Vol. 98, No. 4 (Oct. 1993), pp. 1017–49 </li> <li id="cite_note-410"><a href="#cite_ref-410">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFApplebaum2003">Applebaum 2003</a>, pp. 389–396. </li> <li id="cite_note-411"><a href="#cite_ref-411">^</a> Zemskov V.N. On repatriation of Soviet citizens. Istoriya SSSR., 1990, No. 4, (in Russian). See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://scepsis.ru/library/id_1234.html">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111014134645/https://scepsis.ru/library/id_1234.html">Archived</a> 14 October 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (online version), and <a href="#CITEREFBacon1992">Bacon 1992</a>; <a href="#CITEREFEllman2002">Ellman 2002</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-412"><a href="#cite_ref-412">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030727223501/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/bataan/peopleevents/e_atrocities.html">"Japanese Atrocities in the Philippines"</a>. American Experience: the Bataan Rescue. PBS Online. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/bataan/peopleevents/e_atrocities.html">the original</a> on 27 July 2003. Retrieved 18 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Experience%3A+the+Bataan+Rescue&rft.atitle=Japanese+Atrocities+in+the+Philippines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famex%2Fbataan%2Fpeopleevents%2Fe_atrocities.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-413"><a href="#cite_ref-413">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTanaka1996">Tanaka 1996</a>, pp. 2–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-414"><a href="#cite_ref-414">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBix2000">Bix 2000</a>, p. 360. </li> <li id="cite_note-zhifen2002-415">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zhifen2002_415-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-zhifen2002_415-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJu2002" class="citation web cs1">Ju, Zhifen (June 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120521093637/https://www.fas.harvard.edu/~asiactr/sino-japanese/session6.htm">"Japan's Atrocities of Conscripting and Abusing North China Draftees after the Outbreak of the Pacific War"</a>. Joint Study of the Sino-Japanese War: Minutes of the June 2002 Conference. Harvard University Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fas.harvard.edu/~asiactr/sino-japanese/session6.htm">the original</a> on 21 May 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Joint+Study+of+the+Sino-Japanese+War%3A+Minutes+of+the+June+2002+Conference&rft.atitle=Japan%27s+Atrocities+of+Conscripting+and+Abusing+North+China+Draftees+after+the+Outbreak+of+the+Pacific+War&rft.date=2002-06&rft.aulast=Ju&rft.aufirst=Zhifen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fas.harvard.edu%2F~asiactr%2Fsino-japanese%2Fsession6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-indonesiaww2-416">^ <a href="#cite_ref-indonesiaww2_416-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-indonesiaww2_416-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+id0029)">"Indonesia: World War II and the Struggle For Independence, 1942–50; The Japanese Occupation, 1942–45"</a>. Library of Congress. 1992. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041030225658/https://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+id0029%29">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2004. Retrieved 9 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indonesia%3A+World+War+II+and+the+Struggle+For+Independence%2C+1942%E2%80%9350%3B+The+Japanese+Occupation%2C+1942%E2%80%9345&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bid0029%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-417"><a href="#cite_ref-417">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLiberman1996">Liberman 1996</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-Milward_1979_138-418"><a href="#cite_ref-Milward_1979_138_418-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMilward1992">Milward 1992</a>, p. 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-Milward_1992_148-419"><a href="#cite_ref-Milward_1992_148_419-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMilward1992">Milward 1992</a>, p. 148. </li> <li id="cite_note-420"><a href="#cite_ref-420">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarberHarrison2006">Barber & Harrison 2006</a>, p. 232. </li> <li id="cite_note-421"><a href="#cite_ref-421">^</a> Institute of National Remembrance, Polska 1939–1945 Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami. Materski and Szarota. p. 9 "Total Polish population losses under German occupation are currently calculated at about 2 770 000". </li> <li id="cite_note-422"><a href="#cite_ref-422">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHill2005">Hill 2005</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-423"><a href="#cite_ref-423">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChristoffersonChristofferson2006">Christofferson & Christofferson 2006</a>, p. 156 </li> <li id="cite_note-424"><a href="#cite_ref-424">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRadtke1997">Radtke 1997</a>, p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-GSWW6_266-425">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GSWW6_266_425-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GSWW6_266_425-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRahn2001">Rahn 2001</a>, p. 266. </li> <li id="cite_note-426"><a href="#cite_ref-426">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeith1939" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Kenneth_Leith" title="Charles Kenneth Leith">Leith, C. K.</a> (July 1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/1021443">"The Struggle for Mineral Resources"</a>. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 204, Democracy and the Americas: 42–48. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1021443">1021443</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240126024338/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1021443">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2024. Retrieved 26 January 2024. <q>[...] mineral raw materials [...] are the basis of industrial power, and this in turn is the basis of military power. [...] England and the United States of America alone control economic proportions of nearly three-fourths of the world's production of minerals. Not less important, they control the seas over which the products must pass.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Annals+of+the+American+Academy+of+Political+and+Social+Science&rft.atitle=The+Struggle+for+Mineral+Resources&rft.volume=204%2C+Democracy+and+the+Americas&rft.pages=42-48&rft.date=1939-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1021443%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Leith&rft.aufirst=C.+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1021443&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6Econ3-427">^ <a href="#cite_ref-6Econ3_427-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-6Econ3_427-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarrison1998">Harrison 1998</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-428"><a href="#cite_ref-428">^</a> Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2016" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Mark R. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AcqADAAAQBAJ">Destructive Creation: American Business and the Winning of World War II</a>. American Business, Politics, and Society (reprint ed.). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-9354-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-9354-8"><bdi>978-0-8122-9354-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307201318/https://books.google.com/books?id=AcqADAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2019. <q>By producing nearly two thirds of the munitions used by Allied forces – including huge numbers of aircraft, ships, tanks, trucks, rifles, artillery shells, and bombs – American industry became what President Franklin D. Roosevelt once called 'the arsenal of democracy' [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Destructive+Creation%3A+American+Business+and+the+Winning+of+World+War+II&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.series=American+Business%2C+Politics%2C+and+Society&rft.pages=2&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-9354-8&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Mark+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAcqADAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6Econ2-429"><a href="#cite_ref-6Econ2_429-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarrison1998">Harrison 1998</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-430"><a href="#cite_ref-430">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBernstein1991">Bernstein 1991</a>, p. 267. </li> <li id="cite_note-431"><a href="#cite_ref-431">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffith1999" class="citation book cs1">Griffith, Charles (1999). The Quest: Haywood Hansell and American Strategic Bombing in World War II. Diane Publishing. p. 203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58566-069-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58566-069-8"><bdi>978-1-58566-069-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quest%3A+Haywood+Hansell+and+American+Strategic+Bombing+in+World+War+II&rft.pages=203&rft.pub=Diane+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-58566-069-8&rft.aulast=Griffith&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-432"><a href="#cite_ref-432">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOvery1994">Overy 1994</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-433"><a href="#cite_ref-433">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBBSU1998">BBSU 1998</a>, p. 84; <a href="#CITEREFLindbergTodd2001">Lindberg & Todd 2001</a>, p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-434"><a href="#cite_ref-434">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnidas2005" class="citation book cs1">Unidas, Naciones (2005). World Economic And Social Survey 2004: International Migration. United Nations Pubns. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-1-109147-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-1-109147-2"><bdi>978-92-1-109147-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Economic+And+Social+Survey+2004%3A+International+Migration&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=United+Nations+Pubns&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-92-1-109147-2&rft.aulast=Unidas&rft.aufirst=Naciones&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EncWWII_76-435"><a href="#cite_ref-EncWWII_76_435-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTuckerRoberts2004">Tucker & Roberts 2004</a>, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-436"><a href="#cite_ref-436">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevine1992">Levine 1992</a>, p. 227. </li> <li id="cite_note-437"><a href="#cite_ref-437">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKlavansDi_BenedettoPrudom1997">Klavans, Di Benedetto & Prudom 1997</a>; <a href="#CITEREFWard2010">Ward 2010</a>, pp. 247–251. </li> <li id="cite_note-EncWWII_163-438"><a href="#cite_ref-EncWWII_163_438-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTuckerRoberts2004">Tucker & Roberts 2004</a>, p. 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-439"><a href="#cite_ref-439">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBishopChant2004" class="citation book cs1">Bishop, Chris; Chant, Chris (2004). Aircraft Carriers: The World's Greatest Naval Vessels and Their Aircraft. Wigston, Leics: Silverdale Books. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84509-079-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84509-079-1"><bdi>978-1-84509-079-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aircraft+Carriers%3A+The+World%27s+Greatest+Naval+Vessels+and+Their+Aircraft&rft.place=Wigston%2C+Leics&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Silverdale+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84509-079-1&rft.aulast=Bishop&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Chant%2C+Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-440"><a href="#cite_ref-440">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenowethNihart2005" class="citation book cs1">Chenoweth, H. Avery; Nihart, Brooke (2005). Semper Fi: The Definitive Illustrated History of the U.S. Marines. New York: Main Street. p. 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-3099-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-3099-3"><bdi>978-1-4027-3099-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Semper+Fi%3A+The+Definitive+Illustrated+History+of+the+U.S.+Marines&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=Main+Street&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4027-3099-3&rft.aulast=Chenoweth&rft.aufirst=H.+Avery&rft.au=Nihart%2C+Brooke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-441"><a href="#cite_ref-441">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSumnerBaker2001">Sumner & Baker 2001</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-442"><a href="#cite_ref-442">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHearn2007">Hearn 2007</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-443"><a href="#cite_ref-443">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGardinerBrown2004">Gardiner & Brown 2004</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bur&Ryd_1995_15-444"><a href="#cite_ref-Bur&Ryd_1995_15_444-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurcherRydill1995">Burcher & Rydill 1995</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bur&Ryd_1995_16-445"><a href="#cite_ref-Bur&Ryd_1995_16_445-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurcherRydill1995">Burcher & Rydill 1995</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-446"><a href="#cite_ref-446">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns1994" class="citation journal cs1">Burns, R. W. (September 1994). "Impact of technology on the defeat of the U-boat September 1939 – May 1943". 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Retrieved 15 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Discovery+and+Development+of+Penicillin%3A+International+Historic+Chemical+Landmark&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=American+Chemical+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.acs.org%2Fcontent%2Facs%2Fen%2Feducation%2Fwhatischemistry%2Flandmarks%2Fflemingpenicillin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_World_War_II" title="Bibliography of World War II">Bibliography of World War II</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamthwaite1992" class="citation book cs1">Adamthwaite, Anthony P. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingofsecondwo00adam_0">The Making of the Second World War</a>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-90716-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-90716-3"><bdi>978-0-415-90716-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-415-90716-3&rft.aulast=Adamthwaite&rft.aufirst=Anthony+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmakingofsecondwo00adam_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1975" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, Irvine H. Jr. (1975). 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The Pacific Historical Review. 44 (2): 201–231. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3638003">10.2307/3638003</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3638003">3638003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Pacific+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+1941+De+Facto+Embargo+on+Oil+to+Japan%3A+A+Bureaucratic+Reflex&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=201-231&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3638003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3638003%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Irvine+H.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApplebaum2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Applebaum" title="Anne Applebaum">Applebaum, Anne</a> (2003). <a href="/wiki/Gulag:_A_History" title="Gulag: A History">Gulag: A History of the Soviet Camps</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Allen Lane</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9322-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9322-6"><bdi>978-0-7139-9322-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gulag%3A+A+History+of+the+Soviet+Camps&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7139-9322-6&rft.aulast=Applebaum&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApplebaum2012" class="citation book cs1">——— (2012). Iron Curtain: The Crushing of Eastern Europe 1944–56. London: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Allen Lane</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9868-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9868-9"><bdi>978-0-7139-9868-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iron+Curtain%3A+The+Crushing+of+Eastern+Europe+1944%E2%80%9356&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7139-9868-9&rft.aulast=Applebaum&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBacon1992" class="citation journal cs1">Bacon, Edwin (1992). 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Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55066-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55066-6"><bdi>978-0-521-55066-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Central+and+Eastern+Europe%2C+1944%E2%80%931993%3A+Detour+from+the+Periphery+to+the+Periphery&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-55066-6&rft.aulast=Berend&rft.aufirst=Ivan+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernstein1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gail_Lee_Bernstein" title="Gail Lee Bernstein">Bernstein, Gail Lee</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/recreatingjapane0000unse">Recreating Japanese Women, 1600–1945</a>. Berkeley & Los Angeles: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07017-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07017-2"><bdi>978-0-520-07017-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recreating+Japanese+Women%2C+1600%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Berkeley+%26+Los+Angeles&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-520-07017-2&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Gail+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frecreatingjapane0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBilhartzElliott2007" class="citation book cs1">Bilhartz, Terry D.; Elliott, Alan C. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/currentsinameric0000bilh">Currents in American History: A Brief History of the United States</a>. Armonk, NY: <a href="/wiki/M.E._Sharpe" class="mw-redirect" title="M.E. Sharpe">M.E. 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Abingdon & New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 317–332. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-34109-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-34109-7"><bdi>978-0-415-34109-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+United+States%2C+the+Cold+War%2C+and+the+colour+line&rft.btitle=Origins+of+the+Cold+War%3A+An+International+History&rft.place=Abingdon+%26+New+York&rft.pages=317-332&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-34109-7&rft.aulast=Borstelmann&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworthMaiolo2015" class="citation book cs1">Bosworth, Richard; Maiolo, Joseph (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160820160141/http://universitypublishingonline.org/cambridge/histories/subject_title_list.jsf?subjectCode=15&heading=Warfare&tSort=title+closed&aSort=author+default_list&ySort=year+default_list">The Cambridge History of the Second World War Volume 2: Politics and Ideology</a>. The Cambridge History of the Second World War (3 vol). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 313–314. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://universitypublishingonline.org/cambridge/histories/subject_title_list.jsf?subjectCode=15&heading=Warfare&tSort=title+closed&aSort=author+default_list&ySort=year+default_list">the original</a> on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+the+Second+World+War+Volume+2%3A+Politics+and+Ideology&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=The+Cambridge+History+of+the+Second+World+War+%283+vol%29&rft.pages=313-314&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Maiolo%2C+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funiversitypublishingonline.org%2Fcambridge%2Fhistories%2Fsubject_title_list.jsf%3FsubjectCode%3D15%26heading%3DWarfare%26tSort%3Dtitle%2Bclosed%26aSort%3Dauthor%2Bdefault_list%26ySort%3Dyear%2Bdefault_list&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrayley2002" class="citation book cs1">Brayley, Martin J. (2002). The British Army 1939–45, Volume 3: The Far East. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-238-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-238-8"><bdi>978-1-84176-238-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Army+1939%E2%80%9345%2C+Volume+3%3A+The+Far+East&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-238-8&rft.aulast=Brayley&rft.aufirst=Martin+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBSU1998" class="citation book cs1">British Bombing Survey Unit (1998). The Strategic Air War Against Germany, 1939–1945. London & Portland, OR: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Cass_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Cass Publishers">Frank Cass Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4722-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4722-7"><bdi>978-0-7146-4722-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Strategic+Air+War+Against+Germany%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=London+%26+Portland%2C+OR&rft.pub=Frank+Cass+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-4722-7&rft.au=British+Bombing+Survey+Unit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrody1999" class="citation book cs1">Brody, J. Kenneth (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/avoidablewar0000brod">The Avoidable War: Pierre Laval and the Politics of Reality, 1935–1936</a>. New Brunswick, NJ: <a href="/wiki/Transaction_Publishers" title="Transaction Publishers">Transaction Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0622-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0622-2"><bdi>978-0-7658-0622-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Avoidable+War%3A+Pierre+Laval+and+the+Politics+of+Reality%2C+1935%E2%80%931936&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7658-0622-2&rft.aulast=Brody&rft.aufirst=J.+Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Favoidablewar0000brod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2004" class="citation book cs1">Brown, David (2004). The Road to Oran: Anglo-French Naval Relations, September 1939 – July 1940. London & New York: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Cass" title="Frank Cass">Frank Cass</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5461-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5461-4"><bdi>978-0-7146-5461-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Oran%3A+Anglo-French+Naval+Relations%2C+September+1939+%E2%80%93+July+1940&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.pub=Frank+Cass&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-5461-4&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchanan2023" class="citation journal cs1">Buchanan, Andrew (7 February 2023). "Globalizing the Second World War". Past & Present (258): 246–281. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpastj%2Fgtab042">10.1093/pastj/gtab042</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-2746">0031-2746</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Past+%26+Present&rft.atitle=Globalizing+the+Second+World+War&rft.issue=258&rft.pages=246-281&rft.date=2023-02-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpastj%2Fgtab042&rft.issn=0031-2746&rft.aulast=Buchanan&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> also see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdiplo.org/to/AR1180">online review</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240504072231/https://hdiplo.org/to/AR1180">Archived</a> 4 May 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchanan2006" class="citation book cs1">Buchanan, Tom (2006). Europe's Troubled Peace, 1945–2000. Oxford & Malden, MA: <a href="/wiki/Blackwell_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackwell Publishing">Blackwell Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22162-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22162-3"><bdi>978-0-631-22162-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe%27s+Troubled+Peace%2C+1945%E2%80%932000&rft.place=Oxford+%26+Malden%2C+MA&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-631-22162-3&rft.aulast=Buchanan&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBueno_de_MesquitaSmithSiversonMorrow2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Bueno_de_Mesquita" title="Bruce Bueno de Mesquita">Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce</a>; Smith, Alastair; Siverson, Randolph M.; <a href="/wiki/James_D._Morrow" title="James D. Morrow">Morrow, James D.</a> (2003). <a href="/wiki/The_Logic_of_Political_Survival" title="The Logic of Political Survival">The Logic of Political Survival</a>. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-02546-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-02546-1"><bdi>978-0-262-02546-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Logic+of+Political+Survival&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-262-02546-1&rft.aulast=Bueno+de+Mesquita&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft.au=Smith%2C+Alastair&rft.au=Siverson%2C+Randolph+M.&rft.au=Morrow%2C+James+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullNewell2005" class="citation book cs1">Bull, Martin J.; Newell, James L. (2005). Italian Politics: Adjustment Under Duress. <a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">Polity</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-1298-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-1298-0"><bdi>978-0-7456-1298-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italian+Politics%3A+Adjustment+Under+Duress&rft.pub=Polity&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-1298-0&rft.aulast=Bull&rft.aufirst=Martin+J.&rft.au=Newell%2C+James+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullock1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Bullock" title="Alan Bullock">Bullock, Alan</a> (1990). Hitler: A Study in Tyranny. London: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-013564-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-013564-0"><bdi>978-0-14-013564-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%3A+A+Study+in+Tyranny&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-14-013564-0&rft.aulast=Bullock&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurcherRydill1995" class="citation journal cs1">Burcher, Roy; Rydill, Louis (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1115%2F1.2895927">"Concepts in Submarine Design"</a>. Journal of Applied Mechanics. 62 (1). Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: 268. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995JAM....62R.268B">1995JAM....62R.268B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1115%2F1.2895927">10.1115/1.2895927</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55926-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55926-3"><bdi>978-0-521-55926-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Mechanics&rft.atitle=Concepts+in+Submarine+Design&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=268&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1115%2F1.2895927&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995JAM....62R.268B&rft.isbn=978-0-521-55926-3&rft.aulast=Burcher&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft.au=Rydill%2C+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1115%252F1.2895927&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBusky2002" class="citation book cs1">Busky, Donald F. (2002). Communism in History and Theory: Asia, Africa, and the Americas. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97733-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97733-7"><bdi>978-0-275-97733-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communism+in+History+and+Theory%3A+Asia%2C+Africa%2C+and+the+Americas&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-275-97733-7&rft.aulast=Busky&rft.aufirst=Donald+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanfora2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Luciano_Canfora" title="Luciano Canfora">Canfora, Luciano</a> (2006) [2004]. Democracy in Europe: A History. Oxford & Malden MA: <a href="/wiki/Blackwell_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackwell Publishing">Blackwell Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-1131-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-1131-7"><bdi>978-1-4051-1131-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy+in+Europe%3A+A+History&rft.place=Oxford+%26+Malden+MA&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-1131-7&rft.aulast=Canfora&rft.aufirst=Luciano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCantril1940" class="citation journal cs1">Cantril, Hadley (1940). "America Faces the War: A Study in Public Opinion". <a href="/wiki/Public_Opinion_Quarterly" title="Public Opinion Quarterly">Public Opinion Quarterly</a>. 4 (3): 387–407. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F265420">10.1086/265420</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2745078">2745078</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Opinion+Quarterly&rft.atitle=America+Faces+the+War%3A+A+Study+in+Public+Opinion&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=387-407&rft.date=1940&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F265420&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2745078%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cantril&rft.aufirst=Hadley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Iris_Chang" title="Iris Chang">Chang, Iris</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rapeofnankingfor00chan">The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-06835-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-06835-7"><bdi>978-0-465-06835-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rape+of+Nanking%3A+The+Forgotten+Holocaust+of+World+War+II&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-465-06835-7&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Iris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frapeofnankingfor00chan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristoffersonChristofferson2006" class="citation book cs1">Christofferson, Thomas R.; Christofferson, Michael S. (2006). France During World War II: From Defeat to Liberation. New York: <a href="/wiki/Fordham_University_Press" title="Fordham University Press">Fordham University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8232-2562-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8232-2562-0"><bdi>978-0-8232-2562-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=France+During+World+War+II%3A+From+Defeat+to+Liberation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Fordham+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8232-2562-0&rft.aulast=Christofferson&rft.aufirst=Thomas+R.&rft.au=Christofferson%2C+Michael+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChubarov2001" class="citation book cs1">Chubarov, Alexander (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russiasbitterpat0000chub">Russia's Bitter Path to Modernity: A History of the Soviet and Post-Soviet Eras</a>. London & New York: <a href="/wiki/Continuum_International_Publishing_Group" title="Continuum International Publishing Group">Continuum</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1350-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1350-5"><bdi>978-0-8264-1350-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia%27s+Bitter+Path+to+Modernity%3A+A+History+of+the+Soviet+and+Post-Soviet+Eras&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-1350-5&rft.aulast=Chubarov&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frussiasbitterpat0000chub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCh'i1992" class="citation book cs1">Ch'i, Hsi-Sheng (1992). 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Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80872-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80872-9"><bdi>978-0-521-80872-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Greece&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-80872-9&rft.aulast=Clogg&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconcisehistoryof00clog_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoble2003" class="citation book cs1">Coble, Parks M. (2003). 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(2001). The Reader's Companion to Military History. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin Company">Houghton Mifflin Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-12742-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-12742-9"><bdi>978-0-618-12742-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reader%27s+Companion+to+Military+History&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-618-12742-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarwin2007" class="citation book cs1">Darwin, John (2007). After Tamerlane: The Rise & Fall of Global Empires 1400–2000. 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Lincoln, NE: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press" title="University of Nebraska Press">University of Nebraska Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-6638-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-6638-4"><bdi>978-0-8032-6638-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Service+of+the+Emperor%3A+Essays+on+the+Imperial+Japanese+Army&rft.place=Lincoln%2C+NE&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-6638-4&rft.aulast=Drea&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_GraziaPaggi1991" class="citation journal cs1">de Grazia, Victoria; Paggi, Leonardo (Autumn 1991). "Story of an Ordinary Massacre: Civitella della Chiana, 29 June, 1944". Cardozo Studies in Law and Literature. 3 (2): 153–169. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Flal.1991.3.2.02a00030">10.1525/lal.1991.3.2.02a00030</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/743479">743479</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cardozo+Studies+in+Law+and+Literature&rft.atitle=Story+of+an+Ordinary+Massacre%3A+Civitella+della+Chiana%2C+29+June%2C+1944&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=153-169&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Flal.1991.3.2.02a00030&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F743479%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=de+Grazia&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rft.au=Paggi%2C+Leonardo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn1998" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, Dennis J. (1998). Caught Between Roosevelt & Stalin: America's Ambassadors to Moscow. Lexington, KY: <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Kentucky" title="University Press of Kentucky">University Press of Kentucky</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2023-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2023-2"><bdi>978-0-8131-2023-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caught+Between+Roosevelt+%26+Stalin%3A+America%27s+Ambassadors+to+Moscow&rft.place=Lexington%2C+KY&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-2023-2&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=Dennis+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEastman1986" class="citation book cs1">Eastman, Lloyd E. (1986). "Nationalist China during the Sino-Japanese War 1937–1945". In John K. Fairbank; Denis Twitchett (eds.). The Cambridge History of China - Republican China 1912–1949, Part 2. Vol. 13. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24338-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24338-4"><bdi>978-0-521-24338-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nationalist+China+during+the+Sino-Japanese+War+1937%E2%80%931945&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+China+-+Republican+China+1912%E2%80%931949%2C+Part+2&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24338-4&rft.aulast=Eastman&rft.aufirst=Lloyd+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllman2002" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ellman" title="Michael Ellman">Ellman, Michael</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121122071204/https://artukraine.com/old/famineart/SovietCrimes.pdf">"Soviet Repression Statistics: Some Comments"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Europe-Asia_Studies" title="Europe-Asia Studies">Europe-Asia Studies</a>. 54 (7): 1151–1172. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0966813022000017177">10.1080/0966813022000017177</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/826310">826310</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43510161">43510161</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artukraine.com/old/famineart/SovietCrimes.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Europe-Asia+Studies&rft.atitle=Soviet+Repression+Statistics%3A+Some+Comments&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1151-1172&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A43510161%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F826310%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0966813022000017177&rft.aulast=Ellman&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fartukraine.com%2Fold%2Ffamineart%2FSovietCrimes.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130115023408/https://www.docstoc.com/docs/81203576/Soviet-Repression-Statistics-Some-Comments">Copy</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllmanMaksudov1994" class="citation journal cs1">———; Maksudov, S. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sovietinfo.tripod.com/ELM-War_Deaths.pdf">"Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War: A Note"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Europe-Asia_Studies" title="Europe-Asia Studies">Europe-Asia Studies</a>. 46 (4): 671–680. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09668139408412190">10.1080/09668139408412190</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/152934">152934</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12288331">12288331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220213194518/https://sovietinfo.tripod.com/ELM-War_Deaths.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 February 2022. Retrieved 17 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Europe-Asia+Studies&rft.atitle=Soviet+Deaths+in+the+Great+Patriotic+War%3A+A+Note&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=671-680&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12288331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F152934%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09668139408412190&rft.aulast=Ellman&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Maksudov%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsovietinfo.tripod.com%2FELM-War_Deaths.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmadi-Coffin2002" class="citation book cs1">Emadi-Coffin, Barbara (2002). Rethinking International Organization: Deregulation and Global Governance. London & New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-19540-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-19540-9"><bdi>978-0-415-19540-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+International+Organization%3A+Deregulation+and+Global+Governance&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-19540-9&rft.aulast=Emadi-Coffin&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErickson2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="/wiki/John_Erickson_(historian)" title="John Erickson (historian)">Erickson, John</a> (2001). "Moskalenko". In <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" class="extiw" title="ru:Шукман, Гарольд">Shukman, Harold</a> [in Russian] (ed.). Stalin's Generals. London: <a href="/wiki/Weidenfeld_%26_Nicolson" title="Weidenfeld & Nicolson">Phoenix Press</a>. pp. 137–154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84212-513-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84212-513-7"><bdi>978-1-84212-513-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Moskalenko&rft.btitle=Stalin%27s+Generals&rft.place=London&rft.pages=137-154&rft.pub=Phoenix+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-84212-513-7&rft.aulast=Erickson&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErickson2003" class="citation book cs1">——— (2003). The Road to Stalingrad. London: <a href="/wiki/Cassell_Military_Paperbacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassell Military Paperbacks">Cassell Military</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-36541-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-36541-8"><bdi>978-0-304-36541-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Stalingrad&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cassell+Military&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-304-36541-8&rft.aulast=Erickson&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvansPeattie2012" class="citation book cs1">Evans, David C.; Peattie, Mark R. (2012) [1997]. Kaigun: Strategy, Tactics, and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy. Annapolis, MD: <a href="/wiki/Naval_Institute_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Institute Press">Naval Institute Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-244-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-244-7"><bdi>978-1-59114-244-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kaigun%3A+Strategy%2C+Tactics%2C+and+Technology+in+the+Imperial+Japanese+Navy&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+MD&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-59114-244-7&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rft.au=Peattie%2C+Mark+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Evans, Richard J.</a> (2008). <a href="/wiki/The_Third_Reich_at_War" class="mw-redirect" title="The Third Reich at War">The Third Reich at War</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Group" title="Penguin Group">Allen Lane</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9742-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9742-2"><bdi>978-0-7139-9742-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Reich+at+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7139-9742-2&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFairbankGoldman2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_K._Fairbank" class="mw-redirect" title="John K. 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"Yes, Prime Minister: Barbarossa, Whipcord, and the Basis of British Grand Strategy, Autumn 1941". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Military_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Military History">Journal of Military History</a>. 57 (4): 599–625. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2944096">10.2307/2944096</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2944096">2944096</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Military+History&rft.atitle=Yes%2C+Prime+Minister%3A+Barbarossa%2C+Whipcord%2C+and+the+Basis+of+British+Grand+Strategy%2C+Autumn+1941&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=599-625&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2944096&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2944096%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Farrell&rft.aufirst=Brian+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson">Ferguson, Niall</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warofworldtwenti00nial">The War of the World: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the Descent of the West</a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311239-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311239-6"><bdi>978-0-14-311239-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+of+the+World%3A+Twentieth-Century+Conflict+and+the+Descent+of+the+West&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-14-311239-6&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Niall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarofworldtwenti00nial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForrestEvansGibbons2012" class="citation book cs1">Forrest, Glen; Evans, Anthony; Gibbons, David (2012). The Illustrated Timeline of Military History. 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Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>. pp. 13–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822886-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822886-8"><bdi>978-0-19-822886-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hitler%27s+Decision+in+Favour+of+War&rft.btitle=Germany+and+the+Second+World+War+%E2%80%93+The+Attack+on+the+Soviet+Union&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=13-52&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-822886-8&rft.aulast=F%C3%B6rster&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFörsterGessler2005" class="citation book cs1">Förster, Stig; Gessler, Myriam (2005). 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Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 53–68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83432-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83432-2"><bdi>978-0-521-83432-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Ultimate+Horror%3A+Reflections+on+Total+War+and+Genocide&rft.btitle=A+World+at+Total+War%3A+Global+Conflict+and+the+Politics+of+Destruction%2C+1937%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=53-68&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-83432-2&rft.aulast=F%C3%B6rster&rft.aufirst=Stig&rft.au=Gessler%2C+Myriam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrei2002" class="citation book cs1">Frei, Norbert (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/adenauersgermany00frei">Adenauer's Germany and the Nazi Past: The Politics of Amnesty and Integration</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11882-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11882-8"><bdi>978-0-231-11882-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adenauer%27s+Germany+and+the+Nazi+Past%3A+The+Politics+of+Amnesty+and+Integration&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-231-11882-8&rft.aulast=Frei&rft.aufirst=Norbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fadenauersgermany00frei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardinerBrown2004" class="citation book cs1">Gardiner, Robert; Brown, David K., eds. (2004). The Eclipse of the Big Gun: The Warship 1906–1945. London: <a href="/wiki/Conway_Maritime_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Conway Maritime Press">Conway Maritime Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85177-953-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85177-953-9"><bdi>978-0-85177-953-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eclipse+of+the+Big+Gun%3A+The+Warship+1906%E2%80%931945&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Conway+Maritime+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-85177-953-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarver1988" class="citation book cs1">Garver, John W. (1988). Chinese-Soviet Relations, 1937–1945: The Diplomacy of Chinese Nationalism. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505432-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505432-3"><bdi>978-0-19-505432-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese-Soviet+Relations%2C+1937%E2%80%931945%3A+The+Diplomacy+of+Chinese+Nationalism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-19-505432-3&rft.aulast=Garver&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Gilbert, Martin</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secondworldwar00gilb_0">Second World War</a>. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-79616-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-79616-9"><bdi>978-0-297-79616-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Second+World+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-297-79616-9&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsecondworldwar00gilb_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlantz1986" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Glantz" class="mw-redirect" title="David Glantz">Glantz, David M.</a> (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080306082607/https://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/glantz2/glantz2.asp">"Soviet Defensive Tactics at Kursk, July 1943"</a>. Combined Arms Research Library. CSI Report No. 11. Command and General Staff College. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/278029256">278029256</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/glantz2/glantz2.asp">the original</a> on 6 March 2008. Retrieved 15 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Combined+Arms+Research+Library&rft.atitle=Soviet+Defensive+Tactics+at+Kursk%2C+July+1943&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F278029256&rft.aulast=Glantz&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-cgsc.army.mil%2Fcarl%2Fresources%2Fcsi%2Fglantz2%2Fglantz2.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlantz1989" class="citation book cs1">——— (1989). Soviet Military Deception in the Second World War. Abingdon & New York: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Cass" title="Frank Cass">Frank Cass</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-3347-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-3347-3"><bdi>978-0-7146-3347-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soviet+Military+Deception+in+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=Abingdon+%26+New+York&rft.pub=Frank+Cass&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-3347-3&rft.aulast=Glantz&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlantz1998" class="citation book cs1">——— (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whentitansclashe00glan_0">When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler</a>. Lawrence, KS: <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Kansas" title="University Press of Kansas">University Press of Kansas</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0899-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0899-7"><bdi>978-0-7006-0899-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Titans+Clashed%3A+How+the+Red+Army+Stopped+Hitler&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+KS&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-0899-7&rft.aulast=Glantz&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhentitansclashe00glan_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlantz2001" class="citation web cs1">——— (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110709141048/https://www.strom.clemson.edu/publications/sg-war41-45.pdf">"The Soviet-German War 1941–45 Myths and Realities: A Survey Essay"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.strom.clemson.edu/publications/sg-war41-45.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 9 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Soviet-German+War+1941%E2%80%9345+Myths+and+Realities%3A+A+Survey+Essay&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Glantz&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.strom.clemson.edu%2Fpublications%2Fsg-war41-45.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlantz2002" class="citation book cs1">——— (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/battleforleningr00glan">The Battle for Leningrad: 1941–1944</a>. Lawrence, KS: <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Kansas" title="University Press of Kansas">University Press of Kansas</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1208-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1208-6"><bdi>978-0-7006-1208-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+for+Leningrad%3A+1941%E2%80%931944&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+KS&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-1208-6&rft.aulast=Glantz&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbattleforleningr00glan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlantz2005" class="citation web cs1">——— (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080302130751/https://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/glantz3/glantz3.asp">"August Storm: The Soviet Strategic Offensive in Manchuria"</a>. Combined Arms Research Library. Leavenworth Papers. Command and General Staff College. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/78918907">78918907</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/glantz3/glantz3.asp">the original</a> on 2 March 2008. Retrieved 15 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Combined+Arms+Research+Library&rft.atitle=August+Storm%3A+The+Soviet+Strategic+Offensive+in+Manchuria&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F78918907&rft.aulast=Glantz&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-cgsc.army.mil%2Fcarl%2Fresources%2Fcsi%2Fglantz3%2Fglantz3.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein2004" class="citation book cs1">Goldstein, Margaret J. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldwariieurope0000gold">World War II: Europe</a>. Minneapolis: <a href="/wiki/Lerner_Publishing_Group" title="Lerner Publishing Group">Lerner Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-0139-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-0139-8"><bdi>978-0-8225-0139-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+II%3A+Europe&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pub=Lerner+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8225-0139-8&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Margaret+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldwariieurope0000gold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Gordon_(naval_historian)" title="Andrew Gordon (naval historian)">Gordon, Andrew</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ddaycompanion00jane/page/127">"The greatest military armada ever launched"</a>. In Jane Penrose (ed.). The D-Day Companion. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ddaycompanion00jane/page/127">127–144</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-779-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-779-6"><bdi>978-1-84176-779-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+greatest+military+armada+ever+launched&rft.btitle=The+D-Day+Companion&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=127-144&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-779-6&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fddaycompanion00jane%2Fpage%2F127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2012" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Robert S.C. (2012). The Holocaust in Italian Culture, 1944–2010. Stanford, CA: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-6346-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-6346-2"><bdi>978-0-8047-6346-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holocaust+in+Italian+Culture%2C+1944%E2%80%932010&rft.place=Stanford%2C+CA&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-6346-2&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrove1995" class="citation book cs1">Grove, Eric J. (1995). "A Service Vindicated, 1939–1946". In J.R. Hill (ed.). The Oxford Illustrated History of the Royal Navy. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 348–380. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-211675-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-211675-8"><bdi>978-0-19-211675-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Service+Vindicated%2C+1939%E2%80%931946&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Illustrated+History+of+the+Royal+Navy&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=348-380&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-211675-8&rft.aulast=Grove&rft.aufirst=Eric+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHane2001" class="citation book cs1">Hane, Mikiso (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernjapanhisto00hane_0">Modern Japan: A Historical Survey</a> (3rd ed.). Boulder, CO: <a href="/wiki/Westview_Press" title="Westview Press">Westview Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3756-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3756-2"><bdi>978-0-8133-3756-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Japan%3A+A+Historical+Survey&rft.place=Boulder%2C+CO&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-3756-2&rft.aulast=Hane&rft.aufirst=Mikiso&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodernjapanhisto00hane_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanhimäki1997" class="citation book cs1">Hanhimäki, Jussi M. (1997). Containing Coexistence: America, Russia, and the "Finnish Solution". Kent, OH: <a href="/wiki/Kent_State_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Kent State University Press">Kent State University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-558-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-558-9"><bdi>978-0-87338-558-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Containing+Coexistence%3A+America%2C+Russia%2C+and+the+%22Finnish+Solution%22&rft.place=Kent%2C+OH&rft.pub=Kent+State+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-87338-558-9&rft.aulast=Hanhim%C3%A4ki&rft.aufirst=Jussi+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_H._Harris" title="Sheldon H. Harris">Harris, Sheldon H.</a> (2002). Factories of Death: Japanese Biological Warfare, 1932–1945, and the American Cover-up (2nd ed.). London & New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93214-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93214-1"><bdi>978-0-415-93214-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Factories+of+Death%3A+Japanese+Biological+Warfare%2C+1932%E2%80%931945%2C+and+the+American+Cover-up&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-93214-1&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Sheldon+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison1998" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, Mark (1998). "The economics of World War II: an overview". In Mark Harrison (ed.). The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 1–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62046-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62046-8"><bdi>978-0-521-62046-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+economics+of+World+War+II%3A+an+overview&rft.btitle=The+Economics+of+World+War+II%3A+Six+Great+Powers+in+International+Comparison&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=1-42&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-62046-8&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartHartHughes2000" class="citation book cs1">Hart, Stephen; Hart, Russell; Hughes, Matthew (2000). The German Soldier in World War II. Osceola, WI: <a href="/wiki/MBI_Publishing_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="MBI Publishing Company">MBI Publishing Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86227-073-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86227-073-2"><bdi>978-1-86227-073-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Soldier+in+World+War+II&rft.place=Osceola%2C+WI&rft.pub=MBI+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-86227-073-2&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Hart%2C+Russell&rft.au=Hughes%2C+Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHauner1978" class="citation journal cs1">Hauner, Milan (1978). "Did Hitler Want a World Dominion?". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Contemporary_History" title="Journal of Contemporary History">Journal of Contemporary History</a>. 13 (1): 15–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002200947801300102">10.1177/002200947801300102</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/260090">260090</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154865385">154865385</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=Did+Hitler+Want+a+World+Dominion%3F&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=15-32&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154865385%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F260090%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002200947801300102&rft.aulast=Hauner&rft.aufirst=Milan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHealy1992" class="citation book cs1">Healy, Mark (1992). Kursk 1943: The Tide Turns in the East. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-211-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-211-0"><bdi>978-1-85532-211-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kursk+1943%3A+The+Tide+Turns+in+the+East&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-85532-211-0&rft.aulast=Healy&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHearn2007" class="citation book cs1">Hearn, Chester G. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/carriersincombat0000hear">Carriers in Combat: The Air War at Sea</a>. Mechanicsburg, PA: <a href="/wiki/Stackpole_Books" title="Stackpole Books">Stackpole Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3398-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3398-4"><bdi>978-0-8117-3398-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carriers+in+Combat%3A+The+Air+War+at+Sea&rft.place=Mechanicsburg%2C+PA&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8117-3398-4&rft.aulast=Hearn&rft.aufirst=Chester+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcarriersincombat0000hear&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHempel2005" class="citation book cs1">Hempel, Andrew (2005). Poland in World War II: An Illustrated Military History. New York: <a href="/wiki/Hippocrene_Books" title="Hippocrene Books">Hippocrene Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7818-1004-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7818-1004-3"><bdi>978-0-7818-1004-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland+in+World+War+II%3A+An+Illustrated+Military+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hippocrene+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7818-1004-3&rft.aulast=Hempel&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbert1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Herbert" title="Ulrich Herbert">Herbert, Ulrich</a> (1994). "Labor as spoils of conquest, 1933–1945". In David F. Crew (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nazismgermansoci0000unse">Nazism and German Society, 1933–1945</a>. London & New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nazismgermansoci0000unse/page/219">219–273</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-08239-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-08239-6"><bdi>978-0-415-08239-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Labor+as+spoils+of+conquest%2C+1933%E2%80%931945&rft.btitle=Nazism+and+German+Society%2C+1933%E2%80%931945&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.pages=219-273&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-415-08239-6&rft.aulast=Herbert&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnazismgermansoci0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerf2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Herf" title="Jeffrey Herf">Herf, Jeffrey</a> (2003). "The Nazi Extermination Camps and the Ally to the East. Could the Red Army and Air Force Have Stopped or Slowed the Final Solution?". <a href="/wiki/Kritika_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kritika (journal)">Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History</a>. 4 (4): 913–930. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fkri.2003.0059">10.1353/kri.2003.0059</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159958616">159958616</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kritika%3A+Explorations+in+Russian+and+Eurasian+History&rft.atitle=The+Nazi+Extermination+Camps+and+the+Ally+to+the+East.+Could+the+Red+Army+and+Air+Force+Have+Stopped+or+Slowed+the+Final+Solution%3F&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=913-930&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fkri.2003.0059&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159958616%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Herf&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2005" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Alexander (2005). The War Behind The Eastern Front: The Soviet Partisan Movement In North-West Russia 1941–1944. London & New York: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Cass" title="Frank Cass">Frank Cass</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5711-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5711-0"><bdi>978-0-7146-5711-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+Behind+The+Eastern+Front%3A+The+Soviet+Partisan+Movement+In+North-West+Russia+1941%E2%80%931944&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.pub=Frank+Cass&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-5711-0&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolland2008" class="citation book cs1">Holland, James (2008). Italy's Sorrow: A Year of War 1944–45. London: <a href="/wiki/HarperPress" class="mw-redirect" title="HarperPress">HarperPress</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-717645-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-717645-8"><bdi>978-0-00-717645-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italy%27s+Sorrow%3A+A+Year+of+War+1944%E2%80%9345&rft.place=London&rft.pub=HarperPress&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-00-717645-8&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHosking2006" class="citation book cs1">Hosking, Geoffrey A. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rulersvictimsrus00hosk">Rulers and Victims: The Russians in the Soviet Union</a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02178-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02178-5"><bdi>978-0-674-02178-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rulers+and+Victims%3A+The+Russians+in+the+Soviet+Union&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02178-5&rft.aulast=Hosking&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frulersvictimsrus00hosk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward2004" class="citation book cs1">Howard, Joshua H. (2004). Workers at War: Labor in China's Arsenals, 1937–1953. Stanford, CA: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4896-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4896-4"><bdi>978-0-8047-4896-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Workers+at+War%3A+Labor+in+China%27s+Arsenals%2C+1937%E2%80%931953&rft.place=Stanford%2C+CA&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-4896-4&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Joshua+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHsuChang1971" class="citation book cs1">Hsu, Long-hsuen; Chang, Ming-kai (1971). History of The Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) (2nd ed.). Chung Wu Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00005W210">B00005W210</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12828898">12828898</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+The+Sino-Japanese+War+%281937%E2%80%931945%29&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Chung+Wu+Publishers&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12828898&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB00005W210%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Hsu&rft.aufirst=Long-hsuen&rft.au=Chang%2C+Ming-kai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. The source was published in Taiwan during the military rule and censorship regime of Chiang and the Nationalist government. (November 2021)">unreliable source?</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngram2006" class="citation book cs1">Ingram, Norman (2006). "Pacifism". In <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Kritzman" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence Kritzman">Lawrence D. Kritzman</a>; Brian J. Reilly (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/columbiahistoryo2006unse">The Columbia History Of Twentieth-Century French Thought</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/columbiahistoryo2006unse/page/76">76–78</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-10791-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-10791-4"><bdi>978-0-231-10791-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pacifism&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+History+Of+Twentieth-Century+French+Thought&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=76-78&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-231-10791-4&rft.aulast=Ingram&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcolumbiahistoryo2006unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIriye1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Akira_Iriye" title="Akira Iriye">Iriye, Akira</a> (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/powerculture00akir">Power and Culture: The Japanese-American War, 1941–1945</a>. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-69580-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-69580-1"><bdi>978-0-674-69580-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+and+Culture%3A+The+Japanese-American+War%2C+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-674-69580-1&rft.aulast=Iriye&rft.aufirst=Akira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpowerculture00akir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ashley_Jackson_(historian)" title="Ashley Jackson (historian)">Jackson, Ashley</a> (2006). The British Empire and the Second World War. London & New York: <a href="/wiki/Hambledon_Continuum" class="mw-redirect" title="Hambledon Continuum">Hambledon Continuum</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-417-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-417-1"><bdi>978-1-85285-417-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Empire+and+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.pub=Hambledon+Continuum&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-85285-417-1&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoes2004" class="citation book cs1">Joes, Anthony James (2004). Resisting Rebellion: The History And Politics of Counterinsurgency. Lexington: <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Kentucky" title="University Press of Kentucky">University Press of Kentucky</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2339-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2339-4"><bdi>978-0-8131-2339-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resisting+Rebellion%3A+The+History+And+Politics+of+Counterinsurgency&rft.place=Lexington&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-2339-4&rft.aulast=Joes&rft.aufirst=Anthony+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJowett2001" class="citation book cs1">Jowett, Philip S. (2001). The Italian Army 1940–45, Volume 2: Africa 1940–43. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-865-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-865-5"><bdi>978-1-85532-865-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Italian+Army+1940%E2%80%9345%2C+Volume+2%3A+Africa+1940%E2%80%9343&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-85532-865-5&rft.aulast=Jowett&rft.aufirst=Philip+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJowettAndrew2002" class="citation book cs1">———; Andrew, Stephen (2002). The Japanese Army, 1931–45. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-353-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-353-8"><bdi>978-1-84176-353-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Japanese+Army%2C+1931%E2%80%9345&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-353-8&rft.aulast=Jowett&rft.aufirst=Philip+S.&rft.au=Andrew%2C+Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJukes2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name">Jukes, Geoffrey (2001). "Kuznetzov". In <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" class="extiw" title="ru:Шукман, Гарольд">Harold Shukman</a> [in Russian] (ed.). Stalin's Generals. London: <a href="/wiki/Weidenfeld_%26_Nicolson" title="Weidenfeld & Nicolson">Phoenix Press</a>. pp. 109–116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84212-513-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84212-513-7"><bdi>978-1-84212-513-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kuznetzov&rft.btitle=Stalin%27s+Generals&rft.place=London&rft.pages=109-116&rft.pub=Phoenix+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-84212-513-7&rft.aulast=Jukes&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKantowicz1999" class="citation book cs1">Kantowicz, Edward R. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rageofnations0000kant">The Rage of Nations</a>. Grand Rapids, MI: <a href="/wiki/William_B._Eerdmans_Publishing_Company" title="William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company">William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4455-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4455-2"><bdi>978-0-8028-4455-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rage+of+Nations&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-4455-2&rft.aulast=Kantowicz&rft.aufirst=Edward+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frageofnations0000kant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKantowicz2000" class="citation book cs1">——— (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/comingapartcomin0000kant">Coming Apart, Coming Together</a>. Grand Rapids, MI: <a href="/wiki/William_B._Eerdmans_Publishing_Company" title="William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company">William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4456-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4456-9"><bdi>978-0-8028-4456-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coming+Apart%2C+Coming+Together&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-4456-9&rft.aulast=Kantowicz&rft.aufirst=Edward+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcomingapartcomin0000kant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeeble1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Keeble" title="Curtis Keeble">Keeble, Curtis</a> (1990). "The historical perspective". In Alex Pravda; Peter J. Duncan (eds.). Soviet-British Relations Since the 1970s. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37494-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37494-1"><bdi>978-0-521-37494-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+historical+perspective&rft.btitle=Soviet-British+Relations+Since+the+1970s&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-521-37494-1&rft.aulast=Keeble&rft.aufirst=Curtis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeegan1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Keegan" title="John Keegan">Keegan, John</a> (1997). The Second World War. London: <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Pimlico</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-7348-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-7348-8"><bdi>978-0-7126-7348-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+World+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7126-7348-8&rft.aulast=Keegan&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_M._Kennedy_(historian)" title="David M. Kennedy (historian)">Kennedy, David M.</a> (2001). <a href="/wiki/Freedom_from_Fear:_The_American_People_in_Depression_and_War,_1929%E2%80%931945" title="Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945">Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514403-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514403-1"><bdi>978-0-19-514403-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+from+Fear%3A+The+American+People+in+Depression+and+War%2C+1929%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514403-1&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy-Pipe1995" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy-Pipe, Caroline (1995). Stalin's Cold War: Soviet Strategies in Europe, 1943–56. Manchester: <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-4201-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-4201-0"><bdi>978-0-7190-4201-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%27s+Cold+War%3A+Soviet+Strategies+in+Europe%2C+1943%E2%80%9356&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-4201-0&rft.aulast=Kennedy-Pipe&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKershaw2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw">Kershaw, Ian</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hitler193645neme00kers">Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis</a>. New York: W.W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-04994-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-04994-7"><bdi>978-0-393-04994-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%2C+1936%E2%80%931945%3A+Nemesis&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-393-04994-7&rft.aulast=Kershaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhitler193645neme00kers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKershaw2007" class="citation book cs1">——— (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fatefulchoiceste0000kers">Fateful Choices: Ten Decisions That Changed the World, 1940–1941</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Allen Lane</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9712-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9712-5"><bdi>978-0-7139-9712-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fateful+Choices%3A+Ten+Decisions+That+Changed+the+World%2C+1940%E2%80%931941&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7139-9712-5&rft.aulast=Kershaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffatefulchoiceste0000kers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitson2001" class="citation book cs1">Kitson, Alison (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/germany18581990h0000kits">Germany 1858–1990: Hope, Terror, and Revival</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-913417-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-913417-5"><bdi>978-0-19-913417-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany+1858%E2%80%931990%3A+Hope%2C+Terror%2C+and+Revival&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-913417-5&rft.aulast=Kitson&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgermany18581990h0000kits&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlavansDi_BenedettoPrudom1997" class="citation journal cs1">Klavans, Richard A.; Di Benedetto, C. Anthony; Prudom, Melanie J. (1997). "Understanding Competitive Interactions: The U.S. Commercial Aircraft Market". Journal of Managerial Issues. 9 (1): 13–361. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40604127">40604127</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Managerial+Issues&rft.atitle=Understanding+Competitive+Interactions%3A+The+U.S.+Commercial+Aircraft+Market&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=13-361&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40604127%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Klavans&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rft.au=Di+Benedetto%2C+C.+Anthony&rft.au=Prudom%2C+Melanie+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinfeld1983" class="citation journal cs1">Kleinfeld, Gerald R. (1983). "Hitler's Strike for Tikhvin". Military Affairs. 47 (3): 122–128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1988082">10.2307/1988082</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1988082">1988082</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Military+Affairs&rft.atitle=Hitler%27s+Strike+for+Tikhvin&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=122-128&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1988082&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1988082%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kleinfeld&rft.aufirst=Gerald+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoch1983" class="citation journal cs1">Koch, H.W. (1983). 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New York: <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-72757-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-72757-6"><bdi>978-0-679-72757-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+War%3A+The+World+and+United+States+Foreign+Policy%2C+1943%E2%80%931945&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-679-72757-6&rft.aulast=Kolko&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoliticsofwarwor00kolkrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaurier2001" class="citation book cs1">Laurier, Jim (2001). Tobruk 1941: Rommel's Opening Move. 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Ithaca, NY: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_Southeast_Asia_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornell Southeast Asia Program">SEAP Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87727-122-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87727-122-2"><bdi>978-0-87727-122-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Relations+with+Vietnam%2C+1951%E2%80%931987&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pub=SEAP+Publications&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-87727-122-2&rft.aulast=Masaya&rft.aufirst=Shiraishi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMay1955" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_R._May" title="Ernest R. May">May, Ernest R.</a> (1955). "The United States, the Soviet Union, and the Far Eastern War, 1941–1945". <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Historical_Review" title="Pacific Historical Review">Pacific Historical Review</a>. 24 (2): 153–174. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3634575">10.2307/3634575</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3634575">3634575</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+United+States%2C+the+Soviet+Union%2C+and+the+Far+Eastern+War%2C+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=153-174&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3634575&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3634575%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=Ernest+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazower2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Mazower" title="Mark Mazower">Mazower, Mark</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hitlersempirehow0000mazo">Hitler's Empire: Nazi Rule in Occupied Europe</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Group" title="Penguin Group">Allen Lane</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-188-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-188-2"><bdi>978-1-59420-188-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Empire%3A+Nazi+Rule+in+Occupied+Europe&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59420-188-2&rft.aulast=Mazower&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhitlersempirehow0000mazo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilner1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marc_Milner" title="Marc Milner">Milner, Marc</a> (1990). "The Battle of the Atlantic". In Gooch, John (ed.). Decisive Campaigns of the Second World War. Abingdon: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Cass" title="Frank Cass">Frank Cass</a>. pp. 45–66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-3369-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-3369-5"><bdi>978-0-7146-3369-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Battle+of+the+Atlantic&rft.btitle=Decisive+Campaigns+of+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.pages=45-66&rft.pub=Frank+Cass&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-3369-5&rft.aulast=Milner&rft.aufirst=Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilward1964" class="citation journal cs1">Milward, A.S. (1964). "The End of the Blitzkrieg". <a href="/wiki/The_Economic_History_Review" title="The Economic History Review">The Economic History Review</a>. 16 (3): 499–518. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2592851">2592851</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+History+Review&rft.atitle=The+End+of+the+Blitzkrieg&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=499-518&rft.date=1964&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2592851%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Milward&rft.aufirst=A.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilward1992" class="citation book cs1">——— (1992) [1977]. War, Economy, and Society, 1939–1945. Berkeley, CA: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">University of California</a> Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03942-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03942-1"><bdi>978-0-520-03942-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War%2C+Economy%2C+and+Society%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-520-03942-1&rft.aulast=Milward&rft.aufirst=A.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinford1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Minford" title="Patrick Minford">Minford, Patrick</a> (1993). "Reconstruction and the UK Postwar Welfare State: False Start and New Beginning". In Rudiger Dornbusch; Wilhelm Nölling; Richard Layard (eds.). Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. pp. 115–138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-04136-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-04136-2"><bdi>978-0-262-04136-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reconstruction+and+the+UK+Postwar+Welfare+State%3A+False+Start+and+New+Beginning&rft.btitle=Postwar+Economic+Reconstruction+and+Lessons+for+the+East+Today&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=115-138&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-262-04136-2&rft.aulast=Minford&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMingstKarns2007" class="citation book cs1">Mingst, Karen A.; Karns, Margaret P. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unitednationsin20000ming">United Nations in the Twenty-First Century</a> (3rd ed.). Boulder, CO: <a href="/wiki/Westview_Press" title="Westview Press">Westview Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4346-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4346-4"><bdi>978-0-8133-4346-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+Nations+in+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.place=Boulder%2C+CO&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-4346-4&rft.aulast=Mingst&rft.aufirst=Karen+A.&rft.au=Karns%2C+Margaret+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funitednationsin20000ming&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiscamble2007" class="citation book cs1">Miscamble, Wilson D. (2007). From Roosevelt to Truman: Potsdam, Hiroshima, and the Cold War. New York: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86244-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86244-8"><bdi>978-0-521-86244-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Roosevelt+to+Truman%3A+Potsdam%2C+Hiroshima%2C+and+the+Cold+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-86244-8&rft.aulast=Miscamble&rft.aufirst=Wilson+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitcham2007" class="citation book cs1">Mitcham, Samuel W. (2007) [1982]. Rommel's Desert War: The Life and Death of the Afrika Korps. Mechanicsburg, PA: <a href="/wiki/Stackpole_Books" title="Stackpole Books">Stackpole Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3413-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3413-4"><bdi>978-0-8117-3413-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rommel%27s+Desert+War%3A+The+Life+and+Death+of+the+Afrika+Korps&rft.place=Mechanicsburg%2C+PA&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8117-3413-4&rft.aulast=Mitcham&rft.aufirst=Samuel+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitter2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rana_Mitter" title="Rana Mitter">Mitter, Rana</a> (2014). Forgotten Ally: China's World War II, 1937–1945. Mariner Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-544-33450-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-544-33450-2"><bdi>978-0-544-33450-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forgotten+Ally%3A+China%27s+World+War+II%2C+1937%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Mariner+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-544-33450-2&rft.aulast=Mitter&rft.aufirst=Rana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolinari2007" class="citation book cs1">Molinari, Andrea (2007). Desert Raiders: Axis and Allied Special Forces 1940–43. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-006-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-006-2"><bdi>978-1-84603-006-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Desert+Raiders%3A+Axis+and+Allied+Special+Forces+1940%E2%80%9343&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84603-006-2&rft.aulast=Molinari&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Williamson_Murray" title="Williamson Murray">Murray, Williamson</a> (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/AAF-Luftwaffe/">Strategy for Defeat: The Luftwaffe, 1933–1945</a>. <a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Air_Force_Base" title="Maxwell Air Force Base">Maxwell Air Force Base</a>, AL: <a href="/wiki/Air_University_Press" title="Air University Press">Air University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4294-9235-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4294-9235-5"><bdi>978-1-4294-9235-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220124100749/https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/AAF-Luftwaffe/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 17 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strategy+for+Defeat%3A+The+Luftwaffe%2C+1933%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Maxwell+Air+Force+Base%2C+AL&rft.pub=Air+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-1-4294-9235-5&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Williamson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FAAF%2FAAF-Luftwaffe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrayMillett2001" class="citation book cs1">———; Millett, Allan Reed (2001). A War to Be Won: Fighting the Second World War. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00680-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00680-5"><bdi>978-0-674-00680-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+War+to+Be+Won%3A+Fighting+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-674-00680-5&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Williamson&rft.au=Millett%2C+Allan+Reed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyersPeattie1987" class="citation book cs1">Myers, Ramon; Peattie, Mark (1987). The Japanese Colonial Empire, 1895–1945. Princeton, NJ: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-10222-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-10222-1"><bdi>978-0-691-10222-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Japanese+Colonial+Empire%2C+1895%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-691-10222-1&rft.aulast=Myers&rft.aufirst=Ramon&rft.au=Peattie%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaimark2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Naimark" title="Norman Naimark">Naimark, Norman</a> (2010). "The Sovietization of Eastern Europe, 1944–1953". In Melvyn P. Leffler; Odd Arne Westad (eds.). The Cambridge History of the Cold War – Origins. Vol. I. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 175–197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83719-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83719-4"><bdi>978-0-521-83719-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Sovietization+of+Eastern+Europe%2C+1944%E2%80%931953&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+the+Cold+War+%E2%80%93+Origins&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=175-197&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-83719-4&rft.aulast=Naimark&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeary1992" class="citation book cs1">Neary, Ian (1992). "Japan". In Martin Harrop (ed.). Power and Policy in Liberal Democracies. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 49–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-34579-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-34579-8"><bdi>978-0-521-34579-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Japan&rft.btitle=Power+and+Policy+in+Liberal+Democracies&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=49-70&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-521-34579-8&rft.aulast=Neary&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeillands2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robin_Neillands" title="Robin Neillands">Neillands, Robin</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diepperaidstoryo00robi">The Dieppe Raid: The Story of the Disastrous 1942 Expedition</a>. Bloomington, IN: <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34781-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34781-7"><bdi>978-0-253-34781-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dieppe+Raid%3A+The+Story+of+the+Disastrous+1942+Expedition&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-253-34781-7&rft.aulast=Neillands&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdiepperaidstoryo00robi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeulen2000" class="citation book cs1">Neulen, Hans Werner (2000). In the skies of Europe – Air Forces allied to the Luftwaffe 1939–1945. Ramsbury, Marlborough, UK: The Crowood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86126-799-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86126-799-3"><bdi>978-1-86126-799-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+skies+of+Europe+%E2%80%93+Air+Forces+allied+to+the+Luftwaffe+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Ramsbury%2C+Marlborough%2C+UK&rft.pub=The+Crowood+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-86126-799-3&rft.aulast=Neulen&rft.aufirst=Hans+Werner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiewykNicosia2000" class="citation book cs1">Niewyk, Donald L.; Nicosia, Francis (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/columbiaguidetot00niew">The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11200-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11200-0"><bdi>978-0-231-11200-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+Guide+to+the+Holocaust&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-231-11200-0&rft.aulast=Niewyk&rft.aufirst=Donald+L.&rft.au=Nicosia%2C+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcolumbiaguidetot00niew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOvery1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Overy" title="Richard Overy">Overy, Richard</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wareconomyinthir00over">War and Economy in the Third Reich</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820290-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820290-5"><bdi>978-0-19-820290-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Economy+in+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-19-820290-5&rft.aulast=Overy&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwareconomyinthir00over&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOvery1995" class="citation book cs1">——— (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780712674539">Why the Allies Won</a>. London: Pimlico. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-7453-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-7453-9"><bdi>978-0-7126-7453-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+the+Allies+Won&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7126-7453-9&rft.aulast=Overy&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780712674539&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOvery2004" class="citation book cs1">——— (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictators00rich">The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia</a>. New York: W.W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-02030-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-02030-4"><bdi>978-0-393-02030-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dictators%3A+Hitler%27s+Germany%2C+Stalin%27s+Russia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-393-02030-4&rft.aulast=Overy&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictators00rich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOveryWheatcroft1999" class="citation book cs1">———; Wheatcroft, Andrew (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roadtowar00over">The Road to War</a> (2nd ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-028530-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-028530-7"><bdi>978-0-14-028530-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+War&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-14-028530-7&rft.aulast=Overy&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Wheatcroft%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Froadtowar00over&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Reilly2001" class="citation book cs1">O'Reilly, Charles T. (2001). Forgotten Battles: Italy's War of Liberation, 1943–1945. Lanham, MD: <a href="/wiki/Lexington_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexington Books">Lexington Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0195-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0195-7"><bdi>978-0-7391-0195-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forgotten+Battles%3A+Italy%27s+War+of+Liberation%2C+1943%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-0195-7&rft.aulast=O%27Reilly&rft.aufirst=Charles+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPainter2012" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_S._Painter" title="David S. Painter">Painter, David S.</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjahist%2Fjas073">"Oil and the American Century"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_American_History" title="The Journal of American History">The Journal of American History</a>. 99 (1): 24–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjahist%2Fjas073">10.1093/jahist/jas073</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+American+History&rft.atitle=Oil+and+the+American+Century&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=24-39&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjahist%2Fjas073&rft.aulast=Painter&rft.aufirst=David+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fjahist%252Fjas073&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadfield1998" class="citation book cs1">Padfield, Peter (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warbeneathseasub0000padf">War Beneath the Sea: Submarine Conflict During World War II</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-24945-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-24945-0"><bdi>978-0-471-24945-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+Beneath+the+Sea%3A+Submarine+Conflict+During+World+War+II&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=John+Wiley&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-471-24945-0&rft.aulast=Padfield&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarbeneathseasub0000padf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPape1993" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Pape" title="Robert Pape">Pape, Robert A.</a> (1993). "Why Japan Surrendered". <a href="/wiki/International_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="International Security">International Security</a>. 18 (2): 154–201. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2539100">10.2307/2539100</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2539100">2539100</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153741180">153741180</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Security&rft.atitle=Why+Japan+Surrendered&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=154-201&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153741180%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2539100%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2539100&rft.aulast=Pape&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker2004" class="citation book cs1">Parker, Danny S. (2004). Battle of the Bulge: Hitler's Ardennes Offensive, 1944–1945 (New ed.). Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/Da_Capo_Press" title="Da Capo Press">Da Capo Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81391-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81391-7"><bdi>978-0-306-81391-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle+of+the+Bulge%3A+Hitler%27s+Ardennes+Offensive%2C+1944%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-306-81391-7&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Danny+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Payne, Stanley G.</a> (2008). Franco and Hitler: Spain, Germany, and World War II. New Haven, CT: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12282-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12282-4"><bdi>978-0-300-12282-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franco+and+Hitler%3A+Spain%2C+Germany%2C+and+World+War+II&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-300-12282-4&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerez1998" class="citation book cs1">Perez, Louis G. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofjapan00pere">The History of Japan</a>. Westport, CT: <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30296-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30296-1"><bdi>978-0-313-30296-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Japan&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30296-1&rft.aulast=Perez&rft.aufirst=Louis+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofjapan00pere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetrov1967" class="citation book cs1">Petrov, Vladimir (1967). Money and Conquest: Allied Occupation Currencies in World War II. Baltimore, MD: <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-0530-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-0530-1"><bdi>978-0-8018-0530-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Money+and+Conquest%3A+Allied+Occupation+Currencies+in+World+War+II&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+MD&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-0530-1&rft.aulast=Petrov&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolley2000" class="citation book cs1">Polley, Martin (2000). An A–Z of Modern Europe Since 1789. London & New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-18597-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-18597-4"><bdi>978-0-415-18597-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+A%E2%80%93Z+of+Modern+Europe+Since+1789&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-415-18597-4&rft.aulast=Polley&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPortelli2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Portelli" title="Alessandro Portelli">Portelli, Alessandro</a> (2003). The Order Has Been Carried Out: History, Memory, and Meaning of a Nazi Massacre in Rome. 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Oxford & Malden, MA: <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Blackwell Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20238-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20238-7"><bdi>978-0-631-20238-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pacific+Asia+in+the+Global+System%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=Oxford+%26+Malden%2C+MA&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-631-20238-7&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=P.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrins2002" class="citation book cs1">Prins, Gwyn (2002). The Heart of War: On Power, Conflict and Obligation in the Twenty-First Century. 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New York: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85522-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85522-8"><bdi>978-0-521-85522-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Delusions+of+Intelligence%3A+Enigma%2C+Ultra%2C+and+the+End+of+Secure+Ciphers&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85522-8&rft.aulast=Ratcliff&rft.aufirst=R.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdelusionsofintel0000ratc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRead2004" class="citation book cs1">Read, Anthony (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/devilsdisciplesh00read">The Devil's Disciples: Hitler's Inner Circle</a>. 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Diane Publishing. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58487-216-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58487-216-0"><bdi>978-1-58487-216-0</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/PUB622.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 11 April 2010. 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London: <a href="/wiki/BBC_Books" title="BBC Books">BBC Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-563-49335-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-563-49335-8"><bdi>978-0-563-49335-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+II+Behind+Closed+Doors%3A+Stalin%2C+the+Nazis+and+the+West&rft.place=London&rft.pub=BBC+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-563-49335-8&rft.aulast=Rees&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRegan2004" class="citation book cs1">Regan, Geoffrey (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brasseysbookofmi00geof">The Brassey's Book of Military Blunders</a>. 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New York: W.W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-00802-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-00802-9"><bdi>978-0-393-00802-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+War+Aims%2C+Volume+I%3A+Ideology%2C+the+Nazi+State%2C+and+the+Course+of+Expansion&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-393-00802-9&rft.aulast=Rich&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhitlerswaraimsid00rich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitchie1992" class="citation book cs1">Ritchie, Ella (1992). "France". In Martin Harrop (ed.). Power and Policy in Liberal Democracies. 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New Haven, CT: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11204-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11204-7"><bdi>978-0-300-11204-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%27s+Wars%3A+From+World+War+to+Cold+War%2C+1939%E2%80%931953&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-300-11204-7&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Roberts (historian)">Roberts, J.M.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/penguinhistoryof00robe_1">The Penguin History of Europe</a>. 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Abingdon & New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4634-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4634-3"><bdi>978-0-7146-4634-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+War+Plans%2C+1941%E2%80%931945%3A+The+Test+of+Battle&rft.place=Abingdon+%26+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-4634-3&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Steven+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRottman2002" class="citation book cs1">Rottman, Gordon L. (2002). World War II Pacific Island Guide: A Geo-Military Study. 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Fortress Against the Sun: The B-17 Flying Fortress in the Pacific. Conshohocken, PA: Combined Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58097-049-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58097-049-5"><bdi>978-1-58097-049-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fortress+Against+the+Sun%3A+The+B-17+Flying+Fortress+in+the+Pacific&rft.place=Conshohocken%2C+PA&rft.pub=Combined+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-58097-049-5&rft.aulast=Salecker&rft.aufirst=Gene+Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchain2001" class="citation book cs1">Schain, Martin A., ed. (2001). The Marshall Plan Fifty Years Later. 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New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518261-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518261-3"><bdi>978-0-19-518261-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Hitler+Knew%3A+The+Battle+for+Information+in+Nazi+Foreign+Policy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-518261-3&rft.aulast=Shore&rft.aufirst=Zachary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhathitlerknewba00shor_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlim1956" class="citation book cs1">Slim, William (1956). Defeat into Victory. London: Cassell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-29114-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-29114-4"><bdi>978-0-304-29114-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defeat+into+Victory&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1956&rft.isbn=978-0-304-29114-4&rft.aulast=Slim&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1993" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Alan (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russiaworldecono00smit">Russia and the World Economy: Problems of Integration</a>. 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"The Korean War". In Melvyn P. Leffler; Odd Arne Westad (eds.). The Cambridge History of the Cold War – Origins. Vol. I. 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Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03338-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03338-2"><bdi>978-0-674-03338-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Generalissimo%3A+Chiang+Kai-shek+and+the+Struggle+for+Modern+China&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03338-2&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeneralissimochi00tayl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomasAndrew1998" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Nigel; Andrew, Stephen (1998). 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Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-640-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-640-8"><bdi>978-1-85532-640-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+Army+1939%E2%80%931945+%282%29%3A+North+Africa+%26+Balkans&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-85532-640-8&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft.au=Andrew%2C+Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompsonRandall2008" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, John Herd; <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Randall_(political_scientist)" title="Stephen Randall (political scientist)">Randall, Stephen J.</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canadaunitedsta00thom">Canada and the United States: Ambivalent Allies</a> (4th ed.). Athens, GA: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia_Press" title="University of Georgia Press">University of Georgia Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-3113-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-3113-3"><bdi>978-0-8203-3113-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada+and+the+United+States%3A+Ambivalent+Allies&rft.place=Athens%2C+GA&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8203-3113-3&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=John+Herd&rft.au=Randall%2C+Stephen+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcanadaunitedsta00thom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrachtenberg1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marc_Trachtenberg" title="Marc Trachtenberg">Trachtenberg, Marc</a> (1999). 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Princeton, NJ: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00273-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00273-6"><bdi>978-0-691-00273-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Constructed+Peace%3A+The+Making+of+the+European+Settlement%2C+1945%E2%80%931963&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-691-00273-6&rft.aulast=Trachtenberg&rft.aufirst=Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuckerRoberts2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_C._Tucker" title="Spencer C. Tucker">Tucker, Spencer C.</a>; Roberts, Priscilla Mary (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000unse_p0k0">Encyclopedia of World War II: A Political, Social, and Military History</a>. ABC-CIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-999-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-999-7"><bdi>978-1-57607-999-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+War+II%3A+A+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Military+History&rft.pub=ABC-CIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-999-7&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer+C.&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Priscilla+Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofwo0000unse_p0k0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUmbreit1991" class="citation book cs1">Umbreit, Hans (1991). "The Battle for Hegemony in Western Europe". In P. S. Falla (ed.). 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Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 227–326. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822885-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822885-1"><bdi>978-0-19-822885-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Battle+for+Hegemony+in+Western+Europe&rft.btitle=Germany+and+the+Second+World+War+%E2%80%93+Germany%27s+Initial+Conquests+in+Europe&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=227-326&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-19-822885-1&rft.aulast=Umbreit&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUS_Army1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> (1986) [1953]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220117141003/https://history.army.mil/books/wwii/balkan/intro.htm">The German Campaigns in the Balkans (Spring 1941)</a>. 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"Reclaiming and Rebuilding the History of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights". <a href="/wiki/Third_World_Quarterly" title="Third World Quarterly">Third World Quarterly</a>. 23 (3): 437–448. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01436590220138378">10.1080/01436590220138378</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3993535">3993535</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145398136">145398136</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Third+World+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Reclaiming+and+Rebuilding+the+History+of+the+Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=437-448&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145398136%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3993535%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01436590220138378&rft.aulast=Waltz&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard2010" class="citation book cs1">Ward, Thomas A. (2010). Aerospace Propulsion Systems. Singapore: <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-82497-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-82497-9"><bdi>978-0-470-82497-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aerospace+Propulsion+Systems&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-470-82497-9&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Thomas+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_E._Watson" title="William E. Watson">Watson, William E.</a> (2003). Tricolor and Crescent: France and the Islamic World. Westport, CT: <a href="/wiki/Praeger_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Praeger Publishers">Praeger</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97470-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97470-1"><bdi>978-0-275-97470-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tricolor+and+Crescent%3A+France+and+the+Islamic+World&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-275-97470-1&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Weinberg" title="Gerhard Weinberg">Weinberg, Gerhard L.</a> (2005). A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II (2nd ed.). Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85316-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85316-3"><bdi>978-0-521-85316-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+at+Arms%3A+A+Global+History+of+World+War+II&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85316-3&rft.aulast=Weinberg&rft.aufirst=Gerhard+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988">; comprehensive overview with emphasis on diplomacy</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWettig2008" class="citation book cs1">Wettig, Gerhard (2008). Stalin and the Cold War in Europe: The Emergence and Development of East-West Conflict, 1939–1953. Lanham, MD: <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5542-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5542-6"><bdi>978-0-7425-5542-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin+and+the+Cold+War+in+Europe%3A+The+Emergence+and+Development+of+East-West+Conflict%2C+1939%E2%80%931953&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-5542-6&rft.aulast=Wettig&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiestBarbier2002" class="citation book cs1">Wiest, Andrew; Barbier, M.K. (2002). Strategy and Tactics: Infantry Warfare. St Paul, MN: <a href="/wiki/MBI_Publishing_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="MBI Publishing Company">MBI Publishing Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-1401-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-1401-2"><bdi>978-0-7603-1401-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strategy+and+Tactics%3A+Infantry+Warfare&rft.place=St+Paul%2C+MN&rft.pub=MBI+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7603-1401-2&rft.aulast=Wiest&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Barbier%2C+M.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2006" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Andrew (2006). Liberalism and War: The Victors and the Vanquished. Abingdon & New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35980-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35980-1"><bdi>978-0-415-35980-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberalism+and+War%3A+The+Victors+and+the+Vanquished&rft.place=Abingdon+%26+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-35980-1&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilt1981" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_F._Wilt" title="Alan F. Wilt">Wilt, Alan F.</a> (1981). "Hitler's Late Summer Pause in 1941". Military Affairs. 45 (4): 187–191. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1987464">10.2307/1987464</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1987464">1987464</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Military+Affairs&rft.atitle=Hitler%27s+Late+Summer+Pause+in+1941&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=187-191&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1987464&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1987464%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wilt&rft.aufirst=Alan+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWohlstetter1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roberta_Wohlstetter" title="Roberta Wohlstetter">Wohlstetter, Roberta</a> (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pearlharborwarni0000wohl">Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision</a>. Palo Alto, CA: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0597-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0597-4"><bdi>978-0-8047-0597-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pearl+Harbor%3A+Warning+and+Decision&rft.place=Palo+Alto%2C+CA&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-0597-4&rft.aulast=Wohlstetter&rft.aufirst=Roberta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpearlharborwarni0000wohl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolf1993" class="citation book cs1">Wolf, Holger C. (1993). "The Lucky Miracle: Germany 1945–1951". In Rudiger Dornbusch; Wilhelm Nölling; Richard Layard (eds.). Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. pp. 29–56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-04136-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-04136-2"><bdi>978-0-262-04136-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Lucky+Miracle%3A+Germany+1945%E2%80%931951&rft.btitle=Postwar+Economic+Reconstruction+and+Lessons+for+the+East+Today&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=29-56&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-262-04136-2&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=Holger+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2007" class="citation book cs1">Wood, James B. (2007). Japanese Military Strategy in the Pacific War: Was Defeat Inevitable?. Lanham, MD: <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5339-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5339-2"><bdi>978-0-7425-5339-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Military+Strategy+in+the+Pacific+War%3A+Was+Defeat+Inevitable%3F&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-5339-2&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoder1997" class="citation book cs1">Yoder, Amos (1997). The Evolution of the United Nations System (3rd ed.). London & Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56032-546-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56032-546-8"><bdi>978-1-56032-546-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+the+United+Nations+System&rft.place=London+%26+Washington%2C+DC&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-56032-546-8&rft.aulast=Yoder&rft.aufirst=Amos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZalampas1989" class="citation book cs1">Zalampas, Michael (1989). Adolf Hitler and the Third Reich in American magazines, 1923–1939. Bowling Green University Popular Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87972-462-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87972-462-7"><bdi>978-0-87972-462-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adolf+Hitler+and+the+Third+Reich+in+American+magazines%2C+1923%E2%80%931939&rft.pub=Bowling+Green+University+Popular+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-87972-462-7&rft.aulast=Zalampas&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaloga1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Zaloga" class="mw-redirect" title="Steven Zaloga">Zaloga, Steven J.</a> (1996). Bagration 1944: The Destruction of Army Group Centre. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-478-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-478-7"><bdi>978-1-85532-478-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bagration+1944%3A+The+Destruction+of+Army+Group+Centre&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-85532-478-7&rft.aulast=Zaloga&rft.aufirst=Steven+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaloga2002" class="citation book cs1">——— (2002). Poland 1939: The Birth of Blitzkrieg. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-408-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-408-5"><bdi>978-1-84176-408-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland+1939%3A+The+Birth+of+Blitzkrieg&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-408-5&rft.aulast=Zaloga&rft.aufirst=Steven+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeiler2004" class="citation book cs1">Zeiler, Thomas W. (2004). Unconditional Defeat: Japan, America, and the End of World War II. Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8420-2991-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8420-2991-9"><bdi>978-0-8420-2991-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unconditional+Defeat%3A+Japan%2C+America%2C+and+the+End+of+World+War+II&rft.place=Wilmington%2C+DE&rft.pub=Scholarly+Resources&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8420-2991-9&rft.aulast=Zeiler&rft.aufirst=Thomas+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZetterlingTamelander2009" class="citation book cs1">Zetterling, Niklas; Tamelander, Michael (2009). Bismarck: The Final Days of Germany's Greatest Battleship. Drexel Hill, PA: <a href="/wiki/Casemate_Publishers" title="Casemate Publishers">Casemate</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-935149-04-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-935149-04-0"><bdi>978-1-935149-04-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bismarck%3A+The+Final+Days+of+Germany%27s+Greatest+Battleship&rft.place=Drexel+Hill%2C+PA&rft.pub=Casemate&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-935149-04-0&rft.aulast=Zetterling&rft.aufirst=Niklas&rft.au=Tamelander%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style 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mw-collapsed sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow" style="clear: both"> World War II at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex mw-collapsible-content"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" 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Wikiquote</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 26px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="26" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/World_War_II" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/World War II">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><noscript><img alt="" 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decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 22px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/World_War_II" class="extiw" title="v:World War II">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/World_War_II" class="extiw" title="voy:World War II">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://westpoint.edu/academics/academic-departments/history/world-war-two-europe">West Point Maps of the European War</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190323092741/https://westpoint.edu/academics/academic-departments/history/world-war-two-europe">Archived</a> 23 March 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://westpoint.edu/academics/academic-departments/history/world-war-two-asia">West Point Maps of the Asian-Pacific War</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190323092715/https://westpoint.edu/academics/academic-departments/history/world-war-two-asia">Archived</a> 23 March 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World_Battle_Fronts_in_Semimonthly_Phases_to_August_15_1945" class="extiw" title="s:Atlas of the World Battle Fronts in Semimonthly Phases to August 15 1945">Atlas of the World Battle Fronts</a> (July 1943 – August 1945)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 20 November 2024, at 21:16 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%82%D3%80%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8D_%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8D" title="ЕтӀуанэ дунейпсо зауэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="ЕтӀуанэ дунейпсо зауэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweede_W%C3%AAreldoorlog" title="Tweede Wêreldoorlog – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tweede Wêreldoorlog" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweiter_Weltkrieg" title="Zweiter Weltkrieg – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Zweiter Weltkrieg" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/2%E1%8A%9B%E1%8B%8D_%E1%8B%93%E1%88%88%E1%88%9B%E1%8B%8A_%E1%8C%A6%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%90%E1%89%B5" title="2ኛው ዓለማዊ ጦርነት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="2ኛው ዓለማዊ ጦርነት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubbe_maailmsu%C3%A1ti" title="Nubbe maailmsuáti – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Nubbe maailmsuáti" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8C%C3%B0ru_Woruldg%C5%AB%C3%BE" title="Ōðru Woruldgūþ – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Ōðru Woruldgūþ" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الحرب العالمية الثانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحرب العالمية الثانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Guerra_Mundial" title="Segunda Guerra Mundial – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Segunda Guerra Mundial" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Երկրորդ Համաշխարհային Պատերազմ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Երկրորդ Համաշխարհային Պատերազմ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconda_Gu%C3%A8rra_mondi%C3%A2la" title="Seconda Guèrra mondiâla – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Seconda Guèrra mondiâla" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7" title="দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Guerra_Mundial" title="Segunda Guerra Mundial – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Segunda Guerra Mundial" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91orair%C3%B5_Guasu_Mok%C3%B5iha" title="Ñorairõ Guasu Mokõiha – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ñorairõ Guasu Mokõiha" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1_%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8A" title="КӀиабилеб дунялалъулаб рагъ – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="КӀиабилеб дунялалъулаб рагъ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0kinci_D%C3%BCnya_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99si" title="İkinci Dünya müharibəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İkinci Dünya müharibəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="ایکینجی دونیا ساواشی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایکینجی دونیا ساواشی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuda_Jagat_II" title="Yuda Jagat II – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Yuda Jagat II" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7" title="দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%93-j%C4%AB-chh%C3%B9_S%C3%A8-k%C3%A0i_T%C4%81i-chi%C3%A0n" title="Tē-jī-chhù Sè-kài Tāi-chiàn – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tē-jī-chhù Sè-kài Tāi-chiàn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Donya_II" title="Perang Donya II – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Perang Donya II" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8A%D1%8F_%D2%BB%D1%83%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Икенсе донъя һуғышы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Икенсе донъя һуғышы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Другая сусветная вайна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Другая сусветная вайна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Другая сусьветная вайна – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Другая сусьветная вайна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="दुसरा बिस्व जुद्ध – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="दुसरा बिस्व जुद्ध" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikaduwang_Gerang_Pankinaban" title="Ikaduwang Gerang Pankinaban – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Ikaduwang Gerang Pankinaban" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wol_Wo_Tu" title="Wol Wo Tu – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Wol Wo Tu" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Втора световна война – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Втора световна война" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwoata_W%C3%B6dkriag" title="Zwoata Wödkriag – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Zwoata Wödkriag" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%9B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B3%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%81%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%89%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8B" title="འཛམ་གླིང་འཁྲུག་ཆེན་གཉིས་པ་ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འཛམ་གླིང་འཁྲུག་ཆེན་གཉིས་པ་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drugi_svjetski_rat" title="Drugi svjetski rat – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Drugi svjetski rat" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eil_Brezel-bed" title="Eil Brezel-bed – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Eil Brezel-bed" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%91%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Дэлхэйн хоёрдугаар дайн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Дэлхэйн хоёрдугаар дайн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segona_Guerra_Mundial" title="Segona Guerra Mundial – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Segona Guerra Mundial" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BA%D0%BA%C4%95%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%88_%D0%A2%C4%95%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5_%D0%B2%C4%83%D1%80%C3%A7%D0%B8" title="Иккĕмĕш Тĕнче вăрçи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Иккĕмĕш Тĕнче вăрçи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikaduhang_Gubat_Kalibotanon" title="Ikaduhang Gubat Kalibotanon – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ikaduhang Gubat Kalibotanon" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druh%C3%A1_sv%C4%9Btov%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka" title="Druhá světová válka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Druhá světová válka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Guerra_Mundial" title="Segunda Guerra Mundial – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Segunda Guerra Mundial" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nkhondo_Yachiwiri_Yadziko_Lonse" title="Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hondo_yePasirose_yeChipiri" title="Hondo yePasirose yeChipiri – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Hondo yePasirose yeChipiri" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconda_Guerra_Mundiale" title="Seconda Guerra Mundiale – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Seconda Guerra Mundiale" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_Ail_Ryfel_Byd" title="Yr Ail Ryfel Byd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yr Ail Ryfel Byd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._verdenskrig" title="2. verdenskrig – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="2. verdenskrig" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A9" title="لحرب لعالمية الجاوجة – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لحرب لعالمية الجاوجة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubbi_m%C3%A1ilmmisoahti" title="Nubbi máilmmisoahti – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Nubbi máilmmisoahti" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwette_Weltgrieg" title="Zwette Weltgrieg – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Zwette Weltgrieg" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweiter_Weltkrieg" title="Zweiter Weltkrieg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zweiter Weltkrieg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8B%DE%AC%DE%88%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%A6_%DE%84%DE%AE%DE%91%DE%AA_%DE%80%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%8E%DE%AA%DE%83%DE%A7%DE%89%DE%A6" title="ދެވަނަ ބޮޑު ހަނގުރާމަ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ދެވަނަ ބޮޑު ހަނގުރާމަ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naaki_g%C3%B3ne%CA%BC_y%C3%A9igo_da%CA%BCahijoog%C4%85%CC%81%C4%85%CC%81%CA%BC" title="Naaki góneʼ yéigo daʼahijoogą́ą́ʼ – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Naaki góneʼ yéigo daʼahijoogą́ą́ʼ" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druga_sw%C4%9Btowa_w%C3%B3jna" title="Druga swětowa wójna – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Druga swětowa wójna" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="द्वितीय विश्वयुद्ध – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="द्वितीय विश्वयुद्ध" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teine_maailmas%C3%B5da" title="Teine maailmasõda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Teine maailmasõda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%84_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Β΄ Παγκόσμιος Πόλεμος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Β΄ Παγκόσμιος Πόλεμος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sec%C3%A5nda_gu%C3%A8ra_mundi%C3%A8l" title="Secånda guèra mundièl – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Secånda guèra mundièl" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Guerra_Mundial" title="Segunda Guerra Mundial – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Segunda Guerra Mundial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dua_Mondmilito" title="Dua Mondmilito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dua Mondmilito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_Guerra_Mundial" title="II Guerra Mundial – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="II Guerra Mundial" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigarren_Mundu_Gerra" title="Bigarren Mundu Gerra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bigarren Mundu Gerra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85" title="جنگ جهانی دوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ جهانی دوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="World War II" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seinni_heimsbardagi" title="Seinni heimsbardagi – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Seinni heimsbardagi" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconde_Guerre_mondiale" title="Seconde Guerre mondiale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Seconde Guerre mondiale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twadde_Wr%C3%A2ldkriich" title="Twadde Wrâldkriich – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Twadde Wrâldkriich" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconde_vuere_mondi%C3%A2l" title="Seconde vuere mondiâl – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Seconde vuere mondiâl" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Dara_Cogadh_Domhanda" title="An Dara Cogadh Domhanda – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Dara Cogadh Domhanda" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Nah_Chaggey_Dowanagh" title="Yn Nah Chaggey Dowanagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Nah Chaggey Dowanagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_D%C3%A0rna_Cogadh" title="An Dàrna Cogadh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An Dàrna Cogadh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_guerra_mundial" title="Segunda guerra mundial – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Segunda guerra mundial" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0" title="第二次世界大戰 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="第二次世界大戰" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%82_%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5_%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A7" title="બીજું વિશ્વ યુદ્ધ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="બીજું વિશ્વ યુદ્ધ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thi-ngi-chh%E1%B9%B3_S%E1%B9%B3-kie_Thai-chan" title="Thi-ngi-chhṳ Sṳ-kie Thai-chan – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thi-ngi-chhṳ Sṳ-kie Thai-chan" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C2%EC%B0%A8_%EC%84%B8%EA%B3%84_%EB%8C%80%EC%A0%84" title="제2차 세계 대전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제2차 세계 대전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C6%99in_Duniya_na_II" title="Yaƙin Duniya na II – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Yaƙin Duniya na II" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Երկրորդ համաշխարհային պատերազմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Երկրորդ համաշխարհային պատերազմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="द्वितीय विश्वयुद्ध – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="द्वितीय विश्वयुद्ध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druha_sw%C4%9Btowa_w%C3%B3jna" title="Druha swětowa wójna – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Druha swětowa wójna" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drugi_svjetski_rat" title="Drugi svjetski rat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Drugi svjetski rat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duesma_mondomilito" title="Duesma mondomilito – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Duesma mondomilito" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="World War II" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maikadua_a_Sangalubongan_a_Gubat" title="Maikadua a Sangalubongan a Gubat – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Maikadua a Sangalubongan a Gubat" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Dunia_II" title="Perang Dunia II – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Dunia II" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secunde_Guerra_Mundial" title="Secunde Guerra Mundial – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Secunde Guerra Mundial" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duesim_Guerre_Mundal" title="Duesim Guerre Mundal – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Duesim Guerre Mundal" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%85%C3%A6%D1%81%D1%82" title="Дыккаг дунеон хæст – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Дыккаг дунеон хæст" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seinni_heimsstyrj%C3%B6ldin" title="Seinni heimsstyrjöldin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Seinni heimsstyrjöldin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconda_guerra_mondiale" title="Seconda guerra mondiale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Seconda guerra mondiale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94" title="מלחמת העולם השנייה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמת העולם השנייה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Donya_II" title="Perang Donya II – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Perang Donya II" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kede%C5%8Ba_kpeekpe_you_k%C9%A9l%C9%9Bl%CA%8B%CA%8B" title="Kedeŋa kpeekpe you kɩlɛlʋʋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kedeŋa kpeekpe you kɩlɛlʋʋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%87_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A7" title="ಎರಡನೇ ಮಹಾಯುದ್ಧ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಎರಡನೇ ಮಹಾಯುದ್ಧ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Экинчи дуния къазауат – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Экинчи дуния къазауат" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="მეორე მსოფლიო ომი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მეორე მსოფლიო ომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%9A%DB%8C%D9%90%D9%85_%D8%B9%D9%94%D8%B8%DB%8C%D9%96%D9%85_%D8%AC%D9%8E%D9%86%D9%9B%DA%AF" title="دوٚیِم عٔظیٖم جَنٛگ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="دوٚیِم عٔظیٖم جَنٛگ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%96_%D0%B4%D2%AF%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B6%D2%AF%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA_%D1%81%D0%BE%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%81" title="Екінші дүниежүзілік соғыс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Екінші дүниежүзілік соғыс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyl_Bresel_an_Bys" title="Eyl Bresel an Bys – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Eyl Bresel an Bys" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita_Kuu_ya_Pili_ya_Dunia" title="Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dezy%C3%A8m_G%C3%A8_mondyal" title="Dezyèm Gè mondyal – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Dezyèm Gè mondyal" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9gonn_Lag%C3%A8r_mondyal" title="Ségonn Lagèr mondyal – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Ségonn Lagèr mondyal" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eer%C3%AA_C%C3%AEhan%C3%AE_y%C3%AA_Duyem" title="Şerê Cîhanî yê Duyem – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Şerê Cîhanî yê Duyem" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%BD%D3%A9%D0%BB%D2%AF%D0%BA_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%88" title="Экинчи дүйнөлүк согуш – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Экинчи дүйнөлүк согуш" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secunda_Vera_Mondiala" title="Secunda Vera Mondiala – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Secunda Vera Mondiala" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosena_Gerra_Mondiala" title="Dosena Gerra Mondiala – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Dosena Gerra Mondiala" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80_%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%B4%D1%8F%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="2-мур дунияллул дяъви – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="2-мур дунияллул дяъви" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A1%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B1%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%87" title="ສົງຄາມໂລກຄັ້ງທີສອງ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສົງຄາມໂລກຄັ້ງທີສອງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secundum_bellum_mundanum" title="Secundum bellum mundanum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Secundum bellum mundanum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otrais_pasaules_kar%C5%A1" title="Otrais pasaules karš – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Otrais pasaules karš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweete_Weltkrich" title="Zweete Weltkrich – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Zweete Weltkrich" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Дуьньядин кьведлагьай дяве – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Дуьньядин кьведлагьай дяве" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antrasis_pasaulinis_karas" title="Antrasis pasaulinis karas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Antrasis pasaulinis karas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segonda_Gu%C3%A6ra_Mondi%C3%A2" title="Segonda Guæra Mondiâ – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Segonda Guæra Mondiâ" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twiede_Wereldoorlog" title="Twiede Wereldoorlog – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Twiede Wereldoorlog" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gera_Mundal_Du" title="Gera Mundal Du – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Gera Mundal Du" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toine_muailmanvoinu" title="Toine muailmanvoinu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Toine muailmanvoinu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/remoi_ke_terdi_nunjamna" title="remoi ke terdi nunjamna – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="remoi ke terdi nunjamna" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seg%C3%B3nda_gu%C3%A8ra_mondi%C3%A0l" title="Segónda guèra mondiàl – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Segónda guèra mondiàl" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1sodik_vil%C3%A1gh%C3%A1bor%C3%BA" title="Második világháború – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Második világháború" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="द्वितीय विश्वयुद्ध – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="द्वितीय विश्वयुद्ध" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Втора светска војна – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Втора светска војна" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ady_Lehibe_Faharoa" title="Ady Lehibe Faharoa – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ady Lehibe Faharoa" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%82" title="രണ്ടാം ലോകമഹായുദ്ധം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="രണ്ടാം ലോകമഹായുദ്ധം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/It-Tieni_Gwerra_Dinjija" title="It-Tieni Gwerra Dinjija – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="It-Tieni Gwerra Dinjija" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakanga_Tuarua_o_te_Ao" title="Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="दुसरे महायुद्ध – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="दुसरे महायुद्ध" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9F%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%B7%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="მაჟირა მოსოფელიშ ლჷმა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მაჟირა მოსოფელიშ ლჷმა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الحرب العالميه التانيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الحرب العالميه التانيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%87" title="جئونی دیمین الجه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جئونی دیمین الجه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Dunia_Kedua" title="Perang Dunia Kedua – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perang Dunia Kedua" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parang_Dunia_II" title="Parang Dunia II – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Parang Dunia II" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A2%CC%A4-n%C3%AA-ch%C3%A9%CC%A4%E1%B9%B3_Si%C3%A9-g%C3%A1i_D%C3%A2i-ci%C3%A9ng" title="Dâ̤-nê-ché̤ṳ Sié-gái Dâi-ciéng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dâ̤-nê-ché̤ṳ Sié-gái Dâi-ciéng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Guerra_Mundial" title="Segunda Guerra Mundial – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Segunda Guerra Mundial" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Омбоце масторлангонь торпингесь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Омбоце масторлангонь торпингесь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%91%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Дэлхийн хоёрдугаар дайн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дэлхийн хоёрдугаар дайн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9A_%E1%80%80%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="ဒုတိယ ကမ္ဘာစစ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဒုတိယ ကမ္ဘာစစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweede_Wereldoorlog" title="Tweede Wereldoorlog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tweede Wereldoorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweede_Wereldoorlog" title="Tweede Wereldoorlog – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Tweede Wereldoorlog" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="दोस्रो विश्व युद्ध – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="दोस्रो विश्व युद्ध" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A8" title="तःहताः २ – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="तःहताः २" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%A6" title="第二次世界大戦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="第二次世界大戦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconna_Uerra_Munniale" title="Seconna Uerra Munniale – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Seconna Uerra Munniale" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%96%DF%8A%DF%AF%DF%93%DF%8A%DF%AB_%DF%9E%DF%9F%DF%8D%DF%AB_%DF%9D%DF%8C%DF%9F%DF%8A%DF%A3%DF%8A%DF%B2" title="ߖߊ߯ߓߊ߫ ߞߟߍ߫ ߝߌߟߊߣߊ߲ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߖߊ߯ߓߊ߫ ߞߟߍ߫ ߝߌߟߊߣߊ߲" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D3%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="ШолгӀа дуьненан тӀом – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ШолгӀа дуьненан тӀом" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naist_W%C3%A4%C3%A4ltkrich" title="Naist Wäältkrich – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Naist Wäältkrich" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werl_War_II" title="Werl War II – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Werl War II" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_verdenskrig" title="Andre verdenskrig – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Andre verdenskrig" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_verdskrigen" title="Andre verdskrigen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Andre verdskrigen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segonda_Gu%C3%A8rra_Mondiala" title="Segonda Guèrra Mondiala – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Segonda Guèrra Mondiala" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%BE_%D0%A2%D3%B1%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Кокымшо Тӱнямбалсе сар – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Кокымшо Тӱнямбалсе сар" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%B1%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%80%E0%AD%9F_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%B1%E0%AC%AF%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A7" title="ଦ୍ୱିତୀୟ ବିଶ୍ୱଯୁଦ୍ଧ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଦ୍ୱିତୀୟ ବିଶ୍ୱଯୁଦ୍ଧ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikkinchi_Jahon_urushi" title="Ikkinchi Jahon urushi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ikkinchi Jahon urushi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97" title="ਦੂਜੀ ਸੰਸਾਰ ਜੰਗ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਦੂਜੀ ਸੰਸਾਰ ਜੰਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweiter_Weltkrieg" title="Zweiter Weltkrieg – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Zweiter Weltkrieg" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D9%88%DA%88%DB%8C_%D9%84%DA%91%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="دوجی وڈی لڑائی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دوجی وڈی لڑائی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9A%E1%80%80%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F%E1%80%85%E1%80%B2%E1%80%B7%EA%A9%BB" title="ဒုတိယကမ္ဘာႏစဲ့ꩻ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဒုတိယကမ္ဘာႏစဲ့ꩻ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di_Dos_Guera_Mundial" title="Di Dos Guera Mundial – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Di Dos Guera Mundial" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%87_%D9%86%DA%93%DB%90%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%AC%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%87" title="دويمه نړېواله جګړه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="دويمه نړېواله جګړه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wol_Waar_II" title="Wol Waar II – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Wol Waar II" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%82%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%84%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%BE%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B8%E1%9F%A2" title="សង្គ្រាមលោកលើកទី២ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សង្គ្រាមលោកលើកទី២" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgonde_Djerre_Mondiale" title="Sgonde Djerre Mondiale – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Sgonde Djerre Mondiale" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sconda_gu%C3%A8ra_mondial" title="Sconda guèra mondial – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Sconda guèra mondial" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweete_Weltkrieg" title="Tweete Weltkrieg – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Tweete Weltkrieg" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_wojna_%C5%9Bwiatowa" title="II wojna światowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="II wojna światowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Guerra_Mundial" title="Segunda Guerra Mundial – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Segunda Guerra Mundial" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekinshi_j%C3%A1h%C3%A1n_ur%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Ekinshi jáhán urısı – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Ekinshi jáhán urısı" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekinci_Cian_cenki" title="Ekinci Cian cenki – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Ekinci Cian cenki" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweide_Weltkresch" title="Zweide Weltkresch – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Zweide Weltkresch" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Doilea_R%C4%83zboi_Mondial" title="Al Doilea Război Mondial – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Al Doilea Război Mondial" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Guerra_mundiala" title="Segunda Guerra mundiala – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Segunda Guerra mundiala" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskay_%C3%B1iqin_pachantin_maqanakuy" title="Iskay ñiqin pachantin maqanakuy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Iskay ñiqin pachantin maqanakuy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Друга світова война – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Друга світова война" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Вторая мировая война – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вторая мировая война" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%83_%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81_%D1%81%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8D" title="Аан дойду иккис сэриитэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Аан дойду иккис сэриитэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/sakatusaay_nu_kitakit_satabakiay_masasungayaw" title="sakatusaay nu kitakit satabakiay masasungayaw – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="sakatusaay nu kitakit satabakiay masasungayaw" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="द्वितीयविश्वयुद्धम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="द्वितीयविश्वयुद्धम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8_%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9B_%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%AD" title="ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱰᱷᱟᱹᱭ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱰᱷᱟᱹᱭ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_gherra_mundiale" title="Segunda gherra mundiale – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Segunda gherra mundiale" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warld_War_II" title="Warld War II – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Warld War II" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tw%C3%A4iden_Waareldkriech" title="Twäiden Waareldkriech – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Twäiden Waareldkriech" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufta_e_Dyt%C3%AB_Bot%C3%ABrore" title="Lufta e Dytë Botërore – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lufta e Dytë Botërore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secunna_guerra_munniali" title="Secunna guerra munniali – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Secunna guerra munniali" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B0%E0%B6%BA" title="දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="World War II" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BB%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%85%DA%BE%D8%A7%DA%80%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="ٻين مھاڀاري جنگ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٻين مھاڀاري جنگ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druh%C3%A1_svetov%C3%A1_vojna" title="Druhá svetová vojna – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Druhá svetová vojna" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druga_svetovna_vojna" title="Druga svetovna vojna – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Druga svetovna vojna" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%A7_%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%94%D0%BB%D1%94%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%A7_%E2%80%8B%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%E2%80%8B" title="Втораѧ всєлєнскаѧ воина – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Втораѧ всєлєнскаѧ воина" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_wojna_%C5%9Bwjatowo" title="II wojna śwjatowo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="II wojna śwjatowo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagaalkii_Labaad_ee_Aduunka" title="Dagaalkii Labaad ee Aduunka – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dagaalkii Labaad ee Aduunka" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%95%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AC%DB%8C%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88%DB%95%D9%85" title="جەنگی جیھانیی دووەم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جەنگی جیھانیی دووەم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Други светски рат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Други светски рат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drugi_svjetski_rat" title="Drugi svjetski rat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Drugi svjetski rat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Dunya_II" title="Perang Dunya II – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Perang Dunya II" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toinen_maailmansota" title="Toinen maailmansota – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Toinen maailmansota" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andra_v%C3%A4rldskriget" title="Andra världskriget – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Andra världskriget" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikalawang_Digmaang_Pandaigdig" title="Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="இரண்டாம் உலகப் போர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இரண்டாம் உலகப் போர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imn%C9%A3i_Ama%E1%B8%8Dlan_Wis_Sin" title="Imnɣi Amaḍlan Wis Sin – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Imnɣi Amaḍlan Wis Sin" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B9%AC%E1%B9%ADra%E1%B8%8D_Ama%E1%B8%8Dlan_Wis_Sin" title="Ṭṭraḍ Amaḍlan Wis Sin – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ṭṭraḍ Amaḍlan Wis Sin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconda_uerre_mundiale" title="Seconda uerre mundiale – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Seconda uerre mundiale" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D3%A9%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Икенче бөтендөнья сугышы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Икенче бөтендөнья сугышы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%B5_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9A_%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%82" title="రెండవ ప్రపంచ యుద్ధం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రెండవ ప్రపంచ యుద్ధం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="สงครามโลกครั้งที่สอง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สงครามโลกครั้งที่สอง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%94%C5%8B_Pinynhom_de_R%C3%B6u" title="Tɔŋ Pinynhom de Röu – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Tɔŋ Pinynhom de Röu" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D2%B7%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Ҷанги ҷаҳонии дувум – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷанги ҷаҳонии дувум" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._D%C3%BCnya_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="II. Dünya Savaşı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="II. Dünya Savaşı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikinji_Jahan_Ur%C5%9Fy" title="Ikinji Jahan Urşy – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Ikinji Jahan Urşy" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwang_Swanta_II" title="Zwang Swanta II – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Zwang Swanta II" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B9%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Ийиги Делегей дайыны – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Ийиги Делегей дайыны" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Друга світова війна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Друга світова війна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B9%D8%B8%DB%8C%D9%85" title="دوسری جنگ عظیم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دوسری جنگ عظیم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%89%D9%83%D9%83%D9%89%D9%86%DA%86%D9%89_%D8%AF%DB%87%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A6%DB%87%D8%B1%DB%87%D8%B4%D9%89" title="ئىككىنچى دۇنيا ئۇرۇشى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئىككىنچى دۇنيا ئۇرۇشى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daihngeih_Baez_Seiqgyaiq_Dacan" title="Daihngeih Baez Seiqgyaiq Dacan – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Daihngeih Baez Seiqgyaiq Dacan" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconda_guera_mondia%C5%82e" title="Seconda guera mondiałe – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Seconda guera mondiałe" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toine_mail%27man_soda" title="Toine mail'man soda – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Toine mail'man soda" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%E1%BA%BFn_tranh_th%E1%BA%BF_gi%E1%BB%9Bi_th%E1%BB%A9_hai" title="Chiến tranh thế giới thứ hai – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chiến tranh thế giới thứ hai" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volakrig_telid" title="Volakrig telid – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Volakrig telid" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B5%C3%B5n%C3%B5_ilmas%C3%B5da" title="Tõõnõ ilmasõda – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Tõõnõ ilmasõda" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deujhinme_guere_daegnrece" title="Deujhinme guere daegnrece – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Deujhinme guere daegnrece" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0" title="第二次世界大戰 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="第二次世界大戰" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twiddn_Weireld%C3%B4orloge" title="Twiddn Weireldôorloge – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Twiddn Weireldôorloge" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikaduha_nga_Gera_han_Kalibotan" title="Ikaduha nga Gera han Kalibotan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ikaduha nga Gera han Kalibotan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91aareelu_Xareb_%C3%80dduna" title="Ñaareelu Xareb Àdduna – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Ñaareelu Xareb Àdduna" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98" title="第二次世界大战 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="第二次世界大战" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A2_%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%98-%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%94" title="צווייטע וועלט-מלחמה – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="צווייטע וועלט-מלחמה" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogun_%C3%80gb%C3%A1y%C3%A9_%E1%BA%B8l%E1%BA%B9%CC%81%E1%BA%B9%CC%80kej%C3%AC" title="Ogun Àgbáyé Ẹlẹ́ẹ̀kejì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ogun Àgbáyé Ẹlẹ́ẹ̀kejì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0" title="第二次世界大戰 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="第二次世界大戰" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb%C3%AA_D%C4%B1nyay%C3%AA_D%C4%B1y%C4%B1ne" title="Herbê Dınyayê Dıyıne – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Herbê Dınyayê Dıyıne" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twidde_Weareldo%C3%B4rlog" title="Twidde Weareldoôrlog – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Twidde Weareldoôrlog" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontra_svieta_vaina" title="Ontra svieta vaina – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Ontra svieta vaina" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98" title="第二次世界大战 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="第二次世界大战" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porang_Dunia_pa_2" title="Porang Dunia pa 2 – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Porang Dunia pa 2" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Dunya_Kedua" title="Perang Dunya Kedua – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Perang Dunya Kedua" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dymin%C9%99_Dynjo_%C4%8Dang" title="Dyminə Dynjo čang – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Dyminə Dynjo čang" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 November 2024, at 21:16 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-vthpd","wgBackendResponseTime":316,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"4.842","walltime":"5.328","ppvisitednodes":{"value":36861,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":989745,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":31009,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":50,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1209968,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 4352.933 1 -total"," 30.68% 1335.490 241 Template:Cite_book"," 23.95% 1042.354 3 Template:Reflist"," 16.15% 703.185 174 Template:Sfn"," 6.66% 290.100 47 Template:Cite_journal"," 5.50% 239.271 1 Template:Infobox_military_conflict"," 5.16% 224.630 46 Template:Cite_web"," 3.62% 157.466 175 Template:Harvnb"," 2.77% 120.613 1 Template:Short_description"," 2.47% 107.482 199 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[\"CITEREFBix2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlack2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlinkhorn2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBonnerBonner2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBorstelmann2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBosworthMaiolo2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrayley2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrody1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuchanan2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuchanan2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBueno_de_MesquitaSmithSiversonMorrow2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBullNewell2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBullock1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurcherRydill1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurns1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBusky2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCanfora2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCantril1940\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarmichaelMaguire2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCastaldiFontanaNuvolari2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCh\u0026#039;i1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChang1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChant1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChenowethNihart2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristoffersonChristofferson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChubarov2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCienciala2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClogg2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoble2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollier2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollierPedley2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCommager2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoogan1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCookBewes1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoox1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCowleyParker2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDarwin2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_T._Zabecki2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeLongEichengreen1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDearFoot2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeighton1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDower1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrea2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunn1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDupuy1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEastman1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEberhardt2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEberhardt2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEberhardt2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEberhardt2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllman2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllmanMaksudov1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmadi-Coffin2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErickson2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErickson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvansPeattie2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFairbankGoldman2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarrell1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerguson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerrisMawdsley2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlorida_Center_for_Instructional_Technology2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForrestEvansGibbons2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrank,_Willard_C.1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrei2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFujiwara1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFörster1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFörsterGessler2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGardinerBrown2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarver1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeiger2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGenzberger1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerwarth\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilbert1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilbert2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGinsburgs1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlantz1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlantz1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlantz1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlantz2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlantz2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlantz2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGold1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldman,_Stuart_D.2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldstein2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGordon2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGordon2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffith1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrove1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHane2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanhimäki1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrison1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHartHartHughes2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHauner1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaynes2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHealy1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHearn2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHempel2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerbert1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerf2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHett1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHill2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolland2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHosking2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoward2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHsuChang1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIngram2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIriye1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoes2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Dower2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJowett2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJowettAndrew2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJu2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJukes2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKantowicz1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKantowicz2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeeble1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeegan1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy-Pipe1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKershaw2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKershaw2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKitano2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKitson2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlavansDi_BenedettoPrudom1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKleinfeld1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKloozWiley1944\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKoch1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKolko1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarresm2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaurier2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLefflerWestad2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeith1939\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevine1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiberman1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiddell_Hart1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLightbody2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindbergTodd2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLong2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoweMarzari2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLynch2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacintyre,_Ben2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaddox1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaingot1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMandelbaum1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarek2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarston2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasaya1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMassacre\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMassari2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMay1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMazower2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilner1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilward1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilward1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinford1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMingstKarns2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMintz\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiscamble2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitcham2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitter2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMolinari2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorrisey2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurray1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurrayMillett2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMyersPeattie1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaimark1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaimark2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeary1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeillands2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeulen2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNiewykNicosia2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Brien\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Reilly2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOvery1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOvery1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOvery2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOveryWheatcroft1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPadfield1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPainter2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPape1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParker2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPayne2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPearson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerez1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetrov1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoirier1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPolley2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPortelli2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPreston1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrins2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadtke1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRahn2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRatcliff2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRead2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReadFisher2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRecord2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRedžić2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRees2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRegan2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReinhardt1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReynolds2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRich1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRitchie1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRopp2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoskill1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoss1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRottman2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRotundo1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoweRothstein\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRummell\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalecker2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchain2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmitz2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchoenherr2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchoppa2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSelby2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSella1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSella1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSenn2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaw2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShepardson1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShirer1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShore2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkinner_Watson,_Mark\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlim1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmithPabriksPursLane2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmithSteadman2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnyder2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnyder2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpragueGriffiths2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpring1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteinberg1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteury1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStueck2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSumnerBaker2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwain1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwain2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTanaka1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomasAndrew1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompsonRandall2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTimothy_Neeno\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrachtenberg1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTuckerRoberts2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUS_Army1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUmbreit1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnidas2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaltz2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWard2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatson2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeinberg2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWettig2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWetzler1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiestBarbier2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiktor1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilt1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWohlstetter1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolf1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWood2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoder1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZalampas1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZaloga1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZaloga2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZeiler2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZetterlingTamelander2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZuberi2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_GraziaPaggi1991\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Age in years and days\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Campaignbox World War II\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 241,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 47,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 46,\n [\"Convert\"] = 3,\n [\"Eastern world\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 3,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 7,\n [\"Flatlist\"] = 2,\n [\"For timeline\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"GBurl\"] = 6,\n [\"Gale\"] = 1,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Graph:Chart\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 175,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 5,\n [\"ISBN?\"] = 1,\n [\"Image frame\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox military conflict\"] = 1,\n [\"Isbn\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 17,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 14,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 4,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"R\"] = 5,\n [\"Redirect-several\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 174,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 1,\n [\"Spaces\"] = 4,\n [\"Stack\"] = 1,\n [\"TopicTOC-World War II\"] = 1,\n [\"USS\"] = 5,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"Unreliable source?\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"WWII history by nation\"] = 1,\n [\"WWII timeline\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 10,\n [\"Western world\"] = 1,\n [\"World War II\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","500","16.2"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","440","14.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","300","9.7"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","220","7.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","180","5.8"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","140","4.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","120","3.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","120","3.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","60","1.9"],["(for generator)","60","1.9"],["[others]","940","30.5"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-l24nk","timestamp":"20241123130829","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script 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