CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Global digital divide - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"f7c88a23-50ac-4cbd-a54b-cae04307dd80","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Global_digital_divide","wgTitle":"Global digital divide","wgCurRevisionId":1254329100,"wgRevisionId":1254329100,"wgArticleId":677829,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","All articles needing examples","Articles needing examples from September 2023","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from August 2014","Digital divide","Digital media","Technology development","Economic geography","Cultural globalization","Global inequality","Rural economics","Social inequality"],"wgPageViewLanguage": "en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Global_digital_divide","wgRelevantArticleId":677829,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["autoconfirmed"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q105200013", "wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready", "jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Global digital divide - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_digital_divide"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_digital_divide"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Global_digital_divide rootpage-Global_digital_divide skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Global+digital+divide" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Global+digital+divide" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Global+digital+divide" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Global+digital+divide" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Versus_the_digital_divide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Versus_the_digital_divide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Versus the digital divide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Versus_the_digital_divide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Obstacles_to_a_solution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obstacles_to_a_solution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Obstacles to a solution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Obstacles_to_a_solution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Obstacles to a solution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Obstacles_to_a_solution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Physical_access" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_access"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Physical access</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_access-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financial_access" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financial_access"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Financial access</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financial_access-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socio-demographic_access" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socio-demographic_access"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Socio-demographic access</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socio-demographic_access-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cognitive_access" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cognitive_access"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Cognitive access</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cognitive_access-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design_access" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design_access"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Design access</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design_access-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Institutional_access" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institutional_access"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Institutional access</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Institutional_access-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_access" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_access"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Political access</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_access-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_access" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_access"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Cultural access</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_access-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposed_remedies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_remedies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Proposed remedies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Proposed_remedies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Proposed remedies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Proposed_remedies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Free_Basics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_Basics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Free Basics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_Basics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Satellite_constellations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satellite_constellations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Satellite constellations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satellite_constellations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-One_Laptop_per_Child" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#One_Laptop_per_Child"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>One Laptop per Child</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-One_Laptop_per_Child-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_Summit_on_the_Information_Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Summit_on_the_Information_Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>World Summit on the Information Society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Summit_on_the_Information_Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Global digital divide</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 1 language" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-1" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">1 language</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brecha_digital_global" title="Brecha digital global – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Brecha digital global" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q105200013#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Global_digital_divide" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Global_digital_divide" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Global_digital_divide"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_digital_divide&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_digital_divide&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Global_digital_divide"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_digital_divide&action=edit"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_digital_divide&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Global_digital_divide" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Global_digital_divide" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_digital_divide&oldid=1254329100" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_digital_divide&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Global_digital_divide&id=1254329100&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGlobal_digital_divide"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGlobal_digital_divide"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Global_digital_divide&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_digital_divide&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q105200013" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Global disparities in regards to access to computing and information resources</div> <p>The <b>global <a href="/wiki/Digital_divide" title="Digital divide">digital divide</a></b> describes global disparities, primarily between <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a>, in regards to access to computing and information resources such as the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> and the opportunities derived from such access.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Internet is expanding very quickly, and not all countries—especially developing countries—can keep up with the constant changes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that an example be provided. (September 2023)">example needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The term "digital divide" does not necessarily mean that someone does not have technology; it could mean that there is simply a difference in technology. These differences can refer to, for example, high-quality computers, fast Internet, technical assistance, or telephone services. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistics">Statistics</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GlobalBandwidthConcentration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/GlobalBandwidthConcentration.jpg/600px-GlobalBandwidthConcentration.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/GlobalBandwidthConcentration.jpg/900px-GlobalBandwidthConcentration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/GlobalBandwidthConcentration.jpg/1200px-GlobalBandwidthConcentration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2041" data-file-height="863" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Global bandwidth concentration: 3 countries have almost 50 %; 10 countries almost 75 %</b><sup id="cite_ref-HilbertBitsDivide_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HilbertBitsDivide-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></figcaption></figure> <p>There is a large inequality worldwide in terms of the distribution of installed telecommunication bandwidth. In 2014 only three countries (China, US, Japan) host 50% of the globally installed bandwidth potential (see pie-chart Figure on the right).<sup id="cite_ref-HilbertBitsDivide_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HilbertBitsDivide-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This concentration is not new, as historically only ten countries have hosted 70–75% of the global telecommunication capacity (see Figure). The U.S. lost its global leadership in terms of installed bandwidth in 2011, being replaced by China, which hosts more than twice as much national bandwidth potential in 2014 (29% versus 13% of the global total).<sup id="cite_ref-HilbertBitsDivide_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HilbertBitsDivide-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; float right; clear: right;"> <caption><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_Internet_users" title="List of countries by number of Internet users">Worldwide Internet users</a><sup id="cite_ref-ITCFactsAndFigures-2023_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITCFactsAndFigures-2023-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th scope="col">2005</th> <th scope="col">2010</th> <th scope="col">2017</th> <th scope="col">2023 </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">World population (billions)<sup id="cite_ref-WWIU_USCensus-WorldPop1950to2050-2014_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWIU_USCensus-WorldPop1950to2050-2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>6.5 </td> <td>6.9 </td> <td>7.4 </td> <td>8.0 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Worldwide </th> <td>16% </td> <td>30% </td> <td>48% </td> <td>67% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">In developing world </th> <td>8% </td> <td>21% </td> <td>41.3% </td> <td>60% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">In developed world </th> <td>51% </td> <td>67% </td> <td>81% </td> <td>93% </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:InternetPenetrationWorldMap.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/InternetPenetrationWorldMap.svg/350px-InternetPenetrationWorldMap.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/InternetPenetrationWorldMap.svg/525px-InternetPenetrationWorldMap.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/InternetPenetrationWorldMap.svg/700px-InternetPenetrationWorldMap.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1035" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_Internet_users" title="List of countries by number of Internet users">Internet users in 2015 as a percentage of a country's population</a></b></div>><small>Source: <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ITU-IndividualsUsingTheInternet_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITU-IndividualsUsingTheInternet-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Internet_users_per_100_inhabitants_ITU.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Internet_users_per_100_inhabitants_ITU.svg/350px-Internet_users_per_100_inhabitants_ITU.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Internet_users_per_100_inhabitants_ITU.svg/525px-Internet_users_per_100_inhabitants_ITU.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Internet_users_per_100_inhabitants_ITU.svg/700px-Internet_users_per_100_inhabitants_ITU.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Internet users per 100 inhabitants</b></div><small>Source: <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MobileBroadbandInternetPenetrationWorldMap_2013.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/MobileBroadbandInternetPenetrationWorldMap_2013.svg/350px-MobileBroadbandInternetPenetrationWorldMap_2013.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/MobileBroadbandInternetPenetrationWorldMap_2013.svg/525px-MobileBroadbandInternetPenetrationWorldMap_2013.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/MobileBroadbandInternetPenetrationWorldMap_2013.svg/700px-MobileBroadbandInternetPenetrationWorldMap_2013.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_broadband_Internet_subscriptions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by number of broadband Internet subscriptions">Mobile broadband Internet subscriptions in 2012</a><br />as a percentage of a country's population</b></div>Source: <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MobleBroadbandITUDynamic2012_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MobleBroadbandITUDynamic2012-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: 22em; clear: right; text-align: center;"> <caption>Internet users by region<sup id="cite_ref-ITCFactsAndFigures-2023_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITCFactsAndFigures-2023-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Region </th> <th scope="col">2005 </th> <th scope="col">2010 </th> <th scope="col">2017 </th> <th scope="col">2023 </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Africa </th> <td>2% </td> <td>10% </td> <td>21.8% </td> <td>37% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Americas </th> <td>36% </td> <td>49% </td> <td>65.9% </td> <td>87% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Arab States </th> <td>8% </td> <td>26% </td> <td>43.7% </td> <td>69% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Asia and Pacific </th> <td>9% </td> <td>23% </td> <td>43.9% </td> <td>66% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Commonwealth of<br />Independent States </th> <td>10% </td> <td>34% </td> <td>67.7% </td> <td>89% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Europe </th> <td>46% </td> <td>67% </td> <td>79.6% </td> <td>91% </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; float: right; clear: right;"> <caption><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_number_of_broadband_Internet_subscriptions" title="List of sovereign states by number of broadband Internet subscriptions">Worldwide broadband subscriptions</a><sup id="cite_ref-WWBS_ITCFactsAndFigures-2014_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWBS_ITCFactsAndFigures-2014-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Users </th> <th scope="col">2007 </th> <th scope="col">2010 </th> <th scope="col">2016 </th> <th scope="col">2019<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i>World population</i><sup id="cite_ref-WWBS_USCensus-WorldPop1950to2050-2014_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWBS_USCensus-WorldPop1950to2050-2014-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>6.6 billion </td> <td>6.9 billion </td> <td>7.3 billion </td> <td>7.75 billion </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i>Fixed broadband</i> </th> <td>5% </td> <td>8% </td> <td>11.9% </td> <td>14.5% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Developing world </th> <td>2% </td> <td>4% </td> <td>8.2% </td> <td>11.2% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Developed world </th> <td>18% </td> <td>24% </td> <td>30.1% </td> <td>33.6% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i>Mobile broadband</i> </th> <td>4% </td> <td>11% </td> <td>49.4% </td> <td>83% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Developing world </th> <td>1% </td> <td>4% </td> <td>40.9% </td> <td>75.2% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Developed world </th> <td>19% </td> <td>43% </td> <td>90.3% </td> <td>121.7% </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; clear: right"> <caption>Broadband subscriptions by region<sup id="cite_ref-IUBR_ITCFactsAndFigures-2014_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUBR_ITCFactsAndFigures-2014-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Subscription </th> <th scope="col">Place </th> <th scope="col">2007 </th> <th scope="col">2010 </th> <th scope="col">2014 </th> <th scope="col">2019<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6">Fixed </td> <td>Africa </td> <td>0.1% </td> <td>0.2% </td> <td>0.4% </td> <td>0.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Americas </td> <td>11% </td> <td>14% </td> <td>17% </td> <td>22% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Arab States </td> <td>1% </td> <td>2% </td> <td>3% </td> <td>8.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asia and Pacific </td> <td>3% </td> <td>6% </td> <td>8% </td> <td>14.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Commonwealth of<br />Independent States </td> <td>2% </td> <td>8% </td> <td>14% </td> <td>19.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Europe </td> <td>18% </td> <td>24% </td> <td>28% </td> <td>31.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6">Mobile </td> <td>Africa </td> <td>0.2% </td> <td>2% </td> <td>19% </td> <td>34% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Americas </td> <td>6% </td> <td>23% </td> <td>59% </td> <td>104.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Arab States </td> <td>0.8% </td> <td>5% </td> <td>25% </td> <td>67.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asia and Pacific </td> <td>3% </td> <td>7% </td> <td>23% </td> <td>89% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Commonwealth of<br />Independent States </td> <td>0.2% </td> <td>22% </td> <td>49% </td> <td>85.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Europe </td> <td>15% </td> <td>29% </td> <td>64% </td> <td>97.4% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Versus_the_digital_divide">Versus the digital divide</h2></div> <p>The global digital divide is a special case of the digital divide; the focus is set on the fact that "Internet has developed unevenly throughout the world"<sup id="cite_ref-Guillen-2005_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guillen-2005-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 681">: 681 </span></sup> causing some countries to fall behind in technology, education, labor, democracy, and tourism. The concept of the digital divide was originally popularized regarding the disparity in Internet access between rural and urban areas of the United States of America; the <i>global</i> digital divide mirrors this disparity on an international scale. </p><p>The global digital divide also contributes to the inequality of access to goods and services available through technology. Computers and the Internet provide users with improved education, which can lead to higher wages; the people living in nations with limited access are therefore disadvantaged.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This global divide is often characterized as falling along what is sometimes called the <a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_divide_in_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="North–South divide in the World">North–South divide</a> of "northern" wealthier nations and "southern" poorer ones. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Obstacles_to_a_solution">Obstacles to a solution</h2></div> <p>Some people argue that necessities need to be considered before achieving digital inclusion, such as an ample food supply and quality health care. Minimizing the global digital divide requires considering and addressing the following types of access: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_access">Physical access</h3></div> <p>Involves "the distribution of ICT devices per capita…and land lines per thousands".<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson-2004_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-2004-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 306">: 306 </span></sup> Individuals need to obtain access to computers, landlines, and networks in order to access the Internet. This access barrier is also addressed in Article 21 of the convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities by the United Nations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Financial_access">Financial access</h3></div> <p>The cost of ICT devices, traffic, applications, technician and educator training, software, maintenance, and infrastructures require ongoing financial means.<sup id="cite_ref-HilbertWD38,5_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HilbertWD38,5-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Financial access and "the levels of household income play a significant role in widening the gap".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socio-demographic_access">Socio-demographic access</h3></div> <p>Empirical tests have identified that several socio-demographic characteristics foster or limit ICT access and usage. Among different countries, educational levels and income are the most powerful explanatory variables, with age being a third one.<sup id="cite_ref-HilbertDigDiv2011_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HilbertDigDiv2011-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HilbertWD38,5_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HilbertWD38,5-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While a Global Gender Gap in access and usage of ICT's exist, empirical evidence shows that this is due to unfavorable conditions concerning employment, education and income and not to technophobia or lower ability. In the contexts understudy, women with the prerequisites for access and usage turned out to be more active users of digital tools than men.<sup id="cite_ref-HilbertGend2011_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HilbertGend2011-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the US, for example, the figures for 2018 show 89% of men and 88% of women use the Internet.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cognitive_access">Cognitive access</h3></div> <p>In order to use computer technology, a certain level of <a href="/wiki/Information_literacy" title="Information literacy">information literacy</a> is needed. Further challenges include <a href="/wiki/Information_overload" title="Information overload">information overload</a> and the ability to find and use reliable information. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Design_access">Design access</h3></div> <p>Computers need to be accessible to individuals with different learning and physical abilities including complying with Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act as amended by the Workforce Investment Act of 1998 in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Institutional_access">Institutional access</h3></div> <p>In illustrating institutional access, Wilson states "the numbers of users are greatly affected by whether access is offered only through individual homes or whether it is offered through schools, community centers, religious institutions, cybercafés, or post offices, especially in poor countries where computer access at work or home is highly limited".<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson-2004_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-2004-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 303">: 303 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_access">Political access</h3></div> <p>Guillen & Suarez argue that "democratic political regimes enable faster growth of the Internet than authoritarian or totalitarian regimes."<sup id="cite_ref-Guillen-2005_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guillen-2005-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 687">: 687 </span></sup> The Internet is considered a form of e-democracy, and attempting to control what citizens can or cannot view is in contradiction to this. Recently situations in Iran and China have denied people the ability to access certain websites and disseminate information. Iran has prohibited the use of high-speed Internet in the country and has removed many satellite dishes in order to prevent the influence of <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a>, such as music and television.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_access">Cultural access</h3></div> <p>Many experts claim that bridging the digital divide is not sufficient and that the images and language needed to be conveyed in a language and images that can be read across different cultural lines.<sup id="cite_ref-Carr-2007_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carr-2007-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2013 study conducted by Pew Research Center noted how participants taking the survey in Spanish were nearly twice as likely not to use the internet.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2></div> <p>In the early 21st century, residents of developed countries enjoy many Internet services which are not yet widely available in developing countries, including: </p> <ul><li>Mobile phones and small electronic communication devices;</li> <li>E-communities and social-networking;</li> <li>Fast broadband Internet connections, enabling advanced Internet applications;<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Affordable and widespread Internet access, either through <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computers</a> at <a href="/wiki/Home" title="Home">home</a> or work, through public terminals in <a href="/wiki/Public_library" title="Public library">public libraries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internet_cafe" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet cafe">Internet cafes</a>, and through <a href="/wiki/Wireless_access_point" title="Wireless access point">wireless access points</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-commerce" title="E-commerce">E-commerce</a> enabled by efficient electronic payment networks like <a href="/wiki/Credit_card" title="Credit card">credit cards</a> and reliable <a href="/wiki/Shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipping">shipping</a> services;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_globe" title="Virtual globe">Virtual globes</a> featuring street maps searchable down to individual street addresses and detailed satellite and aerial photography;</li> <li>Online <a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">research</a> systems which enable users to peruse <a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspaper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">magazine</a> articles that may be centuries old, without having to leave home;</li> <li>Electronic readers such as Kindle, Sony Reader, Samsung Papyrus and Iliad by iRex Technologies;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Price engine">Price engines</a> which help <a href="/wiki/Consumer" title="Consumer">consumers</a> find the best possible online <a href="/wiki/Price" title="Price">prices</a> and similar services which find the best possible prices at local <a href="/wiki/Retailing" class="mw-redirect" title="Retailing">retailers</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_services_delivery" title="Electronic services delivery">Electronic services delivery</a> of <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a> services, such as the ability to pay <a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">taxes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fee" title="Fee">fees</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fine_(penalty)" title="Fine (penalty)">fines</a> online.</li> <li>Further civic engagement through e-government and other sources such as finding information about candidates regarding political situations.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proposed_remedies">Proposed remedies</h2></div> <p>There are four specific arguments why it is important to "bridge the gap":<sup id="cite_ref-internetworldstats.com_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-internetworldstats.com-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Economic equality – For example, the telephone is often seen as one of the most important components, because having access to a working telephone can lead to higher safety. If there were to be an emergency, one could easily call for help if one could use a nearby phone. In another example, many work-related tasks are online, and people without access to the Internet may not be able to complete work up to company standards. The Internet is regarded by some as a basic component of civic life that developed countries ought to guarantee for their citizens. Additionally, welfare services, for example, are sometimes offered via the Internet.<sup id="cite_ref-internetworldstats.com_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-internetworldstats.com-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Social mobility – Computer and Internet use is regarded as being very important to development and success. However, some children are not getting as much technical education as others, because lower socioeconomic areas cannot afford to provide schools with computer facilities. For this reason, some kids are being separated and not receiving the same chance as others to be successful.<sup id="cite_ref-internetworldstats.com_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-internetworldstats.com-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Democracy – Some people believe that eliminating the digital divide would help countries become healthier democracies. They argue that communities would become much more involved in events such as elections or decision making.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-internetworldstats.com_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-internetworldstats.com-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Economic growth – It is believed that less-developed nations could gain quick access to economic growth if the information infrastructure were to be developed and well used. By improving the latest technologies, certain countries and industries can gain a competitive advantage.<sup id="cite_ref-internetworldstats.com_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-internetworldstats.com-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>While these four arguments are meant to lead to a solution to the digital divide, there are a couple of other components that need to be considered. The first one is rural living versus suburban living. Rural areas used to have very minimal access to the Internet, for example. However, nowadays, power lines and satellites are used to increase the availability in these areas. Another component to keep in mind is disabilities. Some people may have the highest quality technologies, but a disability they have may keep them from using these technologies to their fullest extent.<sup id="cite_ref-internetworldstats.com_27-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-internetworldstats.com-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Using previous studies (Gamos, 2003; Nsengiyuma & Stork, 2005; Harwit, 2004 as cited in James), James asserts that in developing countries, "internet use has taken place overwhelmingly among the upper-income, educated, and urban segments" largely due to the high literacy rates of this sector of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-James-2008_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James-2008-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 58">: 58 </span></sup> As such, James suggests that part of the solution requires that developing countries first build up the literacy/language skills, <a href="/wiki/Computer_literacy" title="Computer literacy">computer literacy</a>, and technical competence that low-income and rural populations need in order to make use of ICT. </p><p>It has also been suggested that there is a correlation between democrat regimes and the growth of the Internet. One hypothesis by Gullen is, "The more democratic the polity, the greater the Internet use...The government can try to control the Internet by monopolizing control" and Norris <i>et al.</i> also contends, "If there is less government control of it, the Internet flourishes, and it is associated with greater democracy and civil liberties.<sup id="cite_ref-PickAndAzari-2008_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PickAndAzari-2008-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From an economic perspective, Pick and Azari state that "in developing nations…foreign direct investment (FDI), primary education, educational investment, access to education, and government prioritization of ICT as all-important".<sup id="cite_ref-PickAndAzari-2008_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PickAndAzari-2008-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 112">: 112 </span></sup> Specific remedies proposed by the study include: "invest in stimulating, attracting, and growing creative technical and scientific workforce; increase the access to education and digital literacy; reduce the gender divide and empower women to participate in the ICT workforce; emphasize investing in intensive Research and Development for selected metropolitan areas and regions within nations".<sup id="cite_ref-PickAndAzari-2008_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PickAndAzari-2008-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 111">: 111 </span></sup> </p><p>There are projects worldwide that have implemented, to various degrees, the remedies outlined above. Many such projects have taken the form of Information Communications Technology Centers (ICT centers). Rahnman explains that "the main role of ICT intermediaries is defined as an organization providing effective support to local communities in the use and adaptation of technology. Most commonly, an ICT intermediary will be a specialized organization from outside the community, such as a non-governmental organization, local government, or international donor. On the other hand, a social intermediary is defined as a local institution from within the community, such as a community-based organization.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 128">: 128 </span></sup> </p><p>Other proposed remedies that the Internet promises for developing countries are the provision of efficient communications within and among developing countries so that citizens worldwide can effectively help each other to solve their problems. Grameen Banks and Kiva loans are two microcredit systems designed to help citizens worldwide to contribute online towards entrepreneurship in developing communities. Economic opportunities range from entrepreneurs who can afford the hardware and broadband access required to maintain Internet cafés to agribusinesses having control over the seeds they plant. </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>, the IMARA organization (from <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a> word for "power") sponsors a variety of outreach programs which bridge the Global Digital Divide. Its aim is to find and implement long-term, sustainable remedies which will increase the availability of educational technology and resources to domestic and international communities. These projects are run under the aegis of the <a href="/wiki/MIT_Computer_Science_and_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory" title="MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory">MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory</a> (CSAIL) and staffed by MIT volunteers who give training, install and donate computer setups in greater <a href="/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston, Massachusetts">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, Indian reservations the American Southwest such as the <a href="/wiki/Navajo_Nation" title="Navajo Nation">Navajo Nation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji Islands</a>. The CommuniTech project strives to empower underserved communities through sustainable technology and education.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Dominik Hartmann of the MIT's Media Lab, interdisciplinary approaches are needed to bridge the global digital divide.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Building on the premise that any effective solution must be decentralized, allowing the local communities in developing nations to generate their content, one scholar has posited that social media—like Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter—may be useful tools in closing the divide.<sup id="cite_ref-AliHRJ_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AliHRJ-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Amir Hatem Ali suggests, "the popularity and generative nature of social media empower individuals to combat some of the main obstacles to bridging the digital divide".<sup id="cite_ref-AliHRJ_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AliHRJ-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 188">: 188 </span></sup> Facebook's statistics reinforce this claim. According to Facebook, more than seventy-five percent of its users reside outside of the US.<sup id="cite_ref-FacebookStats-2011_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FacebookStats-2011-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, more than seventy languages are presented on its website.<sup id="cite_ref-FacebookStats-2011_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FacebookStats-2011-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reasons for the high number of international users are due to many the qualities of Facebook and other social media. Amongst them, are its ability to offer a means of interacting with others, user-friendly features, and the fact that most sites are available at no cost.<sup id="cite_ref-AliHRJ_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AliHRJ-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The problem with social media, however, is that it can be accessible, provided that there is physical access.<sup id="cite_ref-AliHRJ_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AliHRJ-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, with its ability to encourage digital inclusion, social media can be used as a tool to bridge the global digital divide.<sup id="cite_ref-AliHRJ_36-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AliHRJ-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some cities in the world have started programs to bridge the digital divide for their residents, school children, students, parents and the elderly. One such program, founded in 1996, was sponsored by the city of Boston and called the Boston Digital Bridge Foundation.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It especially concentrates on school children and their parents, helping to make both equally and similarly knowledgeable about computers, using application programs, and navigating the Internet.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free_Basics">Free Basics</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Free_Basics" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Basics">Free Basics</a></div> <p>Free Basics is a partnership between social networking services company Facebook and six companies (Samsung, Ericsson, MediaTek, Opera Software, Nokia and Qualcomm) that plans to bring affordable access to selected Internet services to less developed countries by increasing efficiency, and facilitating the development of new business models around the provision of Internet access. In the whitepaper realised by Facebook's founder and CEO Mark Zuckerberg,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> connectivity is asserted as a "human right", and Internet.org is created to improve Internet access for people around the world. </p><p>"Free Basics provides people with access to useful services on their mobile phones in markets where internet access may be less affordable. The websites are available for free without data charges, and include content about news, employment, health, education and local information etc. By introducing people to the benefits of the internet through these websites, we hope to bring more people online and help improve their lives."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, Free Basics is also accused of violating <a href="/wiki/Net_neutrality" title="Net neutrality">net neutrality</a> for limiting access to handpicked services. Despite a wide deployment in numerous countries, it has been met with heavy resistance notably in India where the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India eventually banned it in 2016. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Satellite_constellations">Satellite constellations</h3></div> <p>Several projects to bring internet to the entire world with a <a href="/wiki/Satellite_constellation" title="Satellite constellation">satellite constellation</a> have been devised in the last decade, one of these being <a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink</a> by <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a>'s company <a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a>. Unlike Free Basics, it would provide people with a full internet access and would not be limited to a few selected services. In the same week Starlink was announced, serial-entrepreneur <a href="/wiki/Richard_Branson" title="Richard Branson">Richard Branson</a> announced his own project <a href="/wiki/OneWeb_satellite_constellation" class="mw-redirect" title="OneWeb satellite constellation">OneWeb</a>, a similar constellation with approximately 700 satellites that was already procured communication frequency licenses for their broadcast spectrum and could possibly be operational on 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The biggest hurdle to these projects is the astronomical, financial, and logistical cost of launching so many satellites. After the failure of previous satellite-to-consumer space ventures, satellite industry consultant Roger Rusch said "It's highly unlikely that you can make a successful business out of this." Musk has publicly acknowledged this business reality, and indicated in mid-2015 that while endeavoring to develop this technically-complicated space-based communication system he wants to avoid overextending the company and stated that they are being measured in the pace of development. </p><p>As of 2023, Starlink is being actively deployed with the goal to clear licensure hurdles in every country open to its services. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="One_Laptop_per_Child">One Laptop per Child</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/One_Laptop_per_Child" title="One Laptop per Child">One Laptop per Child</a> (OLPC) was an attempt by an American non-profit to narrow the digital divide.<sup id="cite_ref-wiki.laptop.org_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wiki.laptop.org-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This organization, founded in 2005, provided inexpensively produced <a href="/wiki/OLPC_XO" title="OLPC XO">"XO" laptops</a> (dubbed the "$100 laptop", though actual production costs vary) to children residing in poor and isolated regions within developing countries. Each laptop belonged to an individual child and provides a gateway to digital learning and Internet access. The XO laptops were designed to withstand more abuse than higher-end machines, and they contained features in context to the unique conditions that remote villages present. Each laptop was constructed to use as little power as possible, had a sunlight-readable screen, and was capable of automatically networking with other XO laptops in order to access the Internet—as many as 500 machines can share a single point of access.<sup id="cite_ref-wiki.laptop.org_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wiki.laptop.org-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project went defunct in 2014. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_Summit_on_the_Information_Society">World Summit on the Information Society</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/World_Summit_on_the_Information_Society" title="World Summit on the Information Society">World Summit on the Information Society</a></div> <p>Several of the 67 principles adopted at the <a href="/wiki/World_Summit_on_the_Information_Society" title="World Summit on the Information Society">World Summit on the Information Society</a> convened by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> in Geneva in 2003 directly address the digital divide.<sup id="cite_ref-WSIS-03_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSIS-03-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><i><b><small><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/28px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/42px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/56px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="407" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Internet" title="Portal:Internet">Internet portal</a></small></b></i></li> <li><i><b><small><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/28px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/42px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/56px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></small></b></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Kuiper" class="mw-redirect" title="Project Kuiper">Project Kuiper</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLu2001" class="citation journal cs1">Lu, Ming-te (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826115838/http://www.uncg.edu/bae/jgitm/Vol4no3.pdf">"Digital divide in developing countries"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Global Information Technology Management</i>. <b>4</b> (3): 1–4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1097198x.2001.10856304">10.1080/1097198x.2001.10856304</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153534228">153534228</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uncg.edu/bae/jgitm/Vol4no3.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on August 26, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Global+Information+Technology+Management&rft.atitle=Digital+divide+in+developing+countries&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1-4&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1097198x.2001.10856304&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153534228%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lu&rft.aufirst=Ming-te&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uncg.edu%2Fbae%2Fjgitm%2FVol4no3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+digital+divide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HilbertBitsDivide-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HilbertBitsDivide_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HilbertBitsDivide_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HilbertBitsDivide_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilbert2016" class="citation journal cs1">Hilbert, Martin (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.martinhilbert.net/the-bad-news-is-that-the-digital-access-divide-is-here-to-stay">"The bad news is that the digital access divide is here to stay: Domestically installed bandwidths among 172 countries for 1986–2014"</a>. <i>Telecommunications Policy</i>. <b>40</b> (6): 567–581. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.telpol.2016.01.006">10.1016/j.telpol.2016.01.006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Telecommunications+Policy&rft.atitle=The+bad+news+is+that+the+digital+access+divide+is+here+to+stay%3A+Domestically+installed+bandwidths+among+172+countries+for+1986%E2%80%932014&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=567-581&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.telpol.2016.01.006&rft.aulast=Hilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.martinhilbert.net%2Fthe-bad-news-is-that-the-digital-access-divide-is-here-to-stay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+digital+divide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ITCFactsAndFigures-2023-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ITCFactsAndFigures-2023_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ITCFactsAndFigures-2023_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/facts/default.aspx">"Measuring digital development: Facts and figures 2023"</a>. Telecommunication Development Bureau, <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a> (ITU)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Measuring+digital+development%3A+Facts+and+figures+2023&rft.pub=Telecommunication+Development+Bureau%2C+International+Telecommunication+Union+%28ITU%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itu.int%2Fen%2FITU-D%2FStatistics%2FPages%2Ffacts%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+digital+divide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WWIU_USCensus-WorldPop1950to2050-2014-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WWIU_USCensus-WorldPop1950to2050-2014_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170417134744/https://www.census.gov/population/international/data/idb/worldpoptotal.php">"Total Midyear Population for the World: 1950-2050"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. International Programs Center for Demographic and Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/population/international/data/idb/worldpoptotal.php">the original</a> on 2017-04-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Total+Midyear+Population+for+the+World%3A+1950-2050%22&rft.pub=International+Programs+Center+for+Demographic+and+Economic+Studies%2C+U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fpopulation%2Finternational%2Fdata%2Fidb%2Fworldpoptotal.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+digital+divide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ITU-IndividualsUsingTheInternet-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ITU-IndividualsUsingTheInternet_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/statistics/2013/Individuals_Internet_2000-2012.xls">"Percentage of Individuals using the Internet 2000–2012"</a>, International Telecommunication Union (Geneva), June 2013, retrieved June 22, 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/statistics/2014/ITU_Key_2005-2014_ICT_data.xls">"Individuals using the Internet 2005 to 2014"</a>, Key ICT indicators for developed and developing countries and the world (totals and penetration rates), International Telecommunication Union (ITU). Retrieved May 25, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/statistics/ict/">"Internet users per 100 inhabitants 1997 to 2007"</a>, ICT Data and Statistics (IDS), <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a> (ITU). Retrieved May 25, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MobleBroadbandITUDynamic2012-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MobleBroadbandITUDynamic2012_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ICTEYE/Reporting/DynamicReportWizard.aspx">"Active mobile-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants 2012"</a>, Dynamic Report, ITU ITC EYE, <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a>. Retrieved on June 29, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WWBS_ITCFactsAndFigures-2014-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WWBS_ITCFactsAndFigures-2014_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/facts/default.aspx">"Measuring digital development: Facts and figures 2019"</a>. Telecommunication Development Bureau, <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a> (ITU)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Measuring+digital+development%3A+Facts+and+figures+2019&rft.pub=Telecommunication+Development+Bureau%2C+International+Telecommunication+Union+%28ITU%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itu.int%2Fen%2FITU-D%2FStatistics%2FPages%2Ffacts%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+digital+divide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Estimate.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WWBS_USCensus-WorldPop1950to2050-2014-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WWBS_USCensus-WorldPop1950to2050-2014_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170417134744/https://www.census.gov/population/international/data/idb/worldpoptotal.php">"Total Midyear Population for the World: 1950-2050"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. International Programs Center for Demographic and Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/population/international/data/idb/worldpoptotal.php">the original</a> on 2017-04-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Total+Midyear+Population+for+the+World%3A+1950-2050%22&rft.pub=International+Programs+Center+for+Demographic+and+Economic+Studies%2C+U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fpopulation%2Finternational%2Fdata%2Fidb%2Fworldpoptotal.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+digital+divide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUBR_ITCFactsAndFigures-2014-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IUBR_ITCFactsAndFigures-2014_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/facts/default.aspx">"Measuring digital development: Facts and figures 2019"</a>. Telecommunication Development Bureau, <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a> (ITU)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Measuring+digital+development%3A+Facts+and+figures+2019&rft.pub=Telecommunication+Development+Bureau%2C+International+Telecommunication+Union+%28ITU%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itu.int%2Fen%2FITU-D%2FStatistics%2FPages%2Ffacts%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+digital+divide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Estimate</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guillen-2005-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guillen-2005_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guillen-2005_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuillenSuárez2005" class="citation journal cs1">Guillen, M. F.; Suárez, S. L. (2005). "Explaining the global digital divide: Economic, political and sociological drivers of cross-national internet use". <i>Social Forces</i>. <b>84</b> (2): 681–708. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.649.2813">10.1.1.649.2813</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsof.2006.0015">10.1353/sof.2006.0015</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3124360">3124360</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Forces&rft.atitle=Explaining+the+global+digital+divide%3A+Economic%2C+political+and+sociological+drivers+of+cross-national+internet+use&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=681-708&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.649.2813%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3124360%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fsof.2006.0015&rft.aulast=Guillen&rft.aufirst=M.+F.&rft.au=Su%C3%A1rez%2C+S.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+digital+divide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Krueger 1993; Attewell and Battle 1999.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson-2004-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson-2004_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson-2004_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson, III. E.J. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mitpress.mit.edu/books/information-revolution-and-developing-countries"><i>The Information Revolution and Developing Countries</i></a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HilbertWD38,5-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HilbertWD38,5_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HilbertWD38,5_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilbert2010" class="citation journal cs1">Hilbert, Martin (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://martinhilbert.net/CheapEnoughWD_Hilbert_pre-print.pdf">"When is Cheap, Cheap Enough to Bridge the Digital Divide? Modeling Income Related Structural Challenges of Technology Diffusion in Latin America"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>World Development</i>. <b>38</b> (5): 756–770. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.worlddev.2009.11.019">10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.11.019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Development&rft.atitle=When+is+Cheap%2C+Cheap+Enough+to+Bridge+the+Digital+Divide%3F+Modeling+Income+Related+Structural+Challenges+of+Technology+Diffusion+in+Latin+America&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=756-770&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.worlddev.2009.11.019&rft.aulast=Hilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmartinhilbert.net%2FCheapEnoughWD_Hilbert_pre-print.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+digital+divide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Digital Divide." The Digital Divide, Stanford University, cs.stanford.edu/people/eroberts/cs201/projects/digital-divide/start.html. Retrieved September 19, 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HilbertDigDiv2011-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HilbertDigDiv2011_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilbert2011" class="citation journal cs1">Hilbert, Martin (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.martinhilbert.net/the-end-justifies-the-definition/">"The end justifies the definition: The manifold outlooks on the digital divide and their practical usefulness for policy-making"</a>. <i>Telecommunications Policy</i>. <b>35</b> (8): 715–736. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.telpol.2011.06.012">10.1016/j.telpol.2011.06.012</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14786254">14786254</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Telecommunications+Policy&rft.atitle=The+end+justifies+the+definition%3A+The+manifold+outlooks+on+the+digital+divide+and+their+practical+usefulness+for+policy-making&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=715-736&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.telpol.2011.06.012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14786254%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.martinhilbert.net%2Fthe-end-justifies-the-definition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+digital+divide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HilbertGend2011-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HilbertGend2011_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilbert2011" class="citation journal cs1">Hilbert, Martin (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://martinhilbert.net/DigitalGenderDivide.pdf">"Digital gender divide or technologically empowered women in developing countries? A typical case of lies, damned lies, and statistics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Women's Studies International Forum</i>. <b>34</b> (6): 479–489. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.wsif.2011.07.001">10.1016/j.wsif.2011.07.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146742985">146742985</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Women%27s+Studies+International+Forum&rft.atitle=Digital+gender+divide+or+technologically+empowered+women+in+developing+countries%3F+A+typical+case+of+lies%2C+damned+lies%2C+and+statistics&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=479-489&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.wsif.2011.07.001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146742985%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmartinhilbert.net%2FDigitalGenderDivide.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+digital+divide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/184415/percentage-of-us-adults-who-are-internet-users-by-gender/">"U.S. Internet penetration by gender 2000–2018"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Internet+penetration+by+gender+2000%E2%80%932018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Fstatistics%2F184415%2Fpercentage-of-us-adults-who-are-internet-users-by-gender%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+digital+divide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.section508.gov/index.cfm?fuseAction=Laws">Section 508</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130806075749/http://section508.gov/index.cfm?fuseAction=Laws">Archived</a> August 6, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (1998). United States Government.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTait2006" class="citation news cs1">Tait, Robert (July 23, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2006/oct/18/news.iran">"Iran bans fast internet to cut west's influence"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 11,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Iran+bans+fast+internet+to+cut+west%27s+influence&rft.date=2006-07-23&rft.aulast=Tait&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftechnology%2F2006%2Foct%2F18%2Fnews.iran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+digital+divide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carr-2007-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carr-2007_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarr2007" class="citation journal cs1">Carr, Deborah (2007). "The Global Digital Divide". <i>Contexts</i>. <b>6</b> (3): 58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fctx.2007.6.3.58">10.1525/ctx.2007.6.3.58</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:62654684">62654684</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/219574259">219574259</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contexts&rft.atitle=The+Global+Digital+Divide&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=58&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fctx.2007.6.3.58&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A62654684%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+digital+divide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pewinternet.org/2013/09/25/whos-not-online-and-why/">"Who's Not Online and Why"</a>. <i>Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech</i>. September 25, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 4,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%3A+Internet%2C+Science+%26+Tech&rft.atitle=Who%27s+Not+Online+and+Why&rft.date=2013-09-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewinternet.org%2F2013%2F09%2F25%2Fwhos-not-online-and-why%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+digital+divide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This graphic illustrates the difference in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_GraphicalDisplay.aspx?ListNames=%22ICT,%20Fixed%20Broadband,%20Subscribers%20per%20100,%20History%20and%20Forecast%22&HistFor=True&GrpOp=1&Dim1=%22Afr-SubSahar%22,%22EU27%22&File=0">fixed broadband penetration (History and Forecast)</a> between the European Union and Sub-Saharan Africa from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-internetworldstats.com-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-internetworldstats.com_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-internetworldstats.com_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-internetworldstats.com_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-internetworldstats.com_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-internetworldstats.com_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-internetworldstats.com_27-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Digital Divide – ICT Information Communications Technology – 50x15 Initiative. (March 21, 2014). Retrieved April 13, 2014, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.internetworldstats.com/links10.htm">http://www.internetworldstats.com/links10.htm</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170905142527/http://sior.ub.edu/jspui/cris/socialimpact/socialimpact00418">"Inclusion of excluded groups in decision-making in the development of technologies"</a>. <i>Social Impact Open Repository (SIOR)</i>. 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sior.ub.edu/jspui/cris/socialimpact/socialimpact00418">the original</a> on September 5, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 5,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Social+Impact+Open+Repository+%28SIOR%29&rft.atitle=Inclusion+of+excluded+groups+in+decision-making+in+the+development+of+technologies&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsior.ub.edu%2Fjspui%2Fcris%2Fsocialimpact%2Fsocialimpact00418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+digital+divide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-James-2008-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-James-2008_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames2008" class="citation journal cs1">James, J (2008). "Digital Divide Complacency: Misconceptions and Dangers". <i>The Information Society</i>. <b>24</b>: 54–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01972240701774790">10.1080/01972240701774790</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205507951">205507951</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Information+Society&rft.atitle=Digital+Divide+Complacency%3A+Misconceptions+and+Dangers&rft.volume=24&rft.pages=54-61&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01972240701774790&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205507951%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+digital+divide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PickAndAzari-2008-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PickAndAzari-2008_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PickAndAzari-2008_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PickAndAzari-2008_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPickAzari2008" class="citation journal cs1">Pick, J.; Azari, R. (2008). "Global Digital Divide: Influence of Socioeconomic, Governmental, and Accessibility Factors on Information Technology". <i>Information Technology for Development</i>. <b>14</b> (2): 91–115. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fitdj.20095">10.1002/itdj.20095</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214654004">214654004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Information+Technology+for+Development&rft.atitle=Global+Digital+Divide%3A+Influence+of+Socioeconomic%2C+Governmental%2C+and+Accessibility+Factors+on+Information+Technology&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=91-115&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fitdj.20095&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A214654004%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Pick&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Azari%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+digital+divide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rahman, H. (2006). <i>Empowering Marginal Communities and Information Networking</i>. Hershey, Pennsylvania: Idea Group Publishing.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFizzMansur2008" class="citation cs2">Fizz, Robyn; Mansur, Karla (June 4, 2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2008/techtalk52-28.pdf">"Helping MIT neighbors cross the 'digital divide'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>MIT Tech Talk</i>, Cambridge: MIT, p. 3</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MIT+Tech+Talk&rft.atitle=Helping+MIT+neighbors+cross+the+%27digital+divide%27&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2008-06-04&rft.aulast=Fizz&rft.aufirst=Robyn&rft.au=Mansur%2C+Karla&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2Fnewsoffice%2F2008%2Ftechtalk52-28.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+digital+divide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://imara.csail.mit.edu/">IMARA Project at MIT</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fizz, Robyn, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ist.mit.edu/news/communitech">"CommuniTech Works Locally to Bridge the Digital Divide"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110818173543/http://ist.mit.edu/news/communitech">Archived</a> August 18, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>IST News</i>, MIT, April 8, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartmann2016" class="citation cs2">Hartmann, Dominik (March 25, 2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/innovative-interdisciplinary-approaches-needed-tackle-digital-divide-and-growing-inequality">"Building bridges"</a>, <i>D+C, development&cooperation</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=D%2BC%2C+development%26cooperation&rft.atitle=Building+bridges&rft.date=2016-03-25&rft.aulast=Hartmann&rft.aufirst=Dominik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dandc.eu%2Fen%2Farticle%2Finnovative-interdisciplinary-approaches-needed-tackle-digital-divide-and-growing-inequality&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+digital+divide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AliHRJ-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AliHRJ_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AliHRJ_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AliHRJ_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AliHRJ_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AliHRJ_36-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli2011" class="citation journal cs1">Ali, Amir (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121114083745/http://harvardhrj.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/185-220.pdf">"The Power of Social Media in Developing Nations: New Tools for Closing the Global Digital Divide and Beyond"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Harvard Human Rights Journal</i>. <b>24</b>: 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://harvardhrj.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/185-220.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on November 14, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 30,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Human+Rights+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Power+of+Social+Media+in+Developing+Nations%3A+New+Tools+for+Closing+the+Global+Digital+Divide+and+Beyond&rft.volume=24&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Amir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fharvardhrj.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2009%2F09%2F185-220.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+digital+divide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FacebookStats-2011-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FacebookStats-2011_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FacebookStats-2011_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/press/info.php?statistics">"Facebook Statistics"</a>, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071018164409/http://www.facebook.com/press/info.php?statistics">Archived</a> October 18, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021008225433/http://www.digitalbridgefoundation.org/">(Boston) Digital Bridge Foundation</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cityofboston.gov/news/Default.aspx?id=1479">"Mayor Menino, Boston Digital Bridge Foundation Host Evening on the Bridge 2.0 Celebration"</a>, Mayor's Office, Boston, Press Release, September 26, 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cityofboston.gov/news/default.aspx?id=4765">"City of Boston Receives $4.3 Million Grant That Will Give Training, Computers and Opportunity to Underserved Communities"</a>, City of Boston press office, September 14, 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuckerberg" class="citation web cs1">Zuckerberg, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/isconnectivityahumanright">"Is Connectivity a Human Right?"</a>. <i>Facebook</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 28,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Facebook&rft.atitle=Is+Connectivity+a+Human+Right%3F&rft.aulast=Zuckerberg&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fisconnectivityahumanright&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+digital+divide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://info.internet.org/en/">"Internet.org:About"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Internet.org%3AAbout&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finfo.internet.org%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+digital+divide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-satellite-entrepreneurs-20150117-story.html">"Elon Musk and Richard Branson invest in satellite-Internet ventures"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. January 17, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Elon+Musk+and+Richard+Branson+invest+in+satellite-Internet+ventures&rft.date=2015-01-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Fla-fi-satellite-entrepreneurs-20150117-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+digital+divide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wiki.laptop.org-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wiki.laptop.org_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wiki.laptop.org_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://one.laptop.org/about/mission">One Laptop Per Child</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190515100207/http://one.laptop.org/about/mission">Archived</a> 2019-05-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (2009).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WSIS-03-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WSIS-03_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/wsis/docs/geneva/official/dop.html">"Declaration of Principles"</a>, WSIS-03/GENEVA/DOC/4-E, World Summit on the Information Society, Geneva, December 12, 2003</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li>Azam, M. (2007). "Working together toward the inclusive digital world". Digital Opportunity Forum. Unpublished manuscript. Retrieved July 17, 2009, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.dof.or.kr/pdf/Bangladesh%5BPPT%5D.pdf">http://www.dof.or.kr/pdf/Bangladesh%5BPPT%5D.pdf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2014">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li>Borland, J. (April 13, 1998). "Move Over Megamalls, Cyberspace Is the Great Retailing Equalizer". <i>Knight Ridder/Tribune Business News</i>.</li> <li>Brynjolfsson, Erik and Michael D. Smith (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/48027/greatequalizerco00bryn.pdf">"The great equalizer? Consumer choice behavior at Internet shopbots"</a>. Sloan Working Paper 4208–01. eBusiness@MIT Working Paper 137. July 2000. Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.</li> <li>James, J. (2004). <i>Information Technology and Development: A new paradigm for delivering the Internet to rural areas in developing countries</i>. New York: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-32632-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-32632-X">0-415-32632-X</a> (print). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-32550-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-203-32550-8">0-203-32550-8</a> (e-book).</li> <li>Southwell, B. G. (2013). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jhupbooks.press.jhu.edu/content/social-networks-and-popular-understanding-science-and-health">Social networks and popular understanding of science and health: sharing disparities</a></i>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-1324-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-1324-2">978-1-4214-1324-2</a> (book).</li> <li>World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS), 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/wsis/tunis/newsroom/stats/index.html">"What's the state of ICT access around the world?"</a> Retrieved July 17, 2009.</li> <li>World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS), 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/newsroom/features/ict_africa.html">"ICTs in Africa: Digital Divide to Digital Opportunity"</a>. Retrieved July 17, 2009.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/The_Information_Age" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:The Information Age">The Information Age</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Information_and_Communication_Technologies_for_Poverty_Alleviation" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Information and Communication Technologies for Poverty Alleviation">Information and Communication Technologies for Poverty Alleviation</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Internet_Governance" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Internet Governance">Internet Governance</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/activities/einclusion/index_en.htm">E-inclusion</a>, an initiative of the European Commission to ensure that "no one is left behind" in enjoying the benefits of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/information_society/strategies/l24221_en.htm">eEurope – An information society for all</a>, a political initiative of the European Union.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forums.e-democracy.org/groups/inclusion">Digital Inclusion Network</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201205134925/http://forums.e-democracy.org/groups/inclusion">Archived</a> 2020-12-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, an online exchange on topics related to the digital divide and digital inclusion, E-Democracy.org.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyc.gov/html/records/pdf/govpub/1090profiles1n2.pdf"><i>Expanding Digital Opportunity in New York City Public Schools: Profiles of Innovators and Leaders Who Make a Difference</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Committee on Technology in Government, New York City Council. June 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Expanding+Digital+Opportunity+in+New+York+City+Public+Schools%3A+Profiles+of+Innovators+and+Leaders+Who+Make+a+Difference&rft.pub=Committee+on+Technology+in+Government%2C+New+York+City+Council&rft.date=2004-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyc.gov%2Fhtml%2Frecords%2Fpdf%2Fgovpub%2F1090profiles1n2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+digital+divide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kon.org/urc/v11/todd.html">The Digital Divide Within Education Caused by the Internet</a>", Benjamin Todd, Acadia University, Nova Scotia, Canada, <i>Undergraduate Research Journal for the Human Sciences</i>, Volume 11 (2012).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/statistics/index.html">Statistics</a> from the <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a> (ITU)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://techchange.org/work/usaid-mobile-solutions/">Mobile Phones and Access</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201201014301/https://www.techchange.org/work/usaid-mobile-solutions/">Archived</a> 2020-12-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> is an animated video produced by <a href="/wiki/TechChange" title="TechChange">TechChange</a> and <a href="/wiki/USAID" class="mw-redirect" title="USAID">USAID</a> which explores issues of access related to global mobile phone usage.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Science_and_technology_studies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Science_and_technology_studies" title="Template:Science and technology studies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Science_and_technology_studies" title="Template talk:Science and technology studies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Science_and_technology_studies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Science and technology studies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Science_and_technology_studies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_studies" title="Science and technology studies">Science and technology studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_science" title="Economics of science">Economics of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_scientific_knowledge" title="Economics of scientific knowledge">Economics of scientific knowledge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_and_philosophy_of_science" title="History and philosophy of science">History and philosophy of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science" title="History of science">History of science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology" title="History of science and technology">and technology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">History of technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropocene" title="Anthropocene">Anthropocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipositivism" title="Antipositivism">Antipositivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzzy_logic" title="Fuzzy logic">Fuzzy logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Luddism" title="Neo-Luddism">Neo-Luddism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Philosophy of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_social_science" title="Philosophy of social science">Philosophy of social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_technology" title="Philosophy of technology">Philosophy of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpositivism" title="Postpositivism">Postpositivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Religion and science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientism" title="Scientism">Scientism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_constructivism" title="Social constructivism">Social constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_epistemology" title="Social epistemology">Social epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actor%E2%80%93network_theory" title="Actor–network theory">Actor–network theory</a></li> <li>Social <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_technology" title="Social construction of technology">construction of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_shaping_of_technology" title="Social shaping of technology">shaping of technology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_knowledge" title="Sociology of knowledge">Sociology of knowledge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_scientific_knowledge" title="Sociology of scientific knowledge">scientific</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_scientific_ignorance" title="Sociology of scientific ignorance">Sociology of scientific ignorance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_history_of_science" title="Sociology of the history of science">Sociology of the history of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociotechnology" title="Sociotechnology">Sociotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strong_programme" title="Strong programme">Strong programme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_studies" title="Science studies">Science<br />studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiscience" title="Antiscience">Antiscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliometrics" title="Bibliometrics">Bibliometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boundary-work" title="Boundary-work">Boundary-work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consilience" title="Consilience">Consilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_science" title="Criticism of science">Criticism of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demarcation_problem" title="Demarcation problem">Demarcation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_hermeneutic" title="Double hermeneutic">Double hermeneutic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logology_(science)" title="Logology (science)">Logology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapping_controversies" title="Mapping controversies">Mapping controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metascience" title="Metascience">Metascience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradigm_shift" title="Paradigm shift">Paradigm shift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_swan_events" class="mw-redirect" title="Black swan events">black swan events</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_science" title="Psychology of science">Psychology of science</a></li> <li>Science <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_science" title="Citizen science">citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_communication" title="Science communication">communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_education" title="Science education">education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normal_science" title="Normal science">normal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-colonial_science" title="Neo-colonial science">Neo-colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-normal_science" title="Post-normal science">post-normal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric_of_science" title="Rhetoric of science">rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_wars" title="Science wars">wars</a></li></ul></li> <li>Scientific <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_community" title="Scientific community">community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus" title="Scientific consensus">consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_controversy" title="Scientific controversy">controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_dissent" title="Scientific dissent">dissent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_enterprise" title="Scientific enterprise">enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_literacy" title="Scientific literacy">literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_misconduct" title="Scientific misconduct">misconduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_priority" title="Scientific priority">priority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">skepticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientocracy" title="Scientocracy">Scientocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientometrics" title="Scientometrics">Scientometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_of_team_science" title="Science of team science">Team science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_knowledge" title="Traditional knowledge">Traditional knowledge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_ecological_knowledge" title="Traditional ecological knowledge">ecological</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_of_science" title="Unity of science">Unity of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_science" title="Women in science">Women in science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_STEM_fields" title="Women in STEM fields">STEM</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology<br />studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-production_(society)" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-production (society)">Co-production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyborg_anthropology" title="Cyborg anthropology">Cyborg anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_studies" title="Design studies">Design studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dematerialization_(products)" title="Dematerialization (products)">Dematerialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_anthropology" title="Digital anthropology">Digital anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" title="Digital media use and mental health">Digital media use and mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_adopter" title="Early adopter">Early adopter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_studies" title="Engineering studies">Engineering studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial technology">Financial technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hype_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Hype cycle">Hype cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">Innovation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion_of_innovations" title="Diffusion of innovations">diffusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disruptive_innovation" title="Disruptive innovation">disruptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_model_of_innovation" title="Linear model of innovation">linear model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_innovation_system" title="Technological innovation system">system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_innovation" title="User innovation">user</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leapfrogging" title="Leapfrogging">Leapfrogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normalization_process_theory" title="Normalization process theory">Normalization process theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_salient" title="Reverse salient">Reverse salient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skunkworks_project" title="Skunkworks project">Skunkworks project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociotechnical_system" title="Sociotechnical system">Sociotechnical system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_change" title="Technical change">Technical change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technoscience" title="Technoscience">Technoscience</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_technoscience" title="Feminist technoscience">feminist</a></li></ul></li> <li>Technological <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technological_change" title="Technological change">change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_convergence" title="Technological convergence">convergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_determinism" title="Technological determinism">determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_revolution" title="Technological revolution">revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_transitions" title="Technological transitions">transitions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Technology <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technology_and_society" title="Technology and society">and society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_technology" title="Criticism of technology">criticism of</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_dynamics" title="Technology dynamics">dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_technology" title="Theories of technology">theories of</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_transfer" title="Technology transfer">transfer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_engineering" title="Women in engineering">Women in engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">Policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_freedom" title="Academic freedom">Academic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_divide" title="Digital divide">Digital divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_policy" title="Evidence-based policy">Evidence-based policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factor_10" title="Factor 10">Factor 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funding_of_science" title="Funding of science">Funding of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizon_scanning" title="Horizon scanning">Horizon scanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politicization_of_science" title="Politicization of science">Politicization of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_science" title="Regulation of science">Regulation of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_ethics" title="Research ethics">Research ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_science_and_culture" title="Right to science and culture">Right to science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_policy" title="Science policy">Science policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_policy" title="History of science policy">history of</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_of_science_policy" title="Science of science policy">science of</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_assessment" title="Technology assessment">Technology assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_policy" title="Technology policy">Technology policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_management_(governance)" title="Transition management (governance)">Transition management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> Portals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Science" title="Portal:Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:History_of_science" title="Portal:History of science">History of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Technology" title="Portal:Technology">Technology</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Science_and_technology_studies" title="Category:Science and technology studies">Category</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_and_technology_studies_associations" title="Category:Science and technology studies associations">Associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_and_technology_studies_journals" title="Category:Science and technology studies journals">Journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_and_technology_studies_scholars" title="Category:Science and technology studies scholars">Scholars</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Generations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Generation" title="Template:Generation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Generation" title="Template talk:Generation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Generation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Generation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Generations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Generation" title="Generation">Generations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the Western world</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Generation" title="Lost Generation">Lost Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greatest_Generation" title="Greatest Generation">Greatest Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Generation" title="Silent Generation">Silent Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_boomers" title="Baby boomers">Baby boomers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_X" title="Generation X">Generation X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennials" title="Millennials">Millennials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_Z" title="Generation Z">Generation Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_Alpha" title="Generation Alpha">Generation Alpha</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cusper" title="Cusper">Cuspers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interbellum_Generation" title="Interbellum Generation">Interbellum Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_Jones" title="Generation Jones">Generation Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xennials" title="Xennials">Xennials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zillennials" title="Zillennials">Zillennials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boomerang_Generation" title="Boomerang Generation">Boomerang Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me_generation" title="Me generation">Me generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Generation" title="MTV Generation">MTV Generation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Country-specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post_70s_Generation" title="Post 70s Generation">Post-70s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-80s" title="Post-80s">Post-80s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-90s" title="Post-90s">Post-90s</a></li></ul></li> <li>Czechoslovakia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hus%C3%A1k%27s_Children" title="Husák's Children">Husák's Children</a></li></ul></li> <li>Iran <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burnt_Generation" title="Burnt Generation">Burnt Generation</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satori_generation" title="Satori generation">Satori generation</a></li></ul></li> <li>Poland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generation_of_Columbuses" title="Generation of Columbuses">Generation of Columbuses</a></li></ul></li> <li>Romania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decre%C8%9Bei" class="mw-redirect" title="Decreței">Decreței</a></li></ul></li> <li>Singapore <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Generation_Package" title="Pioneer Generation Package">Pioneer Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merdeka_Generation_Package" title="Merdeka Generation Package">Merdeka Generation</a></li></ul></li> <li>South Korea <ul><li><a href="/wiki/386_Generation" title="386 Generation">386 Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampo_generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sampo generation">Sampo generation</a></li></ul></li> <li>Taiwan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strawberry_generation" title="Strawberry generation">Strawberry generation</a></li></ul></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Millennials_in_the_United_States" title="Millennials in the United States">Millennials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_Z_in_the_United_States" title="Generation Z in the United States">Generation Z</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vietnam <ul><li><a href="/wiki/9X_Generation" title="9X Generation">9X Generation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Future_generations" title="Future generations">Future generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigrant_generations" title="Immigrant generations">Immigrant generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_generation" title="Revolutionary generation">Revolutionary generation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generation_gap" title="Generation gap">Generation gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generational_accounting" title="Generational accounting">Generational accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generationism" title="Generationism">Generationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergenerationality" title="Intergenerationality">Intergenerationality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intergenerational_equity" title="Intergenerational equity">Equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergenerational_policy" title="Intergenerational policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergenerational_shared_site" title="Intergenerational shared site">Shared site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergenerational_struggle" title="Intergenerational struggle">Struggle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strauss%E2%80%93Howe_generational_theory" title="Strauss–Howe generational theory">Strauss–Howe generational theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_generations" title="Theory of generations">Theory of generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgenerational_design" title="Transgenerational design">Transgenerational design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beat_Generation" title="Beat Generation">Beat Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_divide" title="Digital divide">Digital divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_native" title="Digital native">Digital native</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OK_boomer" title="OK boomer">OK boomer</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Greatest_Generation_(book)" title="The Greatest Generation (book)">The Greatest Generation</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="South–South_cooperation_and_Third_Worldism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South%E2%80%93South" title="Template:South–South"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:South%E2%80%93South" title="Template talk:South–South"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South%E2%80%93South" title="Special:EditPage/Template:South–South"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="South–South_cooperation_and_Third_Worldism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/South%E2%80%93South_cooperation" title="South–South cooperation">South–South cooperation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third-Worldism" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-Worldism">Third Worldism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">Global South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landlocked_developing_countries" title="Landlocked developing countries">Landlocked developing countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Least_developed_countries" title="Least developed countries">Least developed countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavily_indebted_poor_countries" title="Heavily indebted poor countries">Heavily indebted poor countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Markets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emerging_market" title="Emerging market">Emerging markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newly_industrialized_country" title="Newly industrialized country">Newly industrialized country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_economy" title="Transition economy">Transition economy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Three-world_model" title="Three-world model">Worlds theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_World" title="First World">First World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_World" title="Second World">Second World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_World" title="Fourth World">Fourth World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">Geopolitics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocolonialism" title="Neocolonialism">Neocolonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarity_(international_relations)" title="Polarity (international relations)">Multipolarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Conference_against_Racism" title="World Conference against Racism">World Conference against Racism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Conference_against_Racism_2001" title="World Conference against Racism 2001">Durban I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durban_Review_Conference" title="Durban Review Conference">Durban II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durban_III" title="Durban III">Durban III</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Western_era" title="Post-Western era">Post-Western era</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">Brazil–Russia–India–China–South Africa (BRICS)</a><br /><a href="/wiki/BASIC_countries" title="BASIC countries">BASIC <span style="font-size:85%;">(BRICS minus Russia)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRIC" title="BRIC">BRIC <span style="font-size:85%;">(BRICS minus South Africa)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBSA_Dialogue_Forum" title="IBSA Dialogue Forum">India–Brazil–South Africa Dialogue Forum (IBSA)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debt_of_developing_countries" title="Debt of developing countries">Debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Clearing_Union" title="Asian Clearing Union">Asian Clearing Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Infrastructure_Investment_Bank" title="Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank">Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank" title="Asian Development Bank">Asian Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Monetary_Fund" title="Arab Monetary Fund">Arab Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_the_South" title="Bank of the South">BancoSur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Development_Bank" title="Caribbean Development Bank">Caribbean Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Fund_for_Commodities" title="Common Fund for Commodities">Common Fund for Commodities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Development_Bank" title="New Development Bank">New Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPEC_Fund_for_International_Development" title="OPEC Fund for International Development">OPEC Fund for International Development</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Trade_and_development" title="Trade and development">Trade and<br />development</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_state" title="Developmental state">Developmental state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_geese_paradigm" title="Flying geese paradigm">Flying geese paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure-based_development" title="Infrastructure-based development">Infrastructure-based development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Sustainable development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_System_of_Trade_Preferences_among_Developing_Countries" title="Global System of Trade Preferences among Developing Countries">Global System of Trade Preferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_on_Trade_Negotiations" title="Protocol on Trade Negotiations">Protocol on Trade Negotiations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_International_Economic_Order" title="New International Economic Order">New International Economic Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_Information_and_Communication_Order" title="New World Information and Communication Order">New World Information and Communication Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Trade_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Conference on Trade and Development">United Nations Conference on Trade and Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Industrial_Development_Organization" title="United Nations Industrial Development Organization">United Nations Industrial Development Organization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generic_drug" title="Generic drug">Generic drugs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biosimilar" title="Biosimilar">biosimilar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_patent" title="Chemical patent">Pharmaceutical patents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Societal_views_on_patents#Pharmaceutical_patents" class="mw-redirect" title="Societal views on patents">criticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_data_exclusivity" title="Test data exclusivity">Test data exclusivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doha_Declaration_on_the_TRIPS_agreement_and_public_health" title="Doha Declaration on the TRIPS agreement and public health">Doha Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Organizations<br />and groups</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Five" title="Group of Five">G-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_77" title="Group of 77">G-77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_15" title="Group of 15">G-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-8_Organization_for_Economic_Cooperation" title="D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation">D-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G20_developing_nations" title="G20 developing nations">G20 developing nations (G-20)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_24" title="Group of 24">G-24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G33_(developing_countries)" title="G33 (developing countries)">G33 developing countries (G-33)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Eleven" title="Group of Eleven">G-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G90" title="G90">G-90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African,_Caribbean_and_Pacific_States" title="Organisation of African, Caribbean and Pacific States">African, Caribbean and Pacific Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Afro–Asian Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">Association of Southeast Asian Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombo_Plan" title="Colombo Plan">Colombo Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Latin_American_and_Caribbean_States" title="Community of Latin American and Caribbean States">Community of Latin American and Caribbean States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Solar_Alliance" title="International Solar Alliance">International Solar Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_Spearhead_Group" title="Melanesian Spearhead Group">Melanesian Spearhead Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_Summit" title="North–South Summit">North–South Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_Leaders_Group" title="Polynesian Leaders Group">Polynesian Leaders Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_Peace_and_Cooperation_Zone" title="South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone">South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Island_Developing_States" title="Small Island Developing States">Small Island Developing States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Centre_(organization)" title="South Centre (organization)">South Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">North–South<br />divide</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brandt_Report" title="Brandt Report">Brandt Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_financial_system" title="Global financial system">Global financial system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">Fair trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_regulation" title="Financial regulation">Financial regulation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Global digital divide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economic_classification_of_countries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Global_economic_classifications" title="Template:Global economic classifications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Global_economic_classifications" title="Template talk:Global economic classifications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Global_economic_classifications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Global economic classifications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economic_classification_of_countries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economic classification of countries</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">Developed country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">Developing country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavily_indebted_poor_countries" title="Heavily indebted poor countries">Heavily indebted poor countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Least_developed_countries" title="Least developed countries">Least developed countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newly_industrialized_country" title="Newly industrialized country">Newly industrialized country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Bank_high-income_economy" title="World Bank high-income economy">World Bank high-income economy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Three-world_model" title="Three-world model">Three/Four-World Model</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_World" title="First World">First World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_World" title="Second World">Second World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_World" title="Fourth World">Fourth World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">Gross domestic product</a> (GDP)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product#Nominal_GDP_and_adjustments_to_GDP" title="Gross domestic product">Nominal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">By country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_past_and_future_GDP_(nominal)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by past and future GDP (nominal)">past and projected</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_past_and_future_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by past and future GDP (nominal) per capita">per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">per capita</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product#Cross-border_comparison_and_PPP" title="Gross domestic product">Purchasing <br /> power parity</a> (PPP)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">By country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_future_GDP_(PPP)_estimates" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by future GDP (PPP) estimates">future estimates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_future_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita_estimates" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by future GDP (PPP) per capita estimates">per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_person_employed" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per person employed">per person employed</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gross_national_income" title="Gross national income">Gross national income</a> (GNI)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GNI_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GNI (nominal) per capita">Nominal per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_income" title="Real income">Real income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GNI_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GNI (PPP) per capita">PPP per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GNI_per_capita_growth" title="List of countries by GNI per capita growth">Per capita growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disposable_household_and_per_capita_income" title="Disposable household and per capita income">Disposable income</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wage" title="Wage">Wages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_average_wage" title="List of countries by average wage">Average wage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_average_wage" title="List of European countries by average wage">Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_employee_compensation_(per_hour)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by employee compensation (per hour)">Employee compensation (per hour)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_median_wage" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by median wage">List of countries by median wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minimum_wages_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="List of minimum wages by country">Minimum wages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minimum_wages_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of minimum wages in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_minimum_wage" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by minimum wage">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage_in_the_United_States" title="Minimum wage in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_wealth" class="mw-redirect" title="National wealth">Wealth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_wealth_per_adult" title="List of countries by wealth per adult">Wealth per adult</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_distribution_in_Europe" title="Wealth distribution in Europe">Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_financial_assets_per_capita" title="List of countries by financial assets per capita">Financial assets per capita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/National_accounts" title="National accounts">national accounts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gross_National_Happiness" title="Gross National Happiness">Gross National Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_material_product" title="Net material product">Net material product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_research_and_development_spending" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by research and development spending">Research and development spending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_stock_market_capitalization" title="List of countries by stock market capitalization">Stock market capitalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Indicators" title="World Intellectual Property Indicators">Patents, trademarks, and industrial design filing activity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_development_(humanity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Human development (humanity)">Human development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_inequality-adjusted_HDI" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by inequality-adjusted HDI">inequality-adjusted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_planetary_pressures%E2%80%93adjusted_HDI" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by planetary pressures–adjusted HDI">planetary pressures–adjusted HDI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Poverty_Index" title="Human Poverty Index">Human Poverty Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_percentage_of_population_living_in_poverty" title="List of countries by percentage of population living in poverty">Percentage living in poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Capital_Index" title="Human Capital Index">Human Capital Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income" class="mw-redirect" title="Household income">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Progress_Index" title="Social Progress Index">Social Progress Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_divide" title="Digital divide">Digital divide</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ICT_Development_Index" title="ICT Development Index">ICT Development Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_broadband_Internet_subscriptions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by number of broadband Internet subscriptions">Number of broadband Internet subscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_Internet_users" title="List of countries by number of Internet users">Number of Internet users</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_smartphone_penetration" title="List of countries by smartphone penetration">Smartphone penetration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Net_international_investment_position" title="Net international investment position">Net international <br /> investment position</a> (NIIP)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_creditor_nations_by_net_international_investment_position_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="List of creditor nations by net international investment position per capita">Per capita (creditors)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_debtor_nations_by_net_international_investment_position_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="List of debtor nations by net international investment position per capita">Per capita (debtors)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/16px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/24px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/32px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Economics" title="Portal:Economics">Economics portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Globalization" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Globalization" title="Template:Globalization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Globalization" title="Template talk:Globalization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Globalization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Globalization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Globalization" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_globalization-related_journals" title="List of globalization-related journals">Journals</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_globalization" title="Outline of globalization">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_studies" title="Global studies">Studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alter-globalization" title="Alter-globalization">Alter-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_globalization" title="Cultural globalization">Cultural globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deglobalization" title="Deglobalization">Deglobalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_globalization" title="Democratic globalization">Democratic globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">Economic globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_globalization" title="Environmental globalization">Environmental globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_citizenship" title="Global citizenship">Global citizenship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_citizenship_education" title="Global citizenship education">education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_financial_system" title="Global financial system">Global financial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_health" title="Global health">Global health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_migration" title="International migration">Global migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_politics" title="Global politics">Global politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_workforce" title="Global workforce">Global workforce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globality" title="Globality">Globality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_globalization" title="History of globalization">History of</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_globalization" title="Archaic globalization">archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-globalization" title="Proto-globalization">early modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_globalization" title="Military globalization">Military globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_globalization" title="Political globalization">Political globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_globalization" title="Trade globalization">Trade globalization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Global</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">Climate justice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_disease" title="Globalization and disease">Disease</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Digital divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_labor_arbitrage" title="Global labor arbitrage">Labor arbitrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilingualism_and_globalization" title="Multilingualism and globalization">Multilingualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">Tax havens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_financial_centre" title="Offshore financial centre">Offshore financial centres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_inversion" title="Tax inversion">Tax inversions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Water crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Other</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_capital_flight" title="Human capital flight">Brain drain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_brain_drain" title="Reverse brain drain">reverse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Care_drain" title="Care drain">Care drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_aid" title="Development aid">Development aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">Economic inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">Endangered languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">Fair trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">Forced displacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illicit_financial_flows" title="Illicit financial flows">Illicit financial flows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_imperialism" title="Academic imperialism">academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_imperialism" title="Linguistic imperialism">linguistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_imperialism" title="Media imperialism">media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_imperialism" title="Scientific imperialism">scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_imperialism" title="Social imperialism">social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investor-state_dispute_settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Investor-state dispute settlement">Investor-state disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonaldization" title="McDonaldization">McDonaldization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_international_division_of_labour" title="New international division of labour">New international division of labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_divide_in_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="North–South divide in the World">North–South divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshoring" title="Offshoring">Offshoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_to_the_bottom" title="Race to the bottom">Race to the bottom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_haven_hypothesis" title="Pollution haven hypothesis">pollution havens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_organized_crime" title="Transnational organized crime">Transnational crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">World war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">Capital accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependency_theory" title="Dependency theory">Dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_theory" title="Development theory">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_system_science" title="Earth system science">Earth system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_localism" title="Fiscal localism">Fiscal localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernization_theory" title="Modernization theory">Modernization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_modernization" title="Ecological modernization">ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_modernisation_theory" title="History of modernisation theory">history of</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_accumulation_of_capital" title="Primitive accumulation of capital">Primitive accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_change" title="Social change">Social change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_history_(field)" title="World history (field)">World history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World-systems_theory" title="World-systems theory">World-systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable<br />scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Economics</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Autor" title="David Autor">David Autor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Baldwin_(economist)" title="Richard Baldwin (economist)">Richard Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Batra" title="Ravi Batra">Ravi Batra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdish_Bhagwati" title="Jagdish Bhagwati">Jagdish Bhagwati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brenner" title="Robert Brenner">Robert Brenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayati_Ghosh" title="Jayati Ghosh">Jayati Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hudson_(economist)" title="Michael Hudson (economist)">Michael Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branko_Milanovi%C4%87" title="Branko Milanović">Branko Milanović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_O%27Rourke" title="Kevin O'Rourke">Kevin O'Rourke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Piketty" title="Thomas Piketty">Thomas Piketty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dani_Rodrik" title="Dani Rodrik">Dani Rodrik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Sachs" title="Jeffrey Sachs">Jeffrey Sachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph Stiglitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Political <br />economy</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Amin" title="Samir Amin">Samir Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Arrighi" title="Giovanni Arrighi">Giovanni Arrighi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Cox" title="Robert W. Cox">Robert W. Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andre_Gunder_Frank" title="Andre Gunder Frank">Andre Gunder Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Gill_(political_scientist)" title="Stephen Gill (political scientist)">Stephen Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gowan" title="Peter Gowan">Peter Gowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Harvey" title="David Harvey">David Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronen_Palan" title="Ronen Palan">Ronen Palan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Strange" title="Susan Strange">Susan Strange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wade_(scholar)" title="Robert Wade (scholar)">Robert Wade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Politics / <br /> sociology</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arjun_Appadurai" title="Arjun Appadurai">Arjun Appadurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniele_Archibugi" title="Daniele Archibugi">Daniele Archibugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Anthony_Appiah" title="Kwame Anthony Appiah">K. Anthony Appiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Beck" title="Ulrich Beck">Ulrich Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walden_Bello" title="Walden Bello">Walden Bello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Jean Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Zygmunt Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Castells" title="Manuel Castells">Manuel Castells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Chase-Dunn" title="Christopher Chase-Dunn">Christopher Chase-Dunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_W._Crosby" title="Alfred W. Crosby">Alfred Crosby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Fraser" title="Nancy Fraser">Nancy Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_George_(political_scientist)" title="Susan George (political scientist)">Susan George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens">Anthony Giddens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hardt" title="Michael Hardt">Michael Hardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Held" title="David Held">David Held</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hirst" title="Paul Hirst">Paul Hirst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._H._M._Ling" title="L. H. M. Ling">L. H. M. Ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Antonio Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ritzer" title="George Ritzer">George Ritzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskia_Sassen" title="Saskia Sassen">Saskia Sassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Urry_(sociologist)" title="John Urry (sociologist)">John Urry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Wallerstein" title="Immanuel Wallerstein">Immanuel Wallerstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Non–academic</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Friedman" title="Thomas Friedman">Thomas Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naomi_Klein" title="Naomi Klein">Naomi Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ralston_Saul" title="John Ralston Saul">John R. Saul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandana_Shiva" title="Vandana Shiva">Vandana Shiva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Globalization" title="Category:Globalization">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/28px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/42px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/56px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business" title="Portal:Business">Business portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_digital_divide&oldid=1254329100">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_digital_divide&oldid=1254329100</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Digital_divide" title="Category:Digital divide">Digital divide</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Digital_media" title="Category:Digital media">Digital media</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Technology_development" title="Category:Technology development">Technology development</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_geography" title="Category:Economic geography">Economic geography</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cultural_globalization" title="Category:Cultural globalization">Cultural globalization</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Global_inequality" title="Category:Global inequality">Global inequality</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rural_economics" title="Category:Rural economics">Rural economics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_inequality" title="Category:Social inequality">Social inequality</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_examples" title="Category:All articles needing examples">All articles needing examples</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_examples_from_September_2023" title="Category:Articles needing examples from September 2023">Articles needing examples from September 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_August_2014" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from August 2014">Articles with dead external links from August 2014</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 30 October 2024, at 13:37<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_digital_divide&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-6trlv","wgBackendResponseTime":124,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.808","walltime":"1.031","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6173,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":196264,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":5435,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":9,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":162360,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 803.519 1 -total"," 33.17% 266.524 1 Template:Reflist"," 21.07% 169.271 11 Template:Navbox"," 20.05% 161.132 10 Template:Cite_journal"," 12.09% 97.138 1 Template:Science_and_technology_studies"," 10.38% 83.397 1 Template:Short_description"," 9.01% 72.389 9 Template:Rp"," 8.03% 64.538 9 Template:R/superscript"," 5.76% 46.255 2 Template:Fix"," 5.61% 45.056 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.408","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7242628,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-6fdd9f9b88-hxtjl","timestamp":"20241201165619","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Global digital divide","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Global_digital_divide","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q105200013","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q105200013","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-05-24T21:57:28Z","dateModified":"2024-10-30T13:37:26Z","headline":"global disparities, primarily between developed and developing countries, in regards to access to computing and information resources"}</script> </body> </html>