CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Transhumanism - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"f4478496-eebd-40be-a51d-5f400135ca77","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Transhumanism","wgTitle":"Transhumanism","wgCurRevisionId":1259785392,"wgRevisionId":1259785392,"wgArticleId":30299,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 errors: missing periodical","CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 German-language sources (de)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use mdy dates from October 2016","Articles containing German-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017","All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases", "Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from October 2014","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Articles with hAudio microformats","Spoken articles","Transhumanism","1990 introductions","Bioethics","Body modification","Doomsday scenarios","Ethics of science and technology","Existential risk from artificial general intelligence","Ideologies","Immortality","Liberalism","Genetic engineering","Philosophy of artificial intelligence","Philosophy of culture","Philosophy of technology","Philosophical anthropology","Posthumanism","Futures studies","Science fiction culture","Science fiction themes","Singularitarianism","Singularity theory","Social change","Social philosophy","Social justice","Subcultures","Syncretic political movements","Technological change","Technology development","Technology forecasting","Technology hazards","Transhumanist politics","Technological utopianism"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext", "wgRelevantPageName":"Transhumanism","wgRelevantArticleId":30299,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q194100","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform" ,"platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp", "ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Manhattan%2C_N.Y.C._1997_51.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="796"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Manhattan%2C_N.Y.C._1997_51.jpg/800px-Manhattan%2C_N.Y.C._1997_51.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="531"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Manhattan%2C_N.Y.C._1997_51.jpg/640px-Manhattan%2C_N.Y.C._1997_51.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="424"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Transhumanism - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumanism"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Transhumanism&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumanism"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Transhumanism rootpage-Transhumanism skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Transhumanism" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Transhumanism" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Transhumanism" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Transhumanism" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Precursors_of_transhumanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precursors_of_transhumanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Precursors of transhumanism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precursors_of_transhumanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_transhumanist_thinking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_transhumanist_thinking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Early transhumanist thinking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_transhumanist_thinking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artificial_intelligence_and_the_technological_singularity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artificial_intelligence_and_the_technological_singularity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Artificial intelligence and the technological singularity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artificial_intelligence_and_the_technological_singularity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growth_of_transhumanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth_of_transhumanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Growth of transhumanism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth_of_transhumanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Theory </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theory-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Theory subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Aims </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Empathic_fallibility_and_conversational_consent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Empathic_fallibility_and_conversational_consent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Empathic fallibility and conversational consent </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Empathic_fallibility_and_conversational_consent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Ethics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Currents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Currents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Currents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Currents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spirituality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spirituality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Spirituality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spirituality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Practice </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Practice-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Practice subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Technologies_of_interest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technologies_of_interest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Technologies of interest </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technologies_of_interest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Debate </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Debate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Debate subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Debate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Feasibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feasibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Feasibility </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feasibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intrinsic_immorality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intrinsic_immorality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Intrinsic immorality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intrinsic_immorality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loss_of_human_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loss_of_human_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Loss of human identity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loss_of_human_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socioeconomic_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socioeconomic_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Socioeconomic effects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socioeconomic_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cultural_aesthetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_aesthetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.1 Cultural aesthetics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_aesthetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_eugenics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_eugenics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 New eugenics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_eugenics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Existential_risks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Existential_risks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Existential risks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Existential_risks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antinatalism_and_pronatalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antinatalism_and_pronatalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6.1 Antinatalism and pronatalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antinatalism_and_pronatalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_news_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_news_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 In news media </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_news_media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In news media subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_news_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Common_enemy_to_anti-democratic_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_enemy_to_anti-democratic_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Common enemy to anti-democratic movements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_enemy_to_anti-democratic_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Transhumanism</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" > 54 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumanisme" title="Transhumanisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Transhumanisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="تجاوز الإنسانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تجاوز الإنسانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumanismu" title="Transhumanismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Transhumanismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumanizm" title="Transhumanizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Transhumanizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Трансгуманізм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Трансгуманізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Трансгуманізм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Трансгуманізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Трансхуманизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Трансхуманизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumanisme" title="Transhumanisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Transhumanisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumanismus" title="Transhumanismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Transhumanismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumanisme" title="Transhumanisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Transhumanisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumanismus" title="Transhumanismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Transhumanismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Transhumanism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B8%CF%81%CF%89%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Διανθρωπισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διανθρωπισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumanismo" title="Transhumanismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Transhumanismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhomismo" title="Transhomismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Transhomismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumanismo" title="Transhumanismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Transhumanismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="ترابشریت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ترابشریت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumanisme" title="Transhumanisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Transhumanisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumanismo" title="Transhumanismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Transhumanismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8A%B8%EB%9E%9C%EC%8A%A4%ED%9C%B4%EB%A8%B8%EB%8B%88%EC%A6%98" title="트랜스휴머니즘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="트랜스휴머니즘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%B0%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Տրանսհումանիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տրանսհումանիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumanizam" title="Transhumanizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Transhumanizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumanisme" title="Transhumanisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Transhumanisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transumanesimo" title="Transumanesimo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Transumanesimo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="טרנס הומניזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טרנס הומניזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%B0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ტრანსჰუმანიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტრანსჰუმანიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Трансгуманизм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Трансгуманизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumanismus" title="Transhumanismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Transhumanismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhum%C4%81nisms" title="Transhumānisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Transhumānisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumanizmas" title="Transhumanizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Transhumanizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transzhumanizmus" title="Transzhumanizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Transzhumanizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Трансхуманизам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Трансхуманизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumanisme" title="Transhumanisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Transhumanisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%92%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8B%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0" title="トランスヒューマニズム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トランスヒューマニズム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumanisme" title="Transhumanisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Transhumanisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transumanisme" title="Transumanisme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Transumanisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85_(%D9%BC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87)" title="ټرانس هومانیزم (ټرانس بشرپالنه) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ټرانس هومانیزم (ټرانس بشرپالنه)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumanizm" title="Transhumanizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Transhumanizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transumanismo" title="Transumanismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Transumanismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transumanism" title="Transumanism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Transumanism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Трансгуманизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Трансгуманизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumanizmi" title="Transhumanizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Transhumanizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Transhumanism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumanizmus" title="Transhumanizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Transhumanizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumanizam" title="Transhumanizam – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Transhumanizam" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumanismi" title="Transhumanismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Transhumanismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Transhumanism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="மீவுமனிதத்துவம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மீவுமனிதத்துவம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="มนุษยนิยมเปลี่ยนผ่าน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มนุษยนิยมเปลี่ยนผ่าน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transh%C3%BCmanizm" title="Transhümanizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Transhümanizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Трансгуманізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Трансгуманізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_%DB%81%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85" title="ٹرانس ہیومن ازم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ٹرانس ہیومن ازم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="超人類主義 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="超人類主義" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="超人类主义 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="超人类主义" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q194100#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Transhumanism" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transhumanism&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transhumanism&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transhumanism&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transhumanism&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Transhumanism" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Transhumanism" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transhumanism&oldid=1259785392" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transhumanism&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Transhumanism&id=1259785392&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTranshumanism">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTranshumanism">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Transhumanism&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transhumanism&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Transhumanism" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Transhumanism" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q194100" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-spoken-icon" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/File:Transhumanism_reading1.ogg" title="Listen to this article"><img alt="Listen to this article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/20px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/30px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/40px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Philosophical movement</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the critique of humanism and related term, see <a href="/wiki/Posthumanism" title="Posthumanism">Posthumanism</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Transhumance" title="Transhumance">Transhumance</a> or <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">Transgender</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:165%;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Transhumanism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Transhumanism_h%2B.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Transhumanism_h%2B.svg/80px-Transhumanism_h%2B.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Transhumanism_h%2B.svg/120px-Transhumanism_h%2B.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Transhumanism_h%2B.svg/160px-Transhumanism_h%2B.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2048" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #85AFBB; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Issues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accelerating_change" title="Accelerating change">Accelerating change</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Eradication_of_suffering" title="Eradication of suffering">Eradication of suffering</a></div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Industrial_Revolution" title="Fourth Industrial Revolution">Fourth Industrial Revolution</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_enhancement" title="Human enhancement">Human enhancement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_genetic_enhancement" title="Human genetic enhancement">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_enhancement" title="Moral enhancement">Moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroenhancement" title="Neuroenhancement">Neuro-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_liberty" title="Cognitive liberty">Cognitive liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_eugenics" title="New eugenics">New eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">Human nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meliorism" title="Meliorism">Meliorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-politics" title="Post-politics">Post-politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-scarcity" title="Post-scarcity">Post-scarcity</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #85AFBB; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_transhumanists" title="List of transhumanists">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Bostrom" title="Nick Bostrom">Bostrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM-2030" title="FM-2030">FM-2030</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Fuller_(sociologist)" title="Steve Fuller (sociologist)">Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Goertzel" title="Ben Goertzel">Goertzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aubrey_de_Grey" title="Aubrey de Grey">de Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._S._Haldane#Social_and_scientific_views" title="J. B. S. Haldane">Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hanson" title="Robin Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuval_Noah_Harari" title="Yuval Noah Harari">Harari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Harbisson" title="Neil Harbisson">Harbisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Harris_(bioethicist)" title="John Harris (bioethicist)">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Huxley" title="Julian Huxley">Huxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_de_Garis" title="Hugo de Garis">de Garis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoltan_Istvan" title="Zoltan Istvan">Istvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Kurzweil" title="Ray Kurzweil">Kurzweil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Land" title="Nick Land">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti" title="Filippo Tommaso Marinetti">Marinetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola#Writings" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Pico della Mirandola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_More" title="Max More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller" title="Hermann Joseph Muller">Muller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Osborn" title="Frederick Osborn">Osborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Sandberg" title="Anders Sandberg">Sandberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Savulescu" title="Julian Savulescu">Savulescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Lorenz_Sorgner" title="Stefan Lorenz Sorgner">Sorgner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Stock" title="Gregory Stock">Stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin">Teilhard de Chardin</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #85AFBB; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Transhumanist_books" title="Category:Transhumanist books">Influential Works</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oration_on_the_Dignity_of_Man" title="Oration on the Dignity of Man">Oration on the Dignity of Man</a> (1486)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thus_Spoke_Zarathustra" title="Thus Spoke Zarathustra">Thus Spoke Zarathustra</a> (1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looking_Backward" title="Looking Backward">Looking Backward </a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Will_to_Power_(manuscript)" title="The Will to Power (manuscript)">The Will to Power</a> (~1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_Futurism" title="Manifesto of Futurism">Manifesto of Futurism</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daedalus;_or,_Science_and_the_Future" title="Daedalus; or, Science and the Future">Daedalus</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_raza_c%C3%B3smica" title="La raza cósmica">La raza cósmica</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Phenomenon_of_Man" title="The Phenomenon of Man">The Phenomenon of Man</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dialectic_of_Sex" title="The Dialectic of Sex">The Dialectic of Sex</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaman" title="Metaman">Metaman</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regeln_f%C3%BCr_den_Menschenpark" class="mw-redirect" title="Regeln für den Menschenpark">Regeln für den Menschenpark</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Spiritual_Machines" title="The Age of Spiritual Machines">The Age of Spiritual Machines</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Cyborg" title="Citizen Cyborg">Citizen Cyborg</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Singularity_Is_Near" title="The Singularity Is Near">The Singularity Is Near</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Enhancement" title="Human Enhancement">Human Enhancement</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanged_Noumena" title="Fanged Noumena">Fanged Noumena</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Transhumanist_Wager" title="The Transhumanist Wager">The Transhumanist Wager</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapiens:_A_Brief_History_of_Humankind" title="Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind">Sapiens</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homo_Deus:_A_Brief_History_of_Tomorrow" title="Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow">Homo Deus</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanist_Bill_of_Rights" title="Transhumanist Bill of Rights">The Transhumanist Bill of Rights</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Em" title="The Age of Em">The Age of Em</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Precipice:_Existential_Risk_and_the_Future_of_Humanity" title="The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity">The Precipice</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/What_We_Owe_the_Future" title="What We Owe the Future">What We Owe the Future</a> (2022)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Techno-Optimist_Manifesto" title="Techno-Optimist Manifesto">Techno-Optimist Manifesto</a>" (2023)</li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #85AFBB; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Transhumanism" title="Category:Transhumanism">Variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accelerationism" title="Accelerationism">Accelerationism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effective_accelerationism" title="Effective accelerationism">Effective</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypherpunk" title="Cypherpunk">Cypherpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dataism" title="Dataism">Dataism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extropianism" title="Extropianism">Extropianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immortalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Immortalism">Immortalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longtermism" title="Longtermism">Longtermism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postgenderism" title="Postgenderism">Postgenderism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posthumanism" title="Posthumanism">Posthumanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Cosmism" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Cosmism">Russian Cosmism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singularitarianism" title="Singularitarianism">Singularitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technogaianism" title="Technogaianism">Technogaianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technolibertarianism" title="Technolibertarianism">Technolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_utopianism" title="Technological utopianism">Technological utopianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-progressivism" title="Techno-progressivism">Techno-progressivism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #85AFBB; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dyson_sphere" title="Dyson sphere">Dyson sphere</a></li> <li>Technologies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emerging_technologies" title="Emerging technologies">Emerging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disruptive_innovation" title="Disruptive innovation">Disruptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothetical_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypothetical technologies">Hypothetical</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Transhumanism" title="Template:Transhumanism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Transhumanism" title="Template talk:Transhumanism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Transhumanism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Transhumanism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Human_enhancement" title="Human enhancement">Human enhancement</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Manhattan,_N.Y.C._1997_51.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue of Prometheus gifting mankind fire"><img alt="Statue of Prometheus gifting mankind fire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Manhattan%2C_N.Y.C._1997_51.jpg/175px-Manhattan%2C_N.Y.C._1997_51.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Manhattan%2C_N.Y.C._1997_51.jpg/263px-Manhattan%2C_N.Y.C._1997_51.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Manhattan%2C_N.Y.C._1997_51.jpg/350px-Manhattan%2C_N.Y.C._1997_51.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1057" data-file-height="701" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #85AFBB; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Advocacy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li>Rationale <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantropy" title="Pantropy">Adaptionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Savulescu#Procreative_beneficence" title="Julian Savulescu">"Beneficient"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphological_freedom" title="Morphological freedom">Emancipatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_mismatch" title="Evolutionary mismatch">Compensatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanist_politics#Democratic_transhumanism" title="Transhumanist politics">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directed_evolution_(transhumanism)" title="Directed evolution (transhumanism)">"Directive"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanist_politics#Libertarian_transhumanism" title="Transhumanist politics">Libertarian</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Stefan_Lorenz_Sorgner#Nietzsche,_posthumanism_and_transhumanism" title="Stefan Lorenz Sorgner">Metahumanistic</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posthumanism" title="Posthumanism">Posthumanistic</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Jason_Jorjani#The_Prometheist_Manifesto" title="Jason Jorjani">Prometheist</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Preventative</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Transhumanistic</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Paradigm <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biohappiness" title="Biohappiness">Biohappiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyborgs" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyborgs">Cyborgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_eugenics" title="New eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_amplification" title="Intelligence amplification">Intelligence amplification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_enhancement" title="Moral enhancement">Moral enhancement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosthesis#Prosthetic_enhancement" title="Prosthesis">Prostheses</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #85AFBB; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">(De facto) germline interventions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloning" title="Cloning">Selective Cloning</a></li> <li>Counseling <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_counseling" title="Genetic counseling">Genetic </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genomic_counseling" title="Genomic counseling">Genomic </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-conception_counseling" title="Pre-conception counseling">Pre-conception</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_genetic_enhancement" title="Human genetic enhancement">Genetic enhancement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigenome_editing" title="Epigenome editing">Epigenome editing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preimplantation_genetic_diagnosis" title="Preimplantation genetic diagnosis">PGD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embryo_quality" title="Embryo quality">Embryo quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oocyte_selection" title="Oocyte selection">Oocyte selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygenic_score" title="Polygenic score">Polygenic (risk) score</a> (technical article)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_testing" title="Prenatal testing">Prenatal testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">Selective abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_selection" title="Sex selection">Sex selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sperm_sorting" title="Sperm sorting">Sperm sorting</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Repository_for_Germinal_Choice" title="Repository for Germinal Choice">"Nobelist sperm banks"</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #85AFBB; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Somatic interventions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Body_hacking" title="Body hacking">Body hacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatic_gene_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatic gene therapy">Somatic gene therapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gene_therapy_for_color_blindness" title="Gene therapy for color blindness">for color blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_doping" title="Gene doping">in sports doping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stem-cell_therapy" title="Stem-cell therapy">Stem-cell therapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embryonic_stem_cell#Utilizations" title="Embryonic stem cell">Embryonic cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_tissue_implant" title="Fetal tissue implant">Fetal tissue implant</a></li></ul></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Performance-enhancing_substances" class="mw-redirect" title="Performance-enhancing substances">Chemical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stimulants" class="mw-redirect" title="Stimulants">Stimulants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">Amphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">Methamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritalin">Ritalin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootropics" class="mw-redirect" title="Nootropics">Nootropics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modafinil" title="Modafinil">Modafinil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracetam" title="Piracetam">Piracetam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanthine" title="Xanthine">Xanthine derivatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a></li></ul></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Neuroenhancement" title="Neuroenhancement">Neurological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain_implant" title="Brain implant">Brain implant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface" title="Brain–computer interface">Brain–computer interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_brain_stimulation#Other_clinical_applications" title="Deep brain stimulation">Deep brain stimulation</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Man-Computer_Symbiosis" title="Man-Computer Symbiosis">Man-Computer Symbiosis</a>" (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuralink" title="Neuralink">Neuralink</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurohacking" title="Neurohacking">Neurohacking</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #85AFBB; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Opposition</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_nature" title="Appeal to nature">Appeal to nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioconservatism" title="Bioconservatism">Bioconservatism</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Brave_New_World#Common_misunderstandings" title="Brave New World">Brave New World Argument</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.K._Chesterton#Opposition_to_eugenics" class="mw-redirect" title="G.K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama#Other_works" title="Francis Fukuyama">Francis Fukuyama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Our_Posthuman_Future" title="Our Posthuman Future">Our Posthuman Future</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_cloning" title="Ethics of cloning">Cloning prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Kass" title="Leon Kass">Leon Kass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stem_cell_controversy" title="Stem cell controversy">Stem cell controversy</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Designer_baby" title="Designer baby">Designer baby</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_monster" title="Frankenstein's monster">Frankenstein's monster</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Jiankui_affair" title="He Jiankui affair">He Jiankui affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hwang_affair" title="Hwang affair">Hwang affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_extension#Ethics_and_politics" title="Life extension">Against life extension</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immortality#Undesirability" title="Immortality">Undesirability of immortality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolas_Kompridis" title="Nikolas Kompridis">Nikolas Kompridis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C.S._Lewis" class="mw-redirect" title="C.S. Lewis">C.S. Lewis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Abolition_of_Man" title="The Abolition of Man">The Abolition of Man</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/That_Hideous_Strength" title="That Hideous Strength">That Hideous Strength</a> (1945)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playing_God_(ethics)" title="Playing God (ethics)">"Playing God"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_response_to_assisted_reproductive_technology" title="Religious response to assisted reproductive technology">Religious response to ARTs</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Wisdom_of_repugnance" title="Wisdom of repugnance">Wisdom of repugnance</a>"</li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #85AFBB; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_reproductive_technology" title="Assisted reproductive technology">ART</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_womb" title="Artificial womb">Exowombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gametogenesis#In_vitro_gametogenesis" title="Gametogenesis">IVG</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augmented_learning" title="Augmented learning">Augmented learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_dysfunction#Treatment" title="Executive dysfunction">Treating executive dysfunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Huxley#Secular_humanism" title="Julian Huxley">Evolutionary humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longevity" title="Longevity">Longevity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aging_movement" title="Anti-aging movement">Anti-aging movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_extension" title="Life extension">Life extension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejuvenation" title="Rejuvenation">Rejuvenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_blood_transfusion" title="Young blood transfusion">Young blood transfusion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalism" title="Natalism">Natalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natura_naturans" class="mw-redirect" title="Natura naturans">Natura naturans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_and_Promethean_man" title="Pontifical and Promethean man">Pontifical and Promethean man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_medicine#Demarcating_therapy" title="Philosophy of medicine">Collapse of the therapy-enhancement divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promethean_gap" title="Promethean gap">Promethean gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technophobia" title="Technophobia">Technophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_medicine#Demarcating_therapy" title="Philosophy of medicine">Therapy-enhancement distinction</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_enhancement_sidebar" title="Template:Human enhancement sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_enhancement_sidebar" title="Template talk:Human enhancement sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_enhancement_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human enhancement sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Utopias" title="Category:Utopias">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopias</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:2010_Utopien_arche04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/2010_Utopien_arche04.jpg/120px-2010_Utopien_arche04.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/2010_Utopien_arche04.jpg/180px-2010_Utopien_arche04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/2010_Utopien_arche04.jpg/240px-2010_Utopien_arche04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1890" data-file-height="1427" /></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Mythical and religious</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcadia_(utopia)" title="Arcadia (utopia)">Arcadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_the_Caesars" title="City of the Caesars">City of the Caesars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_cuckoo_land" title="Cloud cuckoo land">Cloud cuckoo land</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cockaigne" title="Cockaigne">Cockaigne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elysium" title="Elysium">Elysium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortunate_Isles" title="Fortunate Isles">Fortunate Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_of_the_gods_(Sumerian_paradise)" title="Garden of the gods (Sumerian paradise)">Garden of the gods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age" title="Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Unity" title="Great Unity">Great Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketumati" title="Ketumati">Ketumati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of God">Kingdom of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertatia" title="Libertatia">Libertatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mag_Mell" title="Mag Mell">Mag Mell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahoroba" title="Mahoroba">Mahoroba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merry_England" title="Merry England">Merry England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezzoramia" title="Mezzoramia">Mezzoramia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_world_order_(Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD)" class="mw-redirect" title="New world order (Bahá'í)">Most Great Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Penglai" title="Mount Penglai">Mount Penglai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem" title="New Jerusalem">New Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Opona" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Opona">Opona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya_Yuga" title="Satya Yuga">Satya Yuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangri-La" title="Shangri-La">Shangri-La</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvy_mar%C3%A3_e%27%E1%BB%B9" title="Yvy marã e'ỹ">Yvy marã e'ỹ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zion" title="Zion">Zion</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Literature</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_and_Utopia" title="Ideology and Utopia">Ideology and Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_utopian_literature" title="List of utopian literature">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Republic_(Plato)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Republic (Plato)">The Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia_(book)" title="Utopia (book)">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulliver%27s_Travels" title="Gulliver's Travels">Gulliver's Travels </a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dystopian_literature" title="List of dystopian literature">Dystopian literature</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Theory</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communitas_perfecta" title="Communitas perfecta">Communitas perfecta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">Communist society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterotopia_(space)" title="Heterotopia (space)">Heterotopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_city" title="Ideal city">Ideal city</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sforzinda" title="Sforzinda">Sforzinda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantisocracy" title="Pantisocracy">Pantisocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_utopian_sociology" title="Real utopian sociology">Real utopian sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_International_Theory" title="Third International Theory">Third International Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia_for_Realists" title="Utopia for Realists">Utopia for Realists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_studies" title="Utopian studies">Utopian studies</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Concepts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcology" title="Arcology">Arcology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturalism" title="Agriculturalism">Agriculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escapism" title="Escapism">Escapism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">Millenarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Man_(utopian_concept)" title="New Man (utopian concept)">New Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_harmony_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Social harmony (disambiguation)">Social harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_utopianism" title="Technological utopianism">Technological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyber-utopianism" title="Cyber-utopianism">Cyber-utopianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-scarcity_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-scarcity economy">Post-scarcity economy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Transhumanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Practice</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_architecture" title="Utopian architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitality_exchange_service" title="Hospitality exchange service">HosPex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_borders" class="mw-redirect" title="Open borders">Open borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_utopia" title="Pirate utopia">Pirate utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Basic_Income" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Basic Income">UBI</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atarashiki-mura" title="Atarashiki-mura">Atarashiki-mura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarian_community" title="Egalitarian community">Egalitarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huaxi_Village" title="Huaxi Village">Huaxi Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjie" title="Nanjie">Nanjie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_community" title="Sustainable community">Sustainable</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Communities by country <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_utopian_communities" title="List of American utopian communities">America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Finnish_utopian_communities" title="List of Finnish utopian communities">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_utopian_communities" title="List of German utopian communities">Germany</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Organizations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Union_of_Associationists" title="American Union of Associationists">Associationists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophical_Society" title="Anthroposophical Society">Anthroposophs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindisfarne_Association" title="Lindisfarne Association">Lindisfarne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Millennium_Project" title="The Millennium Project">Millennium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Future_Society" title="World Future Society">WSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Zeitgeist_Movement" title="The Zeitgeist Movement">Zeitgeist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Utopia" title="Template:Utopia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Utopia" title="Template talk:Utopia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Utopia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Utopia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Transhumanism is a philosophical and intellectual movement that advocates the <a href="/wiki/Human_enhancement" title="Human enhancement">enhancement of the human condition</a> by developing and making widely available new and future technologies that can greatly enhance longevity, cognition, and well-being.<a href="#cite_note-Mercer-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bostrom_2005-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Transhumanist thinkers study the potential benefits and dangers of <a href="/wiki/Emerging_technologies" title="Emerging technologies">emerging technologies</a> that could overcome fundamental human limitations, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Technoethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Technoethics">ethics</a> of using such technologies.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Some transhumanists speculate that human beings may eventually be able to transform themselves into beings of such vastly greater abilities as to merit the label of <a href="/wiki/Posthuman#Transhumanism" title="Posthuman">posthuman</a> beings.<a href="#cite_note-Bostrom_2005-2">[2]</a> Another topic of transhumanist research is how to protect humanity against <a href="/wiki/Existential_risk" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential risk">existential risks</a> from <a href="/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_general_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential risk from artificial general intelligence">artificial general intelligence</a>, asteroid impact, <a href="/wiki/Gray_goo" title="Gray goo">gray goo</a>, high-energy particle collision experiments, natural or synthetic pandemic, and nuclear warfare.<a href="#cite_note-Schuster_and_Woods_2021-5">[5]</a> The biologist <a href="/wiki/Julian_Huxley" title="Julian Huxley">Julian Huxley</a> popularised the term "transhumanism" in a 1957 essay.<a href="#cite_note-Huxley_1957-6">[6]</a> The contemporary meaning of the term was foreshadowed by one of the first professors of <a href="/wiki/Futures_studies" title="Futures studies">futurology</a>, a man who changed his name to <a href="/wiki/FM-2030" title="FM-2030">FM-2030</a>. In the 1960s, he taught "new concepts of the human" at <a href="/wiki/The_New_School" title="The New School">The New School</a> when he began to identify people who adopt technologies, lifestyles, and worldviews "transitional" to posthumanity as "<a href="/wiki/Transhuman" title="Transhuman">transhuman</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Hughes_2004-7">[7]</a> The assertion laid the intellectual groundwork for the British philosopher <a href="/wiki/Max_More" title="Max More">Max More</a> to begin articulating the principles of transhumanism as a <a href="/wiki/Futurist" title="Futurist">futurist</a> philosophy in 1990, organizing in California a school of thought that has since grown into the worldwide transhumanist movement.<a href="#cite_note-Hughes_2004-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gelles_2009-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Influenced by seminal works of <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a>, the transhumanist vision of a transformed future humanity has attracted many supporters and detractors from a wide range of perspectives, including philosophy and religion.<a href="#cite_note-Hughes_2004-7">[7]</a> In 2017, <a href="/wiki/Penn_State_University_Press" title="Penn State University Press">Penn State University Press</a>, in cooperation with philosopher <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Lorenz_Sorgner" title="Stefan Lorenz Sorgner">Stefan Lorenz Sorgner</a> and sociologist <a href="/wiki/James_Hughes_(sociologist)" title="James Hughes (sociologist)">James Hughes</a>, established the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Posthuman_Studies" title="Journal of Posthuman Studies">Journal of Posthuman Studies</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> as the first academic journal explicitly dedicated to the posthuman, with the goal of clarifying the notions of <a href="/wiki/Posthumanism" title="Posthumanism">posthumanism</a> and transhumanism, as well as comparing and contrasting both. Despite its professed strong attachment to the values of <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a> and forward-thinking, some critics argue transhumanism is a dangerous resurgence of many <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discriminatory</a> attitudes and <a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">elitist</a> ideals of the discredited <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a> movements of the past.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gebru,_T.,_&_Torres,_Émile_P._2024-13">[13]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transhumanism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precursors_of_transhumanism">Precursors of transhumanism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transhumanism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Precursors of transhumanism">edit</a>]</div> According to <a href="/wiki/Nick_Bostrom" title="Nick Bostrom">Nick Bostrom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Self-transcendence" title="Self-transcendence">transcendentalist</a> impulses have been expressed at least as far back as the quest for <a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">immortality</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a>, as well as in historical quests for the <a href="/wiki/Fountain_of_Youth" title="Fountain of Youth">Fountain of Youth</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Elixir_of_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="Elixir of Life">Elixir of Life</a>, and other efforts to stave off aging and death.<a href="#cite_note-Bostrom_2005-2">[2]</a> Transhumanists draw upon and claim continuity from intellectual and cultural traditions such as the ancient philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> or the scientific tradition of <a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> In his <a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Divine Comedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a> coined the word trasumanar meaning "to transcend human nature, to pass beyond human nature" in the first <a href="/wiki/Canto" title="Canto">canto</a> of <a href="/wiki/Paradiso_(Dante)" title="Paradiso (Dante)">Paradiso</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The interweaving of transhumanist aspirations with the scientific imagination can be seen in the works of some precursors of <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bainbridge_2011_p._582-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Manzocco_2019_p._2-20">[20]</a> One of the early precursors to transhumanist ideas is <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Discourse_on_Method" class="mw-redirect" title="Discourse on Method">Discourse on Method</a> (1637), in which Descartes envisions a new kind of medicine that can grant both physical immortality and stronger minds.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> In his first edition of <a href="/wiki/Enquiry_Concerning_Political_Justice" title="Enquiry Concerning Political Justice">Political Justice</a> (1793), <a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">William Godwin</a> included arguments favoring the possibility of "earthly <a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">immortality</a>" (what would now be called <a href="/wiki/Physical_immortality" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical immortality">physical immortality</a>). Godwin explored the themes of <a href="/wiki/Life_extension" title="Life extension">life extension</a> and immortality in his <a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">gothic novel</a> <a href="/wiki/St._Leon_(novel)" title="St. Leon (novel)">St. Leon</a>, which became popular (and notorious) at the time of its publication in 1799, but is now mostly forgotten. St. Leon may have inspired his daughter <a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein">Frankenstein</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ether_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Ether Day">Ether Day</a>, marking a significant milestone in human history, celebrated its 175th anniversary on October 16, 2021. It was on this day that dentist <a href="/wiki/William_T._G._Morton" title="William T. G. Morton">William T. G. Morton</a> achieved a groundbreaking feat by administering the first public <a href="/wiki/Ether" title="Ether">ether</a> <a href="/wiki/Anesthesia" title="Anesthesia">anesthesia</a> in Boston. This breakthrough not only allowed for the alleviation of pain with a reasonable level of risk but also helped protect people from <a href="/wiki/Psychological_trauma" title="Psychological trauma">psychological trauma</a> by inducing <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/inconscience" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:inconscience">unconsciousness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> There is debate about whether the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche">philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche</a> can be considered an influence on transhumanism, despite its exaltation of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cbermensch" title="Übermensch">Übermensch</a> (overhuman), due to its emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Self-actualization" title="Self-actualization">self-actualization</a> rather than technological transformation.<a href="#cite_note-Bostrom_2005-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sorgner_2009-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blackford_2010-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sorgner_2012-26">[26]</a> The transhumanist philosophies of More and Sorgner have been influenced strongly by Nietzschean thinking.<a href="#cite_note-Sorgner_2009-24">[24]</a> By contrast, The Transhumanist Declaration "advocates the well-being of all sentience (whether in artificial intellects, humans, posthumans, or non-human animals)".<a href="#cite_note-Declaration-27">[27]</a> The late 19th- to early 20th-century movement known as <a href="/wiki/Russian_cosmism" title="Russian cosmism">Russian cosmism</a>, by Russian philosopher <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Fyodorovich_Fyodorov" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolai Fyodorovich Fyodorov">N. F. Fyodorov</a>, is noted for anticipating transhumanist ideas.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> In 1966, <a href="/wiki/FM-2030" title="FM-2030">FM-2030</a> (formerly F. M. Esfandiary), a <a href="/wiki/Futurist" title="Futurist">futurist</a> who taught "new concepts of the human" at <a href="/wiki/The_New_School" title="The New School">The New School</a>, in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, began to identify people who adopt technologies, lifestyles and worldviews transitional to <a href="/wiki/Posthumanity" class="mw-redirect" title="Posthumanity">posthumanity</a> as "<a href="/wiki/Transhuman" title="Transhuman">transhuman</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FM-2030_1989-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_transhumanist_thinking">Early transhumanist thinking</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transhumanism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early transhumanist thinking">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hux-Oxon-72.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Hux-Oxon-72.jpg/170px-Hux-Oxon-72.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Hux-Oxon-72.jpg/255px-Hux-Oxon-72.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Hux-Oxon-72.jpg/340px-Hux-Oxon-72.jpg 2x" data-file-width="352" data-file-height="497" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Julian_Huxley" title="Julian Huxley">Julian Huxley</a>, the biologist who popularised the term transhumanism in an influential 1957 essay<a href="#cite_note-Huxley_1957-6">[6]</a></figcaption></figure> Fundamental ideas of transhumanism were first advanced in 1923 by the British geneticist <a href="/wiki/J._B._S._Haldane" title="J. B. S. Haldane">J. B. S. Haldane</a> in his essay <a href="/wiki/Daedalus;_or,_Science_and_the_Future" title="Daedalus; or, Science and the Future">Daedalus: Science and the Future</a>, which predicted that great benefits would come from the application of advanced sciences to human biology—and that every such advance would first appear to someone as blasphemy or perversion, "indecent and unnatural".<a href="#cite_note-Haldane_1923-30">[30]</a> In particular, he was interested in the development of the science of <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ectogenesis" title="Ectogenesis">ectogenesis</a> (creating and sustaining life in an artificial environment), and the application of genetics to improve human characteristics such as health and intelligence. His article inspired academic and popular interest. <a href="/wiki/John_Desmond_Bernal" class="mw-redirect" title="John Desmond Bernal">J. D. Bernal</a>, a crystallographer at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, wrote The World, the Flesh and the Devil in 1929, in which he speculated on the prospects of <a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">space colonization</a> and radical changes to human bodies and intelligence through <a href="/wiki/Bionics" title="Bionics">bionic implants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_enhancement" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive enhancement">cognitive enhancement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> These ideas have been common transhumanist themes ever since.<a href="#cite_note-Bostrom_2005-2">[2]</a> The biologist Julian Huxley is generally regarded as the founder of transhumanism after using the term for the title of an influential 1957 article.<a href="#cite_note-Huxley_1957-6">[6]</a> But the term derives from a 1940 paper by the Canadian philosopher W. D. Lighthall.<a href="#cite_note-Harrison_and_Wolyniak_2015-32">[32]</a> Huxley describes transhumanism in these terms: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Up till now human life has generally been, as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a> described it, "nasty, brutish and short"; the great majority of human beings (if they have not already died young) have been afflicted with misery… we can justifiably hold the belief that these lands of possibility exist, and that the present limitations and miserable frustrations of our existence could be in large measure surmounted… The human species can, if it wishes, transcend itself—not just sporadically, an individual here in one way, an individual there in another way, but in its entirety, as humanity.<a href="#cite_note-Huxley_1957-6">[6]</a></blockquote> Huxley's definition differs, albeit not substantially, from the one commonly in use since the 1980s. The ideas raised by these thinkers were explored in the <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> of the 1960s, notably in <a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a>'s 2001: A Space Odyssey, in which an alien artifact grants transcendent power to its wielder.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Japanese <a href="/wiki/Metabolist" class="mw-redirect" title="Metabolist">Metabolist</a> architects produced a manifesto in 1960 which outlined goals to "encourage active metabolic development of our society"<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> through design and technology. In the <a href="/wiki/Metabolism_(architecture)#Material_and_Man" title="Metabolism (architecture)">Material and Man</a> section of the manifesto, Noboru Kawazoe suggests that:<blockquote>After several decades, with the rapid progress of communication technology, every one will have a "brain wave receiver" in his ear, which conveys directly and exactly what other people think about him and vice versa. What I think will be known by all the people. There is no more individual consciousness, only the will of mankind as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artificial_intelligence_and_the_technological_singularity">Artificial intelligence and the technological singularity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transhumanism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Artificial intelligence and the technological singularity">edit</a>]</div> The concept of the <a href="/wiki/Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity">technological singularity</a>, or the ultra-rapid advent of superhuman intelligence, was first proposed by the British <a href="/wiki/Cryptologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptologist">cryptologist</a> <a href="/wiki/I._J._Good" title="I. J. Good">I. J. Good</a> in 1965: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Let an ultraintelligent machine be defined as a machine that can far surpass all the intellectual activities of any man however clever. Since the design of machines is one of these intellectual activities, an ultraintelligent machine could design even better machines; there would then unquestionably be an "intelligence explosion," and the intelligence of man would be left far behind. Thus the first ultraintelligent machine is the last invention that man need ever make.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Computer_scientist" title="Computer scientist">Computer scientist</a> <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Minsky" title="Marvin Minsky">Marvin Minsky</a> wrote on relationships between human and <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> beginning in the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-Minsky_1960-37">[37]</a> Over the succeeding decades, this field continued to generate influential thinkers, such as <a href="/wiki/Hans_Moravec" title="Hans Moravec">Hans Moravec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ray_Kurzweil" title="Ray Kurzweil">Ray Kurzweil</a>, who oscillated between the technical arena and futuristic speculations in the transhumanist vein.<a href="#cite_note-Moravec_1998-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kurzweil_1999-39">[39]</a> The coalescence of an identifiable transhumanist movement began in the last decades of the 20th century. In 1972, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ettinger" title="Robert Ettinger">Robert Ettinger</a>, whose 1964 Prospect of Immortality founded the <a href="/wiki/Cryonics_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryonics movement">cryonics movement</a>,<a href="#cite_note-dilemma-40">[40]</a> contributed to the conceptualization of "transhumanity" with his 1972 Man into Superman.<a href="#cite_note-Ettinger_1972-41">[41]</a> FM-2030 published the Upwingers Manifesto in 1973.<a href="#cite_note-FM-2030_1973-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growth_of_transhumanism">Growth of transhumanism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transhumanism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Growth of transhumanism">edit</a>]</div> The first self-described transhumanists met formally in the early 1980s at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a>, which became the main center of transhumanist thought. Here, <a href="/wiki/FM-2030" title="FM-2030">FM-2030</a> lectured on his "<a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(centrism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Way (centrism)">Third Way</a>" futurist ideology.<a href="#cite_note-FM-2030:_Are_You_Transhuman-43">[43]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/EZTV_(media_company)" title="EZTV (media company)">EZTV</a> Media venue, frequented by transhumanists and other futurists, <a href="/wiki/Natasha_Vita-More" title="Natasha Vita-More">Natasha Vita-More</a> presented Breaking Away, her 1980 experimental film with the theme of humans breaking away from their biological limitations and the Earth's gravity as they head into space.<a href="#cite_note-EZTV_Media-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Great_Mambo_Chicken_and_the_Transhuman_Condition:_Science_Slightly_Over_the_Edge-45">[45]</a> FM-2030 and Vita-More soon began holding gatherings for transhumanists in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles, California">Los Angeles</a>, which included students from FM-2030's courses and audiences from Vita-More's artistic productions. In 1982, Vita-More authored the Transhumanist Arts Statement<a href="#cite_note-Vita-More_1982-46">[46]</a> and in 1988 she produced the cable TV show TransCentury Update on transhumanity, a program that reached over 100,000 viewers. In 1986, <a href="/wiki/K._Eric_Drexler" title="K. Eric Drexler">Eric Drexler</a> published <a href="/wiki/Engines_of_Creation" title="Engines of Creation">Engines of Creation</a>: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology,<a href="#cite_note-Drexler_1986-47">[47]</a> which discussed the prospects for <a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">nanotechnology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Molecular_assembler" title="Molecular assembler">molecular assemblers</a>, and founded the <a href="/wiki/Foresight_Institute" title="Foresight Institute">Foresight Institute</a>. As the first nonprofit organization to research, advocate for, and perform <a href="/wiki/Cryonics" title="Cryonics">cryonics</a>, the Southern California offices of the <a href="/wiki/Alcor_Life_Extension_Foundation" title="Alcor Life Extension Foundation">Alcor Life Extension Foundation</a> became a center for futurists. In 1988, the first issue of Extropy Magazine was published by <a href="/wiki/Max_More" title="Max More">Max More</a> and Tom Morrow. In 1990, More, a strategic philosopher, created his own particular transhumanist doctrine, which took the form of the Principles of Extropy, and laid the foundation of modern transhumanism by giving it a new definition:<a href="#cite_note-More_1990-48">[48]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Transhumanism is a class of philosophies that seek to guide us towards a posthuman condition. Transhumanism shares many elements of humanism, including a respect for reason and science, a commitment to progress, and a valuing of human (or transhuman) existence in this life. [...] Transhumanism differs from humanism in recognizing and anticipating the radical alterations in the nature and possibilities of our lives resulting from various sciences and technologies [...].</blockquote> In 1992, More and Morrow founded the <a href="/wiki/Extropy_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Extropy Institute">Extropy Institute</a>, a catalyst for networking futurists and brainstorming new <a href="/wiki/Memeplex" title="Memeplex">memeplexes</a> by organizing a series of conferences and, more importantly, providing a mailing list, which exposed many to transhumanist views for the first time during the rise of <a href="/wiki/Cyberculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyberculture">cyberculture</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cyberdelic" title="Cyberdelic">cyberdelic</a> counterculture. In 1998, philosophers <a href="/wiki/Nick_Bostrom" title="Nick Bostrom">Nick Bostrom</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Pearce_(philosopher)" title="David Pearce (philosopher)">David Pearce</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/World_Transhumanist_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="World Transhumanist Association">World Transhumanist Association</a> (WTA), an international non-governmental organization working toward the recognition of transhumanism as a legitimate subject of <a href="/wiki/Scientific_inquiry" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific inquiry">scientific inquiry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">public policy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hughes_2005-49">[49]</a> In 2002, the WTA modified and adopted The Transhumanist Declaration.<a href="#cite_note-Declaration-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-World_Transhumanist_Association_2002-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-wsj.com-51">[51]</a> The Transhumanist FAQ, prepared by the WTA (later <a href="/wiki/Humanity%2B" title="Humanity+">Humanity+</a>), gave two formal definitions for transhumanism:<a href="#cite_note-What_is_Transhumanism-52">[52]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <ol><li>The intellectual and cultural movement that affirms the possibility and desirability of fundamentally improving the human condition through applied reason, especially by developing and making widely available technologies to eliminate aging and to greatly enhance human intellectual, physical, and psychological capacities.</li> <li>The study of the ramifications, promises, and potential dangers of technologies that will enable us to overcome fundamental human limitations, and the related study of the ethical matters involved in developing and using such technologies.</li></ol></blockquote> In possible contrast with other transhumanist organizations, WTA officials considered that social forces could undermine their futurist visions and needed to be addressed.<a href="#cite_note-Hughes_2004-7">[7]</a> A particular concern is equal access to <a href="/wiki/Human_enhancement" title="Human enhancement">human enhancement</a> technologies across classes and borders.<a href="#cite_note-Utne-53">[53]</a> In 2006, a <a href="/wiki/Transhumanist_politics" title="Transhumanist politics">political struggle</a> within the transhumanist movement between the <a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">libertarian right</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">liberal left</a> resulted in a more <a href="/wiki/Centre-left" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre-left">centre-leftward</a> positioning of the WTA under its former executive director <a href="/wiki/James_Hughes_(sociologist)" title="James Hughes (sociologist)">James Hughes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Utne-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Among_the_Transhumanists-54">[54]</a> In 2006, the board of directors of the Extropy Institute ceased operations of the organization, saying that its mission was "essentially completed".<a href="#cite_note-Extropy_Institute_2006-55">[55]</a> This left the World Transhumanist Association as the leading international transhumanist organization. In 2008, as part of a rebranding effort, the WTA changed its name to "<a href="/wiki/Humanity%2B" title="Humanity+">Humanity+</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Newitz_2008-56">[56]</a> In 2012, the transhumanist <a href="/wiki/Transhumanist_politics" title="Transhumanist politics">Longevity Party</a> had been initiated as an international union of people who promote the development of scientific and technological means to significant life extension that now has more than 30 national organisations throughout the world.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormon</a> Transhumanist Association was founded in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> By 2012, it had hundreds of members.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> The first transhumanist elected member of a parliament was <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Vatinno" title="Giuseppe Vatinno">Giuseppe Vatinno</a>, in Italy.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theory">Theory</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transhumanism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Theory">edit</a>]</div> It is a matter of debate whether transhumanism is a branch of <a href="/wiki/Posthumanism" title="Posthumanism">posthumanism</a> and how this philosophical movement should be conceptualised with regard to transhumanism.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> The latter is often referred to as a variant or <a href="/wiki/Activist" class="mw-redirect" title="Activist">activist</a> form of posthumanism by its <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservative</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Fukuyama_2004-64">[64]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a><a href="#cite_note-Hook_2004-65">[65]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressive</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Hedgehog_Review_2002-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Coenen_2007-67">[67]</a> critics.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> A common feature of transhumanism and philosophical posthumanism is the future vision of a new intelligent species, into which humanity will evolve and which eventually will supplement or supersede it. Transhumanism stresses the evolutionary perspective, including sometimes the creation of a highly intelligent animal species by way of cognitive enhancement (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Biological_uplift" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological uplift">biological uplift</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Hughes_2004-7">[7]</a> but clings to a "posthuman future" as the final goal of participant evolution.<a href="#cite_note-Bostrom_2006-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Nevertheless, the idea of creating <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">intelligent artificial beings</a> (proposed, for example, by roboticist <a href="/wiki/Hans_Moravec" title="Hans Moravec">Hans Moravec</a>) has influenced transhumanism.<a href="#cite_note-Moravec_1998-38">[38]</a> Moravec's ideas and transhumanism have also been characterised as a "complacent" or "<a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">apocalyptic</a>" variant of posthumanism and contrasted with "<a href="/wiki/Cultural_posthumanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural posthumanism">cultural posthumanism</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a> and the arts.<a href="#cite_note-Cultural_Critique_2003-71">[71]</a> While such a "cultural posthumanism" would offer resources for rethinking the relationships between humans and increasingly sophisticated machines, transhumanism and similar posthumanisms are, in this view, not abandoning obsolete concepts of the "<a href="/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)" title="Agency (philosophy)">autonomous liberal subject</a>", but are expanding its "<a href="/wiki/Prerogative" title="Prerogative">prerogatives</a>" into the realm of the <a href="/wiki/Posthuman" title="Posthuman">posthuman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hayles_1999-72">[72]</a> Transhumanist self-characterisations as a continuation of <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> thinking correspond with this view. Some <a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">secular humanists</a> conceive transhumanism as an offspring of the humanist <a href="/wiki/Freethought" title="Freethought">freethought</a> movement and argue that transhumanists differ from the humanist mainstream by having a specific focus on technological approaches to resolving human concerns (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Technocentrism" title="Technocentrism">technocentrism</a>) and on the issue of mortality.<a href="#cite_note-Inniss_1998-73">[73]</a> Other progressives have argued that posthumanism, in its philosophical or activist forms, amounts to a shift away from concerns about <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Social_change" title="Social change">reform of human institutions</a> and from other Enlightenment preoccupations, toward narcissistic longings to transcend the human body in quest of more exquisite ways of being.<a href="#cite_note-Winner_2005-74">[74]</a> The philosophy of transhumanism is closely related to <a href="/wiki/Technoself_studies" title="Technoself studies">technoself studies</a>, an interdisciplinary domain of scholarly research dealing with all aspects of human identity in a technological society and focusing on the changing nature of relationships between humans and technology.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aims">Aims</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transhumanism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Aims">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">You awake one morning to find your brain has another lobe functioning. Invisible, this auxiliary lobe answers your questions with information beyond the realm of your own memory, suggests plausible courses of action, and asks questions that help bring out relevant facts. You quickly come to rely on the new lobe so much that you stop wondering how it works. You just use it. This is the dream of artificial intelligence.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Byte_(magazine)" title="Byte (magazine)">Byte</a>, April 1985<a href="#cite_note-lemmon198504-76">[76]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PPTCountdowntoSingularityLog.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/PPTCountdowntoSingularityLog.jpg/300px-PPTCountdowntoSingularityLog.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/PPTCountdowntoSingularityLog.jpg/450px-PPTCountdowntoSingularityLog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/PPTCountdowntoSingularityLog.jpg/600px-PPTCountdowntoSingularityLog.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1177" data-file-height="904" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Ray_Kurzweil" title="Ray Kurzweil">Ray Kurzweil</a> believes that a countdown to when "<a href="/wiki/Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity">human life will be irreversibly transformed</a>" can be made through plotting major world events on a graph.</figcaption></figure> While many transhumanist theorists and advocates seek to apply reason, science and technology to reduce poverty, disease, disability, and malnutrition around the globe,<a href="#cite_note-What_is_Transhumanism-52">[52]</a> transhumanism is distinctive in its particular focus on the applications of technologies to the improvement of human bodies at the individual level. Many transhumanists actively assess the potential for future technologies and innovative social systems to improve the quality of <a href="/wiki/Biocentrism_(ethics)" title="Biocentrism (ethics)">all life</a>, while seeking to make the material reality of the human condition fulfill the promise of legal and political equality by eliminating <a href="/wiki/Congenital_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital disorder">congenital mental and physical barriers</a>. Transhumanist philosophers argue that there not only exists a <a href="/wiki/Perfectionism_(philosophy)" title="Perfectionism (philosophy)">perfectionist ethical imperative</a> for humans to strive for progress and improvement of the human condition, but that it is possible and desirable for humanity to enter a transhuman phase of existence in which humans enhance themselves beyond what is naturally human. In such a phase, natural evolution would be replaced with deliberate participatory or <a href="/wiki/Directed_evolution" title="Directed evolution">directed evolution</a>. Some theorists such as <a href="/wiki/Ray_Kurzweil" title="Ray Kurzweil">Ray Kurzweil</a> think that the <a href="/wiki/Accelerating_change" title="Accelerating change">pace of technological innovation is accelerating</a> and that the next 50 years may yield not only radical technological advances, but possibly a <a href="/wiki/Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity">technological singularity</a>, which may fundamentally change the nature of human beings.<a href="#cite_note-Kurzweil_2005-77">[77]</a> Transhumanists who foresee this massive technological change generally maintain that it is desirable, but some are concerned about the dangers of extremely rapid technological change and propose options for ensuring that advanced technology is used responsibly. For example, Bostrom has written extensively on <a href="/wiki/Existential_risk" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential risk">existential risks</a> to humanity's future welfare, including ones that emerging technologies could create.<a href="#cite_note-Bostrom_2002-78">[78]</a> In contrast, some proponents of transhumanism view it as essential to humanity's survival. For instance, Stephen Hawking points out that the "external transmission" phase of human evolution, where <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_economy" title="Knowledge economy">knowledge production</a> and <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_management" title="Knowledge management">knowledge management</a> is more important than transmission of information via <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>, may be the point at which <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">human civilization</a> becomes unstable and self-destructs, one of Hawking's explanations for the <a href="/wiki/Fermi_paradox" title="Fermi paradox">Fermi paradox</a>. To counter this, Hawking emphasizes either self-design of the <a href="/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">human genome</a> or mechanical enhancement (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface" title="Brain–computer interface">brain-computer interface</a>) to enhance <a href="/wiki/Human_intelligence" title="Human intelligence">human intelligence</a> and reduce <a href="/wiki/Aggression" title="Aggression">aggression</a>, without which he implies human civilization may be too stupid collectively to survive an increasingly unstable system, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Societal_collapse" title="Societal collapse">societal collapse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> While many people believe that all transhumanists are striving for <a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">immortality</a>, that is not necessarily true. Hank Pellissier, managing director of the Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies (2011–2012), surveyed transhumanists. He found that, of the 818 respondents, 23.8% did not want immortality.<a href="#cite_note-Pellissier,_Hank_2012-80">[80]</a> Some of the reasons argued were boredom, Earth's overpopulation, and the desire "to go to an afterlife".<a href="#cite_note-Pellissier,_Hank_2012-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Empathic_fallibility_and_conversational_consent">Empathic fallibility and conversational consent</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transhumanism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Empathic fallibility and conversational consent">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Uplift_(science_fiction)" title="Uplift (science fiction)">Uplift (science fiction)</a></div> Certain transhumanist philosophers hold that since all assumptions about what others experience are fallible, and that therefore all attempts to help or protect beings that are incapable of correcting what others assume about them, no matter how well-intentioned, are in danger of actually hurting them, all <a href="/wiki/Sentience" title="Sentience">sentient</a> beings deserve to be <a href="/wiki/Sapience" class="mw-redirect" title="Sapience">sapient</a>. These thinkers argue that the ability to discuss in a <a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">falsification-based</a> way constitutes a <a href="/wiki/Critical_phenomena" title="Critical phenomena">threshold that is not arbitrary</a> at which it becomes possible for someone to speak for themself in a way that is independent of exterior assumptions. They also argue that all beings capable of experiencing something deserve to be elevated to this threshold if they are not at it, typically saying that the underlying change that leads to the threshold is an increase in the preciseness of the brain's ability to discriminate. This includes increasing the neuron count and connectivity in animals as well as accelerating the development of connectivity to shorten or ideally skip non-sapient childhood incapable of independently deciding for oneself. Transhumanists of this description stress that the genetic engineering that they advocate is general insertion into both the somatic cells of living beings and in germ cells, and not purging of people without the modifications, deeming the latter not only unethical but also unnecessary due to the possibilities of efficient genetic engineering.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethics">Ethics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transhumanism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ethics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Humanism" title="Category:Humanism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Vitruvianischer_Mann.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Vitruvianischer_Mann.png/75px-Vitruvianischer_Mann.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Vitruvianischer_Mann.png/113px-Vitruvianischer_Mann.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Vitruvianischer_Mann.png/150px-Vitruvianischer_Mann.png 2x" data-file-width="2468" data-file-height="2493" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">History</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism_in_Northern_Europe" title="Renaissance humanism in Northern Europe">in Northern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism_in_France" title="Humanism in France">in France</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanist_Manifesto" title="Humanist Manifesto">Humanist Manifesto</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Forms</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_humanism" title="Existential humanism">Existential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_humanism_(India)" title="Integral humanism (India)">Integral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_humanism" title="Marxist humanism">Marxist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neohumanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neohumanism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhumanism" title="Panhumanism">Pan-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personism" title="Personism">Personism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalist_humanism" title="Rationalist humanism">Rationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_humanism" title="Religious humanism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-humanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Super-humanism">Super-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_humanism" title="Theistic humanism">Theistic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trans-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_humanism" title="Transcendental humanism">Transcendental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanist_Movement" title="Humanist Movement">Universal</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Organizations</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humanist_International" title="Humanist International">Humanist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanists_International" title="Humanists International">Humanists International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Humanist_Association" title="American Humanist Association">American Humanist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanists_UK" title="Humanists UK">Humanists UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistischer_Verband_Deutschlands" title="Humanistischer Verband Deutschlands">Humanistischer Verband Deutschlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanist_Society_Scotland" title="Humanist Society Scotland">Humanist Society Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Humanist_Association" title="Norwegian Humanist Association">Norwegian Humanist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Ethical_Humanist_Association" title="Icelandic Ethical Humanist Association">Icelandic Ethical Humanist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanists_Sweden" title="Humanists Sweden">Humanists Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Inquiry" title="Center for Inquiry">Center for Inquiry</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">See also</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antihumanism" title="Antihumanism">Antihumanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posthumanism" title="Posthumanism">Posthumanism</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_Humanity" title="Religion of Humanity">Religion of Humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_movement" title="Ethical movement">Ethical movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_psychology" title="Humanistic psychology">Humanistic psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_capitalism" title="Humanistic capitalism">Humanistic capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_economics" title="Humanistic economics">Humanistic economics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="font-weight:normal;"> <div class="hlist" style="font-weight:bold;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_humanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Outline of humanism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Humanism" title="Category:Humanism">Category</a></li></ul> </div> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Humanism" title="Template:Humanism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Humanism" title="Template talk:Humanism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Humanism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Humanism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Transhumanists engage in <a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinary" class="mw-redirect" title="Interdisciplinary">interdisciplinary</a> approaches to understand and evaluate possibilities for overcoming biological limitations by drawing on <a href="/wiki/Futurology" class="mw-redirect" title="Futurology">futurology</a> and various fields of ethics.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Unlike many philosophers, social critics, and activists who morally value preservation of natural systems, transhumanists see the concept of the specifically natural as problematically nebulous at best and an obstacle to progress at worst.<a href="#cite_note-Bostrom,_Sandberg_2002-85">[85]</a> In keeping with this, many prominent transhumanist advocates, such as Dan Agin, call transhumanism's critics, on the political right and left jointly, "<a href="/wiki/Bioconservatism" title="Bioconservatism">bioconservatives</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Neo-luddism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-luddism">bioluddites</a>", the latter term alluding to the 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Luddite" title="Luddite">anti-industrialisation</a> social movement that opposed the replacement of human manual labourers by machines.<a href="#cite_note-Hughes_2002-86">[86]</a> A belief of counter-transhumanism is that transhumanism can cause unfair human enhancement in many areas of life, but specifically on the social plane. This can be compared to steroid use, <a href="/wiki/Doping_in_sport" title="Doping in sport">where athletes who use steroids in sports have an advantage over those who do not</a>. The same disparity may happen when people have certain neural implants that give them an advantage in the workplace and in education.<a href="#cite_note-Tennison_2012-87">[87]</a> Additionally, according to M.J. McNamee and S.D. Edwards, many fear that the improvements afforded by a specific, privileged section of society will lead to a division of the human species into two different species.<a href="#cite_note-:0-88">[88]</a> The idea of two human species, one at a great physical and economic advantage over with the other, is troublesome at best. One may be incapable of breeding with the other, and may by consequence of lower physical health and ability, be considered of a lower moral standing than the other.<a href="#cite_note-:0-88">[88]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nick_Bostrom" title="Nick Bostrom">Nick Bostrom</a> has said that transhumanism advocates for the wellbeing of all sentient beings, including <a href="/wiki/Non-human_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-human animals">non-human animals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">extraterrestrials</a>, and artificial forms of life.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> This view is reiterated by <a href="/wiki/David_Pearce_(philosopher)" title="David Pearce (philosopher)">David Pearce</a>, who advocates the use of biotechnology to eradicate suffering in all <a href="/wiki/Sentient_beings" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentient beings">sentient beings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Hedonistic_Imperative-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Currents">Currents</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transhumanism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Currents">edit</a>]</div> There is a variety of opinions within transhumanist thought. Many of the leading transhumanist thinkers hold views that are under constant revision and development.<a href="#cite_note-WTA_FAQ_5.2-91">[91]</a> Some distinctive currents of transhumanism are identified and listed here in alphabetical order: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eradication_of_suffering" title="Eradication of suffering">Abolitionism</a>, the concept of using biotechnology to eradicate suffering in all sentient beings.<a href="#cite_note-The_Hedonistic_Imperative-90">[90]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_transhumanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic transhumanism">Democratic transhumanism</a>, a political ideology synthesizing <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radical_democracy" title="Radical democracy">radical democracy</a> and transhumanism.<a href="#cite_note-Hughes_A2002-92">[92]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equalism_(socio-economic_theory)" title="Equalism (socio-economic theory)">Equalism</a>, a socioeconomic theory based upon the idea that emerging technologies will put an end to social stratification through even distribution of resources in the <a href="/wiki/Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity">technological singularity</a> era.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extropianism" title="Extropianism">Extropianism</a>, an early school of transhumanist thought characterized by a set of principles advocating a <a href="/wiki/Proactionary_principle" title="Proactionary principle">proactive approach</a> to human evolution.<a href="#cite_note-More_1990-48">[48]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immortalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Immortalism">Immortalism</a>, a moral ideology based upon the belief that radical <a href="/wiki/Life_extension" title="Life extension">life extension</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immortality#Technological_immortality" title="Immortality">technological immortality</a> is possible and desirable, and advocating research and development to ensure its realization.<a href="#cite_note-imminst-94">[94]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_transhumanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian transhumanism">Libertarian transhumanism</a>, a political ideology synthesizing <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">libertarianism</a> and transhumanism.<a href="#cite_note-Hughes_2002-86">[86]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postgenderism" title="Postgenderism">Postgenderism</a>, a social philosophy which seeks the voluntary elimination of <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a> in the human species through the application of advanced biotechnology and <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_technology" title="Reproductive technology">assisted reproductive technologies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dvorsky_2008-95">[95]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpoliticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Postpoliticism">Postpoliticism</a>, a transhumanist political proposal that aims to create a "<a href="/wiki/Post-democracy" title="Post-democracy">postdemocratic state</a>" based on reason and free access of enhancement technologies to people.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singularitarianism" title="Singularitarianism">Singularitarianism</a>, a moral ideology based upon the belief that a <a href="/wiki/Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity">technological singularity</a> is possible, and advocating deliberate action to effect it and ensure its safety.<a href="#cite_note-Kurzweil_2005-77">[77]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technogaianism" title="Technogaianism">Technogaianism</a>, an ecological ideology based upon the belief that emerging technologies can help restore Earth's environment and that developing safe, <a href="/wiki/Clean_technology" title="Clean technology">clean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alternative_technology" title="Alternative technology">alternative technology</a> should therefore be an important goal of <a href="/wiki/Environmentalist" title="Environmentalist">environmentalists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hughes_A2002-92">[92]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spirituality">Spirituality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transhumanism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Spirituality">edit</a>]</div> Although many transhumanists are <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">agnostics</a>, and/or <a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">secular humanists</a>, some have <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religious</a> or <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spiritual</a> views.<a href="#cite_note-Hughes_2005-49">[49]</a> Despite the prevailing secular attitude, some transhumanists pursue hopes traditionally espoused by religions, such as <a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">immortality</a>,<a href="#cite_note-imminst-94">[94]</a> while several controversial <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">new religious movements</a> from the late 20th century have explicitly embraced transhumanist goals of transforming the human condition by applying technology to alter the mind and body, such as <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism" title="Raëlism">Raëlism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rael_2002-97">[97]</a> But most thinkers associated with the transhumanism focus on the practical goals of using technology to help achieve longer and healthier lives, while speculating that future understanding of <a href="/wiki/Neurotheology" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurotheology">neurotheology</a> and the application of <a href="/wiki/Neurotechnology" title="Neurotechnology">neurotechnology</a> will enable humans to gain greater control of <a href="/wiki/Altered_states_of_consciousness" class="mw-redirect" title="Altered states of consciousness">altered states of consciousness</a>, which were commonly interpreted as <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_experience" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual experience">spiritual experiences</a>, and thus achieve more profound <a href="/wiki/Self-knowledge_(psychology)" title="Self-knowledge (psychology)">self-knowledge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hughes_BH_2004-98">[98]</a> Transhumanist Buddhists have sought to explore areas of agreement between various types of Buddhism and <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Buddhist-derived meditation</a> and mind-expanding neurotechnologies.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> They have been criticised for appropriating <a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">mindfulness</a> as a tool for transcending humanness.<a href="#cite_note-Evans_2014-100">[100]</a> Some transhumanists believe in the compatibility between the human mind and computer hardware, with the theoretical implication that human consciousness may someday be transferred to alternative media (a speculative technique commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Mind_uploading" title="Mind uploading">mind uploading</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Sandberg_2000-101">[101]</a> One extreme formulation of this idea that interests some transhumanists is the proposal of the <a href="/wiki/Omega_Point" title="Omega Point">Omega Point</a> by Christian cosmologist <a href="/wiki/Frank_J._Tipler" title="Frank J. Tipler">Frank Tipler</a>. Drawing upon ideas in <a href="/wiki/Digital_physics" title="Digital physics">digitalism</a>, Tipler has advanced the notion that the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">Universe</a> billions of years hence could create the conditions for the perpetuation of humanity in a <a href="/wiki/Simulated_reality" title="Simulated reality">simulated reality</a> within a megacomputer and thus achieve a form of "<a href="/wiki/Posthuman_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Posthuman God">posthuman godhood</a>". Before Tipler, the term Omega Point was used by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin">Pierre Teilhard de Chardin</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Paleontologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleontologist">paleontologist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> theologian who saw an evolutionary <a href="/wiki/Telos_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Telos (philosophy)">telos</a> in the development of an encompassing <a href="/wiki/Noosphere" title="Noosphere">noosphere</a>, a global consciousness.<a href="#cite_note-tipler1994-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Viewed from the perspective of some Christian thinkers, the idea of mind uploading is asserted to represent a <a href="#Contempt_for_the_flesh">denigration of the human body</a>, characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Gnostic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnostic">gnostic</a> manichaean belief.<a href="#cite_note-Pauls_2005-105">[105]</a> Transhumanism and its presumed intellectual progenitors have also been described as <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism_in_modern_times" title="Gnosticism in modern times">neo-gnostic</a> by non-Christian and secular commentators.<a href="#cite_note-Giesen_2004-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-Davis_1999-107">[107]</a> The first dialogue between transhumanism and faith was a one-day conference at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-Campbell_&_Walker_2005-108">[108]</a> Religious critics alone faulted transhumanism for offering no eternal truths or relationship with the divine. They commented that a philosophy bereft of these beliefs leaves humanity adrift in a foggy sea of <a href="/wiki/Postmodern" class="mw-redirect" title="Postmodern">postmodern</a> <a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(contemporary)" title="Cynicism (contemporary)">cynicism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anomie" title="Anomie">anomie</a>. Transhumanists responded that such criticisms reflect a failure to look at the actual content of transhumanist philosophy, which, far from being cynical, is rooted in optimistic, idealistic attitudes that trace back to the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TransVision_2004:_Faith,_Transhumanism_and_Hope_Symposium-109">[109]</a> Following this dialogue, <a href="/wiki/William_Sims_Bainbridge" title="William Sims Bainbridge">William Sims Bainbridge</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">sociologist of religion</a>, conducted a pilot study, published in the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Evolution_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Evolution and Technology">Journal of Evolution and Technology</a>, suggesting that religious attitudes were negatively correlated with acceptance of transhumanist ideas and indicating that people with highly religious worldviews tended to perceive transhumanism as a direct, competitive (though ultimately futile) affront to their spiritual beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-Bainbridge-110">[110]</a> Since 2006, the Mormon Transhumanist Association sponsors conferences and lectures on the intersection of technology and religion.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> The Christian Transhumanist Association<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> was established in 2014. Since 2009, the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Religion" title="American Academy of Religion">American Academy of Religion</a> holds a "Transhumanism and Religion" consultation during its annual meeting, where scholars in the field of <a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">religious studies</a> seek to identify and critically evaluate any implicit religious beliefs that might underlie key transhumanist claims and assumptions; consider how transhumanism challenges religious traditions to develop their own ideas of the human future, in particular the prospect of human transformation, whether by technological or other means; and provide critical and constructive assessments of an envisioned future that place greater confidence in nanotechnology, robotics and information technology to achieve virtual immortality and create a superior posthuman species.<a href="#cite_note-AAR:_Transhumanism_and_Religion_Consultations-113">[113]</a> The physicist and transhumanist thinker <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Prisco" title="Giulio Prisco">Giulio Prisco</a> states that "cosmist religions based on science, might be our best protection from reckless pursuit of superintelligence and other risky technologies."<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> He also recognizes the importance of spiritual ideas, such as those of Russian Orthodox philosopher <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Fyodorovich_Fyodorov" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolai Fyodorovich Fyodorov">Nikolai Fyodorovich Fyodorov</a>, to the origins of the transhumanism movement. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Practice">Practice</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transhumanism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Practice">edit</a>]</div> While some transhumanists[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] take an abstract and theoretical approach to the perceived benefits of emerging technologies, others have offered specific proposals for modifications to the human body, including heritable ones. Transhumanists are often concerned with methods of enhancing the human <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a>. Though some, such as <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Warwick" title="Kevin Warwick">Kevin Warwick</a>, propose modification of the <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_system" title="Peripheral nervous system">peripheral nervous system</a>, the brain is considered the common denominator of personhood and is thus a primary focus of transhumanist ambitions.<a href="#cite_note-Walker_2002-115">[115]</a> In fact, Warwick has gone a lot further than merely making a proposal. In 2002 he had a 100 electrode array surgically implanted into the median nerves of his left arm to link his nervous system directly with a computer and thus to also connect with the internet. As a consequence, he carried out a series of experiments. He was able to directly control a robot hand using his neural signals and to feel the force applied by the hand through feedback from the fingertips. He also experienced a form of ultrasonic sensory input and conducted the first purely electronic communication between his own nervous system and that of his wife who also had electrodes implanted.<a href="#cite_note-doi10.1001/archneur.60.10.1369|noedit-116">[116]</a> As proponents of <a href="/wiki/Self-improvement" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-improvement">self-improvement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Body_modification" title="Body modification">body modification</a>, transhumanists tend to use existing technologies and techniques that supposedly improve cognitive and physical performance, while engaging in routines and lifestyles designed to improve health and longevity.<a href="#cite_note-Kurzweil_1993-117">[117]</a> Depending on their age, some[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] transhumanists express concern that they will not live to reap the benefits of future technologies. However, many have a great interest in <a href="/wiki/Life_extension" title="Life extension">life extension</a> strategies and in funding research in <a href="/wiki/Cryonics" title="Cryonics">cryonics</a> to make the latter a viable option of last resort, rather than remaining an unproven method.<a href="#cite_note-Kurzweil_2004-118">[118]</a> While most transhumanist theory focuses on future technologies and the changes they may bring, many today are already involved in the practice on a very basic level. It is not uncommon for many to receive cosmetic changes to their physical form via cosmetic surgery, even if it is not required for health reasons. Human growth hormones attempt to alter the natural development of shorter children or those who have been born with a physical deficiency. Doctors prescribe medicines such as Ritalin and Adderall to improve cognitive focus, and many people take "lifestyle" drugs such as Viagra, Propecia, and Botox to restore aspects of youthfulness that have been lost in maturity.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Other transhumanists, such as cyborg artist <a href="/wiki/Neil_Harbisson" title="Neil Harbisson">Neil Harbisson</a>, use technologies and techniques to improve their senses and perception of reality. Harbisson's antenna, which is permanently implanted in his skull, allows him to sense colours beyond human perception such as infrareds and ultraviolets.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technologies_of_interest">Technologies of interest</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transhumanism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Technologies of interest">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_enhancement_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Human enhancement technologies">Human enhancement technologies</a></div> Transhumanists support the <a href="/wiki/Emerging_technologies" title="Emerging technologies">emergence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Converging_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Converging technologies">convergence</a> of technologies including <a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">nanotechnology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">cognitive science</a> (NBIC), as well as hypothetical future technologies like <a href="/wiki/Simulated_reality" title="Simulated reality">simulated reality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Superintelligence" title="Superintelligence">superintelligence</a>, <a href="/wiki/3D_bioprinting" title="3D bioprinting">3D bioprinting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mind_uploading" title="Mind uploading">mind uploading</a>, chemical brain preservation and <a href="/wiki/Cryonics" title="Cryonics">cryonics</a>. They believe that humans can and should use these technologies to become <a href="/wiki/Superhuman" title="Superhuman">more than human</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Naam_2005-121">[121]</a> Therefore, they support the recognition and/or protection of <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_liberty" title="Cognitive liberty">cognitive liberty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morphological_freedom" title="Morphological freedom">morphological freedom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Procreative_liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Procreative liberty">procreative liberty</a> as <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a>, so as to guarantee individuals the choice of using <a href="/wiki/Human_enhancement_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Human enhancement technologies">human enhancement technologies</a> on themselves and their children.<a href="#cite_note-Sandberg_2001-122">[122]</a> Some speculate that human enhancement techniques and other emerging technologies may facilitate more radical human enhancement no later than at the midpoint of the 21st century. Kurzweil's book <a href="/wiki/The_Singularity_is_Near" class="mw-redirect" title="The Singularity is Near">The Singularity is Near</a> and Michio Kaku's book <a href="/wiki/Physics_of_the_Future" title="Physics of the Future">Physics of the Future</a> outline various human enhancement technologies and give insight on how these technologies may impact the human race.<a href="#cite_note-Kurzweil_2005-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Some reports on the converging technologies and NBIC concepts have criticised their transhumanist orientation and alleged <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fictional</a> character.<a href="#cite_note-The_Royal_Society_&_The_Royal_Academy_of_Engineering_2004-124">[124]</a> At the same time, research on brain and body alteration technologies has been accelerated under the sponsorship of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">U.S. Department of Defense</a>, which is interested in the battlefield advantages they would provide to the <a href="/wiki/Supersoldier" class="mw-redirect" title="Supersoldier">supersoldiers</a> of the United States and its allies.<a href="#cite_note-Moreno_2006-125">[125]</a> There has already been a brain research program to "extend the ability to manage information", while military scientists are now looking at stretching the human capacity for combat to a maximum 168 hours without sleep.<a href="#cite_note-Managing_Nano-Bio-Info-Cogno_Innovations:_Converging_Technologies_in_Society-126">[126]</a> Neuroscientist <a href="/wiki/Anders_Sandberg" title="Anders Sandberg">Anders Sandberg</a> has been practicing on the method of scanning ultra-thin sections of the brain. This method is being used to help better understand the architecture of the brain. It is currently being used on mice. This is the first step towards hypothetically <a href="/wiki/Mind_uploading" title="Mind uploading">uploading contents of the human brain, including memories and emotions, onto a computer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sandberg_2009-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Some detractors have criticized transhumanists' views on human enhancement, arguing that the pursuit of radical transformation could undermine human dignity and identity. Critics also contend that transhumanists often underestimate the ethical complexities and potential unintended consequences of their proposed technologies, such as exacerbating social inequalities or creating unforeseen risks to individuals and society. These concerns have led to debates about whether transhumanist ideals prioritize technological progress over considerations of moral and societal responsibility (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMcNameeEdwards2006" class="citation journal cs1">McNamee, Michael J.; Edwards, Steven D. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2563415">"Transhumanism, Medical Technology and Slippery Slopes"</a>. Journal of Medical Ethics. 32 (9): 513–518. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fjme.2005.013789">10.1136/jme.2005.013789</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2563415">2563415</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16943331">16943331</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medical+Ethics&rft.atitle=Transhumanism%2C+Medical+Technology+and+Slippery+Slopes&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=513-518&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2563415%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16943331&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fjme.2005.013789&rft.aulast=McNamee&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft.au=Edwards%2C+Steven+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2563415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988">). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Debate">Debate</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transhumanism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Debate">edit</a>]</div> The very notion and prospect of human enhancement and related issues arouse public controversy.<a href="#cite_note-Garreau_2006-129">[129]</a> Criticisms of transhumanism and its proposals take two main forms: those objecting to the likelihood of transhumanist goals being achieved (practical criticisms) and those objecting to the moral principles or worldview sustaining transhumanist proposals or underlying transhumanism itself (ethical criticisms). Critics and opponents often see transhumanists' goals as posing threats to human values. The human enhancement debate is, for some, framed by the opposition between strong <a href="/wiki/Bioconservatism" title="Bioconservatism">bioconservatism</a> and transhumanism. The former opposes any form of human enhancement, whereas the latter advocates for all possible human enhancements.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> But many philosophers hold a more nuanced view in favour of some enhancements while rejecting the transhumanist carte blanche approach.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Some of the most widely known critiques of the transhumanist program are novels and fictional films. These works, despite presenting imagined worlds rather than philosophical analyses, are used as touchstones for some of the more formal arguments.<a href="#cite_note-Hughes_2004-7">[7]</a> Various arguments have been made to the effect that a society that adopts human enhancement technologies may come to resemble the <a href="/wiki/Dystopia" title="Dystopia">dystopia</a> depicted in the 1932 novel <a href="/wiki/Brave_New_World" title="Brave New World">Brave New World</a> by <a href="/wiki/Aldous_Huxley" title="Aldous Huxley">Aldous Huxley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> On another front, some authors consider humanity already transhuman, because medical advances in recent centuries have significantly altered our species. But this has not happened in a conscious and therefore transhumanistic way.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> From such a perspective, transhumanism is perpetually aspirational: as new technologies become mainstream, the adoption of new yet-unadopted technologies becomes a new shifting goal. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feasibility">Feasibility</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transhumanism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Feasibility">edit</a>]</div> In a 1992 book, sociologist Max Dublin pointed to many past failed predictions of technological progress and argued that modern futurist predictions would prove similarly inaccurate. He also objected to what he saw as <a href="/wiki/Scientism" title="Scientism">scientism</a>, fanaticism and <a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">nihilism</a> by a few in advancing transhumanist causes. Dublin also said that historical parallels existed between <a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">Millenarian</a> religions and <a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">Communist doctrines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dublin_1992-134">[134]</a> Although generally sympathetic to transhumanism, public health professor <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Stock" title="Gregory Stock">Gregory Stock</a> is skeptical of the technical feasibility and mass appeal of the <a href="/wiki/Cyborgization" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyborgization">cyborgization</a> of humanity predicted by Raymond Kurzweil, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Moravec" title="Hans Moravec">Hans Moravec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Warwick" title="Kevin Warwick">Kevin Warwick</a>. He said that, throughout the 21st century, many humans will be deeply integrated into systems of machines, but remain biological. Primary changes to their own form and character would arise not from <a href="/wiki/Cyberware" title="Cyberware">cyberware</a>, but from the direct manipulation of their <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemistry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stock_2002-135">[135]</a> In her 1992 book Science as Salvation, philosopher <a href="/wiki/Mary_Midgley" title="Mary Midgley">Mary Midgley</a> traces the notion of achieving immortality by <a href="/wiki/Self-transcendence" title="Self-transcendence">transcendence</a> of the material human body (echoed in the transhumanist tenet of <a href="/wiki/Mind_uploading" title="Mind uploading">mind uploading</a>) to a group of male scientific thinkers of the early 20th century, including <a href="/wiki/J._B._S._Haldane" title="J. B. S. Haldane">J. B. S. Haldane</a> and members of his circle. She characterizes these ideas as "quasi-scientific dreams and prophesies" involving <a href="/wiki/Escapism" title="Escapism">visions of escape</a> from the body coupled with "self-indulgent, uncontrolled power-fantasies". Her argument focuses on what she perceives as the <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscientific" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudoscientific">pseudoscientific</a> speculations and irrational, fear-of-death-driven fantasies of these thinkers, their disregard for <a href="/wiki/Layman" class="mw-redirect" title="Layman">laymen</a> and the remoteness of their <a href="/wiki/Eschatological" class="mw-redirect" title="Eschatological">eschatological</a> visions.<a href="#cite_note-Midgley_1992-136">[136]</a> Another critique is aimed mainly at "<a href="/wiki/Algeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Algeny">algeny</a>" (a portmanteau of alchemy and genetics), which <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Rifkin" title="Jeremy Rifkin">Jeremy Rifkin</a> defined as "the upgrading of existing organisms and the design of wholly new ones with the intent of 'perfecting' their performance".<a href="#cite_note-Rifkin_1983-137">[137]</a> It emphasizes the issue of <a href="/wiki/Biocomplexity" title="Biocomplexity">biocomplexity</a> and the unpredictability of attempts to guide the development of products of biological <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>. This argument, elaborated in particular by the biologist <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Newman" title="Stuart Newman">Stuart Newman</a>, is based on the recognition that <a href="/wiki/Somatic_cell_nuclear_transfer" title="Somatic cell nuclear transfer">cloning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germline" title="Germline">germline</a> <a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">genetic engineering</a> of animals are error-prone and inherently disruptive of embryonic <a href="/wiki/Morphogenesis" title="Morphogenesis">development</a>. Accordingly, so it is argued, it would create unacceptable risks to use such methods on human embryos. Performing experiments, particularly ones with permanent biological consequences, on developing humans would thus be in violation of accepted principles governing research on human subjects (see the 1964 <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Helsinki" title="Declaration of Helsinki">Declaration of Helsinki</a>). Moreover, because improvements in experimental outcomes in one species are not automatically transferable to a new species without further experimentation, it is claimed that there is no ethical route to genetic manipulation of humans at early developmental stages.<a href="#cite_note-Newman_2003-138">[138]</a> As a practical matter, international protocols on human subject research may not present a legal obstacle to attempts by transhumanists and others to improve their offspring by germinal choice technology. According to legal scholar Kirsten Rabe Smolensky, existing laws protect parents who choose to enhance their child's genome from future liability arising from adverse outcomes of the procedure.<a href="#cite_note-Smolensky_2006-139">[139]</a> Transhumanists and other supporters of human genetic engineering do not dismiss practical concerns out of hand, insofar as there is a high degree of uncertainty about the timelines and likely outcomes of genetic modification experiments in humans. But <a href="/wiki/Bioethicist" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioethicist">bioethicist</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Hughes_(sociologist)" title="James Hughes (sociologist)">James Hughes</a> suggests that one possible ethical route to the genetic manipulation of humans at early developmental stages is the building of computer models of the human genome, the proteins it specifies and the tissue engineering he argues that it also codes for. With the exponential progress in <a href="/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">bioinformatics</a>, Hughes believes that a virtual model of genetic expression in the human body will not be far behind and that it will soon be possible to accelerate approval of genetic modifications by simulating their effects on virtual humans.<a href="#cite_note-Hughes_2004-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a> professor <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Stock" title="Gregory Stock">Gregory Stock</a> points to <a href="/wiki/Human_artificial_chromosome" title="Human artificial chromosome">artificial chromosomes</a> as a safer alternative to existing genetic engineering techniques.<a href="#cite_note-Stock_2002-135">[135]</a> Thinkers[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] who defend the likelihood of <a href="/wiki/Accelerating_change" title="Accelerating change">accelerating change</a> point to a past pattern of exponential increases in humanity's technological capacities. Kurzweil developed this position in his 2005 book <a href="/wiki/The_Singularity_Is_Near" title="The Singularity Is Near">The Singularity Is Near</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intrinsic_immorality">Intrinsic immorality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transhumanism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Intrinsic immorality">edit</a>]</div> It has been argued that, in transhumanist thought, humans attempt to substitute themselves for <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>. The 2002 <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Vatican</a> statement Communion and Stewardship: Human Persons Created in the Image of God,<a href="#cite_note-International_Theological_Commission_2002-140">[140]</a> stated that "changing the genetic identity of man as a human person through the production of an <a href="/wiki/Infrahuman" class="mw-redirect" title="Infrahuman">infrahuman</a> being is radically immoral", implying, that "man has full right of disposal over his own biological nature". The statement also argues that creation of a superhuman or spiritually superior being is "unthinkable", since true improvement can come only through religious experience and "<a href="/wiki/Divinization_(Christian)" title="Divinization (Christian)">realizing more fully the image of God</a>". Christian theologians and lay activists of several churches and denominations have expressed similar objections to transhumanism and claimed that Christians attain in the afterlife what radical transhumanism promises, such as indefinite <a href="/wiki/Life_extension" title="Life extension">life extension</a> or the abolition of suffering. In this view, transhumanism is just another representative of the long line of <a href="/wiki/Utopian" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopian">utopian</a> movements which seek to <a href="/wiki/Immanentize_the_eschaton" title="Immanentize the eschaton">create "heaven on earth"</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mitchell_&_Kilner_2002-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barratt_2006-142">[142]</a> On the other hand, religious thinkers allied with transhumanist goals such as the theologians Ronald Cole-Turner and <a href="/wiki/Ted_Peters_(theologian)" title="Ted Peters (theologian)">Ted Peters</a> hold that the doctrine of "co-creation" provides an obligation to use genetic engineering to improve human biology.<a href="#cite_note-Cole-Turner_1993-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peters_1997-144">[144]</a> Other critics target what they claim to be an instrumental conception of the human body in the writings of Minsky, Moravec, and some other transhumanists.<a href="#cite_note-Hayles_1999-72">[72]</a> Reflecting a strain of <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminist</a> criticism of the transhumanist program, philosopher <a href="/wiki/Susan_Bordo" title="Susan Bordo">Susan Bordo</a> points to "contemporary obsessions with slenderness, youth and physical perfection", which she sees as affecting both men and women, but in distinct ways, as "the logical (if extreme) manifestations of anxieties and fantasies fostered by our culture."<a href="#cite_note-Bordo_1993-145">[145]</a> Some critics question other social implications of the movement's focus on <a href="/wiki/Body_modification" title="Body modification">body modification</a>. Political scientist Klaus-Gerd Giesen, in particular, has asserted that transhumanism's concentration on altering the human body represents the logical yet tragic consequence of <a href="/wiki/Atomized_individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomized individualism">atomized individualism</a> and body <a href="/wiki/Commodification" title="Commodification">commodification</a> within a <a href="/wiki/Consumer_culture" title="Consumer culture">consumer culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Giesen_2004-106">[106]</a> Bostrom responds that the desire to <a href="/wiki/Rejuvenation_(aging)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejuvenation (aging)">regain youth</a>, specifically, and transcend the natural limitations of the human body, in general, is pan-cultural and pan-historical, not uniquely tied to the culture of the 20th century. He argues that the transhumanist program is an attempt to channel that desire into a scientific project on par with the <a href="/wiki/Human_Genome_Project" title="Human Genome Project">Human Genome Project</a> and achieve humanity's oldest hope, rather than a puerile fantasy or social trend.<a href="#cite_note-Bostrom_2005-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loss_of_human_identity">Loss of human identity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transhumanism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Loss of human identity">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amish_vs_modern_transportation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Amish_vs_modern_transportation.jpg/220px-Amish_vs_modern_transportation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Amish_vs_modern_transportation.jpg/330px-Amish_vs_modern_transportation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Amish_vs_modern_transportation.jpg/440px-Amish_vs_modern_transportation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption>In the U.S., the <a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a> are a religious group most known for their avoidance of certain modern technologies. Transhumanists draw a parallel by arguing that in the near-future there will probably be "humanish", people who choose to "stay human" by not adopting human enhancement technologies. They believe their choice must be respected and protected.<a href="#cite_note-Alexander_2000-146">[146]</a></figcaption></figure> In his 2003 book Enough: Staying Human in an Engineered Age, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_ethics" title="Environmental ethics">environmental ethicist</a> <a href="/wiki/Bill_McKibben" title="Bill McKibben">Bill McKibben</a> argued at length against many of the technologies that are postulated or supported by transhumanists, including <a href="/wiki/Germinal_choice_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Germinal choice technology">germinal choice technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanomedicine" title="Nanomedicine">nanomedicine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Life_extension" title="Life extension">life extension</a> strategies. He claims that it would be morally wrong for humans to tamper with fundamental aspects of themselves (or their children) in an attempt to overcome universal human limitations, such as vulnerability to <a href="/wiki/Aging" class="mw-redirect" title="Aging">aging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maximum_life_span" title="Maximum life span">maximum life span</a> and biological constraints on physical and cognitive ability. Attempts to "improve" themselves through such manipulation would remove limitations that provide a necessary context for the experience of meaningful human choice. He claims that human lives would no longer seem meaningful in a world where such limitations could be overcome technologically. Even the goal of using germinal choice technology for clearly therapeutic purposes should be relinquished, since it would inevitably produce temptations to tamper with such things as cognitive capacities. He argues that it is possible for societies to benefit from renouncing particular technologies, using as examples <a href="/wiki/Ming_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming Dynasty">Ming China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa Japan</a> and the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McKibben_2003-147">[147]</a> <a href="/wiki/Biopolitical" class="mw-redirect" title="Biopolitical">Biopolitical</a> activist <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Rifkin" title="Jeremy Rifkin">Jeremy Rifkin</a> and biologist <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Newman" title="Stuart Newman">Stuart Newman</a> accept that biotechnology has the power to make profound changes in <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organismal</a> identity. They argue against the genetic engineering of human beings because they fear the blurring of the boundary between human and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_artifact" title="Cultural artifact">artifact</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Newman_2003-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-Otchet_1998-148">[148]</a> Philosopher Keekok Lee sees such developments as part of an accelerating trend in <a href="/wiki/Modernization" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernization">modernization</a> in which technology has been used to transform the "natural" into the "artefactual".<a href="#cite_note-Lee_1999-149">[149]</a> In the extreme, this could lead to the manufacturing and enslavement of "<a href="/wiki/Monster" title="Monster">monsters</a>" such as <a href="/wiki/Human_clone" class="mw-redirect" title="Human clone">human clones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human-animal_hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Human-animal hybrid">human-animal</a> <a href="/wiki/Chimera_(genetics)" title="Chimera (genetics)">chimeras</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Bioroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioroid">bioroids</a>, but even lesser dislocations of humans and non-humans from <a href="/wiki/Social_structure" title="Social structure">social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecological</a> systems are seen as problematic. The film <a href="/wiki/Blade_Runner" title="Blade Runner">Blade Runner</a> (1982) and the novels <a href="/wiki/The_Boys_from_Brazil_(novel)" title="The Boys from Brazil (novel)">The Boys From Brazil</a> (1976) and <a href="/wiki/The_Island_of_Doctor_Moreau" title="The Island of Doctor Moreau">The Island of Doctor Moreau</a> (1896) depict elements of such scenarios, but Mary Shelley's 1818 novel <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein">Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus </a> is most often alluded to by critics who suggest that biotechnologies could create <a href="/wiki/Objectification" title="Objectification">objectified</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anomie" title="Anomie">socially unmoored</a> people as well as <a href="/wiki/Untermensch" title="Untermensch">subhumans</a>. Such critics propose that strict measures be implemented to prevent what they portray as <a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">dehumanizing</a> possibilities from ever happening, usually in the form of an international <a href="/wiki/Ban_(law)" title="Ban (law)">ban</a> on human genetic engineering.<a href="#cite_note-Darnovsky_Crossroads-150">[150]</a> <a href="/wiki/Science_journalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Science journalist">Science journalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Bailey" title="Ronald Bailey">Ronald Bailey</a> claims that McKibben's historical examples are flawed and support different conclusions when studied more closely.<a href="#cite_note-Bailey_2003-151">[151]</a> For example, few groups are more cautious than the Amish about embracing new technologies, but, though they shun television and use horses and buggies, some are welcoming the possibilities of <a href="/wiki/Gene_therapy" title="Gene therapy">gene therapy</a> since inbreeding has afflicted them with a number of rare genetic diseases.<a href="#cite_note-Stock_2002-135">[135]</a> Bailey and other supporters of technological alteration of human biology also reject the claim that life would be experienced as meaningless if some human limitations are overcome with <a href="/wiki/Enhancement_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Enhancement technologies">enhancement technologies</a> as extremely subjective. Writing in <a href="/wiki/Reason_(magazine)" title="Reason (magazine)">Reason</a> magazine, Bailey has accused opponents of research involving the modification of animals as indulging in <a href="/wiki/Alarmism" title="Alarmism">alarmism</a> when they speculate about the creation of subhuman creatures with human-like intelligence and brains resembling those of <a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a>. Bailey insists that the aim of conducting research on animals is simply to produce human <a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">health care</a> benefits.<a href="#cite_note-Bailey_2001-152">[152]</a> A different response comes from transhumanist <a href="/wiki/Personhood_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Personhood theory">personhood theorists</a> who object to what they characterize as the anthropomorphobia fueling some criticisms of this research, which science fiction writer <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a> termed the "<a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_complex" title="Frankenstein complex">Frankenstein complex</a>". For example, <a href="/wiki/Woody_Evans" title="Woody Evans">Woody Evans</a> argues that, provided they are <a href="/wiki/Self-aware" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-aware">self-aware</a>, human clones, human-animal chimeras and <a href="/wiki/Biological_uplift" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological uplift">uplifted animals</a> would all be unique persons deserving of respect, dignity, rights, responsibilities, and <a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">citizenship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Evans_2015-153">[153]</a> They conclude that the coming ethical issue is not the creation of so-called monsters, but what they characterize as the "<a href="/wiki/Wisdom_of_repugnance" title="Wisdom of repugnance">yuck factor</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Human_exceptionalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Human exceptionalism">human-racism</a>", that would judge and treat these creations as monstrous.<a href="#cite_note-Hughes_2005-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Glenn_2003-154">[154]</a> In book 3 of his Corrupting the Image series, Douglas Hamp goes so far as to suggest that the Beast of John's Apocalypse is himself a hybrid who will induce humanity to take "the <a href="/wiki/Number_of_the_beast" title="Number of the beast">mark of the Beast</a>," in the hopes of obtaining perfection and immortality.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> At least one <a href="/wiki/Public_interest" title="Public interest">public interest</a> organization, the U.S.-based <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Genetics_and_Society" title="Center for Genetics and Society">Center for Genetics and Society</a>, was formed, in 2001, with the specific goal of opposing transhumanist agendas that involve transgenerational modification of human biology, such as full-term <a href="/wiki/Human_cloning" title="Human cloning">human cloning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germinal_choice_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Germinal choice technology">germinal choice technology</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Institute_on_Biotechnology_and_the_Human_Future" title="Institute on Biotechnology and the Human Future">Institute on Biotechnology and the Human Future</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago-Kent_College_of_Law" title="Chicago-Kent College of Law">Chicago-Kent College of Law</a> critically scrutinizes proposed applications of genetic and nanotechnologies to human biology in an academic setting. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socioeconomic_effects">Socioeconomic effects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transhumanism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Socioeconomic effects">edit</a>]</div> Some critics of <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_transhumanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian transhumanism">libertarian transhumanism</a> have focused on the likely socioeconomic consequences in societies in which <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">divisions between rich and poor</a> are on the rise. <a href="/wiki/Bill_McKibben" title="Bill McKibben">Bill McKibben</a>, for example, suggests that emerging human enhancement technologies would be disproportionately available to those with greater financial resources, thereby exacerbating the gap between rich and poor and creating a "genetic divide".<a href="#cite_note-McKibben_2003-147">[147]</a> Even <a href="/wiki/Lee_M._Silver" title="Lee M. Silver">Lee M. Silver</a>, the biologist and <a href="/wiki/Science_writer" class="mw-redirect" title="Science writer">science writer</a> who coined the term "<a href="/wiki/Reprogenetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Reprogenetics">reprogenetics</a>" and supports its applications, has expressed concern that these methods could create a two-tiered society of genetically engineered "haves" and "have nots" if <a href="/wiki/Social_safety_net" title="Social safety net">social democratic reforms</a> lag behind implementation of enhancement technologies.<a href="#cite_note-Silver_1998-156">[156]</a> The 1997 film <a href="/wiki/Gattaca" title="Gattaca">Gattaca</a> depicts a dystopian society in which one's social class depends entirely on genetic potential and is often cited by critics in support of these views.<a href="#cite_note-Hughes_2004-7">[7]</a> These criticisms are also voiced by <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_libertarianism" title="Criticism of libertarianism">non-libertarian</a> transhumanist advocates, especially self-described <a href="/wiki/Democratic_transhumanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic transhumanist">democratic transhumanists</a>, who believe that the majority of current or future <a href="/wiki/Social_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Social issues">social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues" title="Environmental issues">environmental issues</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">unemployment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">resource depletion</a>) must be addressed by a combination of political and technological solutions (like a <a href="/wiki/Guaranteed_minimum_income" title="Guaranteed minimum income">guaranteed minimum income</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alternative_technology" title="Alternative technology">alternative technology</a>). Therefore, on the specific issue of an emerging genetic divide due to unequal access to human enhancement technologies, bioethicist James Hughes, in his 2004 book <a href="/wiki/Citizen_Cyborg" title="Citizen Cyborg">Citizen Cyborg: Why Democratic Societies Must Respond to the Redesigned Human of the Future</a>, argues that <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressives</a> or, more precisely, <a href="/wiki/Techno-progressive" class="mw-redirect" title="Techno-progressive">techno-progressives</a>, must articulate and implement public policies (i.e., a <a href="/wiki/Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care">universal health care</a> <a href="/wiki/Voucher" title="Voucher">voucher</a> system that covers human enhancement technologies) to attenuate this problem as much as possible, rather than trying to ban human enhancement technologies. The latter, he argues, might actually worsen the problem by making these technologies unsafe or available only to the wealthy on the local <a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">black market</a> or in countries where such a ban is not enforced.<a href="#cite_note-Hughes_2004-7">[7]</a> Sometimes, as in the writings of <a href="/wiki/Leon_Kass" title="Leon Kass">Leon Kass</a>, the fear is that various institutions and practices judged as fundamental to civilized society would be damaged or destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-Kass_2001-157">[157]</a> In his 2002 book <a href="/wiki/Our_Posthuman_Future" title="Our Posthuman Future">Our Posthuman Future</a> and in a 2004 <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Policy (magazine)">Foreign Policy</a> magazine article, political economist and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Francis Fukuyama</a> designates transhumanism as the <a href="/wiki/World%27s_most_dangerous_idea" class="mw-redirect" title="World's most dangerous idea">world's most dangerous idea</a> because he believes it may undermine the egalitarian ideals of <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> (in general) and <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a> (in particular) through a fundamental alteration of "<a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">human nature</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Fukuyama_2004-64">[64]</a> Social philosopher <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a> makes a similar argument in his 2003 book The Future of Human Nature, in which he asserts that moral autonomy depends on not being subject to another's unilaterally imposed specifications. Habermas thus suggests that the human "species ethic" would be undermined by embryo-stage genetic alteration.<a href="#cite_note-Habermas_2004-158">[158]</a> Critics such as Kass and Fukuyama hold that attempts to significantly alter human biology are not only inherently immoral, but also threaten the <a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">social order</a>. Alternatively, they argue that implementation of such technologies would likely lead to the "naturalizing" of <a href="/wiki/Social_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Social hierarchy">social hierarchies</a> or place new means of control in the hands of totalitarian regimes. <a href="/wiki/AI" class="mw-redirect" title="AI">AI</a> pioneer <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Weizenbaum" title="Joseph Weizenbaum">Joseph Weizenbaum</a> criticizes what he sees as <a href="/wiki/Misanthropic" class="mw-redirect" title="Misanthropic">misanthropic</a> tendencies in the language and ideas of some of his colleagues, in particular Minsky and Moravec, which, by devaluing the human organism per se, promotes a discourse that enables divisive and undemocratic social policies.<a href="#cite_note-Platt_1995-159">[159]</a> In a 2004 article in the libertarian monthly <a href="/wiki/Reason_(magazine)" title="Reason (magazine)">Reason</a>, science journalist <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Bailey" title="Ronald Bailey">Ronald Bailey</a> contested Fukuyama's assertions by arguing that political equality has never rested on the facts of human biology. He asserts that <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a> was founded not on the proposition of effective equality of human beings, or de facto equality, but on the assertion of an equality in political rights and before the law, or de jure equality. Bailey asserts that the products of genetic engineering may well ameliorate rather than exacerbate human inequality, giving to the many what were once the privileges of the few. Moreover, he argues, "the crowning achievement of the Enlightenment is the principle of tolerance". In fact, he says, political liberalism is already the solution to the issue of human and <a href="/wiki/Posthuman" title="Posthuman">posthuman</a> rights since in liberal societies the law is meant to apply equally to all, no matter how rich or poor, powerful or powerless, educated or ignorant, enhanced or unenhanced.<a href="#cite_note-Bailey_2004-160">[160]</a> Other thinkers sympathetic to transhumanist ideas, such as <a href="/wiki/Russell_Blackford" title="Russell Blackford">Russell Blackford</a>, have also objected to the appeal to <a href="/wiki/Traditional_values" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional values">tradition</a> and what they see as <a href="/wiki/Alarmism" title="Alarmism">alarmism</a> involved in Brave New World-type arguments.<a href="#cite_note-Blackford_2003-161">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cultural_aesthetics">Cultural aesthetics</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transhumanism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Cultural aesthetics">edit</a>]</div> In addition to the socioeconomic risks and implications of transhumanism, there are indeed implications and possible consequences in regard to cultural aesthetics. Currently, there are a number of ways in which people choose to represent themselves in society. The way in which a person dresses, hair styles, and body alteration all serve to identify the way a person presents themselves and is perceived by society. According to Foucault,<a href="#cite_note-:1-162">[162]</a> society already governs and controls bodies by making them feel watched. This "surveillance" of society dictates how the majority of individuals choose to express themselves aesthetically. One of the risks outlined in a 2004 article by Jerold Abrams is the elimination of differences in favor of universality. This, he argues, will eliminate the ability of individuals to subvert the possibly oppressive, dominant structure of society by way of uniquely expressing themselves externally. Such control over a population would have dangerous implications of tyranny. Yet another consequence of enhancing the human form not only cognitively, but physically, will be the reinforcement of "desirable" traits which are perpetuated by the dominant social structure.<a href="#cite_note-:1-162">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_eugenics">New eugenics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transhumanism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: New eugenics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_eugenics" title="New eugenics">New eugenics</a></div> The tradition of human enhancement originated with the eugenics movement that was once prominent in the biological sciences, and was later <a href="/wiki/Politicization_of_science" title="Politicization of science">politicized</a> in various ways. This continuity is especially clear in the case of <a href="/wiki/Julian_Huxley#Eugenics_and_race" title="Julian Huxley">Julian Huxley</a> himself.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> The major transhumanist organizations strongly condemn the <a href="/wiki/Coercion" title="Coercion">coercion</a> involved in such policies and reject the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">racist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Classist" class="mw-redirect" title="Classist">classist</a> assumptions on which they were based, along with the <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscientific" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudoscientific">pseudoscientific</a> notions that eugenic improvements could be accomplished in a practically meaningful time frame through selective human breeding.<a href="#cite_note-Bashford545-164">[164]</a> Instead, most transhumanist thinkers advocate a "<a href="/wiki/New_eugenics" title="New eugenics">new eugenics</a>", a form of <a href="/wiki/Egalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Egalitarian">egalitarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_eugenics" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal eugenics">liberal eugenics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WTA_FAQ_3.2-165">[165]</a> In their 2000 book From Chance to Choice: Genetics and Justice, non-transhumanist bioethicists Allen Buchanan, Dan Brock, Norman Daniels and Daniel Wikler have argued that liberal societies have an obligation to encourage as wide an adoption of eugenic enhancement technologies as possible (so long as such policies do not infringe on individuals' <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">reproductive rights</a> or exert undue pressures on prospective parents to use these technologies) to maximize <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a> and minimize the inequalities that may result from both natural genetic endowments and unequal access to genetic enhancements.<a href="#cite_note-Buchanan_2000-166">[166]</a> Most transhumanists holding similar views nonetheless distance themselves from the term "eugenics" (preferring "<a href="/wiki/Germinal_choice" class="mw-redirect" title="Germinal choice">germinal choice</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Reprogenetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Reprogenetics">reprogenetics</a>")<a href="#cite_note-Silver_1998-156">[156]</a> to avoid having their position confused with the discredited theories and practices of early-20th-century eugenic movements.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> Health law professor <a href="/wiki/George_Annas" title="George Annas">George Annas</a> and technology law professor <a href="/wiki/Lori_Andrews" title="Lori Andrews">Lori Andrews</a> are prominent advocates of the position that the use of these technologies could lead to human-<a href="/wiki/Posthuman" title="Posthuman">posthuman</a> <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">caste</a> warfare.<a href="#cite_note-Darnovsky_Crossroads-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-Annas_2002-168">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Existential_risks">Existential risks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transhumanism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Existential risks">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Existential_risk_studies" title="Existential risk studies">Existential risk studies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Existential_risk_from_advanced_artificial_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential risk from advanced artificial intelligence">Existential risk from advanced artificial intelligence</a></div> In his 2003 book <a href="/wiki/Our_Final_Hour" title="Our Final Hour">Our Final Hour</a>, British <a href="/wiki/Astronomer_Royal" title="Astronomer Royal">Astronomer Royal</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Rees" title="Martin Rees">Martin Rees</a> argues that advanced science and technology bring as much risk of disaster as opportunity for progress. However, Rees does not advocate a halt to scientific activity. Instead, he calls for tighter security and perhaps an end to traditional scientific openness.<a href="#cite_note-Rees_2003-169">[169]</a> Advocates of the <a href="/wiki/Precautionary_principle" title="Precautionary principle">precautionary principle</a>, such as many in the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">environmental movement</a>, also favor slow, careful progress or a halt in potentially dangerous areas. Some precautionists believe that <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">robotics</a> present possibilities of alternative forms of cognition that may threaten human life.<a href="#cite_note-Arnall_2003-170">[170]</a> Transhumanists do not necessarily rule out specific restrictions on emerging technologies so as to lessen the prospect of <a href="/wiki/Existential_risk" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential risk">existential risk</a>. Generally, however, they counter that proposals based on the precautionary principle are often <a href="/wiki/Technorealism" title="Technorealism">unrealistic</a> and sometimes even counter-productive as opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Technogaian" class="mw-redirect" title="Technogaian">technogaian</a> current of transhumanism, which they claim is both realistic and productive. In his television series <a href="/wiki/Connections_(British_documentary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Connections (British documentary)">Connections</a>, science historian <a href="/wiki/James_Burke_(science_historian)" title="James Burke (science historian)">James Burke</a> dissects several views on <a href="/wiki/Technological_change" title="Technological change">technological change</a>, including precautionism and the restriction of <a href="/wiki/Inquiry" title="Inquiry">open inquiry</a>. Burke questions the practicality of some of these views, but concludes that maintaining the <a href="/wiki/Status_quo" title="Status quo">status quo</a> of inquiry and development poses hazards of its own, such as a disorienting rate of change and the depletion of our planet's resources. The common transhumanist position is a pragmatic one where society takes deliberate action to ensure the early arrival of the benefits of safe, <a href="/wiki/Clean_technology" title="Clean technology">clean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alternative_technology" title="Alternative technology">alternative technology</a>, rather than fostering what it considers to be <a href="/wiki/Anti-science" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-science">anti-scientific views</a> and <a href="/wiki/Technophobia" title="Technophobia">technophobia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nick_Bostrom" title="Nick Bostrom">Nick Bostrom</a> argues that even barring the occurrence of a singular <a href="/wiki/Global_catastrophic_risk" title="Global catastrophic risk">global catastrophic event</a>, basic <a href="/wiki/Malthusian" class="mw-redirect" title="Malthusian">Malthusian</a> and evolutionary forces facilitated by technological progress threaten to eliminate the positive aspects of human society.<a href="#cite_note-bostrom-evolution-171">[171]</a> One transhumanist solution proposed by Bostrom to counter existential risks is control of <a href="/wiki/Differential_technological_development" title="Differential technological development">differential technological development</a>, a series of attempts to influence the sequence in which technologies are developed. In this approach, planners would strive to retard the development of possibly harmful technologies and their applications, while accelerating the development of likely beneficial technologies, especially those that offer protection against the harmful effects of others.<a href="#cite_note-Bostrom_2002-78">[78]</a> In their 2021 book Calamity Theory, Joshua Schuster and Derek Woods critique existential risks by arguing against Bostrom’s transhumanist perspective, which emphasizes controlling and mitigating these risks through technological advancements. They contend that this approach relies too much on <a href="/wiki/Fringe_science" title="Fringe science">fringe science</a> and speculative technologies and fails to address deeper philosophical and ethical problems about the nature of human existence and its limitations. Instead, they advocate an approach more grounded in secular <a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">existentialist philosophy</a>, focusing on <a href="/wiki/Psychological_resilience" title="Psychological resilience">mental fortitude</a>, <a href="/wiki/Community_resilience" title="Community resilience">community resilience</a>, international <a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding" title="Peacebuilding">peacebuilding</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_stewardship" title="Environmental stewardship">environmental stewardship</a> to better cope with existential risks.<a href="#cite_note-Schuster_and_Woods_2021-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Antinatalism_and_pronatalism">Antinatalism and pronatalism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transhumanism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Antinatalism and pronatalism">edit</a>]</div> Although most people focus on the scientific and technological barriers on the road to human enhancement, Robbert Zandbergen argues that contemporary transhumanists' failure to critically engage the cultural current of <a href="/wiki/Antinatalism" title="Antinatalism">antinatalism</a> is a far bigger obstacle to a posthuman future. Antinatalism is a stance seeking to discourage, restrict, or terminate <a href="/wiki/Human_reproduction" title="Human reproduction">human reproduction</a> to solve existential problems. If transhumanists fail to take this threat to human continuity seriously, they run the risk of seeing the collapse of the entire edifice of radical enhancement.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> <a href="/wiki/Simone_and_Malcolm_Collins" title="Simone and Malcolm Collins">Simone and Malcolm Collins</a>, founders of Pronatalist.org, are activists known primarily for their views and advocacy related to a secular and voluntaristic form of <a href="/wiki/Pronatalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Pronatalism">pronatalism</a>, a stance encouraging higher birth rates to reverse <a href="/wiki/Population_decline" title="Population decline">demographic decline</a> and its negative implications for the viability of modern societies and the possibility of a better future.<a href="#cite_note-Dodds_2023-173">[173]</a> Critical of transhumanism, they have expressed concern that <a href="/wiki/Life_extension" title="Life extension">life extension</a> would worsen the problem of <a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">gerontocracy</a>, causing toxic imbalances in power. The Collinses lament that <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_childlessness" title="Voluntary childlessness">voluntarily childfree</a> transhumanists who "want to live forever believe they are the epitome of centuries of human cultural and biological evolution. They don’t think they can make kids that are better than them."<a href="#cite_note-Weiss_2023-174">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_news_media">In news media</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transhumanism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: In news media">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common_enemy_to_anti-democratic_movements">Common enemy to anti-democratic movements</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transhumanism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Common enemy to anti-democratic movements">edit</a>]</div> Transhumanism has increasingly been co-opted by <a href="/wiki/Anti-democratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-democratic">anti-democratic</a> movements as a common enemy <a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">stereotype</a>. These movements range from <a href="/wiki/Putinversteher" title="Putinversteher">Putin sympathizers</a> to radical <a href="/wiki/Anti-vaxxers" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-vaxxers">anti-vaxxers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Christian fundamentalists</a>. Critics argue that nonsensical claims often stem from deliberate ignorance, and terms like "Putin sympathizer" or "<a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">conspiracy theorist</a>" are used to defame legitimate criticism.<a href="#cite_note-:2-175">[175]</a> Political scientists like Markus Linden point out that Putin, in his speeches, argues against the so-called "liberal-globalist American egocentrism" and <a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">cancel culture</a>, which parallels the agitation seen in <a href="/wiki/Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">alternative media</a>. These discourses also occur on platforms like Nachdenkseiten, <a href="/wiki/Rubikon_(website)" title="Rubikon (website)">Rubikon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Compact_(American_magazine)" title="Compact (American magazine)">Compact</a>, where they are presented as analyses of the decline of Western democracy.<a href="#cite_note-:2-175">[175]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propagandistic</a> use of the term "transhumanism" aims to create a comprehensive <a href="/wiki/Counter-narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-narrative">counter-narrative</a> that unites <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">right-wing extremists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">theocratic</a> groups, and liberals. Transhumanism is portrayed as a threat to traditional values and human nature. These narratives can also be found among ideologues like <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Alexander Dugin</a>, who condemns transhumanism as the work of the devil, and Christian fundamentalists who equate it with the denial of traditional values.<a href="#cite_note-:2-175">[175]</a> The use of the term "transhumanism" as an ideological rallying point for the <a href="/wiki/Querfront" title="Querfront">Querfront</a> is also evident in the fusion of <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right-wing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing</a>, and libertarian ideas that collectively oppose liberal democracies. This development emphasizes individual conceptions of humanity that are often incompatible with a <a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">pluralistic society</a>. It requires a critical examination of the political implications of transhumanism and its instrumentalization by anti-democratic forces.<a href="#cite_note-:2-175">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transhumanism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_(robot)" title="Android (robot)">Android</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_reproductive_technology" title="Assisted reproductive technology">Assisted reproductive technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain-computer_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain-computer interface">Brain-computer interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_hacking" title="Body hacking">Body hacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberware" title="Cyberware">Cyberware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyborg" title="Cyborg">Cyborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_immortality" title="Digital immortality">Digital immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do-it-yourself_biology" title="Do-it-yourself biology">Do-it-yourself biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Humanity_Institute" title="Future of Humanity Institute">Future of Humanity Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_science_fiction" title="Hard science fiction">Hard science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Ethics_and_Emerging_Technologies" title="Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies">Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kardashev_scale" title="Kardashev scale">Kardashev scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_body,_my_choice" title="My body, my choice">My body, my choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meliorism" title="Meliorism">Meliorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participant_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Participant evolution">Participant evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posthuman" title="Posthuman">Posthuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posthumanism" title="Posthumanism">Posthumanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantified_self" title="Quantified self">Quantified self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TechnoCalyps" title="TechnoCalyps">TechnoCalyps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_dystopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Technological dystopia">Technological dystopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_utopianism" title="Technological utopianism">Technological utopianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhuman" title="Transhuman">Transhuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhuman_Space" title="Transhuman Space">Transhuman Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism_in_fiction" title="Transhumanism in fiction">Transhumanism in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_extension" title="Life extension">Life extension</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transhumanism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Mercer-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Mercer_1-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMercerThroten2015" class="citation book cs1">Mercer, Calvin; Throten, Tracy J., eds. (2015). Religion and Transhumanism: The Unknown Future of Human Enhancement. Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3325-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3325-0"><bdi>978-1-4408-3325-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Transhumanism%3A+The+Unknown+Future+of+Human+Enhancement&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-3325-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bostrom_2005-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bostrom_2005_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bostrom_2005_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bostrom_2005_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bostrom_2005_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bostrom_2005_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bostrom_2005_2-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBostrom2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nick_Bostrom" title="Nick Bostrom">Bostrom, Nick</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nickbostrom.com/papers/history.pdf">"A history of transhumanist thought"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Evolution_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Evolution and Technology">Journal of Evolution and Technology</a>. 14 (1): 1–25. Retrieved February 21, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Evolution+and+Technology&rft.atitle=A+history+of+transhumanist+thought&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-25&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Bostrom&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nickbostrom.com%2Fpapers%2Fhistory.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkins2012" class="citation journal cs1">Hopkins, P. D. (2012). "Transhumanism". Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics (Second Edition): 414–422. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-373932-2.00243-X">10.1016/B978-0-12-373932-2.00243-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-373932-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-373932-2"><bdi>978-0-12-373932-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Applied+Ethics+%28Second+Edition%29&rft.atitle=Transhumanism&rft.pages=414-422&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-12-373932-2.00243-X&rft.isbn=978-0-12-373932-2&rft.aulast=Hopkins&rft.aufirst=P.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161106181953/http://ieet.org/index.php/IEET/more/fuller20150909">"We May Look Crazy to Them, But They Look Like Zombies to Us: Transhumanism as a Political Challenge"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ieet.org/index.php/IEET/more/fuller20150909">the original</a> on November 6, 2016. Retrieved January 25, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=We+May+Look+Crazy+to+Them%2C+But+They+Look+Like+Zombies+to+Us%3A+Transhumanism+as+a+Political+Challenge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fieet.org%2Findex.php%2FIEET%2Fmore%2Ffuller20150909&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schuster_and_Woods_2021-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schuster_and_Woods_2021_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schuster_and_Woods_2021_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchusterWoods2021" class="citation book cs1">Schuster, Joshua; Woods, Derek (2021). Calamity Theory: Three Critiques of Existential Risk. University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781517912918" title="Special:BookSources/9781517912918"><bdi>9781517912918</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calamity+Theory%3A+Three+Critiques+of+Existential+Risk&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781517912918&rft.aulast=Schuster&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft.au=Woods%2C+Derek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Huxley_1957-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Huxley_1957_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huxley_1957_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huxley_1957_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huxley_1957_6-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuxley1957" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julian_Huxley" title="Julian Huxley">Huxley, Julian</a> (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/NewBottlesForNewWine/page/n15/mode/2up">"Transhumanism"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/NewBottlesForNewWine/page/n15/mode/2up">New Bottles for New Wine</a>. London: Chatto & Windus. pp. 13–17. Retrieved March 1, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Transhumanism&rft.btitle=New+Bottles+for+New+Wine&rft.place=London&rft.pages=13-17&rft.pub=Chatto+%26+Windus&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Huxley&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FNewBottlesForNewWine%2Fpage%2Fn15%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hughes_2004-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes_2004_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes_2004_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes_2004_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes_2004_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes_2004_7-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes_2004_7-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes_2004_7-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes_2004_7-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes_2004_7-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes,_James2004" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, James (2004). <a href="/wiki/Citizen_Cyborg" title="Citizen Cyborg">Citizen Cyborg: Why Democratic Societies Must Respond to the Redesigned Human of the Future</a>. Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4198-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4198-9"><bdi>978-0-8133-4198-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56632213">56632213</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizen+Cyborg%3A+Why+Democratic+Societies+Must+Respond+to+the+Redesigned+Human+of+the+Future&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56632213&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-4198-9&rft.au=Hughes%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gelles_2009-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Gelles_2009_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGelles,_David2009" class="citation journal cs1">Gelles, David (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120512223654/http://ce399eugenics.wordpress.com/2010/06/19/immortality-2-0-a-silicon-valley-insider-looks-at-californias-transhumanist-movement">"Immortality 2.0: a silicon valley insider looks at California's Transhumanist movement"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ce399eugenics.wordpress.com/2010/06/19/immortality-2-0-a-silicon-valley-insider-looks-at-californias-transhumanist-movement/">the original</a> on May 12, 2012. Retrieved April 14, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Immortality+2.0%3A+a+silicon+valley+insider+looks+at+California%27s+Transhumanist+movement&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Gelles%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fce399eugenics.wordpress.com%2F2010%2F06%2F19%2Fimmortality-2-0-a-silicon-valley-insider-looks-at-californias-transhumanist-movement%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=transhumanism&year_start=1800&year_end=2000&corpus=15&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2Ctranshumanism%3B%2Cc0">Google Ngram Viewer</a>. Retrieved April 25, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Google+Ngram+Viewer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fngrams%2Fgraph%3Fcontent%3Dtranshumanism%26year_start%3D1800%26year_end%3D2000%26corpus%3D15%26smoothing%3D3%26share%3D%26direct_url%3Dt1%253B%252Ctranshumanism%253B%252Cc0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psupress.org/Journals/jnls_JPHS.html">"Journal of Posthuman Studies: Philosophy, Technology, Media"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Journal+of+Posthuman+Studies%3A+Philosophy%2C+Technology%2C+Media&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psupress.org%2FJournals%2Fjnls_JPHS.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSorgner2010" class="citation journal cs1">Sorgner, Stefan Lorenz (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jetpress.org/v21/sorgner.htm">"Beyond Humanism: Reflections on Trans- and Posthumanism"</a>. Journal of Evolution and Technology. Retrieved May 24, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Evolution+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Beyond+Humanism%3A+Reflections+on+Trans-+and+Posthumanism&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Sorgner&rft.aufirst=Stefan+Lorenz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjetpress.org%2Fv21%2Fsorgner.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> Section 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevine2021" class="citation book cs1">Levine, Susan B. (2021). "Creating a Higher Breed: Transhumanism and the Prophecy of Anglo-American Eugenics". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/31995/chapter-abstract/267764064?redirectedFrom=fulltext">Posthuman Bliss? The Failed Promise of Transhumanism</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190051495" title="Special:BookSources/9780190051495"><bdi>9780190051495</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Creating+a+Higher+Breed%3A+Transhumanism+and+the+Prophecy+of+Anglo-American+Eugenics&rft.btitle=Posthuman+Bliss%3F+The+Failed+Promise+of+Transhumanism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9780190051495&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Susan+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbook%2F31995%2Fchapter-abstract%2F267764064%3FredirectedFrom%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gebru,_T.,_&_Torres,_Émile_P._2024-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Gebru,_T.,_&_Torres,_Émile_P._2024_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGebruTorres2024" class="citation journal cs1">Gebru, Timnit; Torres, Émile P. (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5210%2Ffm.v29i4.13636">"The TESCREAL bundle: Eugenics and the promise of utopia through artificial general intelligence"</a>. <a href="/wiki/First_Monday_(journal)" title="First Monday (journal)">First Monday</a>. 29 (4). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5210%2Ffm.v29i4.13636">10.5210/fm.v29i4.13636</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=First+Monday&rft.atitle=The+TESCREAL+bundle%3A+Eugenics+and+the+promise+of+utopia+through+artificial+general+intelligence&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5210%2Ffm.v29i4.13636&rft.aulast=Gebru&rft.aufirst=Timnit&rft.au=Torres%2C+%C3%89mile+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5210%252Ffm.v29i4.13636&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter2017" class="citation journal cs1">Porter, Allen (June 1, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/jmp/article/42/3/237/3817401">"Bioethics and Transhumanism"</a>. The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy: A Forum for Bioethics and Philosophy of Medicine. 42 (3): 237–260. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjmp%2Fjhx001">10.1093/jmp/jhx001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28499043">28499043</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171207175306/https://academic.oup.com/jmp/article/42/3/237/3817401">Archived</a> from the original on December 7, 2017. Retrieved May 30, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Medicine+and+Philosophy%3A+A+Forum+for+Bioethics+and+Philosophy+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Bioethics+and+Transhumanism&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=237-260&rft.date=2017-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjmp%2Fjhx001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28499043&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fjmp%2Farticle%2F42%2F3%2F237%2F3817401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVita-More2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Natasha_Vita-More" title="Natasha Vita-More">Vita-More, Natasha</a> (2012). Life Expansion. University of Plymouth. pp. 74–75.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+Expansion&rft.pages=74-75&rft.pub=University+of+Plymouth&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Vita-More&rft.aufirst=Natasha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> See also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrisonWolyniak2015" class="citation journal cs1">Harrison, Peter; Wolyniak, Joseph (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/13997038">"The History of 'Transhumanism'"</a>. Notes and Queries. 62 (3): 465–467. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnotesj%2Fgjv080">10.1093/notesj/gjv080</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0029-3970">0029-3970</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notes+and+Queries&rft.atitle=The+History+of+%27Transhumanism%27&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=465-467&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fnotesj%2Fgjv080&rft.issn=0029-3970&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Wolyniak%2C+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F13997038&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://danteworlds.laits.utexas.edu/textpopup/par0101.html">"Trasumanar (neologism)"</a>. danteworlds.laits.utexas.edu. Retrieved August 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=danteworlds.laits.utexas.edu&rft.atitle=Trasumanar+%28neologism%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdanteworlds.laits.utexas.edu%2Ftextpopup%2Fpar0101.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitaldante.columbia.edu/dante/divine-comedy/paradiso/paradiso-1/">"Paradiso 1 – Digital Dante"</a>. digitaldante.columbia.edu. Retrieved August 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=digitaldante.columbia.edu&rft.atitle=Paradiso+1+%E2%80%93+Digital+Dante&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitaldante.columbia.edu%2Fdante%2Fdivine-comedy%2Fparadiso%2Fparadiso-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210824074524/https://www.bioedge.org/bioethics/was_dante_a_transhumanist/9468">"BioEdge: Was Dante a transhumanist?"</a>. BioEdge. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bioedge.org/bioethics/was_dante_a_transhumanist/9468">the original</a> on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BioEdge&rft.atitle=BioEdge%3A+Was+Dante+a+transhumanist%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioedge.org%2Fbioethics%2Fwas_dante_a_transhumanist%2F9468&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bainbridge_2011_p._582-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Bainbridge_2011_p._582_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBainbridge2011" class="citation book cs1">Bainbridge, W.S. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oAFzAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA582">Leadership in Science and Technology: A Reference Handbook</a>. SAGE Publications. p. 582. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-6652-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-6652-7"><bdi>978-1-4522-6652-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved May 3, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leadership+in+Science+and+Technology%3A+A+Reference+Handbook&rft.pages=582&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4522-6652-7&rft.aulast=Bainbridge&rft.aufirst=W.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoAFzAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manzocco_2019_p._2-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Manzocco_2019_p._2_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManzocco2019" class="citation book cs1">Manzocco, R. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=16qMDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2">Transhumanism - Engineering the Human Condition: History, Philosophy and Current Status</a>. Springer Praxis Books. Springer International Publishing. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04958-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04958-4"><bdi>978-3-030-04958-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved May 3, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transhumanism+-+Engineering+the+Human+Condition%3A+History%2C+Philosophy+and+Current+Status&rft.series=Springer+Praxis+Books&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-030-04958-4&rft.aulast=Manzocco&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D16qMDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Renée Mirkes. Transhumanist Medicine: Can We Direct Its Power to the Service of Human Dignity? The Linacre Quarterly, March 29, 2019 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080828113812/http://www.enotes.com/gothic-literature/godwin-william">"Godwin, William (1756–1836) – Introduction"</a>. Gothic Literature. enotes.com. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enotes.com/gothic-literature/godwin-william">the original</a> on August 28, 2008. Retrieved August 9, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gothic+Literature&rft.atitle=Godwin%2C+William+%281756%E2%80%931836%29+%E2%80%93+Introduction&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enotes.com%2Fgothic-literature%2Fgodwin-william&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewandowskiKretschmerSchmidt2021" class="citation journal cs1">Lewandowski, K.; Kretschmer, B.; Schmidt, K. W. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8444521">"175 Jahre Anästhesie und Narkose – Auf dem Weg zu einem "Menschenrecht auf Ohnmacht""</a>. Der Anaesthesist. 70 (10): 811–831. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00101-021-01043-1">10.1007/s00101-021-01043-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-2417">0003-2417</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8444521">8444521</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34529093">34529093</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Anaesthesist&rft.atitle=175+Jahre+An%C3%A4sthesie+und+Narkose+%E2%80%93+Auf+dem+Weg+zu+einem+%22Menschenrecht+auf+Ohnmacht%22&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=811-831&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8444521%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0003-2417&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34529093&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00101-021-01043-1&rft.aulast=Lewandowski&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Kretschmer%2C+B.&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+K.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8444521&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sorgner_2009-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sorgner_2009_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sorgner_2009_24-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSorgner2009" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Lorenz_Sorgner" title="Stefan Lorenz Sorgner">Sorgner, Stefan Lorenz</a> (March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jetpress.org/v20/sorgner.htm">"Nietzsche, the Overhuman, and Transhumanism"</a>. Journal of Evolution and Technology. 20 (1): 29–42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Evolution+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Nietzsche%2C+the+Overhuman%2C+and+Transhumanism&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=29-42&rft.date=2009-03&rft.aulast=Sorgner&rft.aufirst=Stefan+Lorenz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjetpress.org%2Fv20%2Fsorgner.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blackford_2010-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Blackford_2010_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackford2010" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Russell_Blackford" title="Russell Blackford">Blackford, Russell</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jetpress.org/v21/blackford.htm">"Editorial: Nietzsche and European Posthumanisms"</a>. Journal of Evolution and Technology.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Evolution+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Editorial%3A+Nietzsche+and+European+Posthumanisms&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Blackford&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjetpress.org%2Fv21%2Fblackford.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sorgner_2012-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Sorgner_2012_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSorgner2012" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Lorenz_Sorgner" title="Stefan Lorenz Sorgner">Sorgner, Stefan Lorenz</a> (April 24, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ieet.org/index.php/IEET/more/pellissier20120423">"Was Nietzsche a Transhumanist?"</a>. IEET News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEET+News&rft.atitle=Was+Nietzsche+a+Transhumanist%3F&rft.date=2012-04-24&rft.aulast=Sorgner&rft.aufirst=Stefan+Lorenz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fieet.org%2Findex.php%2FIEET%2Fmore%2Fpellissier20120423&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Declaration-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Declaration_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Declaration_27-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://itp.uni-frankfurt.de/~gros/Mind2010/transhumanDeclaration.pdf">"The Transhumanist Declaration"</a> (PDF). Retrieved May 24, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Transhumanist+Declaration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fitp.uni-frankfurt.de%2F~gros%2FMind2010%2FtranshumanDeclaration.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sovieteramuseum.com/?product=art-works-by-russian-cosmism-painter-xx-xxi-ct-catalogue-of-exhibition-2013">"Art works by Russian cosmism painter XX – XXI ct. Catalogue of exhibition 2013 | Soviet Era Museum"</a>. sovieteramuseum.com. Retrieved June 24, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sovieteramuseum.com&rft.atitle=Art+works+by+Russian+cosmism+painter+XX+%E2%80%93+XXI+ct.+Catalogue+of+exhibition+2013+%7C+Soviet+Era+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsovieteramuseum.com%2F%3Fproduct%3Dart-works-by-russian-cosmism-painter-xx-xxi-ct-catalogue-of-exhibition-2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FM-2030_1989-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FM-2030_1989_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFM-20301989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/FM-2030" title="FM-2030">FM-2030</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/areyoutranshuman00fm20">Are You a Transhuman?: Monitoring and Stimulating Your Personal Rate of Growth in a Rapidly Changing World</a>. Viking Adult. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-446-38806-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-446-38806-1"><bdi>978-0-446-38806-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/18134470">18134470</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Are+You+a+Transhuman%3F%3A+Monitoring+and+Stimulating+Your+Personal+Rate+of+Growth+in+a+Rapidly+Changing+World&rft.pub=Viking+Adult&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F18134470&rft.isbn=978-0-446-38806-1&rft.au=FM-2030&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fareyoutranshuman00fm20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Haldane_1923-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Haldane_1923_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaldane,_J.B.S.1923" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._B._S._Haldane" title="J. B. S. Haldane">Haldane, J.B.S.</a> (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210715141807/https://jbshaldane.org/books/1923-Daedalus/haldane-1923-daedalus-ocr.pdf">Daedalus or, Science and the Future</a> (PDF). Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., Ltd. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jbshaldane.org/books/1923-Daedalus/haldane-1923-daedalus-ocr.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on July 15, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daedalus+or%2C+Science+and+the+Future&rft.pub=Kegan+Paul%2C+Trench%2C+Trubner+%26+Co.%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=1923&rft.au=Haldane%2C+J.B.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjbshaldane.org%2Fbooks%2F1923-Daedalus%2Fhaldane-1923-daedalus-ocr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke2000" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, Arthur C. (2000). Greetings, Carbon-Based Bipeds. St Martin's Griffin, New York.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greetings%2C+Carbon-Based+Bipeds&rft.pub=St+Martin%27s+Griffin%2C+New+York&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Arthur+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harrison_and_Wolyniak_2015-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_and_Wolyniak_2015_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison,_PeterWolyniak,_Joseph2015" class="citation journal cs1">Harrison, Peter & Wolyniak, Joseph (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnotesj%2Fgjv080">"The History of 'Transhumanism'"</a>. Notes and Queries. 62 (3): 465–467. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnotesj%2Fgjv080">10.1093/notesj/gjv080</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notes+and+Queries&rft.atitle=The+History+of+%27Transhumanism%27&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=465-467&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fnotesj%2Fgjv080&rft.au=Harrison%2C+Peter&rft.au=Wolyniak%2C+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fnotesj%252Fgjv080&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutton" class="citation magazine cs1">Hutton, Christopher. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.popmatters.com/pm/feature/163072-googles-glass-castle-the-rise-and-fear-of-a-transhuman-future/">"Google's Glass Castle: The Rise and Fear of a Transhuman Future"</a>. PopMatters.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PopMatters&rft.atitle=Google%27s+Glass+Castle%3A+The+Rise+and+Fear+of+a+Transhuman+Future&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.popmatters.com%2Fpm%2Ffeature%2F163072-googles-glass-castle-the-rise-and-fear-of-a-transhuman-future%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Lin (2010), p. 24 </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLin2010" class="citation book cs1">Lin, Zhongjie (2010). Kenzo Tange and the Metabolist Movement: Urban Utopias of Modern Japan. Routledge. pp. 35–36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-28198-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-28198-4"><bdi>978-1-135-28198-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kenzo+Tange+and+the+Metabolist+Movement%3A+Urban+Utopias+of+Modern+Japan&rft.pages=35-36&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-135-28198-4&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.aufirst=Zhongjie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> I.J. Good, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090420061605/http://www.aeiveos.com/~bradbury/Authors/Computing/Good-IJ/SCtFUM.html">"Speculations Concerning the First Ultraintelligent Machine"</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acceleratingfuture.com/pages/ultraintelligentmachine.html">HTML</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111128085512/http://commonsenseatheism.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Good-Speculations-Concerning-the-First-Ultraintelligent-Machine.pdf">Archived</a> November 28, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>), Advances in Computers, vol. 6, 1965. </li> <li id="cite_note-Minsky_1960-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Minsky_1960_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinsky,_Marvin1960" class="citation citeseerx cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Minsky" title="Marvin Minsky">Minsky, Marvin</a> (1960). "Steps toward artificial intelligence". pp. 406–450. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.79.7413">10.1.1.79.7413</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=CiteSeerX&rft.atitle=Steps+toward+artificial+intelligence&rft.pages=406-450&rft.date=1960&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.79.7413%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.au=Minsky%2C+Marvin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moravec_1998-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moravec_1998_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moravec_1998_38-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoravec,_Hans1998" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Moravec" title="Hans Moravec">Moravec, Hans</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jetpress.org/volume1/moravec.htm">"When will computer hardware match the human brain?"</a>. Journal of Evolution and Technology. 1. Retrieved June 23, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Evolution+and+Technology&rft.atitle=When+will+computer+hardware+match+the+human+brain%3F&rft.volume=1&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Moravec%2C+Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjetpress.org%2Fvolume1%2Fmoravec.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kurzweil_1999-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Kurzweil_1999_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurzweil,_Raymond1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Kurzweil" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond Kurzweil">Kurzweil, Raymond</a> (1999). <a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Spiritual_Machines" title="The Age of Spiritual Machines">The Age of Spiritual Machines</a>. Viking Adult. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-88217-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-88217-5"><bdi>978-0-670-88217-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/224295064">224295064</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Spiritual+Machines&rft.pub=Viking+Adult&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F224295064&rft.isbn=978-0-670-88217-5&rft.au=Kurzweil%2C+Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dilemma-40"><a href="#cite_ref-dilemma_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevlin2016" class="citation web cs1">Devlin, Hannah (November 18, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/nov/18/the-cryonics-dilemma-will-deep-frozen-bodies-be-fit-for-new-life">"The cryonics dilemma: will deep-frozen bodies be fit for new life?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved September 22, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+cryonics+dilemma%3A+will+deep-frozen+bodies+be+fit+for+new+life%3F&rft.date=2016-11-18&rft.aulast=Devlin&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2016%2Fnov%2F18%2Fthe-cryonics-dilemma-will-deep-frozen-bodies-be-fit-for-new-life&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ettinger_1972-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Ettinger_1972_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEttinger1974" class="citation book cs1">Ettinger, Robert (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130828014330/http://www.cryonics.org/book2.html">Man into Superman</a>. Avon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-380-00047-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-380-00047-0"><bdi>978-0-380-00047-0</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cryonics.org/book2.html">the original</a> on August 28, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Man+into+Superman&rft.pub=Avon&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-380-00047-0&rft.aulast=Ettinger&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cryonics.org%2Fbook2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FM-2030_1973-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FM-2030_1973_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFM-20301973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/FM-2030" title="FM-2030">FM-2030</a> (1973). UpWingers: A Futurist Manifesto (Available as an eBook: FW00007527 ed.). New York: John Day Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-381-98243-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-381-98243-0"><bdi>978-0-381-98243-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/600299">600299</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=UpWingers%3A+A+Futurist+Manifesto&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Available+as+an+eBook%3A+FW00007527&rft.pub=John+Day+Co.&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F600299&rft.isbn=978-0-381-98243-0&rft.au=FM-2030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FM-2030:_Are_You_Transhuman-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FM-2030:_Are_You_Transhuman_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/eaS9QBdVHMs">"FM-2030: Are You Transhuman?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. October 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eaS9QBdVHMs&t=4s">the original</a> on October 30, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=FM-2030%3A+Are+You+Transhuman%3F&rft.date=2013-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DeaS9QBdVHMs%26t%3D4s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EZTV_Media-44"><a href="#cite_ref-EZTV_Media_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eztvmedia.com/his.html">"EZTV Media"</a>. Retrieved May 1, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EZTV+Media&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eztvmedia.com%2Fhis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Great_Mambo_Chicken_and_the_Transhuman_Condition:_Science_Slightly_Over_the_Edge-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Great_Mambo_Chicken_and_the_Transhuman_Condition:_Science_Slightly_Over_the_Edge_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRegis1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ed_Regis_(author)" title="Ed Regis (author)">Regis, Ed</a> (1990). Great Mambo Chicken and the Transhuman Condition: Science Slightly Over the Edge. Perseus Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Mambo+Chicken+and+the+Transhuman+Condition%3A+Science+Slightly+Over+the+Edge&rft.pub=Perseus+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Regis&rft.aufirst=Ed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vita-More_1982-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Vita-More_1982_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVita-More,_Natasha2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Natasha_Vita-More" title="Natasha Vita-More">Vita-More, Natasha</a> (2003) [revised, first published 1982]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transhumanist.biz/transhumanistartsmanifesto.htm">"Transhumanist arts statement"</a>. Retrieved February 16, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Transhumanist+arts+statement&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Vita-More%2C+Natasha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.transhumanist.biz%2Ftranshumanistartsmanifesto.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Drexler_1986-47"><a href="#cite_ref-Drexler_1986_47-0">^</a> Drexler 1986 </li> <li id="cite_note-More_1990-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-More_1990_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-More_1990_48-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMore,_Max1990" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Max_More" title="Max More">More, Max</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051029125153/http://www.maxmore.com/transhum.htm">"Transhumanism: a futurist philosophy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maxmore.com/transhum.htm">the original</a> on October 29, 2005. Retrieved November 14, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Transhumanism%3A+a+futurist+philosophy&rft.date=1990&rft.au=More%2C+Max&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maxmore.com%2Ftranshum.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Hughes_2005-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes_2005_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes_2005_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes_2005_49-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Hughes_(sociologist)" title="James Hughes (sociologist)">Hughes, James</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060524181809/http://transhumanism.org/resources/survey2005.pdf">"Report on the 2005 interests and beliefs survey of the members of the World Transhumanist Association"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://transhumanism.org/resources/survey2005.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on May 24, 2006. Retrieved February 26, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Report+on+the+2005+interests+and+beliefs+survey+of+the+members+of+the+World+Transhumanist+Association&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftranshumanism.org%2Fresources%2Fsurvey2005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-World_Transhumanist_Association_2002-50"><a href="#cite_ref-World_Transhumanist_Association_2002_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Transhumanist_Association2002" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/World_Transhumanist_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="World Transhumanist Association">World Transhumanist Association</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060910010545/http://www.transhumanism.org/index.php/WTA/faq21/79/">"The Transhumanist Declaration"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.transhumanism.org/index.php/WTA/faq21/79/">the original</a> on September 10, 2006. Retrieved April 3, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Transhumanist+Declaration&rft.date=2002&rft.au=World+Transhumanist+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.transhumanism.org%2Findex.php%2FWTA%2Ffaq21%2F79%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-wsj.com-51"><a href="#cite_ref-wsj.com_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirsch2020" class="citation news cs1">Kirsch, Adam (June 20, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/looking-forward-to-the-end-of-humanity-11592625661">"Looking Forward to the End of Humanity"</a>. The Wall Street Journal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Looking+Forward+to+the+End+of+Humanity&rft.date=2020-06-20&rft.aulast=Kirsch&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Flooking-forward-to-the-end-of-humanity-11592625661&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-What_is_Transhumanism-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-What_is_Transhumanism_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-What_is_Transhumanism_52-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumanity+" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Humanity%2B" title="Humanity+">Humanity+</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whatistranshumanism.org/">"What is Transhumanism?"</a>. Retrieved December 5, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=What+is+Transhumanism%3F&rft.au=Humanity%2B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhatistranshumanism.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Utne-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Utne_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Utne_53-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFord2005" class="citation web cs1">Ford, Alyssa (May–June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utne.com/2005-05-01/humanity-the-remix.aspx">"Humanity: The Remix"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Utne_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Utne Magazine">Utne Magazine</a>. Retrieved March 3, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Utne+Magazine&rft.atitle=Humanity%3A+The+Remix&rft.date=2005-05%2F2005-06&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=Alyssa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.utne.com%2F2005-05-01%2Fhumanity-the-remix.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Among_the_Transhumanists-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Among_the_Transhumanists_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaletan2006" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Saletan" title="William Saletan">Saletan, William</a> (June 4, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/human_nature/2006/06/among_the_transhumanists.html">"Among the Transhumanists"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=Among+the+Transhumanists&rft.date=2006-06-04&rft.aulast=Saletan&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Farticles%2Fhealth_and_science%2Fhuman_nature%2F2006%2F06%2Famong_the_transhumanists.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Extropy_Institute_2006-55"><a href="#cite_ref-Extropy_Institute_2006_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFExtropy_Institute2006" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Extropy_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Extropy Institute">Extropy Institute</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.extropy.org/future.htm">"Next Steps"</a>. Retrieved May 5, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Next+Steps&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Extropy+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.extropy.org%2Ffuture.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Newitz_2008-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Newitz_2008_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewitz2008" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Annalee_Newitz" title="Annalee Newitz">Newitz, Annalee</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://io9.com/5067829/can-futurism-escape-the-1990s">"Can Futurism Escape the 1990s?"</a>. Retrieved November 18, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Can+Futurism+Escape+the+1990s%3F&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Newitz&rft.aufirst=Annalee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fio9.com%2F5067829%2Fcan-futurism-escape-the-1990s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStambler" class="citation web cs1">Stambler, Ilia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ieet.org/index.php/IEET/more/stambler20120823">"The Longevity Party – Who Needs it? Who Wants it?"</a>. IEET. Retrieved August 23, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEET&rft.atitle=The+Longevity+Party+%E2%80%93+Who+Needs+it%3F+Who+Wants+it%3F&rft.aulast=Stambler&rft.aufirst=Ilia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fieet.org%2Findex.php%2FIEET%2Fmore%2Fstambler20120823&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fightaging.org/archives/2012/07/a-single-issue-political-party-for-longevity-science.php">"A Single-Issue Political Party for Longevity Science"</a>. Fight Aging!. July 27, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fight+Aging%21&rft.atitle=A+Single-Issue+Political+Party+for+Longevity+Science&rft.date=2012-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fightaging.org%2Farchives%2F2012%2F07%2Fa-single-issue-political-party-for-longevity-science.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190111175720/https://transfigurism.org/pages/about/">"About"</a>. Mormon Transhumanist Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transfigurism.org/pages/about/">the original</a> on January 11, 2019. Retrieved June 4, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mormon+Transhumanist+Association&rft.atitle=About&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftransfigurism.org%2Fpages%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181106221218/https://transfigurism.org/pages/about/member-survey-results/">"Member Survey Results"</a>. Mormon Transhumanist Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transfigurism.org/pages/about/member-survey-results/">the original</a> on November 6, 2018. Retrieved June 4, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mormon+Transhumanist+Association&rft.atitle=Member+Survey+Results&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftransfigurism.org%2Fpages%2Fabout%2Fmember-survey-results%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kurzweilai.net/italy-elects-first-transhumanist-mp">"Italy elects first transhumanist MP"</a>. Kurzweilai.net. Retrieved April 25, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Italy+elects+first+transhumanist+MP&rft.pub=Kurzweilai.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kurzweilai.net%2Fitaly-elects-first-transhumanist-mp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUmbrelloLombard2018" class="citation journal cs1">Umbrello, Steven; Lombard, Jessica (December 14, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lumenpublishing.com/journals/index.php/po/article/view/1118">"Silence of the Idols: Appropriating the Myth of Sisyphus for Posthumanist Discourses"</a>. Postmodern Openings. 9 (4): 98–121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18662%2Fpo%2F47">10.18662/po/47</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2318%2F1686606">2318/1686606</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2069-9387">2069-9387</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Postmodern+Openings&rft.atitle=Silence+of+the+Idols%3A+Appropriating+the+Myth+of+Sisyphus+for+Posthumanist+Discourses&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=98-121&rft.date=2018-12-14&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2318%2F1686606&rft.issn=2069-9387&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18662%2Fpo%2F47&rft.aulast=Umbrello&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.au=Lombard%2C+Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lumenpublishing.com%2Fjournals%2Findex.php%2Fpo%2Farticle%2Fview%2F1118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans,_W.2022" class="citation journal cs1">Evans, W. (June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13169%2Fprometheus.38.2.0271">"Review of On Transhumanism"</a>. Prometheus: Critical Studies in Innovation. 38 (2): 271–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13169%2Fprometheus.38.2.0271">10.13169/prometheus.38.2.0271</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252023683">252023683</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prometheus%3A+Critical+Studies+in+Innovation&rft.atitle=Review+of+On+Transhumanism&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=271-74&rft.date=2022-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13169%2Fprometheus.38.2.0271&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A252023683%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Evans%2C+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.13169%252Fprometheus.38.2.0271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fukuyama_2004-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fukuyama_2004_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fukuyama_2004_64-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFukuyama2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama, Francis</a> (September–October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2004/09/01/transhumanism">"The world's most dangerous ideas: transhumanism"</a> (reprint). <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a> (144): 42–43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4152980">10.2307/4152980</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4152980">4152980</a>. Retrieved November 14, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=The+world%27s+most+dangerous+ideas%3A+transhumanism&rft.issue=144&rft.pages=42-43&rft.date=2004-09%2F2004-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4152980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4152980%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Fukuyama&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2Farticles%2F2004%2F09%2F01%2Ftranshumanism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hook_2004-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Hook_2004_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHook2004" class="citation book cs1">Hook, Christopher (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gale.cengage.com/pdf/samples/sp657748.pdf">"Transhumanism and Posthumanism"</a> (PDF). In Post, Stephen G. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Bioethics (3rd ed.). New York: Macmillan. pp. 2517–2520. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865774-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865774-5"><bdi>978-0-02-865774-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52622160">52622160</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Transhumanism+and+Posthumanism&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Bioethics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=2517-2520&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52622160&rft.isbn=978-0-02-865774-5&rft.aulast=Hook&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgale.cengage.com%2Fpdf%2Fsamples%2Fsp657748.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Hedgehog_Review_2002-66"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Hedgehog_Review_2002_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinner,_Langdon2002" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Langdon_Winner" title="Langdon Winner">Winner, Langdon</a> (Fall 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080910161220/http://www.virginia.edu/iasc/HHR_Archives/Technology/4.3DWinner.pdf">"Are Humans Obsolete?"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/The_Hedgehog_Review" title="The Hedgehog Review">The Hedgehog Review</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virginia.edu/iasc/HHR_Archives/Technology/4.3DWinner.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on September 10, 2008. Retrieved December 10, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hedgehog+Review&rft.atitle=Are+Humans+Obsolete%3F&rft.ssn=fall&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Winner%2C+Langdon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.virginia.edu%2Fiasc%2FHHR_Archives%2FTechnology%2F4.3DWinner.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coenen_2007-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Coenen_2007_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoenen2007" class="citation book cs1">Coenen, Christopher (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110128151649/http://www.itas.fzk.de/deu/lit/epp/2007/coen07-pre01.pdf">"Utopian Aspects of the Debate on Converging Technologies"</a> (PDF). In Banse, Gerhard; et al. (eds.). Assessing Societal Implications of Converging Technological Development (1st ed.). Berlin: edition sigma. pp. 141–172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89404-941-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89404-941-6"><bdi>978-3-89404-941-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/198816396">198816396</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itas.fzk.de/deu/lit/epp/2007/coen07-pre01.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on January 28, 2011. Retrieved August 22, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Utopian+Aspects+of+the+Debate+on+Converging+Technologies&rft.btitle=Assessing+Societal+Implications+of+Converging+Technological+Development&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=141-172&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=edition+sigma&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F198816396&rft.isbn=978-3-89404-941-6&rft.aulast=Coenen&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itas.fzk.de%2Fdeu%2Flit%2Fepp%2F2007%2Fcoen07-pre01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacFarlane2020" class="citation cs2">MacFarlane, James Michael (2020), "The Techno-Centred Imagination", Transhumanism as a New Social Movement, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 205–233, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-40090-3_8">10.1007/978-3-030-40090-3_8</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-40089-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-40089-7"><bdi>978-3-030-40089-7</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219495940">219495940</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transhumanism+as+a+New+Social+Movement&rft.atitle=The+Techno-Centred+Imagination&rft.pages=205-233&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219495940%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-40090-3_8&rft.isbn=978-3-030-40089-7&rft.aulast=MacFarlane&rft.aufirst=James+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bostrom_2006-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Bostrom_2006_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBostrom" class="citation web cs1">Bostrom, Nick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nickbostrom.com/posthuman.pdf">"Why I Want to be a Posthuman When I Grow Up"</a> (PDF). Retrieved December 10, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+I+Want+to+be+a+Posthuman+When+I+Grow+Up&rft.aulast=Bostrom&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nickbostrom.com%2Fposthuman.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUmbrello2018" class="citation journal cs1">Umbrello, Steven (October 17, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.biblio.laurentian.ca/index.php/contexte/article/view/279">"Posthumanism"</a>. Con Texte. 2 (1): 28–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.28984%2Fct.v2i1.279">10.28984/ct.v2i1.279</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2561-4770">2561-4770</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Con+Texte&rft.atitle=Posthumanism&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=28-32&rft.date=2018-10-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.28984%2Fct.v2i1.279&rft.issn=2561-4770&rft.aulast=Umbrello&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.biblio.laurentian.ca%2Findex.php%2Fcontexte%2Farticle%2Fview%2F279&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cultural_Critique_2003-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Cultural_Critique_2003_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadmington2003" class="citation web cs1">Badmington, Neil (Winter 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/cultural_critique/v053/53.1badmington.html">"Theorizing Posthumanism"</a>. Cultural Critique. Retrieved December 10, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cultural+Critique&rft.atitle=Theorizing+Posthumanism&rft.ssn=winter&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Badmington&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Flogin%3Furi%3D%2Fjournals%2Fcultural_critique%2Fv053%2F53.1badmington.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hayles_1999-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hayles_1999_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hayles_1999_72-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayles,_N._Katherine1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/N._Katherine_Hayles" title="N. Katherine Hayles">Hayles, N. Katherine</a> (1999). How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature, and Informatics. University Of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-32146-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-32146-2"><bdi>978-0-226-32146-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/186409073">186409073</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+We+Became+Posthuman%3A+Virtual+Bodies+in+Cybernetics%2C+Literature%2C+and+Informatics&rft.pub=University+Of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F186409073&rft.isbn=978-0-226-32146-2&rft.au=Hayles%2C+N.+Katherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Inniss_1998-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Inniss_1998_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInniss" class="citation web cs1">Inniss, Patrick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071106102151/http://www.secularhumanism.org/library/aah/inniss_8_4.htm">"Transhumanism: The Next Step?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.secularhumanism.org/library/aah/inniss_8_4.htm">the original</a> on November 6, 2007. Retrieved December 10, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transhumanism%3A+The+Next+Step%3F&rft.aulast=Inniss&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.secularhumanism.org%2Flibrary%2Faah%2Finniss_8_4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Winner_2005-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Winner_2005_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinner,_Langdon2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Langdon_Winner" title="Langdon Winner">Winner, Langdon</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zwolIIz9zg0C&pg=PA385">"Resistance is Futile: The Posthuman Condition and Its Advocates"</a>. In Bailie, Harold; Casey, Timothy (eds.). Is Human Nature Obsolete?. Massachusetts Institute of Technology: M.I.T. Press. pp. 385–411. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-52428-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-52428-5"><bdi>978-0-262-52428-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Resistance+is+Futile%3A+The+Posthuman+Condition+and+Its+Advocates&rft.btitle=Is+Human+Nature+Obsolete%3F&rft.place=Massachusetts+Institute+of+Technology&rft.pages=385-411&rft.pub=M.I.T.+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-262-52428-5&rft.au=Winner%2C+Langdon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzwolIIz9zg0C%26pg%3DPA385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManagement_Association,_Information_Resources2015" class="citation book cs1">Management Association, Information Resources (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2S51CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA2192">Public Affairs and Administration: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications</a>. IGI Global. p. 2192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4666-8359-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4666-8359-4"><bdi>978-1-4666-8359-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+Affairs+and+Administration%3A+Concepts%2C+Methodologies%2C+Tools%2C+and+Applications%3A+Concepts%2C+Methodologies%2C+Tools%2C+and+Applications&rft.pages=2192&rft.pub=IGI+Global&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4666-8359-4&rft.au=Management+Association%2C+Information+Resources&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2S51CQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA2192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lemmon198504-76"><a href="#cite_ref-lemmon198504_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemmons,_Phil1985" class="citation news cs1">Lemmons, Phil (April 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1985-04/1985_04_BYTE_10-04_Artificial_Intelligence#page/n125/mode/2up">"Artificial Intelligence"</a>. BYTE. p. 125. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150420115129/https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1985-04/1985_04_BYTE_10-04_Artificial_Intelligence#page/n125/mode/2up">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2015. Retrieved 14 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BYTE&rft.atitle=Artificial+Intelligence&rft.pages=125&rft.date=1985-04&rft.au=Lemmons%2C+Phil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fbyte-magazine-1985-04%2F1985_04_BYTE_10-04_Artificial_Intelligence%23page%2Fn125%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kurzweil_2005-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kurzweil_2005_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kurzweil_2005_77-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kurzweil_2005_77-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurzweil2005" class="citation book cs1">Kurzweil, Raymond (2005). <a href="/wiki/The_Singularity_Is_Near" title="The Singularity Is Near">The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology</a>. Viking Adult. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03384-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03384-3"><bdi>978-0-670-03384-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/224517172">224517172</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Singularity+Is+Near%3A+When+Humans+Transcend+Biology&rft.pub=Viking+Adult&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F224517172&rft.isbn=978-0-670-03384-3&rft.aulast=Kurzweil&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bostrom_2002-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bostrom_2002_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bostrom_2002_78-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBostrom,_Nick2002" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nick_Bostrom" title="Nick Bostrom">Bostrom, Nick</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nickbostrom.com/existential/risks.html">"Existential risks: analyzing human extinction scenarios"</a>. Retrieved February 21, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Existential+risks%3A+analyzing+human+extinction+scenarios&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Bostrom%2C+Nick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nickbostrom.com%2Fexistential%2Frisks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawking" class="citation web cs1">Hawking, Stephen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060421051343/http://www.hawking.org.uk/lectures/life.html">"Life in the Universe"</a>. Public Lectures. University of Cambridge. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hawking.org.uk/lectures/life.html">the original</a> on April 21, 2006. Retrieved May 11, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Public+Lectures&rft.atitle=Life+in+the+Universe&rft.aulast=Hawking&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hawking.org.uk%2Flectures%2Flife.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pellissier,_Hank_2012-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pellissier,_Hank_2012_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pellissier,_Hank_2012_80-1">b</a> Pellissier, Hank. "Do all Transhumanists Want Immortality? No? Why Not?" Futurist 46.6 (2012): 65-. Web. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Human Purpose and Transhuman Potential: A Cosmic Vision of Our Future Evolution, Ted Chu 2014 </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> The thinker's guide to ethical reasoning, Linda Elder and Richard Paul 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> How to Think about Weird Things: Critical Thinking for a New Age Theodore Schick </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Ten Billion Tomorrows: How Science Fiction Technology Became Reality and Shapes the Future, Brian Clegg 2015 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bostrom,_Sandberg_2002-85"><a href="#cite_ref-Bostrom,_Sandberg_2002_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBostrom,_NickSandberg,_Anders2007" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nick_Bostrom" title="Nick Bostrom">Bostrom, Nick</a>; <a href="/wiki/Anders_Sandberg" title="Anders Sandberg">Sandberg, Anders</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nickbostrom.com/evolution.pdf">"The Wisdom of Nature: An Evolutionary Heuristic for Human Enhancement"</a> (PDF). Nick Bostrom. Retrieved September 18, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nick+Bostrom&rft.atitle=The+Wisdom+of+Nature%3A+An+Evolutionary+Heuristic+for+Human+Enhancement&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Bostrom%2C+Nick&rft.au=Sandberg%2C+Anders&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nickbostrom.com%2Fevolution.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hughes_2002-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes_2002_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes_2002_86-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2002" class="citation journal cs1">Hughes, James (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.changesurfer.com/Acad/TranshumPolitics.htm">"The politics of transhumanism"</a>. Retrieved December 14, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+politics+of+transhumanism&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.changesurfer.com%2FAcad%2FTranshumPolitics.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Tennison_2012-87"><a href="#cite_ref-Tennison_2012_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTennison2012" class="citation journal cs1">Tennison, Michael (2012). "Moral transhumanism: the next step". The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy. 37 (4). J Med Philos: 405–416. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjmp%2Fjhs024">10.1093/jmp/jhs024</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22855738">22855738</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Medicine+and+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Moral+transhumanism%3A+the+next+step&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=405-416&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjmp%2Fjhs024&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22855738&rft.aulast=Tennison&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_88-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNameeEdwards2006" class="citation journal cs1">McNamee, M. J.; Edwards, S. D. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2563415">"Transhumanism, medical technology and slippery slopes"</a>. Journal of Medical Ethics. 32 (9): 513–518. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fjme.2005.013789">10.1136/jme.2005.013789</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27719694">27719694</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2563415">2563415</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16943331">16943331</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medical+Ethics&rft.atitle=Transhumanism%2C+medical+technology+and+slippery+slopes&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=513-518&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2563415%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16943331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27719694%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fjme.2005.013789&rft.aulast=McNamee&rft.aufirst=M.+J.&rft.au=Edwards%2C+S.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2563415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nickbostrom.com/ethics/values#:~:text=Transhumanism%20advocates%20the%20well-being,and%20religious%20intolerance%20are%20unacceptable.">"Transhumanist Values"</a>. nickbostrom.com. Retrieved December 21, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nickbostrom.com&rft.atitle=Transhumanist+Values&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnickbostrom.com%2Fethics%2Fvalues%23%3A~%3Atext%3DTranshumanism%2520advocates%2520the%2520well-being%2Cand%2520religious%2520intolerance%2520are%2520unacceptable.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Hedonistic_Imperative-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Hedonistic_Imperative_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Hedonistic_Imperative_90-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hedweb.com/">"The Hedonistic Imperative"</a>. www.hedweb.com. Retrieved December 21, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hedweb.com&rft.atitle=The+Hedonistic+Imperative&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hedweb.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WTA_FAQ_5.2-91"><a href="#cite_ref-WTA_FAQ_5.2_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Transhumanist_Association2002–2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/World_Transhumanist_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="World Transhumanist Association">World Transhumanist Association</a> (2002–2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071016194900/http://www.transhumanism.org/index.php/WTA/faq21/81/">"What currents are there within transhumanism?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.transhumanism.org/index.php/WTA/faq21/81/">the original</a> on October 16, 2007. Retrieved November 3, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=What+currents+are+there+within+transhumanism%3F&rft.date=2002%2F2005&rft.au=World+Transhumanist+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.transhumanism.org%2Findex.php%2FWTA%2Ffaq21%2F81%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Hughes_A2002-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes_A2002_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes_A2002_92-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes,_James2002" class="citation journal cs1">Hughes, James (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.changesurfer.com/Acad/DemocraticTranshumanism.htm">"Democratic Transhumanism 2.0"</a>. Retrieved January 26, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Democratic+Transhumanism+2.0&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Hughes%2C+James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.changesurfer.com%2FAcad%2FDemocraticTranshumanism.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2019" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Newton (2019). The Transhumanism Handbook. Springer Nature.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Transhumanism+Handbook&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Newton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-imminst-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-imminst_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-imminst_94-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imminst.org/">"Immortality Institute"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Immortality+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imminst.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dvorsky_2008-95"><a href="#cite_ref-Dvorsky_2008_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDvorsky2008" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Dvorsky" title="George Dvorsky">Dvorsky, George</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sentientdevelopments.blogspot.com/2008/03/postgenderism-beyond-gender-binary.html">"Postgenderism: Beyond the Gender Binary"</a>. Retrieved April 13, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Postgenderism%3A+Beyond+the+Gender+Binary&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Dvorsky&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsentientdevelopments.blogspot.com%2F2008%2F03%2Fpostgenderism-beyond-gender-binary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGayozzo2018" class="citation book cs1">Gayozzo, Piero (September 20, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327756347">Extrapolitical Theory and Postpoliticism - A Transhumanist Political Theory</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Extrapolitical+Theory+and+Postpoliticism+-+A+Transhumanist+Political+Theory&rft.date=2018-09-20&rft.aulast=Gayozzo&rft.aufirst=Piero&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F327756347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rael_2002-97"><a href="#cite_ref-Rael_2002_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaël2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABl" title="Raël">Raël</a> (2002). Oui au clonage humain: La vie éternelle grâce à la science. Quebecor. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903571-05-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903571-05-7"><bdi>978-1-903571-05-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/226022543">226022543</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oui+au+clonage+humain%3A+La+vie+%C3%A9ternelle+gr%C3%A2ce+%C3%A0+la+science&rft.pub=Quebecor&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F226022543&rft.isbn=978-1-903571-05-7&rft.au=Ra%C3%ABl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hughes_BH_2004-98"><a href="#cite_ref-Hughes_BH_2004_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes,_James2004" class="citation journal cs1">Hughes, James (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070510094442/http://archives.betterhumans.com/Columns/Column/tabid/79/Column/222/Default.aspx">"Technologies of Self-perfection: What would the Buddha do with nanotechnology and psychopharmaceuticals?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.betterhumans.com/Columns/Column/tabid/79/Column/222/Default.aspx">the original</a> on May 10, 2007. Retrieved February 21, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Technologies+of+Self-perfection%3A+What+would+the+Buddha+do+with+nanotechnology+and+psychopharmaceuticals%3F&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Hughes%2C+James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.betterhumans.com%2FColumns%2FColumn%2Ftabid%2F79%2FColumn%2F222%2FDefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141016231222/http://ieet.org/index.php/IEET/cyborgbuddha">"IEET Cyborg Buddha Project"</a>. ieet.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ieet.org/index.php/IEET/cyborgbuddha">the original</a> on October 16, 2014. Retrieved October 14, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ieet.org&rft.atitle=IEET+Cyborg+Buddha+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fieet.org%2Findex.php%2FIEET%2Fcyborgbuddha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evans_2014-100"><a href="#cite_ref-Evans_2014_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2014" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Woody_Evans" title="Woody Evans">Evans, Woody</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jetpress.org/v24/evans.htm">"If You See a Cyborg in the Road, Kill the Buddha: Against Transcendental Transhumanism"</a>. Journal of Evolution and Technology. Retrieved October 14, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Evolution+and+Technology&rft.atitle=If+You+See+a+Cyborg+in+the+Road%2C+Kill+the+Buddha%3A+Against+Transcendental+Transhumanism&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Woody&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjetpress.org%2Fv24%2Fevans.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sandberg_2000-101"><a href="#cite_ref-Sandberg_2000_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandberg,_Anders2000" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anders_Sandberg" title="Anders Sandberg">Sandberg, Anders</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aleph.se/Trans/Global/Uploading/">"Uploading"</a>. Retrieved March 4, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Uploading&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Sandberg%2C+Anders&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aleph.se%2FTrans%2FGlobal%2FUploading%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-tipler1994-102"><a href="#cite_ref-tipler1994_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTipler,_Frank_J.1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_J._Tipler" title="Frank J. Tipler">Tipler, Frank J.</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/physicsofimmorta00fran">The Physics of Immortality</a>. Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-282147-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-282147-8"><bdi>978-0-19-282147-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/16830384">16830384</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Physics+of+Immortality&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F16830384&rft.isbn=978-0-19-282147-8&rft.au=Tipler%2C+Frank+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphysicsofimmorta00fran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinhart2008" class="citation journal cs1">Steinhart, Eric (December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jetpress.org/v20/steinhart.htm?pagewanted=all">"Teilhard de Chardin and Transhumanism"</a>. Journal of Evolution and Technology. 20 (1): 1–22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Evolution+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Teilhard+de+Chardin+and+Transhumanism&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-22&rft.date=2008-12&rft.aulast=Steinhart&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjetpress.org%2Fv20%2Fsteinhart.htm%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurdett2011" class="citation book cs1">Burdett, Michael S. (2011). Transhumanism and Transcendence. <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University_Press" title="Georgetown University Press">Georgetown University Press</a>. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58901-780-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58901-780-1"><bdi>978-1-58901-780-1</bdi></a>. <q>...others have made important contributions as well. For example, <a href="/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson">Freeman Dyson</a> and Frank Tipler in the twentieth century...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transhumanism+and+Transcendence&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-58901-780-1&rft.aulast=Burdett&rft.aufirst=Michael+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pauls_2005-105"><a href="#cite_ref-Pauls_2005_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPauls,_David2005" class="citation journal cs1">Pauls, David (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061010102349/http://www.thecbc.org/redesigned/research_display.php?id=189">"Transhumanism: 2000 Years in the Making"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecbc.org/redesigned/research_display.php?id=189">the original</a> on October 10, 2006. Retrieved December 5, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Transhumanism%3A+2000+Years+in+the+Making&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Pauls%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecbc.org%2Fredesigned%2Fresearch_display.php%3Fid%3D189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Giesen_2004-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Giesen_2004_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Giesen_2004_106-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiesen,_Klaus-Gerd2004" class="citation journal cs1">Giesen, Klaus-Gerd (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170722130848/http://www.omics-ethics.org/observatoire/cadrages/cadr2004/c_no16_04/c_no16_04_01.html">"Transhumanisme et génétique humaine"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omics-ethics.org/observatoire/cadrages/cadr2004/c_no16_04/c_no16_04_01.html">the original</a> on July 22, 2017. Retrieved April 26, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Transhumanisme+et+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique+humaine&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Giesen%2C+Klaus-Gerd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.omics-ethics.org%2Fobservatoire%2Fcadrages%2Fcadr2004%2Fc_no16_04%2Fc_no16_04_01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Davis_1999-107"><a href="#cite_ref-Davis_1999_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis,_Erik1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Erik_Davis" title="Erik Davis">Davis, Erik</a> (1999). TechGnosis: Myth, Magic, and Mysticism in the Age of Information. Three Rivers Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-609-80474-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-609-80474-2"><bdi>978-0-609-80474-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/42925424">42925424</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=TechGnosis%3A+Myth%2C+Magic%2C+and+Mysticism+in+the+Age+of+Information&rft.pub=Three+Rivers+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F42925424&rft.isbn=978-0-609-80474-2&rft.au=Davis%2C+Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell_&_Walker_2005-108"><a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_&_Walker_2005_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell,_HeidiWalker,_Mark_Alan2005" class="citation journal cs1">Campbell, Heidi; <a href="/wiki/Mark_Alan_Walker" title="Mark Alan Walker">Walker, Mark Alan</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jetpress.org/volume14/specialissueintro.html">"Religion and transhumanism: introducing a conversation"</a>. Journal of Evolution and Technology. Retrieved March 21, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Evolution+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Religion+and+transhumanism%3A+introducing+a+conversation&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Campbell%2C+Heidi&rft.au=Walker%2C+Mark+Alan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jetpress.org%2Fvolume14%2Fspecialissueintro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TransVision_2004:_Faith,_Transhumanism_and_Hope_Symposium-109"><a href="#cite_ref-TransVision_2004:_Faith,_Transhumanism_and_Hope_Symposium_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070104110507/http://transhumanism.org/tv/2004/program.shtml#Faith">"TransVision 2004: Faith, Transhumanism and Hope Symposium"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.transhumanism.org/tv/2004/program.shtml#Faith">the original</a> on January 4, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TransVision+2004%3A+Faith%2C+Transhumanism+and+Hope+Symposium&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.transhumanism.org%2Ftv%2F2004%2Fprogram.shtml%23Faith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bainbridge-110"><a href="#cite_ref-Bainbridge_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBainbridge,_William_Sims2005" class="citation journal cs1">Bainbridge, William Sims (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jetpress.org/volume14/bainbridge.html">"The Transhuman Heresy"</a>. Journal of Evolution and Technology. Retrieved January 2, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Evolution+and+Technology&rft.atitle=The+Transhuman+Heresy&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Bainbridge%2C+William+Sims&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjetpress.org%2Fvolume14%2Fbainbridge.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/user/transfigurism">"Mormon Transhumanist Association"</a>. YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Mormon+Transhumanist+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fuser%2Ftransfigurism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christiantranshumanism.org/">"CTA Website"</a>. Christian Transhumanist Association.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CTA+Website&rft.pub=Christian+Transhumanist+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christiantranshumanism.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAR:_Transhumanism_and_Religion_Consultations-113"><a href="#cite_ref-AAR:_Transhumanism_and_Religion_Consultations_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130112192312/https://www.aarweb.org/meetings/Annual_Meeting/Program_Units/PUinformation.asp?PUNum=AARPU187">"AAR: Transhumanism and Religion Consultations"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aarweb.org/meetings/Annual_Meeting/Program_Units/PUinformation.asp?PUNum=AARPU187">the original</a> on January 12, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AAR%3A+Transhumanism+and+Religion+Consultations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aarweb.org%2Fmeetings%2FAnnual_Meeting%2FProgram_Units%2FPUinformation.asp%3FPUNum%3DAARPU187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrisco2014" class="citation web cs1">Prisco, Giulio (September 9, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160507034125/http://turingchurch.com/2014/09/09/religion-as-protection-from-reckless-pursuit-of-superintelligence-and-other-risky-technologies/">"Religion as Protection From Reckless Pursuit of Superintelligence and Other Risky Technologies"</a>. Turing Church. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://turingchurch.com/2014/09/09/religion-as-protection-from-reckless-pursuit-of-superintelligence-and-other-risky-technologies/">the original</a> on May 7, 2016. Retrieved May 8, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religion+as+Protection+From+Reckless+Pursuit+of+Superintelligence+and+Other+Risky+Technologies&rft.pub=Turing+Church&rft.date=2014-09-09&rft.aulast=Prisco&rft.aufirst=Giulio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fturingchurch.com%2F2014%2F09%2F09%2Freligion-as-protection-from-reckless-pursuit-of-superintelligence-and-other-risky-technologies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walker_2002-115"><a href="#cite_ref-Walker_2002_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2002" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Alan_Walker" title="Mark Alan Walker">Walker, Mark Alan</a> (March 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jetpress.org/volume10/prolegomena.html">"Prolegomena to any future philosophy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Evolution_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Evolution and Technology">Journal of Evolution and Technology</a>. 10 (1). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1541-0099">1541-0099</a>. Retrieved March 2, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Evolution+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Prolegomena+to+any+future+philosophy&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2002-03&rft.issn=1541-0099&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Mark+Alan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jetpress.org%2Fvolume10%2Fprolegomena.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-doi10.1001/archneur.60.10.1369|noedit-116"><a href="#cite_ref-doi10.1001/archneur.60.10.1369|noedit_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarwickGassonHuttGoodhew2003" class="citation journal cs1">Warwick, K.; Gasson, M.; Hutt, B.; Goodhew, I.; Kyberd, P.; Andrews, B.; Teddy, P.; Shad, A. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchneur.60.10.1369">"The Application of Implant Technology for Cybernetic Systems"</a>. Archives of Neurology. 60 (10): 1369–73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchneur.60.10.1369">10.1001/archneur.60.10.1369</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14568806">14568806</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Neurology&rft.atitle=The+Application+of+Implant+Technology+for+Cybernetic+Systems&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1369-73&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Farchneur.60.10.1369&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14568806&rft.aulast=Warwick&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Gasson%2C+M.&rft.au=Hutt%2C+B.&rft.au=Goodhew%2C+I.&rft.au=Kyberd%2C+P.&rft.au=Andrews%2C+B.&rft.au=Teddy%2C+P.&rft.au=Shad%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1001%252Farchneur.60.10.1369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kurzweil_1993-117"><a href="#cite_ref-Kurzweil_1993_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurzweil1993" class="citation book cs1">Kurzweil, Raymond (1993). <a href="/wiki/The_10%25_Solution_for_a_Healthy_Life" title="The 10% Solution for a Healthy Life">The 10% Solution for a Healthy Life</a>. Three Rivers Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+10%25+Solution+for+a+Healthy+Life&rft.pub=Three+Rivers+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Kurzweil&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kurzweil_2004-118"><a href="#cite_ref-Kurzweil_2004_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurzweil2004" class="citation book cs1">Kurzweil, Raymond (2004). <a href="/wiki/Fantastic_Voyage:_Live_Long_Enough_to_Live_Forever" title="Fantastic Voyage: Live Long Enough to Live Forever">Fantastic Voyage: Live Long Enough to Live Forever</a>. Viking Adult. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57954-954-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57954-954-1"><bdi>978-1-57954-954-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56011093">56011093</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fantastic+Voyage%3A+Live+Long+Enough+to+Live+Forever&rft.pub=Viking+Adult&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56011093&rft.isbn=978-1-57954-954-1&rft.aulast=Kurzweil&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott2003" class="citation journal cs1">Elliott, Carl (2003). "Humanity 2.0". The Wilson Quarterly. 27 (4): 13–20. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40260800">40260800</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wilson+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Humanity+2.0&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=13-20&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40260800%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Adams, Tim <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/oct/29/transhuman-bodyhacking-transspecies-cyborg">"When man meets metal: rise of the transhumans"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>, 29 October 2017 </li> <li id="cite_note-Naam_2005-121"><a href="#cite_ref-Naam_2005_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaam,_Ramez2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ramez_Naam" title="Ramez Naam">Naam, Ramez</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/morethanhumanemb00naam">More Than Human: Embracing the Promise of Biological Enhancement</a>. Broadway Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7679-1843-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7679-1843-5"><bdi>978-0-7679-1843-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/55878008">55878008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=More+Than+Human%3A+Embracing+the+Promise+of+Biological+Enhancement&rft.pub=Broadway+Books&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F55878008&rft.isbn=978-0-7679-1843-5&rft.au=Naam%2C+Ramez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmorethanhumanemb00naam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sandberg_2001-122"><a href="#cite_ref-Sandberg_2001_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandberg,_Anders2001" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anders_Sandberg" title="Anders Sandberg">Sandberg, Anders</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aleph.se/Nada/Texts/MorphologicalFreedom.htm">"Morphological freedom – why we not just want it, but need it"</a>. Retrieved February 21, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Morphological+freedom+%E2%80%93+why+we+not+just+want+it%2C+but+need+it&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Sandberg%2C+Anders&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aleph.se%2FNada%2FTexts%2FMorphologicalFreedom.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaku2011" class="citation book cs1">Kaku, Michio (2011). Physics of the Future. United States: Doubleday. p. 389.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physics+of+the+Future&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=389&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Kaku&rft.aufirst=Michio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Royal_Society_&_The_Royal_Academy_of_Engineering_2004-124"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Royal_Society_&_The_Royal_Academy_of_Engineering_2004_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Royal_Society_&_The_Royal_Academy_of_Engineering2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="The Royal Society">The Royal Society</a> & The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Engineering" title="Royal Academy of Engineering">Royal Academy of Engineering</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120909192902/http://www.nanotec.org.uk/report/chapter6.pdf">"Nanoscience and nanotechnologies (Ch. 6)"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nanotec.org.uk/report/chapter6.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on September 9, 2012. Retrieved December 5, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nanoscience+and+nanotechnologies+%28Ch.+6%29&rft.date=2004&rft.au=The+Royal+Society+%26+The+Royal+Academy+of+Engineering&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nanotec.org.uk%2Freport%2Fchapter6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Moreno_2006-125"><a href="#cite_ref-Moreno_2006_125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoreno2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_D._Moreno" title="Jonathan D. Moreno">Moreno, Jonathan D.</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mindwarsbrainres00jona">Mind Wars: Brain Research and National Defense</a>. Dana Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932594-16-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932594-16-4"><bdi>978-1-932594-16-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mind+Wars%3A+Brain+Research+and+National+Defense&rft.pub=Dana+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-932594-16-4&rft.aulast=Moreno&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmindwarsbrainres00jona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Managing_Nano-Bio-Info-Cogno_Innovations:_Converging_Technologies_in_Society-126"><a href="#cite_ref-Managing_Nano-Bio-Info-Cogno_Innovations:_Converging_Technologies_in_Society_126-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldblatt2002" class="citation book cs1">Goldblatt, Michael (2002). "DARPA's programs in enhancing human performance". In Roco, Mihail C.; Bainbridge, William Sims (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/managingnanobioi00bain_947">Managing Nano-Bio-Info-Cogno Innovations: Converging Technologies in Society</a> (1 ed.). Arlington, VA: Springer. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/managingnanobioi00bain_947/page/n331">339</a>–340. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-4106-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-4106-8"><bdi>978-1-4020-4106-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=DARPA%27s+programs+in+enhancing+human+performance&rft.btitle=Managing+Nano-Bio-Info-Cogno+Innovations%3A+Converging+Technologies+in+Society&rft.place=Arlington%2C+VA&rft.pages=339-340&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-4106-8&rft.aulast=Goldblatt&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanagingnanobioi00bain_947&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988">; cited in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIntosh2008" class="citation journal cs1">McIntosh, Daniel (December 2008). "Human, Transhuman, Posthuman: Implications of Evolution-by-design for Human Security". Journal of Human Security. 4 (3): 4–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3316%2FJHS0403004">10.3316/JHS0403004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1835-3800">1835-3800</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Human+Security&rft.atitle=Human%2C+Transhuman%2C+Posthuman%3A+Implications+of+Evolution-by-design+for+Human+Security&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=4-20&rft.date=2008-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3316%2FJHS0403004&rft.issn=1835-3800&rft.aulast=McIntosh&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sandberg_2009-127"><a href="#cite_ref-Sandberg_2009_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandbergBoström2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anders_Sandberg" title="Anders Sandberg">Sandberg, Anders</a>; <a href="/wiki/Nick_Bostrom" title="Nick Bostrom">Boström, Nick</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fhi.ox.ac.uk/Reports/2008-3.pdf">Whole Brain Emulation: A Roadmap</a> (PDF). Technical Report #2008-3. Future of Humanity Institute, Oxford University. Retrieved April 5, 2009. <q>The basic idea is to take a particular brain, scan its structure in detail, and construct a software model of it that is so faithful to the original that, when run on appropriate hardware, it will behave in essentially the same way as the original brain.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Whole+Brain+Emulation%3A+A+Roadmap&rft.series=Technical+Report+%232008-3&rft.pub=Future+of+Humanity+Institute%2C+Oxford+University&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Sandberg&rft.aufirst=Anders&rft.au=Bostr%C3%B6m%2C+Nick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fhi.ox.ac.uk%2FReports%2F2008-3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFanMarkram2019" class="citation journal cs1">Fan, Xue; Markram, Henry (May 7, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6513977">"A Brief History of Simulation Neuroscience"</a>. Frontiers in Neuroinformatics. 13: 32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffninf.2019.00032">10.3389/fninf.2019.00032</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1662-5196">1662-5196</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6513977">6513977</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31133838">31133838</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Neuroinformatics&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+Simulation+Neuroscience&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=32&rft.date=2019-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6513977%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1662-5196&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31133838&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffninf.2019.00032&rft.aulast=Fan&rft.aufirst=Xue&rft.au=Markram%2C+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6513977&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garreau_2006-129"><a href="#cite_ref-Garreau_2006_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarreau2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joel_Garreau" title="Joel Garreau">Garreau, Joel</a> (2006). Radical Evolution: The Promise and Peril of Enhancing Our Minds, Our Bodies – and What It Means to Be Human. Broadway. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7679-1503-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7679-1503-8"><bdi>978-0-7679-1503-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/68624303">68624303</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radical+Evolution%3A+The+Promise+and+Peril+of+Enhancing+Our+Minds%2C+Our+Bodies+%E2%80%93+and+What+It+Means+to+Be+Human&rft.pub=Broadway&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F68624303&rft.isbn=978-0-7679-1503-8&rft.aulast=Garreau&rft.aufirst=Joel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenewatlantis.com/publications/ageless-bodies-happy-souls">"Ageless Bodies, Happy Souls"</a>. The New Atlantis. Retrieved October 25, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Atlantis&rft.atitle=Ageless+Bodies%2C+Happy+Souls&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenewatlantis.com%2Fpublications%2Fageless-bodies-happy-souls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrennan2023" class="citation journal cs1">Brennan, Cian (June 1, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11017-023-09606-6">"Weak transhumanism: moderate enhancement as a non-radical path to radical enhancement"</a>. Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics. 44 (3): 229–248. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11017-023-09606-6">10.1007/s11017-023-09606-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-1200">1573-1200</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10172256">10172256</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36780070">36780070</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theoretical+Medicine+and+Bioethics&rft.atitle=Weak+transhumanism%3A+moderate+enhancement+as+a+non-radical+path+to+radical+enhancement&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=229-248&rft.date=2023-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10172256%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1573-1200&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36780070&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11017-023-09606-6&rft.aulast=Brennan&rft.aufirst=Cian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs11017-023-09606-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFukuyama2003" class="citation book cs1">Fukuyama, Francis (May 1, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UVRim2WvW50C&q=Various+arguments+have+been+made+to+the+effect+that+a+society+that+adopts+human+enhancement+technologies+may+come+to+resemble+the+dystopia+depicted+in+the+1932+novel+Brave+New+World,+by+Aldous+Huxley&pg=PR7">Our Posthuman Future: Consequences of the Biotechnology Revolution</a>. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-70618-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-70618-0"><bdi>978-0-374-70618-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Posthuman+Future%3A+Consequences+of+the+Biotechnology+Revolution&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2003-05-01&rft.isbn=978-0-374-70618-0&rft.aulast=Fukuyama&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUVRim2WvW50C%26q%3DVarious%2Barguments%2Bhave%2Bbeen%2Bmade%2Bto%2Bthe%2Beffect%2Bthat%2Ba%2Bsociety%2Bthat%2Badopts%2Bhuman%2Benhancement%2Btechnologies%2Bmay%2Bcome%2Bto%2Bresemble%2Bthe%2Bdystopia%2Bdepicted%2Bin%2Bthe%2B1932%2Bnovel%2BBrave%2BNew%2BWorld%2C%2Bby%2BAldous%2BHuxley%26pg%3DPR7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasas2017" class="citation book cs1">Casas, Miquel (2017). El fin del Homo sapiens: La naturaleza y el transhumanismo. Madrid: 2017. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-16996-35-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-16996-35-3"><bdi>978-84-16996-35-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+fin+del+Homo+sapiens%3A+La+naturaleza+y+el+transhumanismo&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=2017&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-84-16996-35-3&rft.aulast=Casas&rft.aufirst=Miquel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dublin_1992-134"><a href="#cite_ref-Dublin_1992_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDublin1992" class="citation book cs1">Dublin, Max (1992). Futurehype: The Tyranny of Prophecy. Plume. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-452-26800-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-452-26800-5"><bdi>978-0-452-26800-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/236056666">236056666</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Futurehype%3A+The+Tyranny+of+Prophecy&rft.pub=Plume&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F236056666&rft.isbn=978-0-452-26800-5&rft.aulast=Dublin&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stock_2002-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stock_2002_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stock_2002_135-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stock_2002_135-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStock,_Gregory2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Stock" title="Gregory Stock">Stock, Gregory</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/redesigninghuman00stoc">Redesigning Humans: Choosing our Genes, Changing our Future</a>. Mariner Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-34083-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-34083-5"><bdi>978-0-618-34083-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51756081">51756081</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Redesigning+Humans%3A+Choosing+our+Genes%2C+Changing+our+Future&rft.pub=Mariner+Books&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51756081&rft.isbn=978-0-618-34083-5&rft.au=Stock%2C+Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fredesigninghuman00stoc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Midgley_1992-136"><a href="#cite_ref-Midgley_1992_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMidgley,_Mary1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Midgley" title="Mary Midgley">Midgley, Mary</a> (1992). Science as Salvation. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-06271-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-06271-8"><bdi>978-0-415-06271-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/181929611">181929611</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+as+Salvation&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F181929611&rft.isbn=978-0-415-06271-8&rft.au=Midgley%2C+Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rifkin_1983-137"><a href="#cite_ref-Rifkin_1983_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRifkin,_Jeremy1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Rifkin" title="Jeremy Rifkin">Rifkin, Jeremy</a> (1983). Algeny: A New Word--A New World. Viking Adult. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-10885-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-10885-5"><bdi>978-0-670-10885-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Algeny%3A+A+New+Word--A+New+World&rft.pub=Viking+Adult&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-670-10885-5&rft.au=Rifkin%2C+Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newman_2003-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Newman_2003_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newman_2003_138-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman,_Stuart_A.2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Newman" title="Stuart Newman">Newman, Stuart A.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081216215328/http://genetics.live.radicaldesigns.org/downloads/200303_jchlp_newman.pdf">"Averting the clone age: prospects and perils of human developmental manipulation"</a> (PDF). Journal of Contemporary Health Law & Policy. 19 (2): 431–63. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14748253">14748253</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://genetics.live.radicaldesigns.org/downloads/200303_jchlp_newman.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on December 16, 2008. Retrieved September 17, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+Health+Law+%26+Policy&rft.atitle=Averting+the+clone+age%3A+prospects+and+perils+of+human+developmental+manipulation&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=431-63&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14748253&rft.au=Newman%2C+Stuart+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgenetics.live.radicaldesigns.org%2Fdownloads%2F200303_jchlp_newman.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smolensky_2006-139"><a href="#cite_ref-Smolensky_2006_139-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmolensky,_Kirsten_Rabe2006" class="citation journal cs1">Smolensky, Kirsten Rabe (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ieet.org/index.php/IEET/HETHR_bios/smolensky/">"Parental liability for germline genetic enhancement: to be or not to be? (Public address, Stanford University)"</a>. Retrieved June 18, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Parental+liability+for+germline+genetic+enhancement%3A+to+be+or+not+to+be%3F+%28Public+address%2C+Stanford+University%29&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Smolensky%2C+Kirsten+Rabe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fieet.org%2Findex.php%2FIEET%2FHETHR_bios%2Fsmolensky%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-International_Theological_Commission_2002-140"><a href="#cite_ref-International_Theological_Commission_2002_140-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Theological_Commission2002" class="citation journal cs1">International Theological Commission (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/cti_documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20040723_communion-stewardship_en.html">"Communion and stewardship: human persons created in the image of God"</a>. Retrieved April 1, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Communion+and+stewardship%3A+human+persons+created+in+the+image+of+God&rft.date=2002&rft.au=International+Theological+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Froman_curia%2Fcongregations%2Fcfaith%2Fcti_documents%2Frc_con_cfaith_doc_20040723_communion-stewardship_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Mitchell_&_Kilner_2002-141"><a href="#cite_ref-Mitchell_&_Kilner_2002_141-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell,_Ben_C.Kilner,_John_F.2003" class="citation journal cs1">Mitchell, Ben C. & Kilner, John F. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928131439/http://www.cbhd.org/resources/biotech/mitchell_kilner_2003-08-29.htm">"Remaking Humans: The New Utopians Versus a Truly Human Future"</a>. Dignity. 9 (3): 1, 5. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbhd.org/resources/biotech/mitchell_kilner_2003-08-29.htm">the original</a> on September 28, 2007. Retrieved December 5, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dignity&rft.atitle=Remaking+Humans%3A+The+New+Utopians+Versus+a+Truly+Human+Future&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1%2C+5&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+Ben+C.&rft.au=Kilner%2C+John+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbhd.org%2Fresources%2Fbiotech%2Fmitchell_kilner_2003-08-29.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barratt_2006-142"><a href="#cite_ref-Barratt_2006_142-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarratt,_Helen2006" class="citation journal cs1">Barratt, Helen (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120402084702/http://www.cmf.org.uk/publications/content.asp?context=article&id=1717">"Transhumanism"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmf.org.uk/publications/content.asp?context=article&id=1717">the original</a> on April 2, 2012. Retrieved December 5, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Transhumanism&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Barratt%2C+Helen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cmf.org.uk%2Fpublications%2Fcontent.asp%3Fcontext%3Darticle%26id%3D1717&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Cole-Turner_1993-143"><a href="#cite_ref-Cole-Turner_1993_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole-Turner,_Ronald1993" class="citation book cs1">Cole-Turner, Ronald (1993). The New Genesis: Theology and the Genetic Revolution. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25406-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25406-3"><bdi>978-0-664-25406-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/26402489">26402489</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Genesis%3A+Theology+and+the+Genetic+Revolution&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F26402489&rft.isbn=978-0-664-25406-3&rft.au=Cole-Turner%2C+Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peters_1997-144"><a href="#cite_ref-Peters_1997_144-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters,_Ted1997" class="citation book cs1">Peters, Ted (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/playinggodgeneti0000pete">Playing God?: Genetic Determinism and Human Freedom</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-91522-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-91522-9"><bdi>978-0-415-91522-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/35192269">35192269</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Playing+God%3F%3A+Genetic+Determinism+and+Human+Freedom&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F35192269&rft.isbn=978-0-415-91522-9&rft.au=Peters%2C+Ted&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fplayinggodgeneti0000pete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bordo_1993-145"><a href="#cite_ref-Bordo_1993_145-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBordo,_Susan1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Bordo" title="Susan Bordo">Bordo, Susan</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unbearableweight00bord">Unbearable Weight: Feminism, Western Culture and the Body</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08883-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08883-2"><bdi>978-0-520-08883-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/27069938">27069938</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unbearable+Weight%3A+Feminism%2C+Western+Culture+and+the+Body&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F27069938&rft.isbn=978-0-520-08883-2&rft.au=Bordo%2C+Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funbearableweight00bord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alexander_2000-146"><a href="#cite_ref-Alexander_2000_146-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander,_Brian2000" class="citation magazine cs1">Alexander, Brian (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/8.01/forever.html">"Don't die, stay pretty: introducing the ultrahuman makeover"</a>. Wired. Retrieved January 8, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Don%27t+die%2C+stay+pretty%3A+introducing+the+ultrahuman+makeover&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Alexander%2C+Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fwired%2Farchive%2F8.01%2Fforever.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McKibben_2003-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McKibben_2003_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKibben_2003_147-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKibben,_Bill2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bill_McKibben" title="Bill McKibben">McKibben, Bill</a> (2003). Enough: Staying Human in an Engineered Age. Times Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-7096-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-7096-5"><bdi>978-0-8050-7096-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/237794777">237794777</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enough%3A+Staying+Human+in+an+Engineered+Age&rft.pub=Times+Books&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F237794777&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-7096-5&rft.au=McKibben%2C+Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Otchet_1998-148"><a href="#cite_ref-Otchet_1998_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtchet,_Amy1998" class="citation journal cs1">Otchet, Amy (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050910013827/http://www.unesco.org/courier/1998_09/uk/dires/txt1.htm">"Jeremy Rifkin: fears of a brave new world"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/courier/1998_09/uk/dires/txt1.htm">the original</a> on September 10, 2005. Retrieved February 20, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jeremy+Rifkin%3A+fears+of+a+brave+new+world&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Otchet%2C+Amy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fcourier%2F1998_09%2Fuk%2Fdires%2Ftxt1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Lee_1999-149"><a href="#cite_ref-Lee_1999_149-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee,_Keekok1999" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Keekok (1999). The Natural and the Artefactual. Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0061-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0061-5"><bdi>978-0-7391-0061-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/231842178">231842178</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Natural+and+the+Artefactual&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F231842178&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-0061-5&rft.au=Lee%2C+Keekok&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Darnovsky_Crossroads-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Darnovsky_Crossroads_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Darnovsky_Crossroads_150-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarnovsky,_Marcy2001" class="citation journal cs1">Darnovsky, Marcy (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geneticsandsociety.org/article.php?id=2809">"Health and human rights leaders call for an international ban on species-altering procedures"</a>. Retrieved February 21, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Health+and+human+rights+leaders+call+for+an+international+ban+on+species-altering+procedures&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Darnovsky%2C+Marcy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geneticsandsociety.org%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D2809&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Bailey_2003-151"><a href="#cite_ref-Bailey_2003_151-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey,_Ronald2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Bailey" title="Ronald Bailey">Bailey, Ronald</a> (October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reason.com/archives/2003/10/01/enough-already">"Enough Already"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reason_(magazine)" title="Reason (magazine)">Reason</a>. Retrieved May 31, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reason&rft.atitle=Enough+Already&rft.date=2003-10&rft.au=Bailey%2C+Ronald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freason.com%2Farchives%2F2003%2F10%2F01%2Fenough-already&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bailey_2001-152"><a href="#cite_ref-Bailey_2001_152-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey2001" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Bailey" title="Ronald Bailey">Bailey, Ronald</a> (December 12, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reason.com/archives/2001/12/12/right-wing-biological-dread">"Right-Wing Biological Dread: The Subhumans are coming! The Subhumans are coming!"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reason_(magazine)" title="Reason (magazine)">Reason</a>. Retrieved January 18, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reason&rft.atitle=Right-Wing+Biological+Dread%3A+The+Subhumans+are+coming%21+The+Subhumans+are+coming%21&rft.date=2001-12-12&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freason.com%2Farchives%2F2001%2F12%2F12%2Fright-wing-biological-dread&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evans_2015-153"><a href="#cite_ref-Evans_2015_153-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2015" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Woody_Evans" title="Woody Evans">Evans, Woody</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/TEKN/article/view/49072/46310">"Posthuman Rights: Dimensions of Transhuman Worlds"</a>. Teknokultura. 12 (2). Universidad Complutense, Madrid: 373–384. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5209%2Frev_TK.2015.v12.n2.49072">10.5209/rev_TK.2015.v12.n2.49072</a>. Retrieved December 5, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Teknokultura&rft.atitle=Posthuman+Rights%3A+Dimensions+of+Transhuman+Worlds&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=373-384&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5209%2Frev_TK.2015.v12.n2.49072&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Woody&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frevistas.ucm.es%2Findex.php%2FTEKN%2Farticle%2Fview%2F49072%2F46310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glenn_2003-154"><a href="#cite_ref-Glenn_2003_154-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlenn,_Linda_MacDonald2003" class="citation journal cs1">Glenn, Linda MacDonald (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ieet.org/index.php/IEET/articles/glennjet2003/">"Biotechnology at the margins of personhood: an evolving legal paradigm"</a>. Retrieved March 3, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Biotechnology+at+the+margins+of+personhood%3A+an+evolving+legal+paradigm&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Glenn%2C+Linda+MacDonald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fieet.org%2Findex.php%2FIEET%2Farticles%2Fglennjet2003%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamp2022" class="citation book cs1">Hamp, Douglas (2022). Corrupting the Image 3: Singularity, Superhumans, and the Second Coming of Jesus. USA: Eskaton Media Group. pp. 129–130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63821-417-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-63821-417-5"><bdi>978-1-63821-417-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corrupting+the+Image+3%3A+Singularity%2C+Superhumans%2C+and+the+Second+Coming+of+Jesus&rft.place=USA&rft.pages=129-130&rft.pub=Eskaton+Media+Group&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-63821-417-5&rft.aulast=Hamp&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Silver_1998-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Silver_1998_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Silver_1998_156-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilver,_Lee_M.1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lee_M._Silver" title="Lee M. Silver">Silver, Lee M.</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/remakingeden00leem">Remaking Eden: Cloning and Beyond in a Brave New World</a>. Harper Perennial. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-380-79243-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-380-79243-6"><bdi>978-0-380-79243-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/40094564">40094564</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remaking+Eden%3A+Cloning+and+Beyond+in+a+Brave+New+World&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F40094564&rft.isbn=978-0-380-79243-6&rft.au=Silver%2C+Lee+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fremakingeden00leem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kass_2001-157"><a href="#cite_ref-Kass_2001_157-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKass,_Leon2001" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Kass" title="Leon Kass">Kass, Leon</a> (May 21, 2001). "Preventing a Brave New World: why we must ban human cloning now". The New Republic.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Republic&rft.atitle=Preventing+a+Brave+New+World%3A+why+we+must+ban+human+cloning+now&rft.date=2001-05-21&rft.au=Kass%2C+Leon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Habermas_2004-158"><a href="#cite_ref-Habermas_2004_158-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHabermas,_Jürgen2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas, Jürgen</a> (2004). The Future of Human Nature. Polity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-2987-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-2987-2"><bdi>978-0-7456-2987-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/49395577">49395577</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+Human+Nature&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F49395577&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-2987-2&rft.au=Habermas%2C+J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Platt_1995-159"><a href="#cite_ref-Platt_1995_159-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlatt,_Charles1995" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Platt_(science-fiction_author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Platt (science-fiction author)">Platt, Charles</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/3.10/moravec.html">"Superhumanism"</a>. Wired. Retrieved December 5, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Superhumanism&rft.date=1995&rft.au=Platt%2C+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fwired%2Farchive%2F3.10%2Fmoravec.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bailey_2004-160"><a href="#cite_ref-Bailey_2004_160-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Bailey" title="Ronald Bailey">Bailey, Ronald</a> (August 25, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reason.com/archives/2004/08/25/transhumanism-the-most-dangero">"Transhumanism: the most dangerous idea?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reason_(magazine)" title="Reason (magazine)">Reason</a>. Retrieved February 20, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reason&rft.atitle=Transhumanism%3A+the+most+dangerous+idea%3F&rft.date=2004-08-25&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freason.com%2Farchives%2F2004%2F08%2F25%2Ftranshumanism-the-most-dangero&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blackford_2003-161"><a href="#cite_ref-Blackford_2003_161-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackford,_Russell2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Russell_Blackford" title="Russell Blackford">Blackford, Russell</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060823035344/http://www.users.bigpond.com/russellblackford/brave_new_world.htm">"Who's afraid of the Brave New World?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.users.bigpond.com/russellblackford/brave_new_world.htm">the original</a> on August 23, 2006. Retrieved February 8, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Who%27s+afraid+of+the+Brave+New+World%3F&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Blackford%2C+Russell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.users.bigpond.com%2Frussellblackford%2Fbrave_new_world.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-162">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_162-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_162-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrams2004" class="citation journal cs1">Abrams, Jerold J. (2004). "Pragmatism, Artificial Intelligence, and Posthuman Bioethics: Shusterman, Rorty, Foucault". Human Studies. 27 (3): 241–258. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FB%3AHUMA.0000042130.79208.c6">10.1023/B:HUMA.0000042130.79208.c6</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20010374">20010374</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144876752">144876752</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Studies&rft.atitle=Pragmatism%2C+Artificial+Intelligence%2C+and+Posthuman+Bioethics%3A+Shusterman%2C+Rorty%2C+Foucault&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=241-258&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144876752%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20010374%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FB%3AHUMA.0000042130.79208.c6&rft.aulast=Abrams&rft.aufirst=Jerold+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeindling2024" class="citation journal cs1">Weindling, Paul (June 18, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4366572">"Julian Huxley and the Continuity of Eugenics in Twentieth-century Britain"</a>. Journal of Modern European History. 10 (4): 480–499. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17104%2F1611-8944_2012_4">10.17104/1611-8944_2012_4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4366572">4366572</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25798079">25798079</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Modern+European+History&rft.atitle=Julian+Huxley+and+the+Continuity+of+Eugenics+in+Twentieth-century+Britain&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=480-499&rft.date=2024-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4366572%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25798079&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17104%2F1611-8944_2012_4&rft.aulast=Weindling&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4366572&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bashford545-164"><a href="#cite_ref-Bashford545_164-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBashford,_A.Levine,_P.2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bashford,_A.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bashford, A. (page does not exist)">Bashford, A.</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Levine,_P.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Levine, P. (page does not exist)">Levine, P.</a> (2010). The Oxford Handbook of The History of Eugenics. Oxford University Press. p. 545. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537314-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537314-1"><bdi>978-0-19-537314-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+The+History+of+Eugenics&rft.pages=545&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-537314-1&rft.au=Bashford%2C+A.&rft.au=Levine%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WTA_FAQ_3.2-165"><a href="#cite_ref-WTA_FAQ_3.2_165-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Transhumanist_Association2002–2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/World_Transhumanist_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="World Transhumanist Association">World Transhumanist Association</a> (2002–2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060909005028/http://www.transhumanism.org/index.php/WTA/faq21/66/">"Do transhumanists advocate eugenics?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.transhumanism.org/index.php/WTA/faq21/66/">the original</a> on September 9, 2006. Retrieved April 3, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Do+transhumanists+advocate+eugenics%3F&rft.date=2002%2F2005&rft.au=World+Transhumanist+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.transhumanism.org%2Findex.php%2FWTA%2Ffaq21%2F66%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Buchanan_2000-166"><a href="#cite_ref-Buchanan_2000_166-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchanan,_AllenBrock,_Dan_W.Daniels,_NormanWikler,_Daniel2000" class="citation book cs1">Buchanan, Allen; Brock, Dan W.; Daniels, Norman; Wikler, Daniel (2000). From Chance to Choice: Genetics and Justice. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66977-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66977-1"><bdi>978-0-521-66977-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41211380">41211380</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Chance+to+Choice%3A+Genetics+and+Justice&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41211380&rft.isbn=978-0-521-66977-1&rft.au=Buchanan%2C+Allen&rft.au=Brock%2C+Dan+W.&rft.au=Daniels%2C+Norman&rft.au=Wikler%2C+Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevine2021" class="citation book cs1">Levine, Susan B. (2021). "Creating a Higher Breed: Transhumanism and the Prophecy of Anglo-American Eugenics". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/31995/chapter-abstract/267764064?redirectedFrom=fulltext">Posthuman Bliss? The Failed Promise of Transhumanism</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190051495" title="Special:BookSources/9780190051495"><bdi>9780190051495</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Creating+a+Higher+Breed%3A+Transhumanism+and+the+Prophecy+of+Anglo-American+Eugenics&rft.btitle=Posthuman+Bliss%3F+The+Failed+Promise+of+Transhumanism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9780190051495&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Susan+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbook%2F31995%2Fchapter-abstract%2F267764064%3FredirectedFrom%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Annas_2002-168"><a href="#cite_ref-Annas_2002_168-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnnas,_GeorgeAndrews,_LoriIsasi,_Rosario2002" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Annas" title="George Annas">Annas, George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Lori_Andrews" title="Lori Andrews">Andrews, Lori</a>; <a href="/wiki/Rosario_Isasi" title="Rosario Isasi">Isasi, Rosario</a> (2002). "Protecting the endangered human: toward an international treaty prohibiting cloning and inheritable alterations". 28: 151.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Protecting+the+endangered+human%3A+toward+an+international+treaty+prohibiting+cloning+and+inheritable+alterations&rft.volume=28&rft.pages=151&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Annas%2C+George&rft.au=Andrews%2C+Lori&rft.au=Isasi%2C+Rosario&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Rees_2003-169"><a href="#cite_ref-Rees_2003_169-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRees2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Rees" title="Martin Rees">Rees, Martin</a> (2003). <a href="/wiki/Our_Final_Hour" title="Our Final Hour">Our Final Hour: A Scientist's Warning: How Terror, Error, and Environmental Disaster Threaten Humankind's Future In This Century—On Earth and Beyond</a>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003ofhs.book.....R">2003ofhs.book.....R</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-06862-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-06862-3"><bdi>978-0-465-06862-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51315429">51315429</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Final+Hour%3A+A+Scientist%27s+Warning%3A+How+Terror%2C+Error%2C+and+Environmental+Disaster+Threaten+Humankind%27s+Future+In+This+Century%E2%80%94On+Earth+and+Beyond&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51315429&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003ofhs.book.....R&rft.isbn=978-0-465-06862-3&rft.aulast=Rees&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arnall_2003-170"><a href="#cite_ref-Arnall_2003_170-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnall2003" class="citation journal cs1">Arnall, Alexander Huw (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060414081108/http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/MultimediaFiles/Live/FullReport/5886.pdf">"Future technologies, today's choices: nanotechnology, artificial intelligence and robotics"</a> (PDF). Greenpeace U.K. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/MultimediaFiles/Live/FullReport/5886.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on April 14, 2006. Retrieved April 29, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Future+technologies%2C+today%27s+choices%3A+nanotechnology%2C+artificial+intelligence+and+robotics&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Arnall&rft.aufirst=Alexander+Huw&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greenpeace.org.uk%2FMultimediaFiles%2FLive%2FFullReport%2F5886.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-bostrom-evolution-171"><a href="#cite_ref-bostrom-evolution_171-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBostrom2009" class="citation journal cs1">Bostrom, Nick (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nickbostrom.com/fut/evolution.html">"The Future of Human Evolution"</a>. Bedeutung. 284 (3): 8. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001SciAm.284c...8R">2001SciAm.284c...8R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0301-8">10.1038/scientificamerican0301-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bedeutung&rft.atitle=The+Future+of+Human+Evolution&rft.volume=284&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0301-8&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001SciAm.284c...8R&rft.aulast=Bostrom&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nickbostrom.com%2Ffut%2Fevolution.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZandbergen2021" class="citation journal cs1">Zandbergen, Robbert (December 9, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jeet.ieet.org/index.php/home/article/view/76">"Morality's Collapse: Antinatalism, Transhumanism and the Future of Humankind"</a>. Journal of Ethics and Emerging Technologies. 31 (1): 1–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.55613%2Fjeet.v31i1.76">10.55613/jeet.v31i1.76</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:248689623">248689623</a>. Retrieved April 5, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ethics+and+Emerging+Technologies&rft.atitle=Morality%27s+Collapse%3A+Antinatalism%2C+Transhumanism+and+the+Future+of+Humankind&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-16&rft.date=2021-12-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.55613%2Fjeet.v31i1.76&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A248689623%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Zandbergen&rft.aufirst=Robbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjeet.ieet.org%2Findex.php%2Fhome%2Farticle%2Fview%2F76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dodds_2023-173"><a href="#cite_ref-Dodds_2023_173-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodds2023" class="citation news cs1">Dodds, Io (April 19, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/family/life/pronatalists-save-mankind-by-having-babies-silicon-valley">"Meet the 'elite' couples breeding to save mankind"</a>. The Telegraph.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Meet+the+%27elite%27+couples+breeding+to+save+mankind&rft.date=2023-04-19&rft.aulast=Dodds&rft.aufirst=Io&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffamily%2Flife%2Fpronatalists-save-mankind-by-having-babies-silicon-valley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weiss_2023-174"><a href="#cite_ref-Weiss_2023_174-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiss2023" class="citation news cs1">Weiss, Suzy (May 24, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefp.com/p/tech-gods-immortality-live-forever">"The Tech Messiahs Who Want to Deliver Us from Death"</a>. The Free Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Free+Press&rft.atitle=The+Tech+Messiahs+Who+Want+to+Deliver+Us+from+Death&rft.date=2023-05-24&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Suzy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefp.com%2Fp%2Ftech-gods-immortality-live-forever&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_175-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_175-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_175-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinden2022" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Linden, Markus (September 11, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zeit.de/kultur/2022-09/transhumanismus-natur-wladimir-putin-querdenker-technologie">"Ideologischer Kitt für die Querfront"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Die_Zeit" title="Die Zeit">Die Zeit</a> (in German). Retrieved April 25, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Zeit&rft.atitle=Ideologischer+Kitt+f%C3%BCr+die+Querfront&rft.date=2022-09-11&rft.aulast=Linden&rft.aufirst=Markus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeit.de%2Fkultur%2F2022-09%2Ftranshumanismus-natur-wladimir-putin-querdenker-technologie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transhumanism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Adorno, F. P. (2021). The Transhumanist Movement. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-82423-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-82423-5">978-3-030-82423-5</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole-Turner2011" class="citation book cs1">Cole-Turner, Ronald, ed. (2011). Transhumanism and transcendence: Christian hope in an age of technological enhancement. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58901-780-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58901-780-1"><bdi>978-1-58901-780-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transhumanism+and+transcendence%3A+Christian+hope+in+an+age+of+technological+enhancement&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-58901-780-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrodeman,_R.2019" class="citation book cs1">Frodeman, R. (2019). Transhumanism, Nature, and the Ends of Science. <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-367-18939-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-367-18939-6"><bdi>978-0-367-18939-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transhumanism%2C+Nature%2C+and+the+Ends+of+Science&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-367-18939-6&rft.au=Frodeman%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansellGrassie2011" class="citation book cs1">Hansell, Gregory R; Grassie, William, eds. (2011). H+/-: Transhumanism and Its Critics. Philadelphia: Metanexus Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-45681-567-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-45681-567-7"><bdi>978-1-45681-567-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=H%2B%2F-%3A+Transhumanism+and+Its+Critics&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Metanexus+Institute&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-45681-567-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Kr%C3%BCger" title="Oliver Krüger">Oliver Krüger</a>: Virtual Immortality: God, Evolution, and the Singularity in Post- and Transhumanism. Bielefeld: transcript 2021. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8376-5059-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8376-5059-4">978-3-8376-5059-4</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaherMercer2009" class="citation book cs1">Maher, Derek F.; Mercer, Calvin, eds. (2009). Religion and the implications of radical life extension (1st ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-10072-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-10072-5"><bdi>978-0-230-10072-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+the+implications+of+radical+life+extension&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-230-10072-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMercerTrothen2014" class="citation book cs1">Mercer, Calvin; Trothen, Tracy, eds. (2014). Religion and transhumanism: the unknown future of human enhancement. Westport, CT: Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3325-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3325-0"><bdi>978-1-4408-3325-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+transhumanism%3A+the+unknown+future+of+human+enhancement.&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-3325-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMercerMaher2014" class="citation book cs1">Mercer, Calvin; Maher, Derek, eds. (2014). Transhumanism and the Body: The World Religions Speak. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-36583-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-36583-5"><bdi>978-1-137-36583-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transhumanism+and+the+Body%3A+The+World+Religions+Speak&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-137-36583-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoreVita-More2013" class="citation book cs1">More, Max; Vita-More, Natasha, eds. (2013). The transhumanist reader: classical and contemporary essays on the science, technology, and philosophy of the human future (1.publ. ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-33429-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-33429-4"><bdi>978-1-118-33429-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+transhumanist+reader%3A+classical+and+contemporary+essays+on+the+science%2C+technology%2C+and+philosophy+of+the+human+future&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+N.J.&rft.edition=1.publ.&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-118-33429-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPilsch,_A.2017" class="citation book cs1">Pilsch, A. (2017). Transhumanism: Evolutionary Futurism and the Human Technologies of Utopia. <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis,_MN" class="mw-redirect" title="Minneapolis, MN">Minneapolis, MN</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Press" title="University of Minnesota Press">University of Minnesota Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4529-5488-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4529-5488-2"><bdi>978-1-4529-5488-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transhumanism%3A+Evolutionary+Futurism+and+the+Human+Technologies+of+Utopia&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+MN&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4529-5488-2&rft.au=Pilsch%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRanischSorgner2014" class="citation book cs1">Ranisch, Robert; Sorgner, Stefan Lorenz, eds. (2014). Post- and Transhumanism. Bruxelles: Peter Lang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-631-60662-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-631-60662-9"><bdi>978-3-631-60662-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Post-+and+Transhumanism&rft.place=Bruxelles&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-631-60662-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranshumanism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transhumanism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Transhumanism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Transhumanism" class="extiw" title="q:Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-icon{float:left;margin-left:5px;margin-top:10px}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer{margin-left:60px;margin-top:10px;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-footer{margin-top:10px;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{width:20em;float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="spoken-wikipedia noprint haudio"><div class="spoken-wikipedia-header">Listen to this article (59 minutes)</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-files"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="3525" data-mwtitle="Transhumanism_reading1.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Transhumanism_reading1.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bc/Transhumanism_reading1.ogg/Transhumanism_reading1.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/File:Transhumanism_reading1.ogg" title="File:Transhumanism reading1.ogg">This audio file</a> was created from a revision of this article dated 22 November 2008 (2008-11-22), and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://th-pedia.org/">TH-Pedia</a>, transhumanist wiki</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whatistranshumanism.org/">What is Transhumanism?</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Transhumanism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Transhumanism_footer" title="Template:Transhumanism footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Transhumanism_footer" title="Template talk:Transhumanism footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Transhumanism_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Transhumanism footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Transhumanism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Transhumanism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transhuman" title="Transhuman">Transhuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism_in_fiction" title="Transhumanism in fiction">Transhumanism in fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Currents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinaturalism_(politics)" title="Antinaturalism (politics)">Antinaturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eradication_of_suffering" title="Eradication of suffering">Eradication of suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extropianism" title="Extropianism">Extropianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immortalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Immortalism">Immortalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postgenderism" title="Postgenderism">Postgenderism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpoliticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Postpoliticism">Postpoliticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singularitarianism" title="Singularitarianism">Singularitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technogaianism" title="Technogaianism">Technogaianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-progressivism" title="Techno-progressivism">Techno-progressivism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foresight_Institute" title="Foresight Institute">Foresight Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanity%2B" title="Humanity+">Humanity+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Ethics_and_Emerging_Technologies" title="Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies">Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Humanity_Institute" title="Future of Humanity Institute">Future of Humanity Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LessWrong" title="LessWrong">LessWrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanist_Party" title="Transhumanist Party">US Transhumanist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Bostrom" title="Nick Bostrom">Nick Bostrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Cordeiro" title="José Luis Cordeiro">José Luis Cordeiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Eric_Drexler" title="K. Eric Drexler">K. Eric Drexler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gobel" title="David Gobel">David Gobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Goertzel" title="Ben Goertzel">Ben Goertzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aubrey_de_Grey" title="Aubrey de Grey">Aubrey de Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoltan_Istvan" title="Zoltan Istvan">Zoltan Istvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM-2030" title="FM-2030">FM-2030</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Fyodorovich_Fyodorov" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolai Fyodorovich Fyodorov">Nikolai Fyodorovich Fyodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hanson" title="Robin Hanson">Robin Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuval_Harari" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuval Harari">Yuval Harari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hughes_(sociologist)" title="James Hughes (sociologist)"> James Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Huxley" title="Julian Huxley">Julian Huxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Kurzweil" title="Ray Kurzweil">Ray Kurzweil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ole_Martin_Moen" title="Ole Martin Moen">Ole Martin Moen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Moravec" title="Hans Moravec">Hans Moravec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_More" title="Max More">Max More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Pearce_(transhumanist)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Pearce (transhumanist)">David Pearce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martine_Rothblatt" title="Martine Rothblatt">Martine Rothblatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Sandberg" title="Anders Sandberg">Anders Sandberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Stolyarov_II" title="Gennady Stolyarov II">Gennady Stolyarov II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernor_Vinge" title="Vernor Vinge">Vernor Vinge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natasha_Vita-More" title="Natasha Vita-More">Natasha Vita-More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Alan_Walker" title="Mark Alan Walker">Mark Alan Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_Yudkowsky" title="Eliezer Yudkowsky">Eliezer Yudkowsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Transhumanism" title="Category:Transhumanism">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Emerging_technologies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Emerging_technologies" title="Template:Emerging technologies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Emerging_technologies" title="Template talk:Emerging technologies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Emerging_technologies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Emerging technologies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Emerging_technologies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Emerging_technologies" title="Emerging technologies">Emerging technologies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">Automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collingridge_dilemma" title="Collingridge dilemma">Collingridge dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_technological_development" title="Differential technological development">Differential technological development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disruptive_innovation" title="Disruptive innovation">Disruptive innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephemeralization" title="Ephemeralization">Ephemeralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_technology" title="Ethics of technology">Ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioethics" title="Bioethics">Bioethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberethics" title="Cyberethics">Cyberethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroethics" title="Neuroethics">Neuroethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robot_ethics" title="Robot ethics">Robot ethics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploratory_engineering" title="Exploratory engineering">Exploratory engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proactionary_principle" title="Proactionary principle">Proactionary principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_change" title="Technological change">Technological change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technological_unemployment" title="Technological unemployment">Technological unemployment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_convergence" title="Technological convergence">Technological convergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_evolution" title="Technological evolution">Technological evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_paradigm" title="Technological paradigm">Technological paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_forecasting" title="Technology forecasting">Technology forecasting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accelerating_change" title="Accelerating change">Accelerating change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future-oriented_technology_analysis" title="Future-oriented technology analysis">Future-oriented technology analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizon_scanning" title="Horizon scanning">Horizon scanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moore%27s_law" title="Moore's law">Moore's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity">Technological singularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_scouting" title="Technology scouting">Technology scouting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_in_science_fiction" title="Technology in science fiction">Technology in science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_readiness_level" title="Technology readiness level">Technology readiness level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_roadmap" title="Technology roadmap">Technology roadmap</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Transhumanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_emerging_technologies" title="List of emerging technologies">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Global_catastrophic_risks" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Global_catastrophic_risks" title="Template:Global catastrophic risks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Global_catastrophic_risks" title="Template talk:Global catastrophic risks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Global_catastrophic_risks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Global catastrophic risks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Global_catastrophic_risks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Global_catastrophic_risk" title="Global catastrophic risk">Global catastrophic risks</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Earth" title="Future of Earth">Future of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_an_expanding_universe" title="Future of an expanding universe">Future of an expanding universe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe" title="Ultimate fate of the universe">Ultimate fate of the universe</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberattack" title="Cyberattack">Cyberattack</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberterrorism" title="Cyberterrorism">Cyberterrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybergeddon" title="Cybergeddon">Cybergeddon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_goo" title="Gray goo">Gray goo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_applications_of_nanotechnology#Weapons" title="Industrial applications of nanotechnology">Nanoweapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_bombardment" title="Kinetic bombardment">Kinetic bombardment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy_weapon" title="Kinetic energy weapon">Kinetic energy weapon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Nuclear warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_assured_destruction" title="Mutual assured destruction">Mutual assured destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Hand" title="Dead Hand">Dead Hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_Clock" title="Doomsday Clock">Doomsday Clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_device" title="Doomsday device">Doomsday device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimatter_weapon" title="Antimatter weapon">Antimatter weapon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_pulse" title="Electromagnetic pulse">Electromagnetic pulse</a> (EMP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_of_high-energy_particle_collision_experiments" title="Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments">Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Micro_black_hole" title="Micro black hole">Micro black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strangelet" title="Strangelet">Strangelet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_intelligence" title="Synthetic intelligence">Synthetic intelligence</a> / <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AI_takeover" title="AI takeover">AI takeover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_general_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential risk from artificial general intelligence">Existential risk from artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity">Technological singularity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Transhumanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sociological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropogenic_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropogenic hazard">Anthropogenic hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collapsology" title="Collapsology">Collapsology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_argument" title="Doomsday argument">Doomsday argument</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-indication_assumption_doomsday_argument_rebuttal" title="Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal">Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-referencing_doomsday_argument_rebuttal" title="Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal">Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_collapse" title="Economic collapse">Economic collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusian catastrophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_Order_(conspiracy_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Order (conspiracy theory)">New World Order (conspiracy theory)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">Nuclear holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_bomb" title="Cobalt bomb">cobalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_famine" title="Nuclear famine">famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_winter" title="Nuclear winter">winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_collapse" title="Societal collapse">Societal collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_collapse" title="State collapse">State collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_III" title="World War III">World War III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climate_apocalypse" title="Climate apocalypse">Ecological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">Climate change</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anoxic_event" title="Anoxic event">Anoxic event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">Biodiversity loss</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_mortality_event" title="Mass mortality event">Mass mortality event</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_effect_(ecology)" title="Cascade effect (ecology)">Cascade effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataclysmic_pole_shift_hypothesis" title="Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis">Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_civilizational_collapse" title="Climate change and civilizational collapse">Climate change and civilizational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">Desertification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_change" title="Extinction risk from climate change">Extinction risk from climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">Tipping points in the climate system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_basalt" title="Flood basalt">Flood basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_dimming" title="Global dimming">Global dimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_terrestrial_stilling" title="Global terrestrial stilling">Global terrestrial stilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Global warming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercane" title="Hypercane">Hypercane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">Ice age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">Ecocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological collapse">Ecological collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">Environmental degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">Habitat destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_with_coral_reefs" title="Environmental issues with coral reefs">coral reefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life" title="Human impact on marine life">on marine life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_consumption" title="Land consumption">Land consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_surface_effects_on_climate" title="Land surface effects on climate">Land surface effects on climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">Resource depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervolcano" title="Supervolcano">Supervolcano</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_winter" title="Volcanic winter">winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verneshot" title="Verneshot">Verneshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">Overexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpopulation" title="Overpopulation">Overpopulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">Human overpopulation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">Extinction event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_extinction" title="Human extinction">Human extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinction_events" title="List of extinction events">List of extinction events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_erosion" title="Genetic erosion">Genetic erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic pollution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">Biodiversity loss</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_amphibian_populations" title="Decline in amphibian populations">Decline in amphibian populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_insect_populations" title="Decline in insect populations">Decline in insect populations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_risk" title="Biotechnology risk">Biotechnology risk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_agent" title="Biological agent">Biological agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioterrorism" title="Bioterrorism">Bioterrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_collapse_disorder" title="Colony collapse disorder">Colony collapse disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defaunation" title="Defaunation">Defaunation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Dysgenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_contamination" title="Interplanetary contamination">Interplanetary contamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">Pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator_decline" title="Pollinator decline">Pollinator decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronomical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Crunch" title="Big Crunch">Big Crunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Rip" title="Big Rip">Big Rip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronal_mass_ejection" title="Coronal mass ejection">Coronal mass ejection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_phase_transition" title="Cosmological phase transition">Cosmological phase transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomagnetic_storm" title="Geomagnetic storm">Geomagnetic storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_vacuum_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="False vacuum decay">False vacuum decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst" title="Gamma-ray burst">Gamma-ray burst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_death_of_the_universe" title="Heat death of the universe">Heat death of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton_decay" title="Proton decay">Proton decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_black_hole" title="Virtual black hole">Virtual black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">Impact event</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_avoidance" title="Asteroid impact avoidance">Asteroid impact avoidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_prediction" title="Asteroid impact prediction">Asteroid impact prediction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">Potentially hazardous object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth object</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_winter" title="Impact winter">winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_planet" title="Rogue planet">Rogue planet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_supernova" title="Near-Earth supernova">Near-Earth supernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova">Hypernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronova" title="Micronova">Micronova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_flare" title="Solar flare">Solar flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_collision" title="Stellar collision">Stellar collision</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Buddhist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ages_of_Buddhism" title="Three Ages of Buddhism">Three Ages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_eschatology" title="Hindu eschatology">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">1 Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abomination_of_desolation" title="Abomination of desolation">Abomination of desolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy_of_Seventy_Weeks" title="Prophecy of Seventy Weeks">Prophecy of Seventy Weeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(Christianity)" title="Historicism (Christianity)">Historicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicist_interpretations_of_the_Book_of_Revelation" title="Historicist interpretations of the Book of Revelation">Interpretations of Revelation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Christian_eschatology)" title="Idealism (Christian eschatology)"> Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterism" title="Preterism">Preterism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Man_of_sin" title="Man of sin">Man of sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katechon" title="Katechon">Katechon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Events_of_Revelation" title="Events of Revelation">Events</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse">Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_of_fire" title="Lake of fire">Lake of fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_of_the_beast" title="Number of the beast">Number of the Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_bowls" title="Seven bowls">Seven bowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_seals" title="Seven seals">Seven seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(Revelation)" title="The Beast (Revelation)">The Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_witnesses" title="Two witnesses">Two witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Heaven" title="War in Heaven">War in Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whore_of_Babylon" title="Whore of Babylon">Whore of Babylon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">Great Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Earth_(Christianity)" title="New Earth (Christianity)">New Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem" title="New Jerusalem">New Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Tribulation" title="Great Tribulation">Great Tribulation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_perdition" title="Son of perdition">Son of perdition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sheep_and_the_Goats" title="The Sheep and the Goats">Sheep and Goats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qa%27im_Al_Muhammad" title="Qa'im Al Muhammad">Al-Qa'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beast_of_the_Earth" title="Beast of the Earth">Beast of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Qarnayn" title="Dhu al-Qarnayn">Dhu al-Qarnayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhul-Suwayqatayn" title="Dhul-Suwayqatayn">Dhul-Suwayqatayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masih_ad-Dajjal" title="Al-Masih ad-Dajjal">Dajjal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Israfil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufyani" title="Sufyani">Sufyani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">War of Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Temple" title="Third Temple">Third Temple</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Zoroastrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saoshyant" title="Saoshyant">Saoshyant</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_end_times_prediction" title="2011 end times prediction">2011 end times prediction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">2012 phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armageddon" title="Armageddon">Armageddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_moon_prophecy" title="Blood moon prophecy">Blood moon prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Changes" title="Earth Changes">Earth Changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_catastrophic_risk" title="Global catastrophic risk">End time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dates_predicted_for_apocalyptic_events" title="List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events">List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism">Messianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Age" title="Messianic Age">Messianic Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">Millenarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">Millennialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">Premillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">Amillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmillennialism" title="Postmillennialism">Postmillennialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesis_(hypothetical_star)" title="Nemesis (hypothetical star)">Nemesis (hypothetical star)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nibiru_cataclysm" title="Nibiru cataclysm">Nibiru cataclysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapture" title="Rapture">Rapture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rapture#Prewrath_premillennialism" title="Rapture">Prewrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-tribulation_rapture" title="Post-tribulation rapture">Post-tribulation rapture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_resurrection" title="Universal resurrection">Resurrection of the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_to_come" title="World to come">World to come</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fictional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alien_invasion" title="Alien invasion">Alien invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_films" title="List of apocalyptic films">List of apocalyptic films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">Climate fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_film" title="Disaster film">Disaster films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disaster_films" title="List of disaster films">List of disaster films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_doomsday_devices" title="List of fictional doomsday devices">List of fictional doomsday devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_apocalypse" title="Zombie apocalypse">Zombie apocalypse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">Zombie</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_the_Study_of_Existential_Risk" title="Centre for the Study of Existential Risk">Centre for the Study of Existential Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Humanity_Institute" title="Future of Humanity Institute">Future of Humanity Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Life_Institute" title="Future of Life Institute">Future of Life Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Threat_Initiative" title="Nuclear Threat Initiative">Nuclear Threat Initiative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ransomware" title="Ransomware">Ransomware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster" title="Disaster">Disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_depression" title="Economic depression">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis" title="Financial crisis">Financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">Pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riot" title="Riot">Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_crisis" title="Social crisis">Social crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survivalism" title="Survivalism">Survivalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> Categories <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Apocalypticism" title="Category:Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Future_problems" title="Category:Future problems">Future problems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hazards" title="Category:Hazards">Hazards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Risk_analysis" title="Category:Risk analysis">Risk analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Doomsday_scenarios" title="Category:Doomsday scenarios">Doomsday scenarios</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194100#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/7524756-2">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2018002094">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16572340v">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16572340v">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph786277&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5895159">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000303127&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007746787505171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transhumanism&oldid=1259785392">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transhumanism&oldid=1259785392</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Transhumanism" title="Category:Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1990_introductions" title="Category:1990 introductions">1990 introductions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bioethics" title="Category:Bioethics">Bioethics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Body_modification" title="Category:Body modification">Body modification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Doomsday_scenarios" title="Category:Doomsday scenarios">Doomsday scenarios</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethics_of_science_and_technology" title="Category:Ethics of science and technology">Ethics of science and technology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Existential_risk_from_artificial_general_intelligence" title="Category:Existential risk from artificial general intelligence">Existential risk from artificial general intelligence</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ideologies" title="Category:Ideologies">Ideologies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Immortality" title="Category:Immortality">Immortality</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Liberalism" title="Category:Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Genetic_engineering" title="Category:Genetic engineering">Genetic engineering</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Category:Philosophy of artificial intelligence">Philosophy of artificial intelligence</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_of_culture" title="Category:Philosophy of culture">Philosophy of culture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_of_technology" title="Category:Philosophy of technology">Philosophy of technology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophical_anthropology" title="Category:Philosophical anthropology">Philosophical anthropology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Posthumanism" title="Category:Posthumanism">Posthumanism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Futures_studies" title="Category:Futures studies">Futures studies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_fiction_culture" title="Category:Science fiction culture">Science fiction culture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_fiction_themes" title="Category:Science fiction themes">Science fiction themes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Singularitarianism" title="Category:Singularitarianism">Singularitarianism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Singularity_theory" title="Category:Singularity theory">Singularity theory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_change" title="Category:Social change">Social change</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_philosophy" title="Category:Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_justice" title="Category:Social justice">Social justice</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Subcultures" title="Category:Subcultures">Subcultures</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Syncretic_political_movements" title="Category:Syncretic political movements">Syncretic political movements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Technological_change" title="Category:Technological change">Technological change</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Technology_development" title="Category:Technology development">Technology development</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Technology_forecasting" title="Category:Technology forecasting">Technology forecasting</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Technology_hazards" title="Category:Technology hazards">Technology hazards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Transhumanist_politics" title="Category:Transhumanist politics">Transhumanist politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Technological_utopianism" title="Category:Technological utopianism">Technological utopianism</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical">CS1 errors: missing periodical</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_October_2016" title="Category:Use mdy dates from October 2016">Use mdy dates from October 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2017" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_October_2014" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from October 2014">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from October 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hAudio_microformats" title="Category:Articles with hAudio microformats">Articles with hAudio microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spoken_articles" title="Category:Spoken articles">Spoken articles</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 27 November 2024, at 01:11 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transhumanism&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5857dfdcd6-754ml","wgBackendResponseTime":221,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.238","walltime":"2.536","ppvisitednodes":{"value":13145,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":489086,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":19608,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":14,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":744574,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2108.732 1 -total"," 50.40% 1062.897 1 Template:Reflist"," 22.03% 464.460 68 Template:Cite_journal"," 16.42% 346.215 64 Template:Cite_book"," 11.04% 232.706 4 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 10.45% 220.311 1 Template:Transhumanism"," 7.30% 154.036 33 Template:Cite_web"," 5.36% 112.924 1 Template:Lang"," 3.99% 84.216 1 Template:Short_description"," 3.41% 71.942 5 Template:Navbox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.371","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":18968692,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","320","25.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","180","14.1"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","100","7.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","80","6.2"],["type","60","4.7"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","60","4.7"],["select_one \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Utilities:426\u003E","40","3.1"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","40","3.1"],["init \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Identifiers\u003E","40","3.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","40","3.1"],["[others]","320","25.0"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5857dfdcd6-splrc","timestamp":"20241203065250","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Transhumanism","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Transhumanism","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q194100","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q194100","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-07-04T06:13:31Z","dateModified":"2024-11-27T01:11:09Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/66\/Manhattan%2C_N.Y.C._1997_51.jpg","headline":"ideology that advocates for the transformation of the human condition by developing and making widely available technologies to enhance human intellect and physiology"}</script> </body> </html>