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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_and_welfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_and_welfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Health and welfare</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Health_and_welfare-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Health and welfare subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Health_and_welfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Allergies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allergies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Allergies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allergies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vaccinations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vaccinations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Vaccinations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vaccinations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Obesity_and_malnutrition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obesity_and_malnutrition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Obesity and malnutrition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Obesity_and_malnutrition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Problems_arising_from_screen_time" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Problems_arising_from_screen_time"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Problems arising from screen time</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Problems_arising_from_screen_time-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Diet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Climate change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_of_media_technologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_of_media_technologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Use of media technologies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Use_of_media_technologies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Use of media technologies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Use_of_media_technologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Information_and_communications_technologies_(ICT)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Information_and_communications_technologies_(ICT)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Information and communications technologies (ICT)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Information_and_communications_technologies_(ICT)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parental_internet_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parental_internet_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Parental internet use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parental_internet_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television_and_streaming_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television_and_streaming_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Television and streaming services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television_and_streaming_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_and_social_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_and_social_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Family and social life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Family_and_social_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Family and social life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Family_and_social_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Upbringing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upbringing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Upbringing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upbringing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Major events</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Major_events-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Major events subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Major_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-COVID-19_pandemic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#COVID-19_pandemic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>COVID-19 pandemic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-COVID-19_pandemic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Projections_of_demographic_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Projections_of_demographic_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Projections of demographic changes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Projections_of_demographic_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Generation Alpha</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7" title="جيل ألفا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جيل ألفا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE" title="আলফা প্ৰজন্ম – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="আলফা প্ৰজন্ম" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeneraci%C3%B3n_T" title="Xeneración T – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xeneración T" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfa_n%C9%99sli" title="Alfa nəsli – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Alfa nəsli" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henerasyon_Alpha" title="Henerasyon Alpha – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Henerasyon Alpha" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0" title="Поколение Алфа – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Поколение Алфа" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generaci%C3%B3_Alfa" title="Generació Alfa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Generació Alfa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generace_alfa" title="Generace alfa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Generace alfa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation_Alpha" title="Generation Alpha – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Generation Alpha" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%AC_%CE%86%CE%BB%CF%86%CE%B1" title="Γενιά Άλφα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γενιά Άλφα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generaci%C3%B3n_Alfa" title="Generación Alfa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Generación Alfa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generacio_Alfa" title="Generacio Alfa – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Generacio Alfa" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84_%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7" title="نسل آلفا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نسل آلفا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ration_Alpha" title="Génération Alpha – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Génération Alpha" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%ED%8C%8C_%EC%84%B8%EB%8C%80" title="알파 세대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알파 세대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D6%86%D5%A1_%D5%BD%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A4" title="Ալֆա սերունդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալֆա սերունդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generasi_Alpha" title="Generasi Alpha – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Generasi Alpha" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generazione_Alpha" title="Generazione Alpha – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Generazione Alpha" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%90" title="דור האלפא – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דור האלפא" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfa_gener%C3%A1ci%C3%B3" title="Alfa generáció – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alfa generáció" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generatie_Alfa" title="Generatie Alfa – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Generatie Alfa" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%E4%B8%96%E4%BB%A3" title="Α世代 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Α世代" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generasjon_Alfa" title="Generasjon Alfa – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Generasjon Alfa" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfa_avlod" title="Alfa avlod – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Alfa avlod" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokolenie_Alfa" title="Pokolenie Alfa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pokolenie Alfa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Alfa" title="Geração Alfa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Geração Alfa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfa_buw%C4%B1n%C4%B1" title="Alfa buwını – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Alfa buwını" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genera%C8%9Bia_Alfa" title="Generația Alfa – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Generația Alfa" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D0%B0" title="Поколение Альфа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Поколение Альфа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation_Alpha" title="Generation Alpha – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Generation Alpha" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gener%C3%A1cia_Alfa" title="Generácia Alfa – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Generácia Alfa" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfa-sukupolvi" title="Alfa-sukupolvi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alfa-sukupolvi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation_Alfa" title="Generation Alfa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Generation Alfa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henerasyong_Alpha" title="Henerasyong Alpha – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Henerasyong Alpha" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88" title="ஆல்பா தலைமுறை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆல்பா தலைமுறை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B2" title="รุ่นวัยแอลฟา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รุ่นวัยแอลฟา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfa_Ku%C5%9Fa%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Alfa Kuşağı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alfa Kuşağı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D0%B0" title="Покоління Альфа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Покоління Альфа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7" title="جنریشن الفا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جنریشن الفا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%BF_h%E1%BB%87_Alpha" title="Thế hệ Alpha – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thế hệ Alpha" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Generation#Social_generation" title="Generation">Social generations</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/w/index.php?title=File:Generation_timeline.svg&lang=en-simple" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Generation_timeline.svg/langen-simple-290px-Generation_timeline.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Generation_timeline.svg/langen-simple-435px-Generation_timeline.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Generation_timeline.svg/langen-simple-580px-Generation_timeline.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="320" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Generation" title="Lost Generation">Lost Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greatest_Generation" title="Greatest Generation">Greatest Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Generation" title="Silent Generation">Silent Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_boomers" title="Baby boomers">Baby boomers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_X" title="Generation X">Generation X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennials" title="Millennials">Millennials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_Z" title="Generation Z">Generation Z</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Generation Alpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_Beta" title="Generation Beta">Generation Beta</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Generations_sidebar" title="Template:Generations sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Generations_sidebar" title="Template talk:Generations sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Generations_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Generations sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Generation Alpha</b> (often shortened to <b>Gen Alpha</b>) is the <a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">demographic</a> <a href="/wiki/Cohort_(statistics)" title="Cohort (statistics)">cohort</a> succeeding <a href="/wiki/Generation_Z" title="Generation Z">Generation Z</a> and preceding <a href="/wiki/Generation_Beta" title="Generation Beta">Generation Beta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While researchers and popular media generally identify early 2010s as the starting birth years and the mid-2020s as the ending birth years, these ranges are not precisely defined and may vary depending on the source (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">see <a href="#Date_and_age_range_definitions">§ Date and age range definitions</a></span>). Named after <a href="/wiki/Alpha" title="Alpha">alpha</a>, the first letter in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a>, Generation Alpha is the first to be born entirely in the 21st century and the third millennium. The majority of Generation Alpha are the children of Millennials and older Gen Z.<sup id="cite_ref-:28_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:28-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:36_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:36-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Generation Alpha has been born at a time of <a href="/wiki/World_population_milestones" title="World population milestones">falling fertility rates across much of the world</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-PopDeclineBBC_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopDeclineBBC-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PopDeclineWEF_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopDeclineWEF-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and experienced the effects of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> as <a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_children" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children">young children</a>. For those with access, children's entertainment has been increasingly dominated by electronic technology, <a href="/wiki/Social_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networks">social networks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Streaming_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Streaming services">streaming services</a>, with interest in traditional television concurrently falling. Changes in the use of technology in classrooms and other aspects of life have had a significant effect on how this generation has experienced early learning compared to previous generations. Studies have suggested that health problems related to <a href="/wiki/Screen_time" title="Screen time">screen time</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allergies" class="mw-redirect" title="Allergies">allergies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a> became increasingly prevalent in the late 2010s. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2></div> <p>The name <i>Generation Alpha</i> originated from a 2008 survey conducted by the Australian consulting agency McCrindle Research, according to founder Mark McCrindle, who is generally credited with the term.<sup id="cite_ref-Pinsker_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinsker-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ABC_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABC-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McCrindle describes how his team arrived at the name in a 2015 interview: </p> <blockquote style="min-width: 10em"><p>When I was researching my book The ABC of XYZ: Understanding the Global Generations (published in 2009) it became apparent that a new generation was about to commence and there was no name for them. So I conducted a survey (we're researchers after all) to find out what people think the generation after Z should be called and while many names emerged, and Generation A was the most mentioned, Generation Alpha got some mentions too and so I settled on that for the title of the chapter Beyond Z: Meet Generation Alpha. It just made sense as it is in keeping with scientific nomenclature of using the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> in lieu of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin</a> and it didn't make sense to go back to A, after all they are the first generation wholly born in the 21st Century and so they are the start of something new not a return to the old.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>McCrindle Research also took inspiration from the naming of hurricanes, specifically the <a href="/wiki/2005_Atlantic_hurricane_season" title="2005 Atlantic hurricane season">2005 Atlantic hurricane season</a> in which the names beginning with the letters of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> were exhausted, and the last six storms were named with the Greek letters alpha to zeta.<sup id="cite_ref-ABC_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABC-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020 and 2021, some anticipated that the global impact of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> would become this generation's defining event, suggesting the name Generation C or "Coronials" for those either born during, or growing up during, the pandemic.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In light of the increasing role of <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>, it has also been proposed that this generation should be called "Generation AI".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Psychologist <a href="/wiki/Jean_Twenge" title="Jean Twenge">Jean Twenge</a> refers to this cohort as "Polars" in light of the growing political polarization of the United States during the 2010s and 2020s, as well as the melting of <a href="/wiki/Polar_ice_cap" title="Polar ice cap">polar ice caps</a>, a sign of (anthropogenic) <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Twenge-2023b_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Twenge-2023b-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Date_and_age_range_definitions">Date and age range definitions</h2></div> <p>There is no consensus yet on the birth years of Generation Alpha. McCrindle, who coined the term, uses 2010–2024<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some other sources have followed suit,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sometimes with minor variations like 2010–2025<sup id="cite_ref-:35_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:35-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 2011–2025.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some others have used shorter ranges, such as 2011–2021<sup id="cite_ref-:72_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:72-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 2013–2021.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other sources, while they have not specified a range for Generation Alpha, have specified end years for Generation Z of 2010,<sup id="cite_ref-:35_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:35-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2012,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 2013,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> implying a later start year than 2010 for Generation Alpha. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Generation_Alpha" title="Demographics of Generation Alpha">Demographics of Generation Alpha</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Total_Fertility_Rate_Map_by_Country.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Total_Fertility_Rate_Map_by_Country.svg/810px-Total_Fertility_Rate_Map_by_Country.svg.png" decoding="async" width="810" height="415" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Total_Fertility_Rate_Map_by_Country.svg/1215px-Total_Fertility_Rate_Map_by_Country.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Total_Fertility_Rate_Map_by_Country.svg/1620px-Total_Fertility_Rate_Map_by_Country.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption>World map of total fertility rates by country or territory</figcaption></figure> <p>As of 2015, there were some two and a half million people born every week around the globe; Generation Alpha is expected to reach close to two billion by 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For comparison, the United Nations estimated that the human population was about 7.8 billion in 2020, up from 2.5 billion in 1950. As of 2020, roughly three-quarters of all people reside in Africa and Asia,<sup id="cite_ref-:19_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where most human population growth is coming from, as nations in Europe and the Americas tend to have too few children to replace themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_population_pyramid_2022.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/World_population_pyramid_2022.svg/350px-World_population_pyramid_2022.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/World_population_pyramid_2022.svg/525px-World_population_pyramid_2022.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/World_population_pyramid_2022.svg/700px-World_population_pyramid_2022.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2579" data-file-height="2086" /></a><figcaption>Population pyramid of the world in 2022</figcaption></figure> <p>The number of people above 65 years of age (705 million) exceeded those between the ages of zero and four (680 million) for the first time in 2018. If current trends continue, the ratio between these two age groups will top two by 2050.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Birth rates have been falling around the world due to rising standards of living, higher access to contraceptives, and more educational and economic opportunities. In fact, about half of all countries had <a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility" title="Sub-replacement fertility">sub-replacement fertility</a> in the mid-2010s. The global average reproduction rate in 1950 was 4.7 but dropped to 2.4 in 2017. However, this average masks the huge variation between countries. <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> has the world's highest fertility rate at 7.1, while <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> has one of the lowest at 0.78 (2022). In general, the more developed countries, including much of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, tend to have lower reproduction rates,<sup id="cite_ref-:16_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with people statistically having fewer children, and at later ages.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Surveys conducted in developed economies suggest that women's desired family sizes tend to be higher than the one they end up building. Stagnant wages and eroding welfare programs are the contributing factors.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> While some countries like <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> have tried various incentives to raise their birth rates, such policies have not been particularly successful. Moreover, birth rates following the COVID-19 global pandemic might drop significantly due to economic recession.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Data from late 2020 and early 2021 suggests that in spite of expectations of a <a href="/wiki/Baby_boom" title="Baby boom">baby boom</a> occurring due to <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns" title="COVID-19 lockdowns">COVID-19 lockdowns</a>, the opposite ended up happening in developed nations, though developing countries were not heavily affected.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Education is commonly cited as one of the most important determinants. The more educated a person is, the fewer children they have, and the later the age is in which they have children.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, global average life expectancy has risen from 52 in 1960 to 72 in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Higher interest in education brings about an environment in which mortality rates fall, which in turn increases population density.<sup id="cite_ref-:332_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:332-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Half of the human population lived in urban areas in 2007, and this figure became 55% in 2019. If the current trend continues, it will reach two thirds by the middle of the century. A direct consequence of <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a> is a falling <a href="/wiki/Birth_rate" title="Birth rate">birth rate</a>. People in urban environments demand greater autonomy and exercise more control over their bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In mid-2019, the United Nations estimated that the human population will reach about 9.7 billion by 2050, a downward revision from an older projection to account for faster falling fertility rates in the <a href="/wiki/Developing_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing world">developing world</a>. The global annual rate of growth has been declining steadily since the late twentieth century, dropping to about one percent in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-:18_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the late 2010s, 83 of the world's countries had sub-replacement fertility.<sup id="cite_ref-:38_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:38-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the early to mid-2010s, more babies were born to <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> families than to those of any other <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a> in the world, while <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> had a faster rate of growth. About 33% of the world's babies were born to Christians who made up 31% of the global population between 2010 and 2015, compared to 31% to Muslims, whose share of the human population was 24%. During the same period, the religiously unaffiliated (including <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">agnostics</a>) made up 16% of the population and gave birth to 10% of the world's children.<sup id="cite_ref-:37_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:37-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_trends_and_prospects">Economic trends and prospects</h2></div> <p>Effects of intensifying <a href="/wiki/Distribution_of_wealth#Wealth_inequality" title="Distribution of wealth">wealth inequality</a> in the early twenty-first century is expected to be seen in the next generation, as parental income and <a href="/wiki/Educational_stage" title="Educational stage">educational level</a> are positively correlated with children's success.<sup id="cite_ref-:60_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:60-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, children from families in the highest income <a href="/wiki/Quantile" title="Quantile">quintile</a> are the most likely to live with married parents (94% in 2018), followed by children of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle class</a> (74%) and the bottom quintile (35%).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div> <p>In many developing countries around the world, large numbers of children could not read a simple passage in their own national languages by the age of ten, according to the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, over 80% of children were in this category. In <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, the rates were at about 50%. In <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, the corresponding numbers were under 20%.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3></div> <p>Addressing Japan's <a href="/wiki/Aging_of_Japan" title="Aging of Japan">demographic crisis</a> and low birthrate, in 2019, the government of Japanese Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Shinz%C5%8D_Abe" class="mw-redirect" title="Shinzō Abe">Shinzō Abe</a> introduced a number of education reforms. Starting in October 2019, <a href="/wiki/Preschool" title="Preschool">preschool</a> education would be free for all children between the ages of three and five, and <a href="/wiki/Child_care" title="Child care">child care</a> would be free for children under the age of two from low-income households. These programs would be funded by a <a href="/wiki/Consumption_tax" title="Consumption tax">consumption tax</a> hike, from eight to ten percent. Starting April 2020, entrance and <a href="/wiki/Tuition_payments" title="Tuition payments">tuition fees</a> for public as well as private <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">universities</a> would be waived or reduced. Students from low-income and tax-exempt families would be eligible for financial assistance to help them cover textbook, transportation, and living expenses. The whole program was projected to cost 776 billion <a href="/wiki/Japanese_yen" title="Japanese yen">yen</a> (7.1 billion <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">USD</a>) per year.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Vietnam" title="Government of Vietnam">the government</a> of Vietnamese Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Xu%C3%A2n_Ph%C3%BAc" title="Nguyễn Xuân Phúc">Nguyễn Xuân Phúc</a> recommended a series of education reforms in order to raise the fertility rates of localities that found themselves below the replacement level, including the construction of daycare facilities and <a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">kindergartens</a> in urban and industrial zones, housing subsidies for couples with two children in sub-replacement areas, and priority admission for children of said couples in public schools.<sup id="cite_ref-:48_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:48-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 2021, the government of China announced a plan to invest more in physical education (PE) in order to make young boys "more <a href="/wiki/Masculinity" title="Masculinity">masculine</a>". Due to a combination of the (now rescinded) <a href="/wiki/One-child_policy" title="One-child policy">one-child policy</a> and the traditional preference for sons, young boys are perceived by many to be overly coddled by their parents, and looked at as effeminate, delicate, and timid. In order to calm public concerns, state-controlled media published pieces downplaying gender roles and gender differences.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India" title="Demographics of India">India</a>, the population of Generation Alpha (those aged 0–14 years) was recorded as 346.9 million in the year 2011. By 2021, this figure slightly decreased to 336.9 million. As per the latest projections, it is estimated that the population of Generation Alpha will further decline to approximately 327 million by the year 2026.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, while year-long mandatory military service for men was abolished in 1996,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all citizens between 17 and 25 years of age must still participate in the <a href="/wiki/Defence_and_Citizenship_Day_(France)" title="Defence and Citizenship Day (France)">Defense and Citizenship Day</a>, when they are introduced to the <a href="/wiki/French_Armed_Forces" title="French Armed Forces">French Armed Forces</a>, and take language tests.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a> introduced a similar mandatory service program for teenagers, as promised during his presidential campaign. Known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Service_national_universel" title="Service national universel">Service National Universel</a></i> or SNU, it is a compulsory civic service. Though it does not explicitly involve military training, it requires recruits to spend four weeks at a camp where they participate in a variety of activities designed to teach practical skills, personal discipline and a greater understanding of the French political system and society. The aim of this program is to promote national cohesion and <a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">patriotism</a>, and to encourage interaction among young people of different backgrounds.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SNU is due to become mandatory for all French 16 to 21 year olds by 2026.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023, the French government announced a two-billion-euro plan to promote <a href="/wiki/Cycling" title="Cycling">biking</a> in the country. This includes an initiative to train all primary school children on how to ride a bicycle.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Loreto_Playground_td_(2019-05-28)_023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Loreto_Playground_td_%282019-05-28%29_023.jpg/330px-Loreto_Playground_td_%282019-05-28%29_023.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Loreto_Playground_td_%282019-05-28%29_023.jpg/495px-Loreto_Playground_td_%282019-05-28%29_023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Loreto_Playground_td_%282019-05-28%29_023.jpg/660px-Loreto_Playground_td_%282019-05-28%29_023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>A playground in The Bronx, New York (2019). The American Academy of Pediatrics recommended that parents allow their children more time to play.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Pediatrics" title="American Academy of Pediatrics">American Academy of Pediatrics</a> released a policy statement summarizing progress on developmental and neurological research on unstructured time spent by children, colloquially 'play', and noting the importance of playtime for social, cognitive, and language skills development. This is because to many educators and parents, play has come to be seen as outdated and irrelevant.<sup id="cite_ref-:41_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:41-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, between 1981 and 1997, time spent by children on unstructured activities dropped by 25% due to increased amounts of time spent on structured activities. Unstructured time tended to be spent on screens at the expense of active play.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The statement encourages parents and children to spend more time on "playful learning", which reinforces the <a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_motivation" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrinsic motivation">intrinsic motivation</a> to learn and discover and strengthens the bond between children and their parents and other caregivers. It also helps children handle stress and prevents "<a href="/wiki/Stress_in_early_childhood" title="Stress in early childhood">toxic stress</a>", something that hampers development. Dr. Michael Yogman, the lead author of the statement, noted that play does not necessarily have to involve fancy toys; common household items would do as well. Moreover, parents reading to children also counts as play, because it encourages children to use their imaginations.<sup id="cite_ref-:41_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:41-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, psychiatrists from Quebec launched a campaign advocating the creation of courses on mental health for primary schoolchildren in order to teach them how to handle a personal or social crisis, and to deal with the psychological impact of the digital world. According to the Association des médecins psychiatres du Québec (AMPQ), this campaign focuses on children born after 2010, that is, Generation Alpha. In addition to the AMPQ, this movement is backed by the Fédération des médecins spécialistes du Québec (FMSQ), the Quebec Pediatric Association (APQ), the Association des spécialistes en médecine préventive du Québec (ASMPQ) and the Fondation Jeunes en Tête.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the <a href="/wiki/Common_Core_State_Standards_Initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Core State Standards Initiative">Common Core</a> standards, an education initiative in the United States, eliminated the requirement that public elementary schools <a href="/wiki/Cursive_handwriting_instruction_in_the_United_States" title="Cursive handwriting instruction in the United States">teach cursive writing</a> in 2010, lawmakers from many states, including Illinois, Ohio, and Texas, have introduced legislation to teach it in theirs in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-:43_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:43-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some studies point to the benefits of handwriting – print or cursive – for the development of cognitive and motor skills as well as memory and comprehension. For example, one 2012 neuroscience study suggests that handwriting "may facilitate reading acquisition in young children."<sup id="cite_ref-:44_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:44-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cursive writing has been used to help students with learning disabilities, such as dyslexia, a disorder that makes it difficult to interpret words, letters, and other symbols.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unfortunately, lawmakers often cite these studies out of context, conflating handwriting in general with cursive handwriting.<sup id="cite_ref-:43_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:43-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In any case, some 80% of historical records and documents of the United States, such as the correspondence of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>, were written by hand in cursive, and students today tend to be unable to read them.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, cursive writing was regarded as a mandatory, almost military, exercise. But today, it is thought of as an art form by those who pursue it, both adults and children.<sup id="cite_ref-:44_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:44-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, less than a third of American public schools had access to broadband Internet service, according to the non-profit <a href="/wiki/EducationSuperHighway" title="EducationSuperHighway">EducationSuperHighway</a>. By 2019, however, that number reached 99%. This has increased the frequency of digital learning.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the early 2010s, a number of U.S. states have taken steps to strengthen teacher education. Ohio, Tennessee, and Texas had the top programs in 2014. Meanwhile, Rhode Island, which previously had the nation's lowest bar on who can train to become a school teacher, has been admitting education students with higher and higher average <a href="/wiki/SAT" title="SAT">SAT</a>, <a href="/wiki/ACT_(test)" title="ACT (test)">ACT</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Graduate_Record_Examinations" title="Graduate Record Examinations">GRE</a> scores. As of 2014, the state aimed by 2020 to accept only those with standardized test scores in the top third of the national distribution, similar to <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Finland" title="Education in Finland">Finland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Singapore" title="Education in Singapore">Singapore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the National Assessment of Educational Progress (<a href="/wiki/National_Assessment_of_Educational_Progress" title="National Assessment of Educational Progress">NAEP</a>), 63% of American fourth graders could read at the basic level in 2022, which is lower than previous years of assessment, dating back to 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-auto7_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto7-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, scores have been in decline even before the COVID-19 pandemic.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taking advantage of the latest advances in the <a href="/wiki/Language_processing_in_the_brain" title="Language processing in the brain">neuroscience of reading</a>, some instructors have returned to the teaching of <a href="/wiki/Phonics" title="Phonics">phonics</a> to help rectify this problem,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with support from the parents and their state governments.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Jill Barshay of Heschinger Report, because U.S. fertility rates never recovered after the 2007–2008 <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>, those born in the late 2000s and onward will likely face less competition getting accepted to colleges and universities.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_and_welfare">Health and welfare</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Infant_Mortality_Rates_-_1950-2021.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Infant_Mortality_Rates_-_1950-2021.png/800px-Infant_Mortality_Rates_-_1950-2021.png" decoding="async" width="800" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Infant_Mortality_Rates_-_1950-2021.png/1200px-Infant_Mortality_Rates_-_1950-2021.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Infant_Mortality_Rates_-_1950-2021.png/1600px-Infant_Mortality_Rates_-_1950-2021.png 2x" data-file-width="3001" data-file-height="1251" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allergies">Allergies</h3></div> <p>While <a href="/wiki/Food_allergy" title="Food allergy">food allergies</a> have been observed by doctors since ancient times and virtually all foods can be allergens, research by the <a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic" title="Mayo Clinic">Mayo Clinic</a> in Minnesota found that they have become increasingly common since the early 2000s. By the late 2010s, one in twelve American children had a food allergy, with peanut allergy being the most prevalent type. Reasons for this remain poorly understood.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nut allergies in general quadrupled and shellfish allergies increased 40% between 2004 and 2019. In all, about 36% of American children have some kind of allergy. By comparison, this number among the Amish in Indiana is 7%. Allergies have also risen ominously in other Western countries. In the United Kingdom, for example, the number of children hospitalized for allergic reactions increased by a factor of five between 1990 and the late 2010s, as did the number of British children allergic to peanuts. In general, the better developed the country, the higher the rates of allergies.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reasons for this also remain poorly understood.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One possible explanation, supported by the U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Allergy_and_Infectious_Diseases" title="National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases">National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases</a>, is that parents keep their children "too clean for their own good." They recommend exposing newborn babies to a variety of potentially allergenic foods, such as peanut butter, before they reach the age of six months. According to this "<a href="/wiki/Hygiene_hypothesis" title="Hygiene hypothesis">hygiene hypothesis</a>", such exposures give the infant's immune system some exercise, making it less likely to overreact. Evidence for this includes the fact that children living on a farm are consistently less likely to be allergic than their counterparts who are raised in the city, and that children born in a developed country to parents who immigrated from developing nations are more likely to be allergic than their parents are.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vaccinations">Vaccinations</h3></div> <p>In the United States, public health officials were raising the alarm in the 2010s when vaccination rates dropped. Many parents thought that they did not need to vaccinate their children against diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Polio" title="Polio">polio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a> because they had become either extremely rare or eliminated. Officials warn that infectious diseases could return if not enough people get inoculated.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the wake of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) recommended that mass vaccination campaigns be suspended in order to ensure social distancing. Dozens of countries followed this advice. However, some public health experts warned that the suspension of these programs can come with serious consequences, especially in poor countries with weak healthcare systems. For children from these places, such campaigns are the only way for them to get vaccinated against various communicable diseases such as polio, measles, <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_papillomavirus_infection" title="Human papillomavirus infection">human papillomavirus</a> (HPV), and <a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">meningitis</a>. Case numbers could surge afterwards. Moreover, because of the lockdown measures, namely, the restriction of international travels and transport, some countries might find themselves running short on not just medical equipment but also vaccines. <a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2">SARS-CoV-2</a> can inflict more damage than the people it infects and kills.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, SARS-CoV-2 is less dangerous for infants compared to <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_syncytial_virus" title="Respiratory syncytial virus">respiratory syncytial virus</a> (RSV).<sup id="cite_ref-:9_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Obesity_and_malnutrition">Obesity and malnutrition</h3></div> <p>A report by the United Nations Children's Fund (<a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a>) released October 2019 stated that some 700 million children under the age of five worldwide are either obese or undernourished. Although there was a 40% drop in malnourishment in developing countries between 1990 and 2015, some 149 million toddlers are too short for their age, which hampers body and brain development. UNICEF's nutrition program chief Victor Aguayo said, "A mother who is overweight or obese can have children who are stunted or wasted." About one in two youngsters suffer from deficiencies of vitamins and minerals. Although pediatricians and nutritionists recommend exclusive breastfeeding for infants below five months of age, only about 40% were. Meanwhile, the sale of formula milk jumped 40% globally. In advanced developing countries such as Brazil, China, and Turkey, that number is 75%. Even though obesity was virtually non-existent in poor countries three decades ago, today, at least ten percent of children in them suffer from this condition. The report recommends taxes on sugary drinks and beverages and enhanced regulatory oversight of breast milk substitutes and fast foods.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Problems_arising_from_screen_time">Problems arising from screen time</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EyeTestPoster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/EyeTestPoster.jpg/220px-EyeTestPoster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/EyeTestPoster.jpg/330px-EyeTestPoster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/EyeTestPoster.jpg/440px-EyeTestPoster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Growing numbers of children now suffer from eye problems.</figcaption></figure> <p>A 2015 study found that the frequency of <a href="/wiki/Near-sightedness" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-sightedness">nearsightedness</a> had doubled in the United Kingdom within the last 50 years. Ophthalmologist Steve Schallhorn, chairman of the Optical Express International Medical Advisory Board, noted that researchers had pointed to a link between the regular use of handheld electronic devices and eyestrain. The <a href="/wiki/American_Optometric_Association" title="American Optometric Association">American Optometric Association</a> sounded the alarm in a similar vein.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a spokeswoman, digital eyestrain, or <a href="/wiki/Computer_vision_syndrome" title="Computer vision syndrome">computer vision syndrome</a>, is "rampant, especially as we move toward smaller devices and the prominence of devices increase in our everyday lives." Symptoms include dry and irritated eyes, fatigue, eye strain, blurry vision, difficulty focusing, and headaches. However, the syndrome does not cause vision loss or any other permanent damage. In order to alleviate or prevent eyestrain, the <a href="/wiki/The_Vision_Council" title="The Vision Council">Vision Council</a> recommends that people limit screen time, take frequent breaks, adjust the screen brightness, change the background from bright colors to gray, increase text sizes, and blink more often. The Council advises parents to limit their children's screen time as well as lead by example by reducing their own screen time in front of children.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, the WHO issued recommendations on the amount young children should spend in front of a screen every day. WHO said toddlers under the age of five should spend no more than an hour watching a screen and infants under the age of one should not be watching at all. Its guidelines are similar to those introduced by the American Academy of Pediatrics, which recommended that children under 19 months old should not spend time watching anything other than video chats. Moreover, it said children under two years old should only watch "high-quality programming" under parental supervision. However, Andrew Przybylski, who directs research at the Oxford Internet Institute at the University of Oxford, told the Associated Press that "Not all screen time is created equal" and that screen time advice needs to take into account "the content and context of use." In addition, the United Kingdom's <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Paediatrics_and_Child_Health" title="Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health">Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health</a> said its available data was not strong enough to indicate the necessity of screen time limits. WHO said its recommendations were intended to address the problem of sedentary behavior leading to health issues such as obesity.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2019 study published in <i>JAMA Pediatrics</i> investigated how screen time affected the brain structure of children aged three to five (preschoolers) using <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">MRI</a> scans. The test subjects—27 girls and 20 boys—took cognitive tests before their brain scans while their parents answered a questionnaire on screen time developed by the American Academy of Pediatrics. The researchers found that the toddlers who spent more than an hour per day in front of a screen without parental involvement showed less development in the brain's <a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">white matter</a>, the region responsible for cognitive and linguistic skills. Lead author Dr. John Hutton, a pediatrician and clinical researcher at Cincinnati Children's Hospital, told CNN that this finding was significant because the brain develops most rapidly during the first five years of a person's life. Previous studies revealed that excessive screen time is linked to sleep deprivation, impaired language development, behavioral problems, difficulty paying attention and thinking clearly, poor eating habits, and damaged executive functions.<sup id="cite_ref-:49_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:49-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet">Diet</h3></div> <p>In 2021, Illinois-based ingredient company FONA issued a survey about Generation Alpha that found "72% of Millennials with kids say their families are consuming plant-based meats more often." The survey also found that Generation Alpha likes international food from countries which include India, Peru, Vietnam and Morocco.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2019 research study from <a href="/wiki/Linda_McCartney_Foods" title="Linda McCartney Foods">Linda McCartney Foods</a> found close to 50% of Generation Alpha reducing meat consumption, with 70% reporting their schools did not offer many vegetarian or <a href="/wiki/Vegan_school_meal" title="Vegan school meal">vegan school meals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, newspaper columnist <a href="/wiki/Avery_Yale_Kamila" title="Avery Yale Kamila">Avery Yale Kamila</a> wrote that "knowing quite a few members of Gen Alpha, I predict these young people will look at Gen Z's love of vegan meals and say, 'Hold my soy milk', before showing us how veg-forward a generation can get."<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, brand firm JDO issued a research report that found less structured mealtimes mean more snacking among Generation Alpha and that Generation Alpha prefers nutrient-dense snacks that engage the senses and are sustainable or more mindful.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">Climate justice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intergenerational_equity" title="Intergenerational equity">Intergenerational equity</a></div> <p>Generation Alpha will be significantly more affected by <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> than older generations. It is estimated that children born in 2020 will experience up to seven times as many <a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">extreme weather</a> events over their lifetimes, particularly <a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">heat waves</a>, compared to people born in 1960, under current climate policy pledges.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_of_media_technologies">Use of media technologies</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Information_and_communications_technologies_(ICT)"><span id="Information_and_communications_technologies_.28ICT.29"></span>Information and communications technologies (ICT)</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:304px;max-width:304px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Air_and_Space_Museum_-_Space_Race_Gallery_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/National_Air_and_Space_Museum_-_Space_Race_Gallery_%281%29.jpg/300px-National_Air_and_Space_Museum_-_Space_Race_Gallery_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/National_Air_and_Space_Museum_-_Space_Race_Gallery_%281%29.jpg/450px-National_Air_and_Space_Museum_-_Space_Race_Gallery_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/National_Air_and_Space_Museum_-_Space_Race_Gallery_%281%29.jpg/600px-National_Air_and_Space_Museum_-_Space_Race_Gallery_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5412" data-file-height="3712" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A child uses a tablet at the <a href="/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum" title="National Air and Space Museum">National Air and Space Museum</a> in Washington, D.C. (2018)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_twins_laugh_at_something_they_are_watching_at_our_campsite_(50094290861).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/The_twins_laugh_at_something_they_are_watching_at_our_campsite_%2850094290861%29.jpg/300px-The_twins_laugh_at_something_they_are_watching_at_our_campsite_%2850094290861%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/The_twins_laugh_at_something_they_are_watching_at_our_campsite_%2850094290861%29.jpg/450px-The_twins_laugh_at_something_they_are_watching_at_our_campsite_%2850094290861%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/The_twins_laugh_at_something_they_are_watching_at_our_campsite_%2850094290861%29.jpg/600px-The_twins_laugh_at_something_they_are_watching_at_our_campsite_%2850094290861%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4473" data-file-height="2974" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Twins watching a video from a portable device (2020)</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Many members of Generation Alpha have grown up using <a href="/wiki/Smartphones" class="mw-redirect" title="Smartphones">smartphones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablets</a> as part of their childhood entertainment, with many being exposed to devices as a soothing distraction or educational aids.<sup id="cite_ref-:51_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:51-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Screen time among infants, toddlers, and preschoolers has increased significantly during the 2010s. Some 90% of young children used a handheld electronic device by the age of one; in some cases, children started using them when they were only a few months old.<sup id="cite_ref-:49_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:49-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using smartphones and tablets to access video streaming services such as <a href="/wiki/YouTube_Kids" title="YouTube Kids">YouTube Kids</a> and free or reasonably low-budget mobile games became a popular form of entertainment for young children.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A report by Common Sense media suggested that the amount of time children under nine in the United States spent using mobile devices increased from 15 minutes a day in 2013 to 48 minutes in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research by the children's charity Childwise suggested that a majority of British three- and four-year-olds owned an Internet-connected device by 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Being born into an environment where the use of electronic devices is ubiquitous comes with its own challenges: <a href="/wiki/Cyberbullying" title="Cyberbullying">cyber-bullying</a>, screen addiction, and inappropriate content.<sup id="cite_ref-:28_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:28-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, much of the research on the effects of screen time on children has been inconclusive or even suggested positive effects.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The writer and educator Jordan Shapiro has suggested that the increasingly technological nature of childhood should be embraced as a way to prepare children for life in an increasingly digital world as well as teaching them skills for offline life.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parental_internet_use">Parental internet use</h3></div> <p>Generation Alpha have also been surrounded by adult Internet use from the beginning of their lives. Their parents, primarily Millennials, are heavy social media users. A 2014 report from cybersecurity firm AVG stated that 6% of parents created a social media account and 8% an email account for their baby or toddler. According to <a href="/wiki/BabyCenter" title="BabyCenter">BabyCenter</a>, an online company specializing in pregnancy, childbirth, and child-rearing, 79% of Millennial mothers used social media on a daily basis and 63% used their smartphones more frequently since becoming pregnant or giving birth. More specifically, 24% logged on to <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> more frequently and 33% did the same to <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a> after becoming a mother. Non-profit advocacy group <a href="/wiki/Common_Sense_Media" title="Common Sense Media">Common Sense Media</a> warned that parents should take better care of their online privacy, lest their and their children's personal information and photographs fall into the wrong hands. This warning was issued after a Utah mother reportedly found a photograph of her children on a social media post with pornographic hashtags in May 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the Millennial generation's familiarity with the online world allows them to use their personal experience to help their children navigate it.<sup id="cite_ref-:28_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:28-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Members of <a href="/wiki/Generation_Z" title="Generation Z">Generation Z</a> often use the term "<a href="/wiki/IPad_kid" class="mw-redirect" title="IPad kid">iPad kid</a>" when referring to Generation Alpha.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This term was coined due to the majority of Generation Alpha's early childhood being spent watching and interacting with <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablets</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">smart mobile devices</a> with the assumption of them being <a href="/wiki/Problematic_smartphone_use" title="Problematic smartphone use">addicted</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, a study suggested that at least 80 percent of young children had access to a smart mobile device and schoolchildren had an average screentime of around seven hours a day.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/IPad" title="IPad">Apple iPads</a> are one of the most popular smart mobile devices hence the name. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television_and_streaming_services">Television and streaming services</h3></div> <p>In part due to the surge in use of handheld devices,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> broadcast television viewing among children has declined during the early lives of Generation Alpha. Statistics from the United States suggested that viewing of children's cable networks among American 2- to 11-year-olds were falling sharply in early 2020 and continued to do so (albeit by smaller amounts) even after <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> restrictions took children out of school and kept them at home.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research from the United Kingdom suggested that viewing of traditional broadcasting among British 4- to 15-year-olds fell from an average of 151 minutes in 2010 to 77 minutes in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, accessing televised programming via <a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a> and catch up services has become increasingly popular among children during the same time period. In 2019, almost 60% of <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a>'s 152 million global subscribers accessed content for children and families at least once a month.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United Kingdom, requests for children's programming on the BBC's catch up service <a href="/wiki/BBC_iPlayer" title="BBC iPlayer">iPlayer</a> increased substantially during the time of the COVID-19 pandemic.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, the catch-up service for Australian broadcaster ABC received more than half its views via children's content.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_and_social_life">Family and social life</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upbringing">Upbringing</h3></div> <p>Research from 2021 suggested that <a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British</a> children were allowed out to play without adult supervision almost two years later than their parents had been. The study of five- to eleven-year-olds suggested that the average age for a child to be first given that freedom was 10.7 years old whilst their parents recalled being let out noticeably earlier at an average of 8.9 years of age. Helen Dodd, a professor of child psychology at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Reading" title="University of Reading">University of Reading</a>, who led the study commented "In the largest study of play in Britain, we can clearly see that there is a trend to be protective and to provide less freedom for our children now than in previous generations... The concerns we have from this report are twofold. First, we are seeing children getting towards the end of their primary school years without having had enough opportunities to develop their ability to assess and manage risk independently. Second, if children are getting less time to play outdoors in an adventurous way, this may have an impact on their mental health and overall wellbeing." The research also suggested that children were more likely to be allowed to play outside unsupervised at an earlier age if they were white, the second or later born, living in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> or had better educated parents.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the share of children living with <a href="/wiki/Single_parent" title="Single parent">single parents</a> (and no other adults) continued to grow during the 2010s, reaching 23% in 2019, higher than any other country studied by the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>, including neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, at 15%.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has raised concern over their welfare.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, in Asia (including the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>), single-parent households are extremely rare.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But American children of the 2010s and 2020s are much safer than ever before, thanks to <a href="/wiki/Child_safety_seat" title="Child safety seat">children's car seats</a>, seat-belt laws, and swimming-pool safety reforms, among other things. At the same time, their parents tend to have fewer of them and to have them later in life, after achieving financial security, and as such are in a position to devote more resources to rearing them.<sup id="cite_ref-Twenge-2023b_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Twenge-2023b-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_events">Major events</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="COVID-19_pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coronavirus_children_mask.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Coronavirus_children_mask.jpg/330px-Coronavirus_children_mask.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Coronavirus_children_mask.jpg/495px-Coronavirus_children_mask.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Coronavirus_children_mask.jpg/660px-Coronavirus_children_mask.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A girl in a medical mask during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>. During the beginning of the crisis, people around the world were expected to wear face masks in many settings, often including children at an early age. </figcaption></figure><p>Much of Generation Alpha lived through the global COVID-19 pandemic as young children, the oldest of them being 8 years old at the time the pandemic began in early 2020. Although they are at far less risk of becoming seriously ill with the disease than their elders,<sup id="cite_ref-:9_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this cohort is dramatically affected by the crisis in other ways.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many are faced with extended periods out of school or daycare and much more time at home,<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which raised concerns about potential harm to the development of small children and the academic attainment of those of school age<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while putting some, especially the particularly vulnerable, at greater risk of abuse.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crises also led to increased child malnutrition and increased mortality, especially in developing countries.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study of the understanding of seven- to twelve-year-olds of the pandemic in the UK, Spain, Canada, Sweden, Brazil and Australia found that more than half of children knew a significant amount about COVID-19. They associated the topic with various negative emotions saying it made them feel "worried", "scared", "angry" and "confused". They tended to be aware of the types of people which were most vulnerable to the virus and the restrictions which were enforced in their communities. Many had learned new terms and phrases in relation to the pandemic such as <a href="/wiki/Social_distancing" title="Social distancing">social distancing</a>. They were most commonly informed about COVID-19 by teachers and parents, but also learned about the subject from friends, television and the Internet.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A report by <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a> in late 2021 described the COVID-19 pandemic as "the biggest threat to children in our 75-year history." It noted that amongst other effects, levels of child poverty and malnutrition had sharply increased. Education and the services designed to protect vulnerable children had been disrupted across the world. Child labour rates had increased, reversing a 20-year fall.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While children were at less direct risk in general from COVID-19, the disease was nevertheless a top-ten cause of death for children during the most acute phases of the pandemic. In the United States, it was the sixth leading cause of death for children in 2021<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the eighth in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CDC reported that, globally, 10.5 million children had been orphaned by COVID-19.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Projections_of_demographic_changes">Projections of demographic changes</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Projections_of_population_growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Projections of population growth">Projections of population growth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Growth_of_religion#Future_change" title="Growth of religion">Growth of religion § Future change</a></div> <p>The first wave of Generation Alpha will reach adulthood by the 2030s. It was predicted in 2018 that, by that time, the <a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">world population</a> is expected to be just under nine billion, and the world will have the highest ever proportion of people aged over 60,<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning this demographic cohort will bear the burden of an <a href="/wiki/Aging_population" class="mw-redirect" title="Aging population">aging population</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Mark McCrindle, a social researcher from Australia, Generation Alpha will most likely delay standard life markers such as <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriage</a>, childbirth, and retirement, as did the previous generations. McCrindle estimated that Generation Alpha will make up 11% of the global workforce by 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also predicted that they will live longer and have smaller families, and will be "the most formally educated generation ever, the most technology-supplied generation ever, and globally the wealthiest generation ever."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, the United Nations forecasted that while the global average life expectancy would rise from 70 in 2015 to 83 in 2100, the ratio of people of working age to senior citizens would shrink due to falling fertility rates worldwide. By 2050, many nations in Asia, Europe, and Latin America would have fewer than two workers per retiree. U.N. figures show that, leaving out migration, all of Europe, Japan, and the United States were shrinking in the 2010s, but by 2050, 48 countries and territories would experience a population decline.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2020, the latest demographic projections from the United Nations predict that there would be 8.5 billion people by 2030, 9.7 billion by 2050, and 10.9 billion by 2100. U.N. calculations assume countries with especially low <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">fertility rates</a> will see them rise to an average of 1.8 per woman. However, a 2020 study by researchers from <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Health_Metrics_and_Evaluation" title="Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation">Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation</a> (IHME), University of Washington, published in the Lancet projected there would only be about 8.8 billion people by 2100, two billion fewer than what the U.N. predicted. This was because their analysis suggested that as educational opportunities and family planning services become more and more accessible for women, they would choose to have no more than 1.5 children on average. A majority of the world's countries would continue to see their fertility rates decline, the researchers claimed. In particular, over 20 countries—including China, Japan, South Korea, Thailand, Spain, Italy, Portugal, and Poland—would find their populations reduced by around half or more. Meanwhile, sub-Saharan Africa would continue to experience a population boom, with Nigeria reaching 800 million people by century's end. Lower-than-expected human population growth means less stress on the environment and on food supplies, but it also points to a bleak economic picture for the greying countries. For the sub-Saharan African countries, though, there would be considerable opportunity for growth. The researchers predicted that as the century unfolds, major but aging economies such as Brazil, Russia, Italy, and Spain would shrink while Japan, Germany, France, and the United Kingdom would remain within the top ten. India would eventually claim the third spot. China would displace the United States as the largest economy in the world by mid-century, but would return to second place later on.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2017 projection by the Pew Research Center suggests that between 2015 and 2060, the human population would grow by about 32%. Among the major religious groups, only Muslims (70%) and Christians (34%) are above this threshold and as such would have a higher share of the global population than they do now, especially Muslims. Hindus (27%), Jews (15%), followers of traditional folk religions (5%), and the religiously unaffiliated (3%) would grow in absolute numbers, but would be in relative decline because their rates of growth are below the global average. On the other hand, Buddhists would find their numbers shrink by 7% during the same period. This is due to sub-replacement fertility and population aging in Buddhist-majority countries such as China, Japan, and Thailand. This projection has taken into account religious switching. Moreover, previous research suggests that switching plays only a minor role in the growth or decline of religion compared to fertility and mortality.<sup id="cite_ref-:37_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:37-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Portal:2010s" title="Portal:2010s">2010s portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_brain_blue_circuit_white_background_artificial_intelligence_icon_(DALL-_E)_Dec_2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Human_brain_blue_circuit_white_background_artificial_intelligence_icon_%28DALL-_E%29_Dec_2024.jpg/28px-Human_brain_blue_circuit_white_background_artificial_intelligence_icon_%28DALL-_E%29_Dec_2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Human_brain_blue_circuit_white_background_artificial_intelligence_icon_%28DALL-_E%29_Dec_2024.jpg/42px-Human_brain_blue_circuit_white_background_artificial_intelligence_icon_%28DALL-_E%29_Dec_2024.jpg 1.5x, 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li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCross" class="citation web cs1">Cross, Greta. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2024/12/31/generation-beta-2025-years/77363820007/">"Welcome Gen Beta: A new generation of humanity starts in 2025"</a>. <i>USA TODAY</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 1,</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+TODAY&rft.atitle=Welcome+Gen+Beta%3A+A+new+generation+of+humanity+starts+in+2025&rft.aulast=Cross&rft.aufirst=Greta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2024%2F12%2F31%2Fgeneration-beta-2025-years%2F77363820007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+Alpha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:28-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:28_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:28_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:28_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShaw_Brown2020" class="citation news cs1">Shaw Brown, Genevieve (February 17, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/Family/gen-meet-gen-alpha-generation-born-2010-today/story?id=68971965">"After Gen Z, meet Gen Alpha. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Axios&rft.atitle=Meet+Generation+Alpha%2C+the+9-year-olds+shaping+our+future&rft.date=2019-08-08&rft.aulast=Perano&rft.aufirst=Ursula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.axios.com%2Fgeneration-alpha-millennial-children-63438b10-6817-483e-8472-38810df77880.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+Alpha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:36-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:36_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarter" class="citation web cs1">Carter, Christine Michel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/christinecarter/2016/12/21/the-complete-guide-to-generation-alpha-the-children-of-millennials/">"The Complete Guide To Generation Alpha, The Children Of Millennials"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220409152332/https://www.forbes.com/sites/christinecarter/2016/12/21/the-complete-guide-to-generation-alpha-the-children-of-millennials/">Archived</a> from the original on April 9, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=The+Complete+Guide+To+Generation+Alpha%2C+The+Children+Of+Millennials&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Christine+Michel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fchristinecarter%2F2016%2F12%2F21%2Fthe-complete-guide-to-generation-alpha-the-children-of-millennials%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+Alpha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLavelle2019" class="citation news cs1">Lavelle, Daniel (January 4, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/society/shortcuts/2019/jan/04/move-over-millennials-and-gen-z-here-comes-generation-alpha">"Move over, millennials and Gen Z – here comes Generation Alpha"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190708045343/https://www.theguardian.com/society/shortcuts/2019/jan/04/move-over-millennials-and-gen-z-here-comes-generation-alpha">Archived</a> from the original on July 8, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 8,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Move+over%2C+millennials+and+Gen+Z+%E2%80%93+here+comes+Generation+Alpha&rft.date=2019-01-04&rft.aulast=Lavelle&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsociety%2Fshortcuts%2F2019%2Fjan%2F04%2Fmove-over-millennials-and-gen-z-here-comes-generation-alpha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+Alpha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKircher2023" class="citation web cs1">Kircher, Madison Malone (November 8, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/08/style/gen-alpha-slang.html">"Gen Alpha Is Here. Can You Understand Their Slang?"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Gen+Alpha+Is+Here.+Can+You+Understand+Their+Slang%3F&rft.date=2023-11-08&rft.aulast=Kircher&rft.aufirst=Madison+Malone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F11%2F08%2Fstyle%2Fgen-alpha-slang.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+Alpha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PopDeclineBBC-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PopDeclineBBC_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGallagher2020" class="citation web cs1">Gallagher, James (February 15, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/health-53409521">"Fertility rate: 'Jaw-dropping' global crash in children being born"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Birthrates are declining globally – here's why it matters"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Economic+Forum&rft.atitle=Bye%2C+bye%2C+baby%3F+Birthrates+are+declining+globally+%E2%80%93+here%27s+why+it+matters&rft.date=2021-06-15&rft.aulast=Bricker&rft.aufirst=Darrell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weforum.org%2Fagenda%2F2021%2F06%2Fbirthrates-declining-globally-why-matters%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+Alpha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pinsker-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pinsker_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPinsker2020" class="citation web cs1">Pinsker, Joe (February 21, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/family/archive/2020/02/generation-after-gen-z-named-alpha/606862/">"Oh No, They've Come Up With Another Generation Label"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200222201236/https://www.theatlantic.com/family/archive/2020/02/generation-after-gen-z-named-alpha/606862/">Archived</a> from the original on February 22, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 9,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Oh+No%2C+They%27ve+Come+Up+With+Another+Generation+Label&rft.date=2020-02-21&rft.aulast=Pinsker&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Ffamily%2Farchive%2F2020%2F02%2Fgeneration-after-gen-z-named-alpha%2F606862%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+Alpha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ABC-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ABC_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ABC_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcCrindleWolfinger2009" class="citation book cs1">McCrindle, Mark; Wolfinger, Emily (2009). <i>The ABC of XYZ: Understanding the Global Generations</i> (1st ed.). Australia. pp. <span class="nowrap">199–</span>212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74223-035-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74223-035-1"><bdi>978-1-74223-035-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+ABC+of+XYZ%3A+Understanding+the+Global+Generations&rft.place=Australia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E199-%3C%2Fspan%3E212&rft.edition=1st&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-74223-035-1&rft.aulast=McCrindle&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Wolfinger%2C+Emily&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+Alpha" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span> See excerpt <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200226050048/https://mccrindle.com.au/insights/blogarchive/why-we-named-them-gen-alpha/">"Why we named them Gen Alpha"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mccrindle.com.au/insights/blog/generation-alpha-mark-mccrindle-q-new-york-times/">"Generation Alpha: Mark McCrindle Q & A with the New York Times"</a>. <i>mccrindle.com.au</i>. September 22, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190314230413/https://mccrindle.com.au/insights/blog/generation-alpha-mark-mccrindle-q-new-york-times/">Archived</a> from the original on March 14, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mccrindle.com.au&rft.atitle=Generation+Alpha%3A+Mark+McCrindle+Q+%26+A+with+the+New+York+Times&rft.date=2015-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmccrindle.com.au%2Finsights%2Fblog%2Fgeneration-alpha-mark-mccrindle-q-new-york-times%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+Alpha" class="Z3988"></span> Quote is an outtake from the <i>New York Times</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200228172712/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/19/fashion/meet-alpha-the-next-next-generation.html">story</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYancey-Bragg2020" class="citation web cs1">Yancey-Bragg, N'dea (May 3, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2020/05/01/gen-c-coronavirus-covid-19-may-define-next-generation/3046809001/">"Coronavirus will define the next generation: What experts are predicting about 'Generation C'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>USA TODAY</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220602143256/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2020/05/01/gen-c-coronavirus-covid-19-may-define-next-generation/3046809001/">Archived</a> from the original on June 2, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+TODAY&rft.atitle=Coronavirus+will+define+the+next+generation%3A+What+experts+are+predicting+about+%27Generation+C%27&rft.date=2020-05-03&rft.aulast=Yancey-Bragg&rft.aufirst=N%27dea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2020%2F05%2F01%2Fgen-c-coronavirus-covid-19-may-define-next-generation%2F3046809001%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+Alpha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYong2020" class="citation web cs1">Yong, Ed (March 25, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2020/03/how-will-coronavirus-end/608719/">"How the Pandemic Will End"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220519050405/https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2020/03/how-will-coronavirus-end/608719/">Archived</a> from the original on May 19, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=How+the+Pandemic+Will+End&rft.date=2020-03-25&rft.aulast=Yong&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fhealth%2Farchive%2F2020%2F03%2Fhow-will-coronavirus-end%2F608719%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+Alpha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShoichet2021" class="citation web cs1">Shoichet, Catherine E. 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April 21, 2017.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/142/3/e20182058">The Power of Play: A Pediatric Role in Enhancing Development in Young Children</a>. Michael Yogman, Andrew Garner, Jeffrey Hutchinson, Kathy Hirsh-Pasek, Roberta Michnick Golinkoff. Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Children and Family Health, Council on Communications and Media, <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Pediatrics" title="American Academy of Pediatrics">American Academy of Pediatrics</a>. September 2018.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/04/190404074947.htm">A 'million word gap' for children who aren't read to at home</a>. Jessica A. R. Logan, Laura M. Justice, Melike Yumuş, Leydi Johana Chaparro-Moreno. <i>Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics</i>. April 4, 2019.</li> <li>Population pyramids of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zeihan.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/28-eu-population-2020-01-scaled.jpg">the EU-27 without France</a> and of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zeihan.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/27-france-population-2020-01-scaled.jpg">France in 2020</a>. Population pyramids of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zeihan.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/developed_without_us_2030.jpg">the developed world without the U.S.</a> and of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zeihan.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/5.3-us-demography-2030.jpg">the U.S. in 2030</a>. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Zeihan" title="Peter Zeihan">Zeihan</a> on Geopolitics.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Generation_Z" title="Generation Z">Generation Z</a><br />1997 – 2012</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Generation Alpha </b><br />2013 – mid-2020s </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Generation_Beta" title="Generation Beta">Generation Beta</a><br />mid-2020s – late 2030s</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Generations71" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Generation" title="Template:Generation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Generation" title="Template talk:Generation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Generation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Generation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Generations71" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Generation" title="Generation">Generations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the Western world</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Generation" title="Lost Generation">Lost Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greatest_Generation" title="Greatest Generation">Greatest Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Generation" title="Silent Generation">Silent Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_boomers" title="Baby boomers">Baby boomers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_X" title="Generation X">Generation X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennials" title="Millennials">Millennials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_Z" title="Generation Z">Generation Z</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Generation Alpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_Beta" title="Generation Beta">Generation Beta</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cusper" title="Cusper">Cuspers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interbellum_Generation" title="Interbellum Generation">Interbellum Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_Jones" title="Generation Jones">Generation Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xennials" title="Xennials">Xennials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zillennials" title="Zillennials">Zillennials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boomerang_Generation" title="Boomerang Generation">Boomerang Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me_generation" title="Me generation">Me generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Generation" title="MTV Generation">MTV Generation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Country-specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post_70s_Generation" title="Post 70s Generation">Post-70s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-80s" title="Post-80s">Post-80s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-90s" title="Post-90s">Post-90s</a></li></ul></li> <li>Czechoslovakia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hus%C3%A1k%27s_Children" title="Husák's Children">Husák's Children</a></li></ul></li> <li>Iran <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burnt_Generation" title="Burnt Generation">Burnt Generation</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satori_generation" title="Satori generation">Satori generation</a></li></ul></li> <li>Poland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generation_of_Columbuses" title="Generation of Columbuses">Generation of Columbuses</a></li></ul></li> <li>Romania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decre%C8%9Bei" class="mw-redirect" title="Decreței">Decreței</a></li></ul></li> <li>Singapore <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Generation_Package" title="Pioneer Generation Package">Pioneer Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merdeka_Generation_Package" title="Merdeka Generation Package">Merdeka Generation</a></li></ul></li> <li>South Korea <ul><li><a href="/wiki/386_Generation" title="386 Generation">386 Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampo_generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sampo generation">Sampo generation</a></li></ul></li> <li>Taiwan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strawberry_generation" title="Strawberry generation">Strawberry generation</a></li></ul></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Millennials_in_the_United_States" title="Millennials in the United States">Millennials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_Z_in_the_United_States" title="Generation Z in the United States">Generation Z</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vietnam <ul><li><a href="/wiki/9X_Generation" title="9X Generation">9X Generation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Future_generations" title="Future generations">Future generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigrant_generations" title="Immigrant generations">Immigrant generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_generation" title="Revolutionary generation">Revolutionary generation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generation_gap" title="Generation gap">Generation gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generational_accounting" title="Generational accounting">Generational accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generationism" title="Generationism">Generationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergenerationality" title="Intergenerationality">Intergenerationality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intergenerational_equity" title="Intergenerational equity">Equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergenerational_policy" title="Intergenerational policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergenerational_shared_site" title="Intergenerational shared site">Shared site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergenerational_struggle" title="Intergenerational struggle">Struggle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strauss%E2%80%93Howe_generational_theory" title="Strauss–Howe generational theory">Strauss–Howe generational theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_generations" title="Theory of generations">Theory of generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgenerational_design" title="Transgenerational design">Transgenerational design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beat_Generation" title="Beat Generation">Beat Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_divide" title="Digital divide">Digital divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_native" title="Digital native">Digital native</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OK_boomer" title="OK boomer">OK boomer</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Greatest_Generation_(book)" title="The Greatest Generation (book)">The Greatest Generation</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Young_adult_development87" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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