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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_Athens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Athens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Early Athens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Athens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liechtenstein" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liechtenstein"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Liechtenstein</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liechtenstein-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Switzerland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Direct_democracy_by_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Direct_democracy_by_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Direct democracy by country</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Direct_democracy_by_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Democratic_reform_trilemma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democratic_reform_trilemma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Democratic reform trilemma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democratic_reform_trilemma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relation_to_other_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relation_to_other_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Relation to other movements</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relation_to_other_movements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Relation to other movements subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Relation_to_other_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>In schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Direct democracy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 70 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">70 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direkte_Demokratie" title="Direkte Demokratie – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Direkte Demokratie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="ديمقراطية مباشرة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ديمقراطية مباشرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracia_directa" title="Democracia directa – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Democracia directa" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracia_direuta" title="Democracia direuta – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Democracia direuta" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jekopytyjoja_tee" title="Jekopytyjoja tee – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Jekopytyjoja tee" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="بیرباشا دموکراسی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیرباشا دموکراسی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%CC%8Dt-chiap_b%C3%AEn-ch%C3%BA" title="Ti̍t-chiap bîn-chú – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ti̍t-chiap bîn-chú" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Прамая дэмакратыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Прамая дэмакратыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Прамая дэмакратыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Прамая дэмакратыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Пряка демокрация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пряка демокрация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democr%C3%A0cia_directa" title="Democràcia directa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Democràcia directa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%99%C3%ADm%C3%A1_demokracie" title="Přímá demokracie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Přímá demokracie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direkte_demokrati" title="Direkte demokrati – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Direkte demokrati" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direkte_Demokratie" title="Direkte Demokratie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Direkte Demokratie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otsedemokraatia" title="Otsedemokraatia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Otsedemokraatia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%B7_%CE%B4%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Άμεση δημοκρατία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άμεση δημοκρατία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracia_directa" title="Democracia directa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Democracia directa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rekta_demokratio" title="Rekta demokratio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rekta demokratio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuzeneko_demokrazia" title="Zuzeneko demokrazia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zuzeneko demokrazia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%85" title="دموکراسی مستقیم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دموکراسی مستقیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9mocratie_directe" title="Démocratie directe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Démocratie directe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracia_directa" title="Democracia directa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Democracia directa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%DA%A9%CB%87_%D8%AF%D8%A4%D9%85%D8%A4%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="دیکˇ دؤمؤکراسي – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="دیکˇ دؤمؤکراسي" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%81%EC%A0%91_%EB%AF%BC%EC%A3%BC%EC%A0%9C" title="직접 민주제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="직접 민주제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%B2%D5%AB%D5%B2_%D5%AA%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%B8%D5%BE%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ուղիղ ժողովրդավարություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուղիղ ժողովրդավարություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="प्रत्यक्ष लोकतंत्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रत्यक्ष लोकतंत्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izravna_demokracija" title="Izravna demokracija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Izravna demokracija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrasi_langsung" title="Demokrasi langsung – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Demokrasi langsung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beint_l%C3%BD%C3%B0r%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Beint lýðræði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Beint lýðræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democrazia_diretta" title="Democrazia diretta – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Democrazia diretta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94" title="דמוקרטיה ישירה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דמוקרטיה ישירה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrasia_ya_moja_kwa_moja" title="Demokrasia ya moja kwa moja – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Demokrasia ya moja kwa moja" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tie%C5%A1%C4%81_demokr%C4%81tija" title="Tiešā demokrātija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tiešā demokrātija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiesiogin%C4%97_demokratija" title="Tiesioginė demokratija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tiesioginė demokratija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrasi_alim%C3%A1" title="Demokrasi alimá – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Demokrasi alimá" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democrazia_diretta" title="Democrazia diretta – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Democrazia diretta" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6zvetlen_demokr%C3%A1cia" title="Közvetlen demokrácia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Közvetlen demokrácia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Непосредна демократија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Непосредна демократија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ბონი დემოკრატია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბონი დემოკრატია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrasi_langsung" title="Demokrasi langsung – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Demokrasi langsung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directe_democratie" title="Directe democratie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Directe democratie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="直接民主主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="直接民主主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direkte_demokrati" title="Direkte demokrati – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Direkte demokrati" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direktedemokrati" title="Direktedemokrati – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Direktedemokrati" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracia_dir%C3%A8cta" title="Democracia dirècta – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Democracia dirècta" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C" title="ਪ੍ਰਤੱਖ ਲੋਕਰਾਜ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪ੍ਰਤੱਖ ਲੋਕਰਾਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="مستقيمه ديموکراسي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مستقيمه ديموکراسي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokracja_bezpo%C5%9Brednia" title="Demokracja bezpośrednia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Demokracja bezpośrednia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracia_direta" title="Democracia direta – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Democracia direta" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democra%C8%9Bie_direct%C4%83" title="Democrație directă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Democrație directă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Прямая демократия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Прямая демократия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokracia_e_drejtp%C3%ABrdrejt%C3%AB" title="Demokracia e drejtpërdrejtë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Demokracia e drejtpërdrejtë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimucrazzia_diretta" title="Dimucrazzia diretta – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Dimucrazzia diretta" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA" title="සෘජු ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සෘජු ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Direct democracy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priama_demokracia" title="Priama demokracia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Priama demokracia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neposredna_demokracija" title="Neposredna demokracija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Neposredna demokracija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neposredna_demokratija" title="Neposredna demokratija – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Neposredna demokratija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neposredna_demokratija" title="Neposredna demokratija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Neposredna demokratija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suora_demokratia" title="Suora demokratia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Suora demokratia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direktdemokrati" title="Direktdemokrati – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Direktdemokrati" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="நேரடி மக்களாட்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நேரடி மக்களாட்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87" title="ประชาธิปไตยโดยตรง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประชาธิปไตยโดยตรง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C4%9Frudan_demokrasi" title="Doğrudan demokrasi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Doğrudan demokrasi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Пряма демократія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пряма демократія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B7%DB%81_%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="بلا واسطہ جمہوریت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بلا واسطہ جمہوریت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A2n_ch%E1%BB%A7_tr%E1%BB%B1c_ti%E1%BA%BFp" title="Dân chủ trực tiếp – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dân chủ trực tiếp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6" title="直接民主制 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="直接民主制" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="直接民主 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="直接民主" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="直接民主 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="直接民主" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q171174#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Direct democracy (disambiguation)">Direct democracy (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Landsgemeinde_Glarus_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Landsgemeinde_Glarus_2006.jpg/330px-Landsgemeinde_Glarus_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Landsgemeinde_Glarus_2006.jpg/495px-Landsgemeinde_Glarus_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Landsgemeinde_Glarus_2006.jpg/660px-Landsgemeinde_Glarus_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" 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mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optional_referendum" title="Optional referendum">Optional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_referral" title="Legislative referral">Legislative referral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_initiative" title="Popular initiative">Popular initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recall_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="Recall referendum">Recall referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_referendum" title="Popular referendum">Popular referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_referendum" title="Mandatory referendum">Mandatory referendum</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Referendums_by_country" title="Referendums by country">Referendums by country</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Australia" title="Referendums in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Canada" title="Referendums in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Referendums in the Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Citizens%27_Initiative" title="European Citizens' Initiative">EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_France" title="Referendums in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Germany" title="Referendums in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Italy" title="Referendums in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Iran" title="Referendums in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Israel" title="Referendums in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Kenya" title="Referendums in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Lithuania" title="Referendums in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_the_Netherlands" title="Referendums in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_New_Zealand" title="Referendums in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Poland" title="Referendums in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_the_Philippines" title="Referendums in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Sweden" title="Referendums in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Slovakia" title="Referendums in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_initiative_(Switzerland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular initiative (Switzerland)">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Turkey" title="Referendums in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Taiwan" title="Referendums in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Referendums in the United Kingdom">UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Ukraine" title="Referendums in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiatives_and_referendums_in_the_United_States" title="Initiatives and referendums in the United States">USA</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Referendums by issue</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_referendum" title="Civil rights referendum">Civil rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_referendum" title="Financial referendum">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_referendum" title="Mining referendum">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_referendum" title="War referendum">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_referendum" title="Independence referendum">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_related_to_the_European_Union" title="Referendums related to the European Union">EU</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Referendums by method</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_referendum" title="Electronic referendum">E-referendum</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">History of direct democracy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_direct_democracy_in_the_United_States" title="History of direct democracy in the United States">in USA</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_election" title="Direct election">Direct election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_assembly" title="Citizens' assembly">Citizens' assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_assembly" title="Popular assembly">Popular assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen%27s_jury" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizen's jury">Citizen's jury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_budgeting" title="Participatory budgeting">Participatory budgeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_direct_democracy_parties" title="List of direct democracy parties">List of direct democracy parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballot_title" title="Ballot title">Ballot title</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sortition" title="Sortition">Sortition</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.5em; background:transparent;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_democracy" title="History of democracy">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Democracy#Theory" title="Democracy">Theory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_indices" title="Democracy indices">Indices</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_democracy" title="Types of democracy">Types</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anticipatory_democracy" title="Anticipatory democracy">Anticipatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_democracy" title="Cellular democracy">Cellular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_democracy" title="Consensus democracy">Consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_democracy" title="Conservative democracy">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_democracy" title="Cosmopolitan democracy">Cosmopolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_democracy" title="Defensive democracy">Defensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deliberative_democracy" title="Deliberative democracy">Deliberative</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Direct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-democracy" title="E-democracy">Electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empowered_democracy" title="Empowered democracy">Empowered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_democracy" title="Ethnic democracy">Ethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassroots_democracy" title="Grassroots democracy">Grassroots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_democracy" title="Guided democracy">Guided</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regime" title="Hybrid regime">Hybrid regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive Democracy">Inclusive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_democracy" title="Industrial democracy">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal</a> / <a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_democracy" title="Liquid democracy">Liquid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majoritarian_democracy" title="Majoritarian democracy">Majoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_democracy" title="Media democracy">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monitory_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Monitory democracy">Monitory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">Multiparty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-partisan_democracy" title="Non-partisan democracy">Non-partisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_democracy" title="Oral democracy">Oral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_democracy" title="Participatory democracy">Participatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralist_democracy" title="Pluralist democracy">Pluralist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_democracy" title="Popular democracy">Popular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedural_democracy" title="Procedural democracy">Procedural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_democracy" title="Radical democracy">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">Representative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_democracy" title="Religious democracy">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_democracy" title="Islam and democracy">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_and_democratic_state" title="Jewish and democratic state">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Mormon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_democracy" title="Sectarian democracy">Sectarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anocracy" title="Anocracy">Semi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-direct_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-direct democracy">Semi-direct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocracy" title="Sociocracy">Sociocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_democracy" title="Sovereign democracy">Sovereign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Substantive democracy">Substantive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermajority" title="Supermajority">Supermajority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarian_democracy" title="Totalitarian democracy">Totalitarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">Workplace</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_assembly" title="Citizens' assembly">Citizens' assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_democracy" title="Criticism of democracy">Criticism of democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deliberative_referendum" title="Deliberative referendum">Deliberative referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding" title="Democratic backsliding">Democratic backsliding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">Democratic centralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_confederalism" title="Democratic confederalism">Democratic confederalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_peace_theory" title="Democratic peace theory">Democratic peace theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_republic" title="Democratic republic">Democratic republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_transition" title="Democratic transition">Democratic transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_and_economic_growth" title="Democracy and economic growth">Democracy and economic growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_promotion" title="Democracy promotion">Democracy promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_competition" title="Electoral competition">Electoral competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_initiative" title="Popular initiative">Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleroterion" title="Kleroterion">Kleroterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majoritarianism" title="Majoritarianism">Majoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_rule" title="Majority rule">Majority rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_(parliamentary_procedure)" title="Motion (parliamentary procedure)">Motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mob_rule" title="Mob rule">Ochlocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomination_rules" title="Nomination rules">Nomination rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_transition_of_power" title="Peaceful transition of power">Peaceful transition of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">Political demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_equality" class="mw-redirect" title="Political equality">Political equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyarchy" title="Polyarchy">Polyarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_referendum" title="Popular referendum">Popular referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">Proportional representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">Referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_petition" title="Right to petition">Right to petition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_protest" title="Right to protest">Right to protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomination_rules" title="Nomination rules">Right to candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">Right to vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sortition" title="Sortition">Sortition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_peace_theory" title="Territorial peace theory">Territorial peace theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">Voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_referendum" title="War referendum">War referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_between_democracies" title="List of wars between democracies">Wars between democracies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waves_of_democracy" title="Waves of democracy">Waves of democracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Africa" title="Democracy in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Asia" title="Democracy in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Europe" title="Democracy in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_democracy" title="History of democracy">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Democracy in Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Democracy in the Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Democracy_sidebar" title="Template:Democracy sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Democracy_sidebar" title="Template talk:Democracy sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Democracy_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Democracy sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Direct democracy</b> or <b>pure democracy</b> is a form of <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> in which the <a href="/wiki/Election#Electorate" title="Election">electorate</a> decides on policy <a href="/wiki/Initiatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Initiatives">initiatives</a> without <a href="/wiki/Legislator" title="Legislator">elected representatives</a> as proxies. This differs from the majority of currently established democracies, which are <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracies</a>. The theory and practice of direct democracy and participation as its common characteristic constituted the core of the work of many theorists, philosophers, politicians, and social critics, among whom the most important are <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a>, and <a href="/wiki/G._D._H._Cole" title="G. D. H. Cole">G.D.H. Cole</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_democracy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In direct democracy the people decide on policies without any intermediary or representative, whereas in a <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a> people vote for representatives who then enact policy initiatives.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depending on the particular system in use, direct democracy might entail passing executive decisions, the use of <a href="/wiki/Sortition" title="Sortition">sortition</a>, making <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">laws</a>, directly electing or dismissing officials, and conducting <a href="/wiki/Trial" title="Trial">trials</a>. Two leading forms of direct democracy are <a href="/wiki/Participatory_democracy" title="Participatory democracy">participatory democracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deliberative_democracy" title="Deliberative democracy">deliberative democracy</a>. Semi-direct democracies, in which representatives administer day-to-day governance, but the citizens remain the sovereign, allow for three forms of popular action: <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a> (plebiscite), <a href="/wiki/Popular_initiative" title="Popular initiative">initiative</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Recall_election" title="Recall election">recall</a>. The first two forms—referendums and initiatives—are examples of direct legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Direct_democracy&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, thirty countries allowed for referendums initiated by the population on the national level.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A compulsory referendum subjects the legislation drafted by political elites to a binding popular vote. This is the most common form of direct legislation. A <a href="/wiki/Popular_referendum" title="Popular referendum">popular referendum</a> empowers citizens to make a petition that calls existing legislation to a vote by the citizens. Institutions specify the timeframe for a valid petition and the number of signatures required and may require signatures from diverse communities to protect minority interests.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This form of direct democracy effectively grants the voting public a <a href="/wiki/Veto" title="Veto">veto</a> on laws adopted by the elected legislature, as in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirschbühl2011a_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirschbühl2011a-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirschbühl2011b_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirschbühl2011b-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirschbühl2011c_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirschbühl2011c-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirschbühl2011d_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirschbühl2011d-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A citizen-initiated referendum, also called an <a href="/wiki/Popular_initiative" title="Popular initiative">initiative</a>, empowers members of the general public to propose, by petition, specific statutory measures or constitutional reforms to the government and, as with other referendums, the vote may be binding or simply advisory. Initiatives may be direct or indirect: with the direct initiative, a successful proposition is placed directly on the ballot to be subject to vote (as exemplified by California's system).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With an indirect initiative, a successful proposition is first presented to the legislature for their consideration; however, if no acceptable action is taken after a designated period of time, the proposition moves to direct popular vote. <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Constitution" title="Swiss Federal Constitution">Constitutional amendments in Switzerland</a>, Liechtenstein or Uruguay goes through such a form of indirect initiative.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Deliberative_referendum" title="Deliberative referendum">deliberative referendum</a> is a referendum that increases public deliberation through purposeful institutional design. Power of recall gives the public the power to remove elected officials from office before the end of their designated standard term of office.<sup id="cite_ref-FishkinCh2&3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FishkinCh2&3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mandatory <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendums</a> correspond to <a href="/wiki/Majority_rule" title="Majority rule">majority rule</a> while optional referendums and <a href="/wiki/Popular_initiatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular initiatives">popular initiatives</a> correspond to <a href="/wiki/Consensus_democracy" title="Consensus democracy">consensus democracy</a> (e.g. Switzerland).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_democracy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_democracy" title="History of democracy">History of democracy</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_democracy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One strand of thought sees direct democracy as common and widespread in pre-state societies.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest well-documented direct democracy is said to be the <a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian democracy</a> of the 5th century BC. The main bodies in the Athenian democracy were the <a href="/wiki/Athenian_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Athenian Assembly">assembly</a>, composed of male citizens; the <a href="/wiki/Boule_(ancient_Greece)" title="Boule (ancient Greece)">boulê</a>, composed of 500 citizens; and the law courts, composed of a massive number of jurors chosen by lot, with no judges. Ancient <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attica</a> had only about 30,000 male citizens, but several thousand of them were politically active in each year and many of them quite regularly for years on end. The Athenian democracy was <i>direct</i> not only in the sense that the assembled people made decisions, but also in the sense that the people – through the assembly, boulê, and law courts – controlled the entire political process, and a large proportion of citizens were involved constantly in public affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-Raaflaub5_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raaflaub5-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most modern democracies, being representative, not direct, do not resemble the Athenian system. Moreover, the Athenian democracy was exclusive. For example, in Athens in the middle of the 4th century there were about 100,000 citizens (Athenian citizenship was limited to men and women whose parents had also been Athenian citizens), about 10,000 metoikoi, or “resident foreigners,” and 150,000 slaves. Out of all those people, only male citizens who were older than 18 were a part of the demos, meaning only about 40,000 people could participate in the democratic process.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also relevant to the history of direct democracy is the history of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a>, specifically during the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>, traditionally founded around 509 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-cary67_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cary67-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rome displayed many aspects of democracy, both direct and indirect, from the era of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Roman monarchy</a> all the way to the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. While the Roman senate was the main body with historical longevity, lasting from the Roman kingdom until after the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> in 476 AD, it did not embody a purely democratic approach, being made up – during the late republic – of former elected officials,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> providing advice rather than creating law.<sup id="cite_ref-lintott_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lintott-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The democratic aspect of the constitution resided in the Roman <a href="/wiki/Legislative_assemblies_of_the_Roman_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative assemblies of the Roman Republic">popular assemblies</a>, where the people organized into <i><a href="/wiki/Centuria" title="Centuria">centuriae</a></i> or into <a href="/wiki/Roman_tribe" title="Roman tribe">tribes</a> – depending on the assembly – and cast votes on various matters, including elections and laws, proposed before them by their elected magistrates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott200343_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELintott200343-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some classicists have argued that the Roman republic deserves the label of "democracy", with universal suffrage for adult male citizens, popular sovereignty, and transparent deliberation of public affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many historians mark the end of the Republic with the <i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Titia" title="Lex Titia">lex Titia</a></i>, passed on 27 November 43 BC, which eliminated many oversight provisions.<sup id="cite_ref-cary67_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cary67-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_democracy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Modern era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern-era citizen-lawmaking occurs in the cantons of <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> from the 13th century. In 1848 the Swiss added the "statute referendum" to their national constitution, requiring the public to vote on if a constitutional change should occur.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They soon discovered that merely having the power to veto Parliament's laws was not enough. In 1891 they added the "constitutional amendment initiative". Swiss politics since 1891 have given the world a valuable experience-base with the national-level constitutional amendment initiative.<sup id="cite_ref-Kobach1993_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kobach1993-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the past 120 years, more than 240 initiatives have been put to referendums. Most popular initiatives are discussed and approved by the Parliament before the referendum. Out of the remaining initiatives that go to the referendum, only about 10% are approved by voters; in addition, voters often opt for a version of the initiative rewritten by the government. (See <a href="#Switzerland">"Direct democracy in Switzerland"</a> below.)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirschbühl2011a_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirschbühl2011a-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirschbühl2011b_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirschbühl2011b-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirschbühl2011c_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirschbühl2011c-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirschbühl2011d_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirschbühl2011d-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the issues surrounding the related notion of a direct democracy using the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> and other communications technologies are dealt with in the article on <a href="/wiki/E-democracy" title="E-democracy">e-democracy</a> and below under the heading <a href="#Electronic_direct_democracy"><i>Electronic direct democracy</i></a>. More concisely, the concept of <a href="/wiki/Open-source_governance" title="Open-source governance">open-source governance</a> applies principles of the <a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">free software movement</a> to the governance of people, allowing the entire populace to participate in government directly, as much or as little as they please.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_democracy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Referendums_by_country" title="Referendums by country">Referendums by country</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Athens">Early Athens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_democracy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early Athens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian democracy</a></div> <p>Athenian democracy developed in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a>, comprising the city of Athens and the surrounding territory of <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attica</a>, around 600 BC. Athens was one of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_democracy#Athens" title="History of democracy">first known democracies</a>. Other Greek cities set up democracies, and even though most followed an Athenian model, none were as powerful, stable, or well-documented as that of Athens. In the direct democracy of Athens, the citizens did not nominate representatives to vote on legislation and executive bills on their behalf (as in the United States) but instead voted as individuals. The <a href="/wiki/Public_opinion" title="Public opinion">public opinion</a> of voters was influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Political_satire" title="Political satire">political satire</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_comedy" title="Ancient Greek comedy">comic poets</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek theatre">theatres</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Solon" title="Solon">Solon</a> (594 BC), <a href="/wiki/Cleisthenes" title="Cleisthenes">Cleisthenes</a> (508–507 BCE), and <a href="/wiki/Ephialtes" title="Ephialtes">Ephialtes</a> (462 BC) all contributed to the development of Athenian democracy. Historians differ on which of them was responsible for which institution, and which of them most represented a truly democratic movement. It is most usual to date Athenian democracy from Cleisthenes since Solon's constitution fell and was replaced by the tyranny of <a href="/wiki/Peisistratos" class="mw-redirect" title="Peisistratos">Peisistratus</a>, whereas Ephialtes revised Cleisthenes' constitution relatively peacefully. <a href="/wiki/Hipparchus_(son_of_Pisistratus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hipparchus (son of Pisistratus)">Hipparchus</a>, the brother of the tyrant <a href="/wiki/Hippias_(son_of_Pisistratus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippias (son of Pisistratus)">Hippias</a>, was killed by <a href="/wiki/Harmodius_and_Aristogeiton" title="Harmodius and Aristogeiton">Harmodius and Aristogeiton</a>, who were subsequently honored by the Athenians for their alleged restoration of Athenian freedom. </p><p>The greatest and longest-lasting democratic leader was <a href="/wiki/Pericles" title="Pericles">Pericles</a>; after his death, Athenian democracy was twice briefly interrupted by an oligarchic revolution towards the end of the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a>. It was modified somewhat after it was restored under <a href="/wiki/Eucleides" title="Eucleides">Eucleides</a>; the most detailed accounts are of this 4th-century modification rather than of the Periclean system. It was suppressed by the <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonians</a> in 322 BC. The Athenian institutions were later revived, but the extent to which they were a real democracy is debatable.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sociologist <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a> believed that every <a href="/wiki/Mass_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass democracy">mass democracy</a> went in a <a href="/wiki/Caesarism" title="Caesarism">Caesarist</a> direction. Professor of law Gerhard Casper writes, "Weber employed the term to stress, <a href="/wiki/Inter_alia" class="mw-redirect" title="Inter alia">inter alia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Plebeian_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian Council">plebiscitary</a> character of elections, disdain for parliament, the non-toleration of autonomous powers within the government and a failure to attract or suffer independent political minds."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_democracy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Liechtenstein"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite being a monarchy, direct democracy is considered to be an engrained element of <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Liechtenstein" title="Politics of Liechtenstein">Liechtensteiner politics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If called for by at least 1,000 citizens, a referendum on any law can be initiated. Referendums can suspend <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Liechtenstein">parliament</a> or change the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Liechtenstein" title="Constitution of Liechtenstein">constitution</a>, but at least 1,500 citizens must vote affirmative, so referendums to suspend parliament or change the constitution fail if they have low turnout even if the required percentage of total voters is met. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_democracy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Switzerland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swiss_voting_material.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Swiss_voting_material.jpg/220px-Swiss_voting_material.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Swiss_voting_material.jpg/330px-Swiss_voting_material.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Swiss_voting_material.jpg/440px-Swiss_voting_material.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2792" data-file-height="1832" /></a><figcaption>In <a href="/wiki/Voting_in_Switzerland" title="Voting in Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, with no need to register, every citizen receives the <a href="/wiki/Ballot_papers" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballot papers">ballot papers</a> and information brochure for each vote and election and can return it by post. Switzerland has various directly democratic instruments; votes are organized about four times a year. Here, the papers received by every citizen of <a href="/wiki/Bern#Politics" title="Bern">Berne</a> in November 2008 about five national, two cantonal, four municipal referendums, and two elections (government and parliament of the City of Berne) of 23 competing parties to take care of at the same time.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Switzerland" title="Politics of Switzerland">Politics of Switzerland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voting_in_Switzerland" title="Voting in Switzerland">Voting in Switzerland</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Landsgemeinde" title="Landsgemeinde">Landsgemeinde</a> and <a href="/wiki/Federal_popular_initiative" title="Federal popular initiative">Federal popular initiative</a></div> <p>The pure form of direct democracy exists only in the <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Swiss</a> <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">cantons</a> of <a href="/wiki/Appenzell_Innerrhoden" title="Appenzell Innerrhoden">Appenzell Innerrhoden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Glarus" title="Canton of Glarus">Glarus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Golay_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golay-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Confederation">Swiss Confederation</a> is a semi-direct democracy (representative democracy with strong instruments of direct democracy).<sup id="cite_ref-Golay_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golay-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nature of direct democracy in Switzerland is fundamentally complemented by its federal governmental structures (in <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> also called the <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidiarit%C3%A4tsprinzip" class="extiw" title="de:Subsidiaritätsprinzip">Subsidiaritätsprinzip</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirschbühl2011a_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirschbühl2011a-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirschbühl2011b_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirschbühl2011b-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirschbühl2011c_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirschbühl2011c-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirschbühl2011d_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirschbühl2011d-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most western countries have representative systems.<sup id="cite_ref-Golay_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golay-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> is a rare example of a country with instruments of direct democracy (at the levels of the municipalities, <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">cantons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Switzerland" title="Politics of Switzerland">federal state</a>). Citizens have more power than in a representative democracy. On any political level citizens can propose changes to the constitution (<a href="/wiki/Popular_initiative_(Switzerland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular initiative (Switzerland)">popular initiative</a>) or ask for an <a href="/wiki/Optional_referendum" title="Optional referendum">optional referendum</a> to be held on any law voted by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Assembly (Switzerland)">federal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cantonal" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonal">cantonal</a> parliament and/or <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Switzerland" title="Municipalities of Switzerland">municipal</a> legislative body.<sup id="cite_ref-refdum_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refdum-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The list for <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_referendum" title="Mandatory referendum">mandatory</a> or optional referendums on each political level are generally much longer in Switzerland than in any other country; for example, any amendment to the constitution must automatically be voted on by the Swiss electorate and cantons, on cantonal/communal levels often any financial decision of a certain substantial amount decreed by legislative and/or executive bodies as well.<sup id="cite_ref-refdum_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refdum-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Swiss citizens vote regularly on any kind of issue on every political level, such as financial approvals of a schoolhouse or the building of a new street, or the change of the policy regarding sexual work, or on constitutional changes, or on the foreign policy of Switzerland, four times a year.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between January 1995 and June 2005, Swiss citizens voted 31 times, on 103 federal questions besides many more cantonal and municipal questions.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the same period, French citizens participated in only two referendums.<sup id="cite_ref-Golay_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golay-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, simple majorities are sufficient at the municipal and <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">cantonal</a> level, at the federal level <a href="/wiki/Double_majority" title="Double majority">double majorities</a> are required on constitutional issues.<sup id="cite_ref-Kobach1993_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kobach1993-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A double majority requires approval by a majority of individuals voting, and also by a majority of cantons. Thus, in Switzerland, a citizen-proposed amendment to the federal constitution (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Popular_initiative_(Switzerland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular initiative (Switzerland)">popular initiative</a>) cannot be passed at the federal level if a majority of the people approve but a majority of the cantons disapprove.<sup id="cite_ref-Kobach1993_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kobach1993-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For referendums or propositions in general terms (like the principle of a general revision of the Constitution), a majority of those voting is sufficient (Swiss Constitution, 2005). </p><p>In 1890, when the provisions for Swiss national citizen lawmaking were being debated by civil society and government, the Swiss adopted the idea of double majorities from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>, in which House votes were to represent the people and Senate votes were to represent the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kobach1993_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kobach1993-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to its supporters, this "legitimacy-rich" approach to national citizen lawmaking has been very successful. <a href="/wiki/Kris_Kobach" title="Kris Kobach">Kris Kobach</a>, former Kansas elected official, claims that Switzerland has had tandem successes both socially and economically which are matched by only a few other nations. Kobach states at the end of his book, "Too often, observers deem Switzerland an oddity among political systems. It is more appropriate to regard it as a pioneer." Finally, the Swiss political system, including its direct democratic devices in a <a href="/wiki/Multi-level_governance" title="Multi-level governance">multi-level governance</a> context, becomes increasingly interesting for scholars of <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> integration.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_democracy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_direct_democracy_in_the_United_States" title="History of direct democracy in the United States">History of direct democracy in the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Initiatives_and_referendums_in_the_United_States" title="Initiatives and referendums in the United States">Initiatives and referendums in the United States</a></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> region of the United States, <a href="/wiki/New_England_town" title="New England town">towns</a> in states such as <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a> decide local affairs through the direct democratic process of the <a href="/wiki/Town_meeting" title="Town meeting">town meeting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the oldest form of direct democracy in the United States and predates the founding of the country by at least a century. </p><p>Direct democracy was not what the framers of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a> envisioned for the nation. They saw a danger in <a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">tyranny of the majority</a>. As a result, they advocated a <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a> in the form of a constitutional republic over a direct democracy. For example, <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._10" title="Federalist No. 10">Federalist No. 10</a>, advocates a constitutional republic over direct democracy precisely to protect the individual from the will of the majority. He says, </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Those who hold and those who are without property have ever formed distinct interests in society. Those who are creditors, and those who are debtors, fall under a like discrimination. A landed interest, a manufacturing interest, a mercantile interest, a moneyed interest, with many lesser interests, grow up of necessity in civilized nations, and divide them into different classes, actuated by different sentiments and views. The regulation of these various and interfering interests forms the principal task of modern legislation and involves the spirit of party and faction in the necessary and ordinary operations of the government. </p><p>[...] </p><p> [A] pure democracy, by which I mean a society consisting of a small number of citizens, who assemble and administer the government in person, can admit no cure for the mischiefs of faction. A common passion or interest will be felt by a majority, and there is nothing to check the inducements to sacrifice the weaker party. Hence it is, that democracies have ever been found incompatible with personal security or the rights of property; and have, in general, been as short in their lives as they have been violent in their deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Other framers spoke against pure democracy. <a href="/wiki/John_Witherspoon" title="John Witherspoon">John Witherspoon</a>, one of the signers of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a>, said: "Pure democracy cannot subsist long nor be carried far into the departments of state – it is very subject to caprice and the madness of popular rage." At the New York Ratifying Convention, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> was quoted saying "that a pure democracy, if it were practicable, would be the most perfect government. Experience has proved that no position is falser than this. The ancient democracies in which the people themselves deliberated never possessed one good feature of government. Their very character was tyranny; their figure, deformity."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the framers' intentions at the beginning of the republic, ballot measures and their corresponding referendums have been widely used at the state and sub-state level. There is much state and federal <a href="/wiki/Case_law" title="Case law">case law</a>, from the early 1900s to the 1990s, that protects the people's right to each of these direct democracy governance components (Magleby, 1984, and Zimmerman, 1999). The first <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> ruling in favor of the citizen lawmaking was in <i><a href="/wiki/Pacific_States_Telephone_and_Telegraph_Company_v._Oregon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific States Telephone and Telegraph Company v. Oregon">Pacific States Telephone and Telegraph Company v. Oregon</a></i>, 223 U.S. 118 in 1912 (Zimmerman, December 1999). <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>, in his "Charter of Democracy" speech to the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Constitutional_Convention_(1912)" title="Ohio Constitutional Convention (1912)">Ohio Constitutional Convention (1912)</a>, stated: "I believe in the Initiative and Referendum, which should be used not to destroy representative government, but to correct it whenever it becomes misrepresentative."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In various states, referendums through which the people rule include: </p> <ul><li><i>Referrals</i> by the legislature to the people of "proposed constitutional amendments" (constitutionally used in 49 states, excepting only <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a> – Initiative & Referendum Institute, 2004).</li> <li><i>Referrals</i> by the legislature to the people of "proposed statute laws" (constitutionally used in all 50 states – Initiative & Referendum Institute, 2004).</li> <li><i>Constitutional amendment initiative</i> is a constitutionally defined petition process of "proposed constitutional law", which, if successful, results in its provisions being written directly into the state's constitution. Since constitutional law cannot be altered by state legislatures, this direct democracy component gives the people an automatic superiority and sovereignty, over representative government (Magelby, 1984). It is utilized at the state level in nineteen states: <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a> (Cronin, 1989). Among these states, there are three main types of the constitutional amendment initiative, with different degrees of involvement of the state legislature distinguishing between the types (Zimmerman, December 1999).</li> <li><i>Statute law initiative</i> is a constitutionally defined, citizen-initiated petition process of "proposed statute law", which, if successful, results in law being written directly into the state's statutes. The statute initiative is used at the state level in twenty-one states: <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>, Massachusetts, Michigan, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a> (Cronin, 1989). In Utah, there is no constitutional provision for citizen lawmaking. All of Utah's I&R law is in the state statutes (Zimmerman, December 1999). In most states, there is no special protection for citizen-made statutes; the legislature can begin to amend them immediately.</li> <li><i>Statute law referendum</i> is a constitutionally defined, citizen-initiated petition process of the "proposed veto of all or part of a legislature-made law", which, if successful, repeals the standing law. It is used at the state level in twenty-four states: Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Idaho, <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, Maine, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, Massachusetts, Michigan, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washington and Wyoming (Cronin, 1989).</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Recall_election" title="Recall election">recall election</a></i> is a citizen-initiated process which, if successful, removes an elected official from office and replaces him or her. The first recall device in the United States was adopted in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> in 1903. Typically, the process involves the collection of citizen petitions for the recall of an elected official; if a sufficient number of valid signatures are collected and verified, a recall election is triggered. There have been four gubernatorial recall elections in U.S. history (two of which resulted in the recall of the governor) and 38 recall elections for state legislators (55% of which succeeded). Nineteen states and the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a> have a recall function for state officials. Additional states have recall functions for local jurisdictions. Some states require specific grounds for a recall petition campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Statute law affirmation</i> is available in Nevada. It allows the voters to collect signatures to place on the ballot a question asking the state citizens to affirm a standing state law. Should the law get affirmed by a majority of state citizens, the state legislature will be barred from ever amending the law, and it can be amended or repealed only if approved by a majority of state citizens in a direct vote.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Direct_democracy_by_country">Direct democracy by country</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_democracy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Direct democracy by country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Referendums_by_country" title="Referendums by country">Referendums by country</a></div> <p>The strength of direct democracy in individual countries can be quantitatively compared by the Citizen-initiated component of direct popular vote index in <a href="/wiki/V-Dem_Democracy_indices" class="mw-redirect" title="V-Dem Democracy indices">V-Dem Democracy indices</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-v-dem_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-v-dem-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A higher index indicates more direct democracy popular initiatives and referendums, shown below for individual countries. Only countries with index above 0 are shown. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country</th> <th>Citizen-initiated component of direct popular vote index for 2021<sup id="cite_ref-v-dem_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-v-dem-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></td> <td>0.077 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/34px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></td> <td>0.078 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></td> <td>0.292 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></td> <td>0.072 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></td> <td>0.041 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></td> <td>0.087 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></td> <td>0.262 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></td> <td>0.073 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></td> <td>0.054 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></td> <td>0.242 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>0.409 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></td> <td>0.032 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></td> <td>0.042 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></td> <td>0.033 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></td> <td>0.155 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></td> <td>0.191 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></td> <td>0.038 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></td> <td>0.374 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></td> <td>0.091 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/35px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/46px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></td> <td>0.033 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></td> <td>0.048 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></td> <td>0.178 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></td> <td>0.133 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></td> <td>0.249 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></td> <td>0.094 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></td> <td>0.416 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></td> <td>0.099 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></td> <td>0.334 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></td> <td>0.444 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></td> <td>0.841 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></td> <td>0.445 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></td> <td>0.037 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></td> <td>0.048 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></td> <td>0.048 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></td> <td>0.766 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Democratic_reform_trilemma">Democratic reform trilemma</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_democracy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Democratic reform trilemma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Democratic theorists have identified a <a href="/wiki/Trilemma" title="Trilemma">trilemma</a> due to the presence of three desirable characteristics of an ideal system of direct democracy, which are challenging to deliver all at once. These three characteristics are <i>participation</i> – widespread participation in the decision-making process by the people affected; <i>deliberation</i> – a rational discussion where all major points of view are weighted according to evidence; and <i>equality</i> – all members of the population on whose behalf decisions are taken have an equal chance of having their views taken into account. <a href="/wiki/Empirical_evidence" title="Empirical evidence">Empirical evidence</a> from dozens of studies suggests deliberation leads to better decision making.<sup id="cite_ref-Ross_2011_loc=_Chapter_3_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ross_2011_loc=_Chapter_3-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stokes1998_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stokes1998-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most popularly disputed form of direct popular participation is the referendum on constitutional matters.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the system to respect the principle of political equality, either <i>everyone</i> needs to be involved or there needs to be a representative random sample of people chosen to take part in the discussion. In the definition used by scholars such as <a href="/wiki/James_S._Fishkin" title="James S. Fishkin">James Fishkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deliberative_democracy" title="Deliberative democracy">deliberative democracy</a> is a form of direct democracy which satisfies the requirement for deliberation and equality but does not make provision to involve everyone who wants to be included in the discussion. <a href="/wiki/Participatory_democracy" title="Participatory democracy">Participatory democracy</a>, by Fishkin's definition, allows inclusive participation and deliberation, but at a cost of sacrificing equality, because if widespread participation is allowed, sufficient resources rarely will be available to compensate people who sacrifice their time to participate in the deliberation. Therefore, participants tend to be those with a strong interest in the issue to be decided and often will not therefore be representative of the overall population.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fishkin instead argues that random sampling should be used to select a small, but still representative, number of people from the general public.<sup id="cite_ref-FishkinCh2&3_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FishkinCh2&3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ross_2011_loc=_Chapter_3_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ross_2011_loc=_Chapter_3-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fishkin concedes it is possible to imagine a system that transcends the trilemma, but it would require very radical reforms if such a system were to be integrated into mainstream politics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relation_to_other_movements">Relation to other movements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_democracy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Relation to other movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuit_Debout_-_Place_Commune,_2016.05.14_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Nuit_Debout_-_Place_Commune%2C_2016.05.14_%282%29.jpg/220px-Nuit_Debout_-_Place_Commune%2C_2016.05.14_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Nuit_Debout_-_Place_Commune%2C_2016.05.14_%282%29.jpg/330px-Nuit_Debout_-_Place_Commune%2C_2016.05.14_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Nuit_Debout_-_Place_Commune%2C_2016.05.14_%282%29.jpg/440px-Nuit_Debout_-_Place_Commune%2C_2016.05.14_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Practicing direct democracy – voting on Nuit Debout, Place de la République, Paris</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_direct_democracy_parties" title="List of direct democracy parties">List of direct democracy parties</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_schools">In schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_democracy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Democratic_school" title="Democratic school">Democratic school</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Democratic_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic schools">Democratic schools</a> modeled on <a href="/wiki/Summerhill_School" title="Summerhill School">Summerhill School</a> resolve conflicts and make school policy decisions through full school meetings in which the votes of students and staff are weighted equally.<sup id="cite_ref-Burgh2006_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burgh2006-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_democracy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The core criticism of direct democracy coincides with democracy's overall criticism. Critics have historically expressed doubts of the populace's capacity of participation, deeming its advocates utopian. Despite this, instances of direct democracy - such as the <a href="/wiki/Petrograd_Soviet" title="Petrograd Soviet">Petrograd Soviet</a> - lack documented incidents involving participation deficits or <a href="/wiki/Mobocracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobocracy">mobocracy</a>. </p><p>From the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democratic</a> standpoint, restraining popular influence stonewalls the <a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">state of nature</a>, protecting <a href="/wiki/Property_rights_(economics)" title="Property rights (economics)">property rights</a>. Adversaries of greater democratization cast doubt on <a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">human nature</a>, painting a narrative of misinformation and impulsivity. <a href="/wiki/MAREZ" class="mw-redirect" title="MAREZ">MAREZ</a>, utilizing <a href="/wiki/Sortition" title="Sortition">sortition</a>, had managed itself successfully prior to being overrun by drug cartels, as did <a href="/wiki/FEJUVE" title="FEJUVE">FEJUVE</a> remaining tranquil with self-managed organizations. </p><p>Although <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Catalonia" title="Revolutionary Catalonia">Revolutionary Catalonia</a> had demonstrated the feasibility of non-liberal democracy, critics have continued to deride its presumed mobocratic nature, although there are no recorded instances of <a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">tyranny of the majority</a>. It is of note that direct democracy's critics have emerged from Hobbesian and liberal philosophy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_democracy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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economics">Participatory economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocracy" title="Sociocracy">Sociocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sortition" title="Sortition">Sortition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_councils" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers' councils">Workers' councils</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_democracy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCaves2004" class="citation book cs1">Caves, R. W. (2004). <i>Encyclopedia of the City</i>. Routledge. p. 181.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+City&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Caves&rft.aufirst=R.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBudge2001" class="citation book cs1">Budge, Ian (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=srzDCqnZkfUC&pg=PA224">"Direct democracy"</a>. In Clarke, Paul A.B.; Foweraker, Joe (eds.). <i>Encyclopedia of Political Thought</i>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415193962" title="Special:BookSources/9780415193962"><bdi>9780415193962</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Direct+democracy&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Political+Thought&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780415193962&rft.aulast=Budge&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsrzDCqnZkfUC%26pg%3DPA224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2009" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Graham (2009). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/democraticinnova00smit"><i>Democratic Innovations: Designing Institutions for Citizen Participation (Theories of Institutional Design)</i></a></span>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/democraticinnova00smit/page/n123">112</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democratic+Innovations%3A+Designing+Institutions+for+Citizen+Participation+%28Theories+of+Institutional+Design%29&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdemocraticinnova00smit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.direct-democracy-navigator.org/democratic_instruments/popular-or-citizens-initiative/legal_designs">"Popular or citizens initiative: Legal Designs - Navigator"</a>. <i>www.direct-democracy-navigator.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.direct-democracy-navigator.org&rft.atitle=Popular+or+citizens+initiative%3A+Legal+Designs+-+Navigator&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.direct-democracy-navigator.org%2Fdemocratic_instruments%2Fpopular-or-citizens-initiative%2Flegal_designs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirschbühl2011a-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirschbühl2011a_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirschbühl2011a_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirschbühl2011a_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHirschbühl2011a">Hirschbühl (2011a)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirschbühl2011b-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirschbühl2011b_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirschbühl2011b_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirschbühl2011b_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHirschbühl2011b">Hirschbühl (2011b)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirschbühl2011c-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirschbühl2011c_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirschbühl2011c_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirschbühl2011c_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHirschbühl2011c">Hirschbühl (2011c)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirschbühl2011d-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirschbühl2011d_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirschbühl2011d_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirschbühl2011d_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHirschbühl2011d">Hirschbühl (2011d)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FishkinCh2&3-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FishkinCh2&3_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FishkinCh2&3_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFishkin2011">Fishkin 2011</a>, Chapters 2 & 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVatter2000" class="citation journal cs1">Vatter, Adrian (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007137026336">"Consensus and direct democracy:Conceptual and empirical linkages"</a>. <i>European Journal of Political Research</i>. <b>38</b> (2): 171–192. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1007137026336">10.1023/A:1007137026336</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Political+Research&rft.atitle=Consensus+and+direct+democracy%3AConceptual+and+empirical+linkages&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=171-192&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1007137026336&rft.aulast=Vatter&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1007137026336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCherkaoui2019" class="citation book cs1">Cherkaoui, Mohamed (29 October 2019). "Islam and Democracy: Comparative Analysis of Individual and Collective Preferences". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=38y8DwAAQBAJ"><i>Essay on Islamization: Changes in Religious Practice in Muslim Societies</i></a>. Youth in a Globalizing World - Volume 10. Leiden: Brill (published 2019). p. 201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004415034" title="Special:BookSources/9789004415034"><bdi>9789004415034</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2021</span>. <q>[...] individuals, Muslims and non-Muslims, Greeks, Arabs, Berbers, Africans and Amerindians, have lived according to the principles of a type of direct democracy in their societies. [...] In the West, since the great revolutions, from the English in the 17th century, the American and French of the end of the 18th century, elites and then all the people have gradually experimented with a liberal democracy whose principles are indisputably different from those of tribal democracy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Islam+and+Democracy%3A+Comparative+Analysis+of+Individual+and+Collective+Preferences&rft.btitle=Essay+on+Islamization%3A+Changes+in+Religious+Practice+in+Muslim+Societies&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Youth+in+a+Globalizing+World+-+Volume+10&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2019-10-29&rft.isbn=9789004415034&rft.aulast=Cherkaoui&rft.aufirst=Mohamed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D38y8DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlassman2017" class="citation book cs1">Glassman, Ronald M. (19 June 2017). "The Emergence of Democracy in Bands and Tribes". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GNgoDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Origins of Democracy in Tribes, City-States and Nation-States</i></a>. Vol. 1. Cham, Switzerland: Springer (published 2017). p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319516950" title="Special:BookSources/9783319516950"><bdi>9783319516950</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Emergence+of+Democracy+in+Bands+and+Tribes&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Democracy+in+Tribes%2C+City-States+and+Nation-States&rft.place=Cham%2C+Switzerland&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017-06-19&rft.isbn=9783319516950&rft.aulast=Glassman&rft.aufirst=Ronald+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGNgoDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raaflaub5-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Raaflaub5_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaaflaubOberWallace2007">Raaflaub, Ober & Wallace 2007</a>, p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-greece/ancient-greece-democracy#section_1">"Ancient Greek Democracy ‑ Athenian, Definition, Modern"</a>. 5 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancient+Greek+Democracy+%E2%80%91+Athenian%2C+Definition%2C+Modern&rft.date=2023-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fancient-greece%2Fancient-greece-democracy%23section_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cary67-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cary67_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cary67_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaryScullard1967">Cary & Scullard 1967</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbott1963" class="citation book cs1">Abbott, Frank Frost (1963) [1901]. <i>A History and Descriptions of Roman Political Institutions</i> (3 ed.). New York: Noble Offset Printers Inc. pp. 157–165.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+and+Descriptions+of+Roman+Political+Institutions&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=157-165&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Noble+Offset+Printers+Inc&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Abbott&rft.aufirst=Frank+Frost&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lintott-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lintott_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLintott2003" class="citation book cs1">Lintott, Andrew (2003). <i>The Constitution of the Roman Republic</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-926108-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-926108-3"><bdi>0-19-926108-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constitution+of+the+Roman+Republic&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-19-926108-3&rft.aulast=Lintott&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELintott200343-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott200343_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLintott2003">Lintott 2003</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGruen2000" class="citation journal cs1">Gruen, Erich S. (2000). "Review of The Crowd in Rome in the Late Republic". <i>Classical Philology</i>. <b>95</b> (2): 236–240. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F449494">10.1086/449494</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/270466">270466</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Classical+Philology&rft.atitle=Review+of+The+Crowd+in+Rome+in+the+Late+Republic&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=236-240&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F449494&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F270466%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gruen&rft.aufirst=Erich+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagschal1997" class="citation journal cs1">Wagschal, Uwe (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4007611">"Direct Democracy and Public Policymaking"</a>. <i>Journal of Public Policy</i>. <b>17</b> (2): 223–245. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0143-814X">0143-814X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Public+Policy&rft.atitle=Direct+Democracy+and+Public+Policymaking&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=223-245&rft.date=1997&rft.issn=0143-814X&rft.aulast=Wagschal&rft.aufirst=Uwe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4007611&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kobach1993-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kobach1993_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kobach1993_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kobach1993_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kobach1993_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKobach1993">Kobach 1993</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRushkoff2004" class="citation book cs1">Rushkoff, Douglas (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/10753/pg10753.txt"><i>Open Source Democracy</i></a>. 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Berne, Switzerland: Swiss Confederation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ch.ch/en/political-system/political-rights/referendums/mandatory-and-optional-referendums/">the original</a> on 2017-01-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-01-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ch.ch+%E2%80%93+A+service+of+the+Confederation%2C+cantons+and+communes&rft.atitle=Referendums&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ch.ch%2Fen%2Fpolitical-system%2Fpolitical-rights%2Freferendums%2Fmandatory-and-optional-referendums%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulia_Slater2013" class="citation web cs1">Julia Slater (28 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170713231924/http://www.swissinfo.ch/directdemocracy/checks-and-balances_the-swiss-vote-more-than-any-other-country/36286970">"The Swiss vote more than any other country"</a>. Berne, Switzerland: swissinfo.ch – the international service of the Swiss Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swissinfo.ch/directdemocracy/checks-and-balances_the-swiss-vote-more-than-any-other-country/36286970">the original</a> on 2017-07-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Swiss+vote+more+than+any+other+country&rft.place=Berne%2C+Switzerland&rft.pub=swissinfo.ch+%E2%80%93+the+international+service+of+the+Swiss+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.date=2013-06-28&rft.au=Julia+Slater&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swissinfo.ch%2Fdirectdemocracy%2Fchecks-and-balances_the-swiss-vote-more-than-any-other-country%2F36286970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuc-Quang_Nguyen2015" class="citation web cs1">Duc-Quang Nguyen (17 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150921071817/http://www.swissinfo.ch/directdemocracy/explore-600-national-votes_how-direct-democracy-has-grown-over-the-decades/41481992">"How direct democracy has grown over the decades"</a>. Berne, Switzerland: swissinfo.ch – the international service of the Swiss Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swissinfo.ch/directdemocracy/explore-600-national-votes_how-direct-democracy-has-grown-over-the-decades/41481992">the original</a> on 21 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+direct+democracy+has+grown+over+the+decades&rft.place=Berne%2C+Switzerland&rft.pub=swissinfo.ch+%E2%80%93+the+international+service+of+the+Swiss+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.date=2015-06-17&rft.au=Duc-Quang+Nguyen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swissinfo.ch%2Fdirectdemocracy%2Fexplore-600-national-votes_how-direct-democracy-has-grown-over-the-decades%2F41481992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trechsel (2005)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryan2010" class="citation book cs1">Bryan, Frank M. (15 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2A35hJAR7u0C&pg=PR7"><i>Real Democracy: The New England Town Meeting and How It Works</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226077987" title="Special:BookSources/9780226077987"><bdi>9780226077987</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2017</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Real+Democracy%3A+The+New+England+Town+Meeting+and+How+It+Works&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2010-03-15&rft.isbn=9780226077987&rft.aulast=Bryan&rft.aufirst=Frank+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2A35hJAR7u0C%26pg%3DPR7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constitution.org/fed/federa10.htm">The Federalist No. 10 – The Utility of the Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection (continued) – Daily Advertiser – November 22, 1787 – James Madison</a>. Retrieved 2007-09-07.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZagarri2010">Zagarri 2010</a>, p. 97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamiltonChilds1788" class="citation web cs1">Hamilton, Alexander; Childs, Francis (21 June 1788). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-05-02-0012-0011">"New York Ratifying Convention, First Speech of June 21"</a>. <i>National Archives</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Archives&rft.atitle=New+York+Ratifying+Convention%2C+First+Speech+of+June+21&rft.date=1788-06-21&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Childs%2C+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffounders.archives.gov%2Fdocuments%2FHamilton%2F01-05-02-0012-0011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatts2010">Watts 2010</a>, p. 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncsl.org/research/elections-and-campaigns/recall-of-state-officials.aspx">Recall of State Officials</a>, National Conference of State Legislatures (March 8, 2016).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ballotpedia.org/Statute_affirmation">Statute affirmation</a>, Ballotpedia</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-v-dem-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-v-dem_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-v-dem_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3066654">Sigman, Rachel, and Staffan I. Lindberg. "Neopatrimonialism and democracy: An empirical investigation of Africa's political regimes." V-Dem Working Paper 56 (2017).</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ross_2011_loc=_Chapter_3-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ross_2011_loc=_Chapter_3_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ross_2011_loc=_Chapter_3_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss2011">Ross 2011</a>, Chapter 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stokes1998-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stokes1998_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStokes1998">Stokes 1998</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Even Susan Strokes in her critical essay <i>Pathologies of Deliberation</i> concedes that a majority of academics in the field agree with this view.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJarinovska2013" class="citation journal cs1">Jarinovska, Kristine (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://juridicainternational.eu/public/pdf/ji_2013_1_152.pdf">"Popular initiatives as means of altering the core of the Republic of Latvia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Juridica International</i>. <b>20</b>: 152. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140718002731/http://www.juridicainternational.eu/public/pdf/ji_2013_1_152.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2014-07-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Juridica+International&rft.atitle=Popular+initiatives+as+means+of+altering+the+core+of+the+Republic+of+Latvia&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=152&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Jarinovska&rft.aufirst=Kristine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjuridicainternational.eu%2Fpublic%2Fpdf%2Fji_2013_1_152.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fishkin suggests they may even have been directly mobilized by interest groups or be largely composed of people who have fallen for political propaganda and so have inflamed and distorted opinions.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burgh2006-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burgh2006_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgh2006" class="citation book cs1">Burgh, Gilbert (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yBiAYHPX5zwC&pg=PA98"><i>Ethics and the Community of Inquiry: Education for Deliberative Democracy</i></a>. Cengage Learning Australia. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-17-012219-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-17-012219-0"><bdi>0-17-012219-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethics+and+the+Community+of+Inquiry%3A+Education+for+Deliberative+Democracy&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning+Australia&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-17-012219-0&rft.aulast=Burgh&rft.aufirst=Gilbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyBiAYHPX5zwC%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_democracy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaryScullard1967" class="citation book cs1">Cary, M.; <a href="/wiki/Howard_Hayes_Scullard" title="Howard Hayes Scullard">Scullard, H. H.</a> (1967). <i>A History Of Rome: Down To The Reign Of Constantine</i> (2nd ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+Of+Rome%3A+Down+To+The+Reign+Of+Constantine&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Cary&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Scullard%2C+H.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenedikterThomas2021" class="citation book cs1">Benedikter, Thomas E. (2021). <i>When Citizens Decide by Themselves: An Introduction to Direct Democracy</i>. Bozen: POLITiS.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Citizens+Decide+by+Themselves%3A+An+Introduction+to+Direct+Democracy&rft.place=Bozen&rft.pub=POLITiS&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Benedikter&rft.aufirst=Thomas+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCroninThomas1989" class="citation book cs1">Cronin, Thomas E. (1989). <i>Direct Democracy: The Politics of Initiative, Referendum and Recall</i>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Direct+Democracy%3A+The+Politics+of+Initiative%2C+Referendum+and+Recall&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Cronin&rft.aufirst=Thomas+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElster1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jon_Elster" title="Jon Elster">Elster, Jon</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160328155550/http://ebooks.cambridge.org/chapter.jsf?bid=CBO9781139175005&cid=CBO9781139175005A007&tabName=Chapter">"Introduction"</a>. In Elster, Jon (ed.). <i>Deliberative Democracy</i>. Cambridge Studies in the Theory of Democracy. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781139175005">10.1017/CBO9781139175005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521592963" title="Special:BookSources/9780521592963"><bdi>9780521592963</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebooks.cambridge.org/chapter.jsf?bid=CBO9781139175005&cid=CBO9781139175005A007&tabName=Chapter">the original</a> on 2016-03-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Deliberative+Democracy&rft.series=Cambridge+Studies+in+the+Theory+of+Democracy&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9781139175005&rft.isbn=9780521592963&rft.aulast=Elster&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Febooks.cambridge.org%2Fchapter.jsf%3Fbid%3DCBO9781139175005%26cid%3DCBO9781139175005A007%26tabName%3DChapter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFishkin2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_S._Fishkin" title="James S. Fishkin">Fishkin, James S.</a> (2011). <i>When the People Speak</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199604432" title="Special:BookSources/9780199604432"><bdi>9780199604432</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+the+People+Speak&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780199604432&rft.aulast=Fishkin&rft.aufirst=James+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolay2008" class="citation book cs1">Golay, Vincent (2008). <i>Swiss Political Institutions</i>. Illustrated by Mix & Remix. Le Mont-sur-Lausanne: Éditions loisirs et pédagogie. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782606012953" title="Special:BookSources/9782606012953"><bdi>9782606012953</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swiss+Political+Institutions&rft.place=Le+Mont-sur-Lausanne&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+loisirs+et+p%C3%A9dagogie&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9782606012953&rft.aulast=Golay&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGutmannThompson2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Amy_Gutmann" title="Amy Gutmann">Gutmann, Amy</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Frank_Thompson" class="mw-redirect" title="Dennis Frank Thompson">Thompson, Dennis F.</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OmlrGo1fZdMC"><i>Why Deliberative Democracy?</i></a>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691120188" title="Special:BookSources/9780691120188"><bdi>9780691120188</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Deliberative+Democracy%3F&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780691120188&rft.aulast=Gutmann&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft.au=Thompson%2C+Dennis+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOmlrGo1fZdMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/SUXkX4U1Ir8">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160114144327/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SUXkX4U1Ir8">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirschbühl2011a" class="citation cs2">Hirschbühl, Tina (2011a), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SUXkX4U1Ir8"><i>The Swiss Government Report 1</i></a>, Federal Department of Foreign Affairs FDFA, Presence Switzerland – via YouTube</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Swiss+Government+Report+1&rft.pub=Federal+Department+of+Foreign+Affairs+FDFA%2C+Presence+Switzerland&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Hirschb%C3%BChl&rft.aufirst=Tina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DSUXkX4U1Ir8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/9QJORezLAaw">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160114144327/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9QJORezLAaw">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirschbühl2011b" class="citation cs2">Hirschbühl, Tina (2011b), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9QJORezLAaw"><i>The Swiss Government Report 2</i></a>, Federal Department of Foreign Affairs FDFA, Presence Switzerland – via YouTube</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Swiss+Government+Report+2&rft.pub=Federal+Department+of+Foreign+Affairs+FDFA%2C+Presence+Switzerland&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Hirschb%C3%BChl&rft.aufirst=Tina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D9QJORezLAaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/V9Ei50c2c1I">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140519202627/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V9Ei50c2c1I&gl=US&hl=en">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirschbühl2011c" class="citation cs2">Hirschbühl, Tina (2011c), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V9Ei50c2c1I"><i>How Direct Democracy Works In Switzerland – Report 3</i></a>, Federal Department of Foreign Affairs FDFA, Presence Switzerland – via YouTube</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Direct+Democracy+Works+In+Switzerland+%E2%80%93+Report+3&rft.pub=Federal+Department+of+Foreign+Affairs+FDFA%2C+Presence+Switzerland&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Hirschb%C3%BChl&rft.aufirst=Tina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DV9Ei50c2c1I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/Fp48yJT4Cy4">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160114144327/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fp48yJT4Cy4">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirschbühl2011d" class="citation cs2">Hirschbühl, Tina (2011d), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fp48yJT4Cy4"><i>How People in Switzerland Vote – Report 4</i></a>, Federal Department of Foreign Affairs FDFA, Presence Switzerland – via YouTube</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+People+in+Switzerland+Vote+%E2%80%93+Report+4&rft.pub=Federal+Department+of+Foreign+Affairs+FDFA%2C+Presence+Switzerland&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Hirschb%C3%BChl&rft.aufirst=Tina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DFp48yJT4Cy4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/pp66RSP8gAQ">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160114144327/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pp66RSP8gAQ">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirschbühl2011e" class="citation cs2">Hirschbühl, Tina (2011e), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pp66RSP8gAQ"><i>Switzerland & the EU: The Bilateral Agreements – Report 5</i></a>, Federal Department of Foreign Affairs FDFA, Presence Switzerland – via YouTube</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Switzerland+%26+the+EU%3A+The+Bilateral+Agreements+%E2%80%93+Report+5&rft.pub=Federal+Department+of+Foreign+Affairs+FDFA%2C+Presence+Switzerland&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Hirschb%C3%BChl&rft.aufirst=Tina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dpp66RSP8gAQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKobach1993" class="citation book cs1">Kobach, Kris W. (1993). <i>The Referendum: Direct Democracy In Switzerland</i>. Dartmouth Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781855213975" title="Special:BookSources/9781855213975"><bdi>9781855213975</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Referendum%3A+Direct+Democracy+In+Switzerland&rft.pub=Dartmouth+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9781855213975&rft.aulast=Kobach&rft.aufirst=Kris+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Marabello, Thomas Quinn. (2023) "The Origins of Democracy in Switzerland", <i>Swiss American Historical Society Review</i>, Vol. 59: No. 1, Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review/vol59/iss1/4">https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review/vol59/iss1/4</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaaflaubOberWallace2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Raaflaub" title="Kurt Raaflaub">Raaflaub, Kurt A.</a>; Ober, Josiah; Wallace, Robert W. (2007). <i>Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520932173" title="Special:BookSources/9780520932173"><bdi>9780520932173</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+of+Democracy+in+Ancient+Greece&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780520932173&rft.aulast=Raaflaub&rft.aufirst=Kurt+A.&rft.au=Ober%2C+Josiah&rft.au=Wallace%2C+Robert+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Razsa, Maple. (2015) <i>Bastards of Utopia: Living Radical Politics After Socialism</i>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carne_Ross" title="Carne Ross">Ross, Carne</a> (2011). <i>The Leaderless Revolution: How Ordinary People Can Take Power and Change Politics in the 21st Century</i>. London: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847375346" title="Special:BookSources/9781847375346"><bdi>9781847375346</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Leaderless+Revolution%3A+How+Ordinary+People+Can+Take+Power+and+Change+Politics+in+the+21st+Century&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781847375346&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Carne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Stokes" title="Susan Stokes">Stokes, Susan C.</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160328155558/http://ebooks.cambridge.org/chapter.jsf?bid=CBO9781139175005&cid=CBO9781139175005A012&tabName=Chapter">"Pathologies of Deliberation"</a>. In Elster, Jon (ed.). <i>Deliberative Democracy</i>. Cambridge Studies in the Theory of Democracy. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781139175005">10.1017/CBO9781139175005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521592963" title="Special:BookSources/9780521592963"><bdi>9780521592963</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebooks.cambridge.org/chapter.jsf?bid=CBO9781139175005&cid=CBO9781139175005A012&tabName=Chapter">the original</a> on 2016-03-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pathologies+of+Deliberation&rft.btitle=Deliberative+Democracy&rft.series=Cambridge+Studies+in+the+Theory+of+Democracy&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9781139175005&rft.isbn=9780521592963&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=Susan+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Febooks.cambridge.org%2Fchapter.jsf%3Fbid%3DCBO9781139175005%26cid%3DCBO9781139175005A012%26tabName%3DChapter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatts2010" class="citation book cs1">Watts, Duncan (2010). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryameric00watt"><i>Dictionary of American Government and Politics</i></a></span>. Edinburgh University. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryameric00watt/page/n85">75</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780748635016" title="Special:BookSources/9780748635016"><bdi>9780748635016</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+American+Government+and+Politics&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780748635016&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryameric00watt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZagarri2010" class="citation book cs1">Zagarri, Rosemarie (2010). <i>The Politics of Size: Representation in the United States, 1776–1850</i>. Cornell University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801476396" title="Special:BookSources/9780801476396"><bdi>9780801476396</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Size%3A+Representation+in+the+United+States%2C+1776%E2%80%931850&rft.pub=Cornell+University&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780801476396&rft.aulast=Zagarri&rft.aufirst=Rosemarie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_democracy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li>Arnon, Harel (January 2008). "A Theory of Direct Legislation" (LFB Scholarly)</li> <li>Cronin, Thomas E. (1989). <i>Direct Democracy: The Politics Of Initiative, Referendum, And Recall.</i> Harvard University Press.</li> <li>De Vos et al (2014) South African Constitutional Law – In Context: Oxford University Press</li> <li>Finley, M.I. (1973). <i>Democracy Ancient And Modern</i>. Rutgers University Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takis_Fotopoulos" title="Takis Fotopoulos">Fotopoulos, Takis</a>, <i>Towards an Inclusive Democracy: The Crisis of the Growth Economy and the Need for a New Liberatory Project</i> (London & NY: Cassell, 1997).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takis_Fotopoulos" title="Takis Fotopoulos">Fotopoulos, Takis</a>, <i>The Multidimensional Crisis and <a href="/wiki/Inclusive_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive Democracy">Inclusive Democracy</a></i>. (Athens: Gordios, 2005). (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inclusivedemocracy.org/fotopoulos/english/brbooks/multi_crisis_id/multi_crisis_id.htm">English translation</a> of the book with the same title published in Greek).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takis_Fotopoulos" title="Takis Fotopoulos">Fotopoulos, Takis</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inclusivedemocracy.org/journal/vol2/vol2_no2_Takis_liberal_socialist.htm">"Liberal and Socialist 'Democracies' versus Inclusive Democracy"</a>, <i>The International Journal of INCLUSIVE DEMOCRACY</i>, vol.2, no.2, (January 2006).</li> <li>Fuller, Roslyn, 2015, "Beasts and Gods: How Democracy Changed Its Meaning and Lost its Purpose." Zed Books.</li> <li>Gerber, Elisabeth R. (1999). <i>The Populist Paradox: Interest Group Influence And The Promise Of Direct Legislation</i>. Princeton University Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogens_Herman_Hansen" title="Mogens Herman Hansen">Hansen, Mogens Herman</a> (1999). <i>The Athenian Democracy in the Age of Demosthenes: Structure, Principles and Ideology</i>. University of Oklahoma, Norman (orig. 1991).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_K%C3%B6chler" title="Hans Köchler">Köchler, Hans</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hanskoechler.com/DEM-CON.HTM"><i>A Theoretical Examination of the Dichotomy between Democratic Constitutions and Political Reality</i></a>. University Center Luxemburg.</li> <li>Magleby, David B. (1984). <i>Direct Legislation: Voting on Ballot Propositions in The United States</i>. Johns Hopkins University Press.</li> <li>Matsusaka, John G. (2004). For the Many or the Few: The Initiative, Public Policy, and American Democracy, Chicago Press.</li> <li>Matsusaka, John G. (2020). Let The People Rule: How Direct Democracy Can Meet the Populist Challenge, Princeton University Press.</li> <li>National Conference of State Legislatures (2004). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041009181106/http://www.ncsl.org/programs/legman/elect/recallprovision.htm">Recall of State Officials</a>".</li> <li>Nissani, M., (2023), "Eight Billion Cheers for Direct Democracy: Direct Democracy is Humankind’s Last, Best, and Only Hope." Dying of the Light Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/367379858_Eight_Billion_Cheers_for_Direct_Democracy_Direct_Democracy_is_Humanity's_Last_Best_and_Only_Hope/references">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/367379858_Eight_Billion_Cheers_for_Direct_Democracy_Direct_Democracy_is_Humanity's_Last_Best_and_Only_Hope/references</a>. E-book free download.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akiva_Orr" class="mw-redirect" title="Akiva Orr">Orr Akiva</a> e-books, Free download: Politics without politicians – Big Business, Big Government or Direct Democracy.</li> <li>Pimbert, Michel (2010). Reclaiming citizenship: empowering civil society in policy-making. In: Towards Food Sovereignty. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/G02612.pdf">http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/G02612.pdf</a>? e-book. Free download.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a> (c.150 BC). <i>The Histories</i>. Oxford University, The Great Histories Series, Ed., Hugh R. Trevor-Roper, and E. Badian. Translated by Mortimer Chambers. Washington Square Press, Inc (1966).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReich2008" class="citation web cs1">Reich, Johannes (5 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/85318/1/Reich_SSRN_2008.pdf">"An Interactional Model of Direct Democracy - Lessons from the Swiss Experience"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.1154019">10.2139/ssrn.1154019</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1154019">1154019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Interactional+Model+of+Direct+Democracy+-+Lessons+from+the+Swiss+Experience&rft.date=2008-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D1154019%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2139%2Fssrn.1154019&rft.aulast=Reich&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zora.uzh.ch%2Fid%2Feprint%2F85318%2F1%2FReich_SSRN_2008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Serdült, Uwe (2014) Referendums in Switzerland, in Qvortrup, Matt (Ed.) Referendums Around the World: The Continued Growth of Direct Democracy. Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 65–121.</li> <li>Verhulst Jos en Nijeboer Arjen <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracy-international.org/book-direct-democracy.html">Direct Democracy</a> e-book in 8 languages. Free download.</li> <li>Zimmerman, Joseph F. (March 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/book/the-new-england-town-meeting-democracy-in-action-by-joseph-f-zimmerman.jsp"><i>The New England Town Meeting: Democracy In Action</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111123155020/http://www.questia.com/library/book/the-new-england-town-meeting-democracy-in-action-by-joseph-f-zimmerman.jsp">Archived</a> 2011-11-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Praeger Publishers.</li> <li>Zimmerman, Joseph F. (December 1999). <i>The Initiative: Citizen Law-Making</i>. Praeger Publishers.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_democracy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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