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Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86" title="دستور ليختنشتاين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دستور ليختنشتاين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%85%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Канстытуцыя Ліхтэнштэйна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Канстытуцыя Ліхтэнштэйна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichten%C5%A1tejnsk%C3%A1_%C3%BAstava" title="Lichtenštejnská ústava – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lichtenštejnská ústava" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verfassung_des_F%C3%BCrstentums_Liechtenstein" title="Verfassung des Fürstentums Liechtenstein – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Verfassung des Fürstentums Liechtenstein" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%8D%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9B%CE%AF%CF%87%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BD" title="Σύνταγμα του Λίχτενσταϊν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σύνταγμα του Λίχτενσταϊν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86" title="قانون اساسی لیختن‌اشتاین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قانون اساسی لیختن‌اشتاین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_du_Liechtenstein" title="Constitution du Liechtenstein – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Constitution du Liechtenstein" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costituzion_del_Liechtenstein" title="Costituzion del Liechtenstein – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Costituzion del Liechtenstein" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstytucja_Liechtensteinu" title="Konstytucja Liechtensteinu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Konstytucja Liechtensteinu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitui%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Liechtenstein" title="Constituição de Liechtenstein – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Constituição de Liechtenstein" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Конституция Лихтенштейна – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Конституция Лихтенштейна" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Конституція Ліхтенштейну – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Конституція Ліхтенштейну" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costitusion_del_Liechtentein" title="Costitusion del Liechtentein – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Costitusion del Liechtentein" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" 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<button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Princely_House_of_Liechtenstein" title="Constitution of the Princely House of Liechtenstein">Constitution of the Princely House of Liechtenstein</a>.</div><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Fundamental law of Liechtenstein</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1921_Constitution_of_Liechtenstein.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/1921_Constitution_of_Liechtenstein.png/220px-1921_Constitution_of_Liechtenstein.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/1921_Constitution_of_Liechtenstein.png/330px-1921_Constitution_of_Liechtenstein.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/1921_Constitution_of_Liechtenstein.png/440px-1921_Constitution_of_Liechtenstein.png 2x" data-file-width="668" data-file-height="547" /></a><figcaption>Front page of the constitution, as signed by <a href="/wiki/Prince_Karl_Aloys_of_Liechtenstein" title="Prince Karl Aloys of Liechtenstein">Prince Karl Aloys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Josef_Ospelt" title="Josef Ospelt">Josef Ospelt</a> on 5 October 1921. </figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Liechtenstein" title="Politics of Liechtenstein">Politics of Liechtenstein</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Staatswappen-Liechtensteins.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Staatswappen-Liechtensteins.svg/125px-Staatswappen-Liechtensteins.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Staatswappen-Liechtensteins.svg/188px-Staatswappen-Liechtensteins.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Staatswappen-Liechtensteins.svg/250px-Staatswappen-Liechtensteins.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="643" data-file-height="735" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constitution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1921 Constitution</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Monarchy of Liechtenstein">Monarchy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li>Prince (<a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Liechtenstein" title="List of monarchs of Liechtenstein">list</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Hans-Adam_II,_Prince_of_Liechtenstein" title="Hans-Adam II, Prince of Liechtenstein">Hans-Adam II</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heirs_to_the_throne_of_Liechtenstein" title="List of heirs to the throne of Liechtenstein">Hereditary Prince and Regent</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Alois,_Hereditary_Prince_of_Liechtenstein" title="Alois, Hereditary Prince of Liechtenstein">Alois</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Liechtenstein" title="House of Liechtenstein">Princely family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_Liechtensteiner_throne" title="Succession to the Liechtensteiner throne">Succession</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Executive</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Liechtenstein" title="List of heads of government of Liechtenstein">Prime Minister</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Risch" title="Daniel Risch">Daniel Risch</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet of Liechtenstein">Government</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Legislative</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Liechtenstein" title="Landtag of Liechtenstein">Landtag</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Landtag_of_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the Landtag of Liechtenstein">President</a>: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Frick_(politician)" title="Albert Frick (politician)">Albert Frick</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Elections</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li>Recent <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Liechtenstein" title="Elections in Liechtenstein">elections</a> <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>General:</li><li><a href="/wiki/2013_Liechtenstein_general_election" title="2013 Liechtenstein general election">2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Liechtenstein_general_election" title="2017 Liechtenstein general election">2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Liechtenstein_general_election" title="2021 Liechtenstein general election">2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2025_Liechtenstein_general_election" title="2025 Liechtenstein general election"><i>2025</i></a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Liechtenstein_general_elections" title="List of Liechtenstein general elections">List of general elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Liechtenstein" title="List of political parties in Liechtenstein">Political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Liechtenstein" title="Municipalities of Liechtenstein">Administrative divisions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oberland_(electoral_district)" title="Oberland (electoral district)">Oberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unterland_(electoral_district)" title="Unterland (electoral district)">Unterland</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Liechtenstein" title="Foreign relations of Liechtenstein">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li>Ministry of Foreign Affairs <dl><dd>Minister: <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Hasler" title="Dominique Hasler">Dominique Hasler</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Liechtenstein" title="List of diplomatic missions of Liechtenstein">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Liechtenstein" title="List of diplomatic missions in Liechtenstein">in Liechtenstein</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_passport" title="Liechtenstein passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Liechtenstein_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Liechtenstein citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_Schengen_Area" title="Visa policy of the Schengen Area">Visa policy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Liechtenstein" title="Template:Politics of Liechtenstein"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Liechtenstein" title="Template talk:Politics of Liechtenstein"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Liechtenstein" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Liechtenstein"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Constitution of the <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Principality of Liechtenstein</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Verfassung des Fürstentums Liechtenstein</i>) was <a href="/wiki/Promulgation" title="Promulgation">promulgated</a> on 5 October 1921, replacing the <a href="/wiki/1862_Constitution_of_Liechtenstein" title="1862 Constitution of Liechtenstein">1862 constitution</a>. </p><p>It was granted by <a href="/wiki/Johann_II,_Prince_of_Liechtenstein" title="Johann II, Prince of Liechtenstein">Johann II, Prince of Liechtenstein</a>, and established the rule of partial <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary democracy">parliamentary democracy</a> mixed with that of <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>, as well as providing for referendums on decisions of the <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Liechtenstein" title="Landtag of Liechtenstein">Landtag</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NS_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also abolished the three seats in the Landtag appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of Liechtenstein">Prince</a> and lowered the voting age from 24 to 21.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country replaced <a href="/wiki/Universal_male_suffrage" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal male suffrage">universal male suffrage</a> with <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Liechtenstein" title="Women's suffrage in Liechtenstein">universal suffrage</a>, following a <a href="/wiki/1984_Liechtenstein_women%27s_suffrage_referendum" title="1984 Liechtenstein women's suffrage referendum">national referendum</a> in 1984. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Liechtenstein&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/November_1918_Liechtenstein_putsch" class="mw-redirect" title="November 1918 Liechtenstein putsch">November 1918 Liechtenstein putsch</a>, which had greatly undermined the <a href="/wiki/1862_Constitution_of_Liechtenstein" title="1862 Constitution of Liechtenstein">1862 constitution</a> and in combination with the economic devastation created from World War I, it had created a large and significant basis of support for constitutional revision in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Primarily formed around the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Beck" title="Wilhelm Beck">Wilhelm Beck</a>, who advocated for the expansion of welfare, broader voting rights and a Liechtensteiner head of government.<i><sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p><p>This would begin a period of the next three years where both the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Citizens%27_Party" title="Progressive Citizens' Party">Progressive Citizens' Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian-Social_People%27s_Party_(Liechtenstein)" title="Christian-Social People's Party (Liechtenstein)">Christian-Social People's Party</a> worked together in creating a new constitution based on a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>, much of which was loosely based on the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Constitution" title="Swiss Federal Constitution">Swiss Federal Constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The drafting process included prominent politicians such as Wilhelm Beck, <a href="/wiki/Josef_Ospelt" title="Josef Ospelt">Josef Ospelt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Josef_Peer" title="Josef Peer">Josef Peer</a>. The constitution was signed into law by <a href="/wiki/Prince_Karl_Aloys_of_Liechtenstein" title="Prince Karl Aloys of Liechtenstein">Prince Karl Aloys</a> on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Johann_II,_Prince_of_Liechtenstein" title="Johann II, Prince of Liechtenstein">Johann II</a> and Josef Ospelt as a government representative on 5 October 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chapters">Chapters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Liechtenstein&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Chapters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The constitution has twelve chapters: </p> <ul><li>Chapter I. The Principality</li> <li>Chapter II. The Reigning Prince</li> <li>Chapter III. Responsibilities of the State</li> <li>Chapter IV. General Rights and Obligations of Liechtenstein Citizens</li> <li>Chapter V. The Parliament</li> <li>Chapter VI. The National Committee</li> <li>Chapter VII. The Government</li> <li>Chapter VIII. The Courts <ul><li>A. General Provisions</li> <li>B. The Ordinary Courts</li> <li>C. The Administrative Court</li> <li>D. The Constitutional Court</li></ul></li> <li>Chapter IX. Administrative Bodies and Civil Servants</li> <li>Chapter X. The Municipalities</li> <li>Chapter XI. Constitutional Amendments and Interpretation</li> <li>Chapter XII. Final Clauses</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Amendments">Amendments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Liechtenstein&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Amendments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The constitution has been amended several times, including:<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>1939: Article 49, paragraph 4 inserted (allowing substitutions for Landtag members unable to attend), article 53 amended</li> <li>1947: Article 48, paragraphs 2 and 3 and Article 64 paragraphs 2 and 4 amended</li> <li>1958: Article 47, paragraph 1 and Article 59 amended.</li> <li>1972: Article 16, paragraphs 6 and 7 repealed. Article 17, paragraph 1 amended.</li> <li>1973: Article 46, paragraph 3 inserted setting the electoral threshold at 8%. Approved by <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_referendums,_1973" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein referendums, 1973">referendum</a>.</li> <li>1982: Article 61 amended</li> <li>1984: Article 48 paragraphs 2 and 3 and Article 64 paragraphs 2 and 4 amended.</li> <li>1988: Article 46, paragraph 1 amended to increase number of Landtag members from 15 to 25. Approved by <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_referendums,_1988" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein referendums, 1988">referendum</a>.</li> <li>1989: Article 52, paragraph 2 repealed. Article 63b is inserted.</li> <li>1992: Article 31, paragraph 2 and 3 amended.</li> <li>1994: Article 46, paragraph 2 amended and corrected.</li> <li>1997: Article 46, paragraph 4 amended, paragraph 5 inserted, article 47 paragraph 2 repealed. Article 63ter inserted.</li> <li>2000: Article 29, paragraph 2 on citizenship amended. Approved by <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_referendums,_2000" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein referendums, 2000">referendum</a>.</li> <li>2003: Articles 1, 3, 4, 7 (paragraph 2), 10, 11, 13, 13bis, 13ter, 51, 62f, 62g, 63 (paragraphs 1 and 2) all amended. Article 62h inserted. Article 63, paragraph 3 repealed. Approved by <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_constitutional_referendum,_2003" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein constitutional referendum, 2003">referendum</a>.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Liechtenstein&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2012</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Liechtenstein&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NS-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NS_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Nohlen" title="Dieter Nohlen">Nohlen, D</a> & Stöver, P (2010) <i>Elections in Europe: A data handbook</i>, p1156 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8329-5609-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8329-5609-7">978-3-8329-5609-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nohlen & Stöver, p1158</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuaderer2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Quaderer, Rupert (31 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historisches-lexikon.li/Novemberputsch_1918">"Novemberputsch 1918"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Historisches_Lexikon_des_F%C3%BCrstentums_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein">Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein</a></i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historisches+Lexikon+des+F%C3%BCrstentums+Liechtenstein&rft.atitle=Novemberputsch+1918&rft.date=2011-12-31&rft.aulast=Quaderer&rft.aufirst=Rupert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistorisches-lexikon.li%2FNovemberputsch_1918&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Liechtenstein" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRupert1995" class="citation journal cs1">Rupert, Quaderer (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eliechtensteinensia.li/viewer/image/000000453_93/189/LOG_0007/">"Der 7. November 1918. Staatsstreich – Putsch – Revolution oder politisches Spektakel im Kleinstaat Liechtenstein?"</a>. <i>Jahrbuch des Historischen Vereins für das Fürstentum Liechtenstein</i>. <b>93</b>: 212–216.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jahrbuch+des+Historischen+Vereins+f%C3%BCr+das+F%C3%BCrstentum+Liechtenstein&rft.atitle=Der+7.+November+1918.+Staatsstreich+%E2%80%93+Putsch+%E2%80%93+Revolution+oder+politisches+Spektakel+im+Kleinstaat+Liechtenstein%3F&rft.volume=93&rft.pages=212-216&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Rupert&rft.aufirst=Quaderer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eliechtensteinensia.li%2Fviewer%2Fimage%2F000000453_93%2F189%2FLOG_0007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Liechtenstein" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeipold-Schneider2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Leipold-Schneider, Gerda (31 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historisches-lexikon.li/Beck,_Wilhelm">"Beck, Wilhelm"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Historisches_Lexikon_des_F%C3%BCrstentums_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein">Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein</a></i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historisches+Lexikon+des+F%C3%BCrstentums+Liechtenstein&rft.atitle=Beck%2C+Wilhelm&rft.date=2011-12-31&rft.aulast=Leipold-Schneider&rft.aufirst=Gerda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistorisches-lexikon.li%2FBeck%2C_Wilhelm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Liechtenstein" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuaderer2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Quaderer, Rupert (31 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historisches-lexikon.li/Schlossabmachungen_(Septemberabmachungen,_Schloss-Protokoll)">"Schlossabmachungen (Septemberabmachungen, Schloss-Protokoll)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Historisches_Lexikon_des_F%C3%BCrstentums_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein">Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein</a></i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historisches+Lexikon+des+F%C3%BCrstentums+Liechtenstein&rft.atitle=Schlossabmachungen+%28Septemberabmachungen%2C+Schloss-Protokoll%29&rft.date=2011-12-31&rft.aulast=Quaderer&rft.aufirst=Rupert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistorisches-lexikon.li%2FSchlossabmachungen_%28Septemberabmachungen%2C_Schloss-Protokoll%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Liechtenstein" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWille2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wille, Herbert (31 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historisches-lexikon.li/Verfassung">"Verfassung"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Historisches_Lexikon_des_F%C3%BCrstentums_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein">Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein</a></i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historisches+Lexikon+des+F%C3%BCrstentums+Liechtenstein&rft.atitle=Verfassung&rft.date=2011-12-31&rft.aulast=Wille&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistorisches-lexikon.li%2FVerfassung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Liechtenstein" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.llv.li/verfassung-e-01-02-09.doc.pdf">Constitution of Liechtenstein</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131227081540/http://www.llv.li/verfassung-e-01-02-09.doc.pdf">Archived</a> December 27, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Government of Liechtenstein</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Liechtenstein&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/research/liechtenstein-constitution.pdf">Full text of the constitution</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Liechtenstein_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liechtenstein_topics" title="Template:Liechtenstein topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liechtenstein_topics" title="Template talk:Liechtenstein topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liechtenstein_topics" 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Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaduz_Castle" title="Vaduz Castle">Vaduz Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_Family_of_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Princely Family of Liechtenstein">Princely family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Liechtenstein" title="Military history of Liechtenstein">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1862_Constitution_of_Liechtenstein" title="1862 Constitution of Liechtenstein">1862 Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1918_Liechtenstein_putsch" class="mw-redirect" title="November 1918 Liechtenstein putsch">1918 putsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Liechtenstein_embezzlement_scandal" title="1928 Liechtenstein embezzlement scandal">1928 embezzlement scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1937_Liechtenstein_spy_affair" title="1937 Liechtenstein spy affair">Spy affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939_Liechtenstein_putsch" title="1939 Liechtenstein putsch">1939 failed putsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Liechtenstein_constitutional_crisis" title="1992 Liechtenstein constitutional crisis">1992 crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Liechtenstein_tax_affair" title="2008 Liechtenstein tax affair">2008 tax affair</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein"><img alt="Liechtenstein" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Lesser_arms_of_Liechtenstein.svg/80px-Lesser_arms_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Lesser_arms_of_Liechtenstein.svg/120px-Lesser_arms_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 1.5x, 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Liechtenstein">Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Liechtenstein" title="Politics of Liechtenstein">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Liechtenstein" title="Elections in Liechtenstein">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_microstates" title="European microstates">European microstates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microstates_and_the_European_Union" title="Microstates and the European Union">and the European Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Liechtenstein" title="Foreign relations of Liechtenstein">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Liechtenstein" title="Human rights in Liechtenstein">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Liechtenstein">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Liechtenstein" title="Landtag of Liechtenstein"><i>Landtag</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(parliament)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Liechtenstein">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Monarchy of Liechtenstein">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutrality_(international_relations)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutrality (international relations)">Neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Liechtenstein" title="List of political parties in Liechtenstein">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Liechtenstein" title="List of heads of government of Liechtenstein">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Economy of Liechtenstein">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Liechtenstein" title="List of banks in Liechtenstein">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_frank" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein frank">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Liechtenstein" title="Energy in Liechtenstein">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Liechtenstein" title="Healthcare in Liechtenstein">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Liechtenstein" title="Telecommunications in Liechtenstein">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_Employees%27_Association" title="Liechtenstein Employees' Association">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein#Transport" title="Liechtenstein">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein#Culture" title="Liechtenstein">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oben_am_jungen_Rhein" title="Oben am jungen Rhein">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Liechtenstein" title="Coat of arms of Liechtenstein">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Liechtenstein" title="Demographics of Liechtenstein">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Liechtenstein" title="Flag of Liechtenstein">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Liechtenstein" title="Languages of Liechtenstein">Languages</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Liechtenstein" title="Music of Liechtenstein">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Liechtenstein" title="Public holidays in Liechtenstein">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liechtenstein" title="Religion in Liechtenstein">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein#Sports" title="Liechtenstein">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Liechtenstein" title="Outline of Liechtenstein">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Liechtenstein-related_articles" title="Index of Liechtenstein-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Liechtenstein" title="Category:Liechtenstein">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Constitutions_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Constitutions_of_Europe" title="Template:Constitutions of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Constitutions_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Constitutions of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Constitutions_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Constitutions of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Constitutions_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">Constitutions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Albania" title="Constitution of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Andorra" title="Constitution of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Armenia" title="Constitution of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Austria" title="Constitution of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Azerbaijan" title="Constitution of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Belarus" title="Constitution of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Belgium" title="Constitution of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bulgaria" title="Constitution of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Croatia" title="Constitution of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Cyprus" title="Constitution of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Constitution of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Denmark" title="Constitution of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Estonia" title="Constitution of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Finland" title="Constitution of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_France" title="Constitution of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Constitution of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Greece" title="Constitution of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Hungary" title="Constitution of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iceland" title="Constitution of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kazakhstan" title="Constitution of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Latvia" title="Constitution of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Lithuania" title="Constitution of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Luxembourg" title="Constitution of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Malta" title="Constitution of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Moldova" title="Constitution of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Monaco" title="Constitution of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Montenegro" title="Constitution of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Netherlands" title="Constitution of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_North_Macedonia" title="Constitution of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Norway" title="Constitution of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Poland" title="Constitution of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Portugal" title="Constitution of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Romania" title="Constitution of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Russia" title="Constitution of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_San_Marino" title="Constitution of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Serbia" title="Constitution of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Slovakia" title="Constitution of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Slovenia" title="Constitution of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Spain" title="Constitution of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Constitution" title="Swiss Federal Constitution">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkey" title="Constitution of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ukraine" title="Constitution of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Law_of_Vatican_City_State" title="Fundamental Law of Vatican City State">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Abkhazia" title="Constitution of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kosovo" title="Constitution of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Constitution of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Ossetia" title="Constitution of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Transnistria" title="Constitution of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_%C3%85land" title="Constitution of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Faroe_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Gibraltar" title="Constitution of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Guernsey" title="Constitution of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Isle_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Jersey" title="Constitution of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Svalbard" class="mw-redirect" 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