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S. Neill Summerhill Trust</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A._S._Neill_Summerhill_Trust-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy_and_educational_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy_and_educational_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Philosophy and educational structure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Philosophy_and_educational_structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Philosophy and educational structure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Philosophy_and_educational_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Academics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Academics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boarding_houses_and_pastoral_care" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boarding_houses_and_pastoral_care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Boarding houses and pastoral care</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boarding_houses_and_pastoral_care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Houseparents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Houseparents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Houseparents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Houseparents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-San" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#San"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>San</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-San-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cottage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cottage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Cottage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cottage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-House" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#House"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>House</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-House-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.5</span> <span>Shack</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carriages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carriages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.6</span> <span>Carriages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carriages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflict_resolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflict_resolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Conflict resolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflict_resolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ombudsmen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ombudsmen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Ombudsmen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ombudsmen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_tribunal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_tribunal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>The tribunal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_tribunal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notoriety_and_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notoriety_and_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notoriety and criticism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notoriety_and_criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notoriety and criticism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notoriety_and_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Controversies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_former_pupils" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_former_pupils"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notable former pupils</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_former_pupils-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_fiction_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_fiction_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In fiction and television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_fiction_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-OFSTED" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OFSTED"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>OFSTED</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-OFSTED-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summerhill_School" title="Summerhill School – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Summerhill School" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summerhill" title="Summerhill – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Summerhill" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summerhill" title="Summerhill – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Summerhill" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%87%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AE_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A3%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B9%CE%BB" title="Σχολή του Σάμερχιλ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σχολή του Σάμερχιλ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escuela_de_Summerhill" title="Escuela de Summerhill – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Escuela de Summerhill" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summerhill" title="Summerhill – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Summerhill" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summerhill_eskola" title="Summerhill eskola – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Summerhill eskola" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summerhill_School" title="Summerhill School – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Summerhill School" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escola_de_Summerhill" title="Escola de Summerhill – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Escola de Summerhill" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9C%EB%A8%B8%ED%9E%90_%EC%8A%A4%EC%BF%A8" title="서머힐 스쿨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="서머힐 스쿨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%AB%D5%AC_%D5%A4%D5%BA%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%81" title="Սամերհիլ դպրոց – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սամերհիլ դպրոց" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summerhill_School" title="Summerhill School – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Summerhill School" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%94%D7%99%D7%9C" title="סאמרהיל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סאמרהיל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summerhill" title="Summerhill – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Summerhill" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%84" title="مدرسة سمرهيل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مدرسة سمرهيل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%92%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="サマーヒル・スクール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サマーヒル・スクール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szko%C5%82a_Summerhill" title="Szkoła Summerhill – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szkoła Summerhill" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summerhill_School" title="Summerhill School – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Summerhill School" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Школа Саммерхилл – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Школа Саммерхилл" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summerhill_School" title="Summerhill School – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Summerhill School" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summerhill" title="Summerhill – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Summerhill" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Самерхил – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Самерхил" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summerhill" title="Summerhill – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Summerhill" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summerhill_School" title="Summerhill School – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Summerhill School" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summerhill_Okulu" title="Summerhill Okulu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Summerhill Okulu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Школа Саммергілл – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Школа Саммергілл" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%B1%B1%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1" title="夏山学校 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="夏山学校" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q482459#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Summerhill_School" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Summerhill_School&params=52.211222_N_1.572639_E_type:edu_region:GB_dim:100"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°12′40″N</span> <span class="longitude">1°34′22″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.211222°N 1.572639°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.211222; 1.572639</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the school of the same name in Kingswinford, see <a href="/wiki/Summerhill_School,_Kingswinford" title="Summerhill School, Kingswinford">Summerhill School, Kingswinford</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Summerhill_School" title="Special:EditPage/Summerhill School">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Summerhill+School%22">"Summerhill School"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Summerhill+School%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Summerhill+School%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Summerhill+School%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Summerhill+School%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Summerhill+School%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Summerhill_School&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Independent day and boarding school in Leiston, Suffolk, England</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1256395774">.mw-parser-output .ib-school .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-school .infobox-above{background:lavender;color:#202122}.mw-parser-output .ib-school .infobox-image .logo,.mw-parser-output .ib-school .infobox-image .seal{background-color:#f8f9fa}</style><table class="infobox vcard ib-school"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org notheme">Summerhill School</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SummerhillSchool.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/SummerhillSchool.jpg/300px-SummerhillSchool.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/SummerhillSchool.jpg/450px-SummerhillSchool.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/SummerhillSchool.jpg/600px-SummerhillSchool.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1411" data-file-height="993" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header notheme">Address</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="200" data-zoom="13" data-overlays="["_2c879b69d5789f39114b08e0d81d6a6882943cc6"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,a,a,270x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Summerhill_School&revid=1248003976&groups=_2c879b69d5789f39114b08e0d81d6a6882943cc6" width="270" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,a,a,270x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Summerhill_School&revid=1248003976&groups=_2c879b69d5789f39114b08e0d81d6a6882943cc6 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr class="adr"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="display:inline;" class="street-address">Westward Ho</div><br /><div style="display:inline;" class="locality"><a href="/wiki/Leiston" title="Leiston">Leiston</a></div>, <div style="display:inline;" class="region"><a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a></div>, <div style="display:inline;" class="nowrap">IP16 4HY</div><br /><div style="display:inline;" class="country-name">England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Summerhill_School&params=52.211222_N_1.572639_E_type:edu_region:GB_dim:100"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°12′40″N</span> <span class="longitude">1°34′22″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.211222°N 1.572639°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.211222; 1.572639</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header notheme">Information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Private_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Private schools in the United Kingdom">Independent</a> <a href="/wiki/Day_school" title="Day school">day</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boarding_school" title="Boarding school">boarding school</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">1921</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/A._S._Neill" title="A. S. Neill">Alexander Sutherland Neill</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Local authority</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Education" title="Department for Education">Department for Education</a> URN</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://get-information-schools.service.gov.uk/Establishments/Establishment/Details/124870">124870</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compare-school-performance.service.gov.uk/school/124870">Tables</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ofsted" title="Ofsted">Ofsted</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reports.ofsted.gov.uk/inspection-reports/find-inspection-report/provider/ELS/124870">Reports</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Principal</th><td class="infobox-data">Zoë Readhead</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Staff</th><td class="infobox-data">Approx. 10 teaching, 5 support</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Gender</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coeducational" class="mw-redirect" title="Coeducational">Coeducational</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Age</th><td class="infobox-data">6 to 18</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Enrolment</th><td class="infobox-data">78 pupils</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Houses</th><td class="infobox-data">San, Cottage, House, Shack, Carriage</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication</th><td class="infobox-data">The Orange Peel Magazine</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.summerhillschool.co.uk">www<wbr />.summerhillschool<wbr />.co<wbr />.uk</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Summerhill School</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Private_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Private schools in the United Kingdom">independent (i.e. fee-charging)</a> <a href="/wiki/Day_school" title="Day school">day</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boarding_school" title="Boarding school">boarding school</a> in <a href="/wiki/Leiston" title="Leiston">Leiston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a>, England. It was founded in 1921 by <a href="/wiki/A._S._Neill" title="A. S. Neill">Alexander Sutherland Neill</a> with the belief that the school should be made to fit the child, rather than the other way around. It is run as a <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">democratic community</a> and is considered a <a href="/wiki/Democratic_school" title="Democratic school">Democratic School</a>; the running of the school is conducted in the school meetings, which anyone, staff or pupil, may attend, and at which everyone has an equal vote. These meetings serve as both a <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judicial</a> body. Members of the community are free to do as they please, so long as their actions do not cause any harm to others, according to Neill's principle "Freedom, not Licence." This extends to the freedom for pupils to choose which lessons, if any, they attend. It is an example of both <a href="/wiki/Democratic_education" title="Democratic education">democratic education</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alternative_education" title="Alternative education">alternative education</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Summerhill_School&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1920, A.<span class="nowrap"> </span>S. Neill started to search for premises in which to found a new school which he could run according to his educational principle of giving freedom to the children and staff through democratic governance. On a trip to <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">Europe</a>, which started out as a research visit into progressive schools on behalf of the Theosophical journal <i>New Era</i>, he found the ideal accommodation in <a href="/wiki/Hellerau" title="Hellerau">Hellerau</a> near <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>, a village founded on principles based on the <a href="/wiki/Garden_City_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Garden City movement">Garden City movement</a> in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>. By combining with two other projects, the <i>Neue Deutsche Schule</i> (New German School), founded by Carl Thiess the previous year, and an existing school with many international students dedicated to the teaching of <a href="/wiki/Dalcroze_Eurhythmics" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalcroze Eurhythmics">Eurhythmics</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Hellerau_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellerau-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a joint venture named the International School or <i>Neue Schule Hellerau</i> was launched. Neill's sector was called the "foreign" school (in contrast to the Thiess's "German School"). Jonathan Croall wrote, "This, in essence, was the beginning of Summerhill"<sup id="cite_ref-Croall_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Croall-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the name Summerhill itself came later. </p><p>Neill was soon dissatisfied with Neue Schule's <a href="/wiki/Ethos" title="Ethos">ethos</a>, and moved his sector of the organisation to <a href="/wiki/Sonntagberg" title="Sonntagberg">Sonntagberg</a> in <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>. Due to the hostility of the local people, it moved again in 1923 to <a href="/wiki/Lyme_Regis" title="Lyme Regis">Lyme Regis</a> in England. The house in Lyme Regis was called Summerhill, and this became the name of the school. In 1927, it moved to its present site in <a href="/wiki/Leiston" title="Leiston">Leiston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a>, England. It had to move again temporarily to <a href="/wiki/Ffestiniog" title="Ffestiniog">Ffestiniog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> so that the site could be used as a <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> training camp.<sup id="cite_ref-SM_early_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SM_early-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The school had a local impact as several teachers were involved in the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Leiston_Communist_Party" title="Leiston Communist Party">Leiston Communist Party</a>. Several teachers were involved in the Communist Party, some before they were appointed: Vivien Jackson, was the daughter of <a href="/wiki/T._A._Jackson" class="mw-redirect" title="T. A. Jackson">T. A. Jackson</a>, a leading figure in the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain" title="Communist Party of Great Britain">Communist Party of Great Britain</a> and his wife <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kate_Hawkins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kate Hawkins (page does not exist)">Kate Hawkins</a>, one of the founders of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Great_Britain" title="Socialist Party of Great Britain">Socialist Party of Great Britain</a>. She married <a href="/wiki/A._L._Morton" title="A. L. Morton">A. L. Morton</a>, a prominent Communist Party historian who also worked at the school. The artist <a href="/wiki/Paxton_Chadwick" title="Paxton Chadwick">Paxton Chadwick</a> was appointed as a part-time art teacher in the early thirties. At this time, the Communist mathematician and computer pioneer Richard Goodman was also a teacher at the school. Cyril Eyre was also a member of staff.<sup id="cite_ref-CS_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Neill himself was sympathetic towards the goal of communism, he was increasingly critical of <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a> and the contemporary Communist Party. He wrote to David Barton, a former pupil at the time in the communist party, saying: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>You must know that Summerhill couldn't possibly exist under communism as it shapes today ... see our kids salute any flag or portrait? ... I want communism, i.e. a non-profit society, PLUS what Summerhill stands for ... independence of the individual.<sup id="cite_ref-Croall_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Croall-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>After Neill died in 1973, it was run by his wife, <a href="/wiki/Ena_May_Neill" title="Ena May Neill">Ena May Neill</a>, until 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-SM_early_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SM_early-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today it is a <a href="/wiki/Boarding_school" title="Boarding school">boarding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Day_school" title="Day school">day school</a> serving <a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">primary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">secondary</a> education in a <a href="/wiki/Democratic_school" title="Democratic school">democratic</a> fashion. It is now run by Neill's daughter, Zoë Readhead,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> assisted by her sons Will and Henry Readhead. </p><p>Although the school's founding could arguably be dated to other years, the school itself marks 1921 as the year of its establishment.<sup id="cite_ref-SM_early_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SM_early-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Schools_based_on_Summerhill">Schools based on Summerhill</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Summerhill_School&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Schools based on Summerhill"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many schools opened based on Summerhill, especially in America in the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-Bull1970_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bull1970-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A common challenge was to implement Neill's dictum of "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_versus_licence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freedom versus licence (page does not exist)">freedom, not licence</a>": "A free school is not a place where you can run roughshod over other people. It's a place that minimises the authoritarian elements and maximises the development of community and really caring about the other people. Doing this is a tricky business."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Neill distanced himself from some schools for confusing freedom and licence: "Look at those American Summerhill schools. I sent a letter to the <a href="/wiki/The_Village_Voice" title="The Village Voice">Greenwich Village Voice</a>, in New York, disclaiming any affiliation with any American school that calls itself a Summerhill school. I've heard so many rumours about them. It's one thing to use freedom. Quite another to use licence."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_inspections">Government inspections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Summerhill_School&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Government inspections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Summerhill has had a tumultuous relationship with the British government. Already in the 1950s, a government inspection found the school's finances were shaky, the number of students too high, and the quality of teaching poor among the junior faculty. In spite of these criticisms, however, the inspectors apparently found the school praiseworthy.<sup id="cite_ref-neill_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neill-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 86–88">: 86–88 </span></sup> </p><p>During the 1990s, the school was inspected nine times. It later emerged that this was because <a href="/wiki/Ofsted" title="Ofsted">Ofsted</a> had placed Summerhill on a secret list of 61 independent schools marked as <i>TBW</i> (to be watched).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1999, following a major inspection from Ofsted, the then <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Education_and_Employment" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Education and Employment">Secretary of State for Education and Employment</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Blunkett" title="David Blunkett">David Blunkett</a>, issued the school a notice of complaint, based on the school's policy of non-compulsory lessons. Failure to comply with such a notice within six months usually leads to closure; however, Summerhill chose to contest the notice in court.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The case went before a special educational tribunal in March 2000, at which the school was represented by noted human rights lawyers <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Robertson" title="Geoffrey Robertson">Geoffrey Robertson</a> <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Counsel" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Counsel">QC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Stephens_(solicitor)" title="Mark Stephens (solicitor)">Mark Stephens</a>. Four days into the hearing, the government's case collapsed and a settlement was agreed. The pupils attending the hearing on that day took over the courtroom and held a school meeting to debate whether to accept the settlement. They voted unanimously to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc020323_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc020323-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nature of the settlement was notably broader than could have been decided on the judge's authority alone. The educational tribunal only had the power to annul the notice of complaint, whereas the settlement made provisions that Summerhill be inspected with respect to its philosophy and values, that the voice of the child (through community meetings and in other ways) be included in the inspection, and that the inspectors be accompanied by two advisers from the school and one from the DfE to ensure that the inspection respected the school's aims and values. The school was the first in England to grant children a legal right to formally express their opinions and to meet with the inspectors. The DfE advisers have included Prof. Paul Hirst and Prof. Geoff Whitty, Director of the Institute of Education and now on Ofsted's governing body.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc020323_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc020323-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first full inspection report since the disputed 1999 report was published in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-Ofsted2007_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ofsted2007-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2007 inspection, conducted within the framework set out by the court settlement, was generally positive, even in areas previously criticised by the 1999 report. The school maintained that it had not changed its approach since the original inspection.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The full inspection on 5 October 2011 concluded that the school is outstanding in all areas except teaching, which was seen as good, and not outstanding due to issues of assessment.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2013, the DfE unilaterally rescinded the court agreement by claiming that Ofsted now understood the school and the court mandated inspection process was no longer needed to ensure a fair inspection. The school sent evidence and questions to the Select Committee on Education for their meeting with the Chief Inspector of Schools, Sir Michael Wilshaw, on 13 February 2013. The evidence quoted a member of the Select Committee expressing shock at the lack of processes for Ofsted to learn by its mistakes.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A._S._Neill_Summerhill_Trust">A. S. Neill Summerhill Trust</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Summerhill_School&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: A. S. Neill Summerhill Trust"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The A. S. Neill Summerhill Trust was launched in 2004 by Prof. Tim Brighouse, Tom Conti, Bill Nighy, Mark Stephens and Geoffrey Robertson QC to raise funds for <a href="/wiki/Bursary" title="Bursary">bursaries</a> for pupils from poorer families and to promote democratic education around the world. It publishes an electronic newsletter and organises fund-raising events. An elected committee of schoolchildren, called the "External Affairs Committee", have—over the years since the court case and with the support of the Trust—promoted Summerhill as a case study to state schoolchildren, teachers and educationalists at conferences, schools and events. They have run full democratic meetings at the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Houses of Parliament</a> and <a href="/wiki/City_Hall,_Southwark" class="mw-redirect" title="City Hall, Southwark">London's City Hall</a>. They have lobbied four chief inspectors of schools through the Select Committee on Education on the importance of children's rights in schools and school inspections. They have addressed the UNESCO Conference of Education Ministers, lobbied and protested at the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a> Special Conference on the Rights of the Child in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>. They took an active part in advising and contributing to events for the children's rights group <a href="/wiki/Article_12" title="Article 12">Article 12</a>. They continue to work with schools, colleges and universities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy_and_educational_structure">Philosophy and educational structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Summerhill_School&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Philosophy and educational structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/A._S._Neill#Philosophy" title="A. S. Neill">Philosophy of A. S. Neill</a></div> <p>Summerhill is noted for its philosophy that children learn best with freedom from coercion, a philosophy that was promoted by the New Ideals in Education Conferences (1914–37)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that helped to define the good modern primary school as child-centred.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Summerhill, all lessons are optional, and pupils are free to choose what to do with their time. Neill founded Summerhill with the belief that "the function of a child is to live his own life—not the life that his anxious parents think he should live, not a life according to the purpose of an educator who thinks he knows best."<sup id="cite_ref-summerhillschool.co.uk_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-summerhillschool.co.uk-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to taking control of their own time, pupils can participate in the self-governing community of the school. School meetings are held twice a week, where pupils and staff alike have an equal voice in the decisions that affect their day-to-day lives, discussing issues and creating or changing school laws. The rules agreed at these meetings are wide-ranging—from agreeing to acceptable bed times to allowing <a href="/wiki/Nudity" title="Nudity">nudity</a> around the <a href="/wiki/Swimming_pool" title="Swimming pool">pool</a> and within the classrooms. Meetings are also an opportunity for the community to vote on a course of action for unresolved conflicts, such as a fine for a theft (usually the fine consists of having to pay back the amount stolen). If there is an urgent reason to have a meeting, children and staff can ask the chairperson to hold a special meeting and this is written on the main <a href="/wiki/Whiteboard" title="Whiteboard">whiteboard</a> before a meal time so that the whole school knows and can attend. </p><p>In creating its laws and dealing out sanctions, the school meeting generally applies A. S. Neill's maxim "Freedom not Licence" (he wrote a book of the same name), the principle that you can do as you please so long as it doesn't cause harm to others. For example, pupils may <a href="/wiki/Profanity" title="Profanity">swear</a> within the school grounds, but calling someone else an offensive name is licence. </p><p>Summerhill School operates upon the major principles of democracy, <a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">equality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">freedom</a>. </p><p>Classes are voluntary at Summerhill.<sup id="cite_ref-bailey2013_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bailey2013-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 141">: 141 </span></sup> Although most students attend, depending on their age and reasons, children choose whether to go of their own accord and without adult compulsion.<sup id="cite_ref-bailey2013_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bailey2013-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 141">: 141 </span></sup> The staff discuss new children and those who they feel may have issues that interfere with their freedom to choose (e.g., fear of classrooms, shyness to learn in front of others, lack of confidence), and propose and vote on interventions, if needed, during staff meetings. This is called the "Special Attention List".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The staff meet at least twice a week to discuss issues; those relevant to the community will be brought to a community meeting. Children can attend these meetings when they ask, but are asked to leave when individual students are discussed, to maintain the privacy of the student.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academics">Academics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Summerhill_School&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Academics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although Neill was more concerned with the social development of children than their academic development, Summerhill nevertheless has some important differences in its approach to teaching. There is no concept of a "year" or "form" at Summerhill. Instead, children are placed according to their interest or level of understanding in a given subject. It is not uncommon for a single class to have pupils of widely varying ages, or for pupils as young as 13 or 14 to take <a href="/wiki/GCSE" title="GCSE">GCSE</a> examinations. This structure reflects a belief that children should progress at their own pace, rather than having to meet a set standard by a certain age.<sup id="cite_ref-summerhillschool.co.uk_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-summerhillschool.co.uk-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are also two classrooms which operate on a "drop-in" basis for all or part of the day, the workshop and the art room. Anyone can come to these classrooms and, with supervision, make just about anything. Children commonly play with wooden toys (usually <a href="/wiki/Sword" title="Sword">swords</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gun" title="Gun">guns</a>) they have made themselves, and much of the furniture and décor in the school has been likewise constructed by students.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Neill believed that children who were educated in this way were better prepared than traditionally educated children for most of life's challenges—including higher education. He wrote that Summerhill students who decided to prepare for university entrance exams were able to finish the material faster than pupils of traditional schools.<sup id="cite_ref-bailey2013_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bailey2013-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 140">: 140 </span></sup> Inspector accounts assert that this was inaccurate, and that interested pupils were disadvantaged by their dearth of preparation.<sup id="cite_ref-bailey2013_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bailey2013-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 140">: 140 </span></sup> However, Michael Newman has argued that the inspectors assumed that lesson attendance was necessary evidence of children learning, and that lack of attendance was equated with a lack of learning. Newman says the inspectors refused to accept as evidence the students' exam results, verbal evidence from teachers, current and previous children, and the success of children after leaving Summerhill.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Summerhill classroom was popularly assumed to reflect Neill's anti-authoritarian beliefs, but in fact classes were traditional in practice.<sup id="cite_ref-bailey2013_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bailey2013-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 147">: 147 </span></sup> Neill did not show outward interest in classroom pedagogy, and was mainly interested in pupil happiness.<sup id="cite_ref-bailey2013_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bailey2013-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 144">: 144 </span></sup> He did not consider lesson quality important,<sup id="cite_ref-bailey2013_21-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bailey2013-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 144">: 144 </span></sup> and thus there were no distinctive Summerhillian classroom methods.<sup id="cite_ref-bailey2013_21-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bailey2013-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 145">: 145 </span></sup> Neill also felt that charismatic teachers taught with persuasion that weakened child autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-bailey2013_21-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bailey2013-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 146">: 146 </span></sup> Today the school peer-reviews its teachers, and has policies and systems in place to ensure the quality of teaching.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since Zoë Readhead took over as Principal, the school has developed an ethos of keeping its staff, through an increase in wages and conditions of work. And there is an ongoing review and development of methods of teaching, assessment and record-keeping.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The staff now share with each other their methods, especially in relation to numeracy and literacy learning. The music department have developed over several years, including action research, methods of supporting spontaneous music performance, creativity and development of expression through music. This is being shared with the rest of the staff. The school has always had a creative drama delivery, based on spontaneous acting and development of plays through collaboration between actors, directors and writers. With small-group teaching and negotiated timetables, the curriculum is presented in multi-sensory, individual-focused lessons, with flexibility to respond to the student's needs.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boarding_houses_and_pastoral_care">Boarding houses and pastoral care</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Summerhill_School&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Boarding houses and pastoral care"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Children at Summerhill are placed in one of five groups which correspond to the buildings in which they are accommodated. Placement is generally decided at the beginning of term by the Principal, in theory according to age. In practice, a younger child may take priority if they have been waiting a long time for a place, if they have many friends in the upper group, or if they show a maturity characteristic of a member of the upper group.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Certain school rules pertain specifically to certain age groups. For instance, no one else may ride a <i>San</i> child's bicycle, and only <i>Shack</i> and <i>Carriage</i> children are allowed to build <a href="/wiki/Campfire" title="Campfire">camp fires</a>. The rules concerning when children must go to bed are also made according to age group. </p><p>Bedrooms generally accommodate four or five children. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Houseparents">Houseparents</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Summerhill_School&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Houseparents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each of the boarding houses has a "<a href="/wiki/Housemaster" title="Housemaster">houseparent</a>": a member of staff whose duty is pastoral care. The duties of a houseparent include doing their charges' <a href="/wiki/Laundry" title="Laundry">laundry</a>, treating minor injuries and ailments, taking them to the doctor's surgery or hospital for more serious complaints and general emotional support. Depending on the age group, they might also tell them bedtime stories, keep their valuables secure, escort them into town to spend their pocket money, or speak on their behalf in the meetings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="San">San</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Summerhill_School&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: San"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ages 6–8 (approx) </p><p>The San building is an outbuilding, near the primary classrooms; its name derives from the fact that it was originally built as a <a href="/wiki/Sanatorium" title="Sanatorium">sanatorium</a>. When there proved to be insufficient demand for a separate sanatorium, it was given over to accommodation for the youngest children and their houseparent. At one time, San children were housed in the main school building, and the San building was used as the library. They have since moved back, and the rooms they previously occupied now house the Cottage children. </p><p>The laws of the school generally protect San children, both by disallowing them from engaging in certain dangerous activities and preventing older children from bullying, swindling or otherwise abusing their juniors. San children have the right to bring up their cases at the beginning of the school meeting, or have another student or a teacher bring the issue or issues up on their behalf. </p><p>San children can sleep in mixed-sex rooms, while older children have single-sex rooms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cottage">Cottage</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Summerhill_School&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cottage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ages 9–10 (approx) </p><p>Cottage children were originally housed in Neill's old cottage, at the edge of the school grounds. For some time, the San wholly replaced the Cottage, but Cottage children are now housed in the main school building. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="House">House</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Summerhill_School&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: House"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ages 12–13 (approx) </p><p>House children are accommodated in the main school building, called simply "the House". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shack">Shack</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Summerhill_School&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Shack"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ages 13–14 (approx) </p><p>The Shack buildings (there are two, the Boys' Shack and the Girls' Shack) are small outbuildings, so called because of the somewhat ramshackle nature of their original construction. The buildings have since been renovated. </p><p>Children of Shack age and above are expected to take a more active role in running the school, standing for committees, chairing the meetings, acting as ombudsmen to resolve disputes and speaking in the school meetings. Of course, younger children can take on some of these roles if they so wish, and few of them are compulsory, even for the older children. The only compulsory role is to be added to a rotation to supervise work fines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Carriages">Carriages</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Summerhill_School&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Carriages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ages 15+ (approx) </p><p>The carriage buildings are similar to those of the Shack, only larger. However, they were originally converted rail carriages. Since the last renovation, the Boys' Carriage building incorporates a bathroom, shower, <a href="/wiki/Kitchenette" title="Kitchenette">kitchenette</a> and the Girls' Carriages a common room and <a href="/wiki/Shower" title="Shower">shower</a> block (other bathrooms in the main building have only <a href="/wiki/Bathtub" title="Bathtub">baths</a>). Either facility may be used by both sexes and all areas. </p><p>The Carriage children each have individual rooms. They are expected to do their own laundry and generally look after themselves. This is not to say that they have no houseparent, just that as part of their increased freedom they must take on additional responsibility. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflict_resolution">Conflict resolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Summerhill_School&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Conflict resolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two main methods of resolving conflicts at Summerhill. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ombudsmen">Ombudsmen</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Summerhill_School&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ombudsmen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the first instance, one should go to an <a href="/wiki/Ombudsman" title="Ombudsman">ombudsman</a> to resolve a conflict. The ombudsmen are an elected committee of older members of the community, whose job it is to intervene in disputes. One party will go and find an ombudsman and ask for an "Ombudsman Case". Often, all the ombudsman has to do is warn someone to stop causing a nuisance. Sometimes, if the dispute is more complex, the ombudsman must mediate. If the conflict cannot be resolved there and then, or the ombudsman's warnings are ignored, the case can be brought before the school meeting. </p><p>In special cases, the meeting sometimes assigns an individual their own "special ombudsman", an ombudsman who only takes cases from one person. This usually happens if a particular child is being consistently bullied, or has problems with the language (in which case someone who is <a href="/wiki/Multilingualism" title="Multilingualism">bilingual</a>, in English and the language of the child in question, is chosen as the ombudsman.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_tribunal">The tribunal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Summerhill_School&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The tribunal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tribunal is the school meeting which concerns itself with people who break the school rules. Sometimes there is a separate meeting for the tribunal, and sometimes the legislative and judicial meetings are combined. This is itself a matter which can be decided by the meeting. </p><p>A "tribunal case" consists of one person "bringing up" another, or a group of people. The person bringing the case states the problem, the chairperson asks those accused if they did it, and if they have anything to say, then calls for any witnesses. If the accused admits to the offence, or there are reliable witness statements, the chair will call for proposals. Otherwise, the floor is opened to discussion. </p><p>If there is no clear evidence as to who is guilty (for instance, in the case of an unobserved theft), the "investigation committee" is often called upon. The investigation committee has the power to search people's rooms or lockers, and to question people. They will bring the case back to the next meeting if they are able to obtain any new evidence. In a community as small as Summerhill, few events go totally unnoticed and matters are usually resolved quickly.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Once it has been established that a person has broken the rules, the meeting must propose and then vote to decide a fine. There is no such thing as a "standard fine", no equivalent to a judge's <a href="/wiki/Sentencing_Council" title="Sentencing Council">sentencing guidelines</a>, and most fines are given with consideration to the factors involved, such as severity of the offence, intent behind the action, consequences to others, remorse and/or behaviour displayed during the meeting, and whether it was a repeat offence. Fines can include a "strong warning" administered by the chair, a monetary fine, loss of privileges (for instance, not being allowed out of school, or being the last to be served lunch), or a "work fine" (e.g., picking up litter for a set time or similar job of benefit to the community). In the case of theft, it is usually considered sufficient for the thief to return what was stolen. Although there are some rare cases where the property stolen is no longer in the possession of the thief; in these cases, the thief is given a more severe fine and is questioned as to where the property has been sent.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notoriety_and_criticism">Notoriety and criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Summerhill_School&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notoriety and criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Summerhill received most of its public attention in two waves: the 1920s/30s and 1960s/70s. In particular, the 1960 American edition of Neill's writings, <i><a href="/wiki/Summerhill_(book)" title="Summerhill (book)">Summerhill</a></i>, made the school into an example for a wide public, and led to an American movement with copycat schools.<sup id="cite_ref-bailey2013_21-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bailey2013-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 155">: 155 </span></sup> A. S. Neill's biographer Richard Bailey linked this increased interest to the wider society's interest in social change (progressivism and the counterculture, respectively), though he added that Neill was not influenced by this reception.<sup id="cite_ref-bailey2013_21-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bailey2013-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 154">: 154 </span></sup> </p><p>Richard Bailey argued that the students' free choice of what to learn may leave them unexposed to subject matter which they do not know to exist, and also may narrow their exposure to subjects fashionable in a given time period.<sup id="cite_ref-bailey2013_21-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bailey2013-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 142–143">: 142–143 </span></sup> The school has said it now has mechanisms in place to alleviate such concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bailey reviews an account of an <a href="/wiki/Algebra" title="Algebra">algebra</a> lesson taught by Neill, and describes Neill's teaching technique as "simply awful", for his lack of pupil engagement, inarticulate explanations, and insults directed at pupils.<sup id="cite_ref-bailey2013_21-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bailey2013-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 146">: 146 </span></sup> Bailey criticised Neill's avoidance of responsibility for his pupils' academic performance, and his view that charismatic instruction was a form of persuasion that weakened child autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-bailey2013_21-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bailey2013-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 146">: 146 </span></sup> </p><p>Bailey also did find, however, that the media were unreasonably critical in their coverage of the school. For instance, they tended to emphasize casual teacher–pupil relations and lack of compulsory classes, instead of the weekly meeting. They also represented Summerhill's pupils as unrestricted and anarchic, to an unrealistic degree.<sup id="cite_ref-bailey2013_21-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bailey2013-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 130, 134">: 130, 134 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversies">Controversies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Summerhill_School&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mikey Cuddihy, a graduate of Summerhill, wrote that in the 1960s: "It was common for students to get married in mock weddings, and they were allowed to sleep together ... More worryingly, <a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">sexual relations</a> between students and teachers were also common ... Neill's 35-year-old stepson Myles, who taught pottery ... went out with some of the more senior pupils (because) he has a special dispensation."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his book <i>Summerhill</i> (1960), Neill shows an influence of <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Reich" title="Wilhelm Reich">Wilhelm Reich's</a> theories, e.g., promoting adolescent sexual activity, and claiming that a negative attitude towards masturbation causes juvenile delinquency.<sup id="cite_ref-neill_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neill-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 223ff, 236ff">: 223ff, 236ff </span></sup> </p><p>Although Neill was not a trained psychotherapist, he held amateur psychoanalytic sessions with some of his children. These sessions were designed to "unblock" the "energies" of the children. For this purpose Neill also gave <a href="/wiki/Massage" title="Massage">body massages</a> to the children, a technique advocated by Reich.<sup id="cite_ref-bailey2013_21-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bailey2013-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 137">: 137 </span></sup> In <i>Summerhill</i>, Neill gave accounts of such psychoanalytic sessions.<sup id="cite_ref-neill_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neill-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 223–224">: 223–224 </span></sup> </p><p>Neill wrote that "Promiscuity is neurotic; it is a constant change of partner in the hope of finding the right partner at last. [...] If the term <i>free love</i> has a sinister meaning, it is because it describes sex that is neurotic."<sup id="cite_ref-neill_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neill-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 236">: 236 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_former_pupils">Notable former pupils</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Summerhill_School&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notable former pupils"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:People_educated_at_Summerhill_School" title="Category:People educated at Summerhill School">Category:People educated at Summerhill School</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Burningham" title="John Burningham">John Burningham</a>, children's author and illustrator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Critchlow" title="Keith Critchlow">Keith Critchlow</a>, artist and professor of architecture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_De_Mornay" title="Rebecca De Mornay">Rebecca De Mornay</a>, actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_Thorgerson" title="Storm Thorgerson">Storm Thorgerson</a>, rock <a href="/wiki/Album_cover" title="Album cover">album cover</a> designer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gus_Dudgeon" title="Gus Dudgeon">Gus Dudgeon</a>, record producer</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_fiction_and_television">In fiction and television</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Summerhill_School&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: In fiction and television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Enid_Blyton" title="Enid Blyton">Enid Blyton</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Naughtiest_Girl" title="The Naughtiest Girl">The Naughtiest Girl</a></i> series of novels, written in the 1940s and 50s, were her first series about school-aged children, and they were set in a school based on Summerhill, with democratic community meetings allowing the children to make decisions about the school and "punishments" etc.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ira_Levin" title="Ira Levin">Ira Levin</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/Rosemary%27s_Baby_(novel)" title="Rosemary's Baby (novel)">Rosemary's Baby</a></i> (1967) has the main character reading a copy of Neill's book <i>Summerhill</i> and discussing it with her friends.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (February 2013)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The school was the subject of the 1987 <a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a> documentary <i>Being Happy is What Matters Most</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was later parodied in the 1997 Channel 4 documentary show <i><a href="/wiki/Brass_Eye" title="Brass Eye">Brass Eye</a></i> in its second episode, "Drugs". The fictional documentary entitled <i>The Drumlake Experiment</i> featured an interview with the school's headmaster, Donaldus Matthews, played by David Cann.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1991, Zoe Readhead made an <a href="/wiki/After_Dark_(TV_programme)#James_Harries_and_"Teachers"" title="After Dark (TV programme)">extended appearance</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a> discussion programme <i><a href="/wiki/After_Dark_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="After Dark (TV series)">After Dark</a></i> alongside, among others, the 13-year-old <a href="/wiki/James_Harries" class="mw-redirect" title="James Harries">James Harries</a>. </p><p>In 1992, <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a>'s documentary show <i><a href="/wiki/Cutting_Edge_(Channel_4_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cutting Edge (Channel 4 TV series)">Cutting Edge</a></i> created an episode on <i>Summerhill at 70</i>, broadcast on 30 March.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008 <a href="/wiki/BBC1" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC1">BBC1</a>, <a href="/wiki/CBBC_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="CBBC (TV channel)">CBBC</a> and <a href="/wiki/BBC_Four" title="BBC Four">BBC Four</a> aired a <a href="/wiki/Miniseries" title="Miniseries">miniseries</a> called <i><a href="/wiki/Summerhill_(TV_series)" title="Summerhill (TV series)">Summerhill</a></i>. The show was set in Summerhill and presented a highly fictionalised version of the 2000 court case and the events leading up to it. Much of the production was recorded on location at Summerhill and used pupils as extras. The production presented an unabashedly positive view of the school<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the Director, Jon East, wanted to challenge the present paradigm of what a school is, as presented in popular culture.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It received two <a href="/wiki/British_Academy_of_Film_and_Television_Arts#The_BAFTA_trophy_.2F_award" title="British Academy of Film and Television Arts">BAFTAs</a>, including one for script, by Alison Hume.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2022 documentary about the school, <i>How Summerhill Works</i>, by local independent filmmaker Peter Chadwick, documented daily life at the school.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Summerhill_School&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchistic_free_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchistic free school">Anarchistic free school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ERA_School" title="ERA School">ERA School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Democratic_Education_Community" title="European Democratic Education Community">European Democratic Education Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Democratic_Education_Conference" title="European Democratic Education Conference">European Democratic Education Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Democratic_Education_Conference" title="International Democratic Education Conference">International Democratic Education Conference</a> – I.D.E.C.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_education" title="Democratic education">Democratic education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggio_Emilia_approach" title="Reggio Emilia approach">Reggio Emilia approach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudbury_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudbury schools">Sudbury schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deschooling_Society" title="Deschooling Society">Deschooling Society</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Summerhill_School&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Hellerau-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hellerau_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191230060253/http://www.dresdner-stadtteile.de/Nord/Hellerau/hellerau.html">"Hellerau (in German)"</a>. Dresdner Stadtteile. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dresdner-stadtteile.de/Nord/Hellerau/hellerau.html">the original</a> on 30 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hellerau+%28in+German%29&rft.pub=Dresdner+Stadtteile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dresdner-stadtteile.de%2FNord%2FHellerau%2Fhellerau.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASummerhill+School" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Croall-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Croall_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Croall_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Croall1983" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan Croall (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V5sIAAAAIAAJ"><i>Neill of Summerhill : The Permanent Rebel</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780394514031" title="Special:BookSources/9780394514031"><bdi>9780394514031</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neill+of+Summerhill+%3A+The+Permanent+Rebel&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780394514031&rft.au=Jonathan+Croall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV5sIAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASummerhill+School" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SM_early-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SM_early_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SM_early_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SM_early_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090913062315/http://www.summerhillschool.co.uk/pages/history.html">"Summerhill – Early days"</a>. Summerhill. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.summerhillschool.co.uk/pages/history.html">the original</a> on 13 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summerhill+%E2%80%93+Early+days&rft.pub=Summerhill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.summerhillschool.co.uk%2Fpages%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASummerhill+School" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CS-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CS_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://country-standard.blogspot.com/">"Country Standard"</a>. <i>country-standard.blogspot.com</i>. Country Standard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070707221246/http://country-standard.blogspot.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=country-standard.blogspot.com&rft.atitle=Country+Standard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountry-standard.blogspot.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASummerhill+School" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090913062315/http://www.summerhillschool.co.uk/pages/history.html">"History"</a>. Summerhill School. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.summerhillschool.co.uk/pages/history.html">the original</a> on 13 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History&rft.pub=Summerhill+School&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.summerhillschool.co.uk%2Fpages%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASummerhill+School" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bull1970-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bull1970_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBull1970" class="citation book cs1">Bull, Richard E. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mP1KAAAAMAAJ"><i>Summerhill USA</i></a>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780140803006" title="Special:BookSources/9780140803006"><bdi>9780140803006</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Summerhill+USA&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=9780140803006&rft.aulast=Bull&rft.aufirst=Richard+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmP1KAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASummerhill+School" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mel Snyder, quoted in Richard Bull, Summerhill USA</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">conversation between A. S. Neill and Mario Montessori, Redbook Magazine, Dec 1964, reprinted as "Radical Private Schools" in This Magazine is About Schools 1(1), Apr 1966, pp5-19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-neill-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-neill_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-neill_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-neill_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-neill_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Neill, A. S. "Summerhill: a radical approach to child rearing", New York: Hart Publishing, 1960</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200102/cmstand/g/st020122/am/20122s09.htm">"Education Bill"</a>. Parliament. 22 January 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080531034443/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200102/cmstand/g/st020122/am/20122s09.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Education+Bill&rft.pub=Parliament&rft.date=2002-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fcm200102%2Fcmstand%2Fg%2Fst020122%2Fam%2F20122s09.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASummerhill+School" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/683649.stm">"Summerhill on trial"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 20 March 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100226082019/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/683649.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Summerhill+on+trial&rft.date=2000-03-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Feducation%2F683649.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASummerhill+School" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc020323-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc020323_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc020323_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk./1/hi/education/688152.stm">"Summerhill closure threat lifted"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 23 March 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Summerhill+closure+threat+lifted&rft.date=2000-03-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk.%2F1%2Fhi%2Feducation%2F688152.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASummerhill+School" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ofsted2007-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ofsted2007_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ofsted.gov.uk/oxedu_reports/download/(id)/90088/(as)/124870_301621.pdf">"Summerhill Inspector's report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Ofsted. 7 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summerhill+Inspector%27s+report&rft.pub=Ofsted&rft.date=2007-11-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ofsted.gov.uk%2Foxedu_reports%2Fdownload%2F%28id%29%2F90088%2F%28as%29%2F124870_301621.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASummerhill+School" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShepherd2007" class="citation news cs1">Shepherd, Jessica (1 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/dec/01/ofsted.schools">"So, kids, anyone for double physics? (But no worries if you don't fancy it)"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131214113452/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/dec/01/ofsted.schools">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=So%2C+kids%2C+anyone+for+double+physics%3F+%28But+no+worries+if+you+don%27t+fancy+it%29&rft.date=2007-10-01&rft.aulast=Shepherd&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2007%2Fdec%2F01%2Fofsted.schools&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASummerhill+School" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20150409232437/http://reports.ofsted.gov.uk/index.php?q%3Dfiledownloading/%26id%3D1856373%26type%3D1%26refer%3D0">"Summerhill School: Independent school standard inspection report"</a>. Ofsted. 27 October 2011. pp. 4–9. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reports.ofsted.gov.uk/provider/files/1856373/urn/124870.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summerhill+School%3A+Independent+school+standard+inspection+report&rft.pages=4-9&rft.pub=Ofsted&rft.date=2011-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freports.ofsted.gov.uk%2Fprovider%2Ffiles%2F1856373%2Furn%2F124870.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASummerhill+School" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Evidence to Education Committee submitted by Michael Newman | 13 February 2013|</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Newman, Michael, Children’s Rights in our Schools – the movement to liberate the child, an introduction to the New Ideals in Education Conferences 1914-1937, July 2015, www.academia.edu</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Selleck, R. J. W. (1972) English Primary Education and the Progressives, 1954-1939 p156 Routledge & Kegan Paul London and Boston <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0710072082" title="Special:BookSources/0710072082">0710072082</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-summerhillschool.co.uk-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-summerhillschool.co.uk_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-summerhillschool.co.uk_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.summerhillschool.co.uk/">"home page"</a>. Summerhill School. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090909143239/http://www.summerhillschool.co.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=home+page&rft.pub=Summerhill+School&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.summerhillschool.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASummerhill+School" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080104002403/http://www.selfmanagedlearning.org/Summerhill/RepMain.htm">"REPORT OF AN INQUIRY INTO SUMMERHILL SCHOOL – LEISTON, SUFFOLK"</a>. Self Managed Learning. 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.selfmanagedlearning.org/Summerhill/RepMain.htm">the original</a> on 4 January 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=REPORT+OF+AN+INQUIRY+INTO+SUMMERHILL+SCHOOL+%E2%80%93+LEISTON%2C+SUFFOLK&rft.pub=Self+Managed+Learning&rft.date=2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.selfmanagedlearning.org%2FSummerhill%2FRepMain.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASummerhill+School" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bailey2013-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bailey2013_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bailey2013_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bailey2013_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bailey2013_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bailey2013_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bailey2013_21-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bailey2013_21-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bailey2013_21-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bailey2013_21-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bailey2013_21-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bailey2013_21-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bailey2013_21-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bailey2013_21-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bailey2013_21-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bailey2013_21-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bailey2013_21-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey2013" class="citation book cs1">Bailey, Richard (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lRfExf67TmsC"><i>A. S. Neill</i></a>. London: Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-0042-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-0042-9"><bdi>978-1-4411-0042-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A.+S.+Neill&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-0042-9&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlRfExf67TmsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASummerhill+School" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Summerhill School Special Education Needs Policy Document, 2014, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.summerhillschool.co.uk/downloads/SEN%20Policy.pdf">http://www.summerhillschool.co.uk/downloads/SEN%20Policy.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200106174325/http://www.summerhillschool.co.uk/downloads/SEN%20Policy.pdf">Archived</a> 6 January 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Summerhill School Staff Meeting Minutes, 2015, unpublished.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruswell1975" class="citation book cs1">Truswell, Humphrey (1975). <i>Made in Summerhill</i>. Hawthorn Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8015-7322-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8015-7322-X"><bdi>0-8015-7322-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Made+in+Summerhill&rft.pub=Hawthorn+Books&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-8015-7322-X&rft.aulast=Truswell&rft.aufirst=Humphrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASummerhill+School" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Newman, Michael, When evidence is not enough: freedom to choose versus proscribed choice: the case of Summerhill School, Chapter 5, Education Studies: Issues & Critical Perspectives, edited by Derek Kassem, Emmanuel Mufti & John Robinson, 2006, OUP.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Summerhill School website on teaching at the school, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.summerhillschool.co.uk/teaching-summerhill.php">http://www.summerhillschool.co.uk/teaching-summerhill.php</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190707115402/http://www.summerhillschool.co.uk/teaching-summerhill.php">Archived</a> 7 July 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Summerhill School Webpage on Teaching, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.summerhillschool.co.uk/teaching-summerhill.php">http://www.summerhillschool.co.uk/teaching-summerhill.php</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190707115402/http://www.summerhillschool.co.uk/teaching-summerhill.php">Archived</a> 7 July 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Summerhill School SEN Policy Pt 4., <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.summerhillschool.co.uk/downloads/SEN%20Policy.pdf">http://www.summerhillschool.co.uk/downloads/SEN%20Policy.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200106174325/http://www.summerhillschool.co.uk/downloads/SEN%20Policy.pdf">Archived</a> 6 January 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppleton,_Matthew2000" class="citation book cs1">Appleton, Matthew (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/freerangechildho00appl"><i>Summerhill School: A Free Range Childhood</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-885580-02-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-885580-02-9"><bdi>1-885580-02-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Summerhill+School%3A+A+Free+Range+Childhood&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-885580-02-9&rft.au=Appleton%2C+Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffreerangechildho00appl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASummerhill+School" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.summerhillschool.co.uk/pages/themeeting.html">The School Meeting—interactive page</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100724220321/http://www.summerhillschool.co.uk/pages/themeeting.html">Archived</a> 24 July 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Summerhill School. Retrieved 24 June 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Summerhilll School webpage describing teaching, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.summerhillschool.co.uk/teaching-summerhill.php">http://www.summerhillschool.co.uk/teaching-summerhill.php</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190707115402/http://www.summerhillschool.co.uk/teaching-summerhill.php">Archived</a> 7 July 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Summerhill School SEN Policy Statement, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.summerhillschool.co.uk/downloads/SEN%20Policy.pdf">http://www.summerhillschool.co.uk/downloads/SEN%20Policy.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200106174325/http://www.summerhillschool.co.uk/downloads/SEN%20Policy.pdf">Archived</a> 6 January 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Turner, Christopher. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/mar/28/conversation-happiness-summerhill-school-review-mikey-cuddihy">A Conversation About Happiness, review – a childhood at Summerhill</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170218070606/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/mar/28/conversation-happiness-summerhill-school-review-mikey-cuddihy">Archived</a> 18 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, 28 March 2014. Accessed 20 December 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blyton, Gillian, Introduction to 'The Naughtiest Girl in the School', Blyton, Enid, Hodder Children's Books, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0340917695" title="Special:BookSources/978-0340917695">978-0340917695</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100130215359/http://www.scribd.com/doc/18801792/Rosemarys-Baby">"She read a book called Summerhill that presented a seemingly irrefutable case for permissive child-rearing, and discussed it at Sardi's East with Elise and Joan, their treat"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/18801792/Rosemarys-Baby">the original</a> on 30 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=She+read+a+book+called+Summerhill+that+presented+a+seemingly+irrefutable+case+for+permissive+child-rearing%2C+and+discussed+it+at+Sardi%27s+East+with+Elise+and+Joan%2C+their+treat.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F18801792%2FRosemarys-Baby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASummerhill+School" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bufvc.ac.uk/dvdfind/index.php/title/1925">"Being Happy is What Matters Most"</a>. <i>British Universities Film & Video Council</i>. London. 9 January 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200115032822/http://bufvc.ac.uk/dvdfind/index.php/title/1925">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Universities+Film+%26+Video+Council&rft.atitle=Being+Happy+is+What+Matters+Most&rft.date=2018-01-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbufvc.ac.uk%2Fdvdfind%2Findex.php%2Ftitle%2F1925&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASummerhill+School" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/mI8GK5ym2Gk">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201006230154/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mI8GK5ym2Gk">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mI8GK5ym2Gk">"The Drumlake Experiment"</a>. <i>Channel 4</i>. London. 19 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Channel+4&rft.atitle=The+Drumlake+Experiment&rft.date=2015-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DmI8GK5ym2Gk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASummerhill+School" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffithsChittenden2006" class="citation news cs1">Griffiths, Sian; Chittenden, Maurice (4 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080517125713/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2087-2210064,00.html">"Liberal Summerhill tries discipline"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2087-2210064,00.html">the original</a> on 17 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Liberal+Summerhill+tries+discipline&rft.date=2006-06-04&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=Sian&rft.au=Chittenden%2C+Maurice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Farticle%2F0%2C%2C2087-2210064%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASummerhill+School" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080517104103/http://www.summerhillschool.co.uk/pages/history_ch4.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Summerhill at Seventy' Channel-4 documentary film (Zoë Readhead on the Cutting Edge film)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.summerhillschool.co.uk/pages/history_ch4.html">the original</a> on 17 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Summerhill+at+Seventy%27+Channel-4+documentary+film+%28Zo%C3%AB+Readhead+on+the+Cutting+Edge+film%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.summerhillschool.co.uk%2Fpages%2Fhistory_ch4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASummerhill+School" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/schools/summerhill-inside-englands-most-controversial-private-school-772976.html">"Summerhill: Inside England's most controversial private school"</a></span>. <i>The Independent</i>. London. 28 January 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220525/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/schools/summerhill-inside-englands-most-controversial-private-school-772976.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Summerhill%3A+Inside+England%27s+most+controversial+private+school&rft.date=2008-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Feducation%2Fschools%2Fsummerhill-inside-englands-most-controversial-private-school-772976.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASummerhill+School" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRampton2008" class="citation news cs1">Rampton, James (19 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/3670605/Summerhill-The-school-where-lessons-are-optional.html">"Summerhill: The school where lessons are optional"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140109105428/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/3670605/Summerhill-The-school-where-lessons-are-optional.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Summerhill%3A+The+school+where+lessons+are+optional&rft.date=2008-01-19&rft.aulast=Rampton&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2Ftvandradio%2F3670605%2FSummerhill-The-school-where-lessons-are-optional.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASummerhill+School" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131023040558/http://www.writersguild.org.uk/news-a-features/tv/77-writing-summerhill">"Writing Summerhill"</a>. <i>The Writer's Guild of GB</i>. London. 18 March 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.writersguild.org.uk/news-a-features/tv/77-writing-summerhill">the original</a> on 23 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Writer%27s+Guild+of+GB&rft.atitle=Writing+Summerhill&rft.date=2009-03-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.writersguild.org.uk%2Fnews-a-features%2Ftv%2F77-writing-summerhill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASummerhill+School" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeater2021" class="citation news cs1">Geater, Paul (24 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eadt.co.uk/news/education/21269292.summerhill-documentary-celebrates-schools-centenary/">"Summerhill documentary celebrates school's centenary"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/East_Anglian_Daily_Times" title="East Anglian Daily Times">East Anglian Daily Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230616045929/https://www.eadt.co.uk/news/education/21269292.summerhill-documentary-celebrates-schools-centenary/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+Anglian+Daily+Times&rft.atitle=Summerhill+documentary+celebrates+school%27s+centenary&rft.date=2021-11-24&rft.aulast=Geater&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eadt.co.uk%2Fnews%2Feducation%2F21269292.summerhill-documentary-celebrates-schools-centenary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASummerhill+School" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Summerhill_School&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_Stronach2005" class="citation conference cs1">Ian Stronach (April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060930072047/http://www.esri.mmu.ac.uk/respapers/papers-pdf/stronach0505.pdf">"Progressivism against the audit culture: the continuing case of Summerhill School versus OfSTED"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>First International Congress of Qualitative Inquiry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 4–7 May 2005</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esri.mmu.ac.uk./respapers/papers-pdf/stronach0505.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 30 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Progressivism+against+the+audit+culture%3A+the+continuing+case+of+Summerhill+School+versus+OfSTED&rft.btitle=First+International+Congress+of+Qualitative+Inquiry%2C+University+of+Illinois+at+Urbana-Champaign+4%E2%80%937+May+2005&rft.date=2005-04&rft.au=Ian+Stronach&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esri.mmu.ac.uk.%2Frespapers%2Fpapers-pdf%2Fstronach0505.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASummerhill+School" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Vaughan2006" class="citation book cs1">Mark Vaughan, ed. (March 2006). <i>Summerhill and A. S. Neill</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-335-21913-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-335-21913-6"><bdi>0-335-21913-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Summerhill+and+A.+S.+Neill&rft.date=2006-03&rft.isbn=0-335-21913-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASummerhill+School" class="Z3988"></span> — A compilation of old & new writings from Mark Vaughan, Tim Brighouse, A. S. Neill, Zoë Neill Readhead and Ian Stronach</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthew_Appleton2000" class="citation book cs1">Matthew Appleton (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/freerangechildho00appl"><i>Summerhill School: A Free Range Childhood</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-885580-02-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-885580-02-9"><bdi>1-885580-02-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Summerhill+School%3A+A+Free+Range+Childhood&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-885580-02-9&rft.au=Matthew+Appleton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffreerangechildho00appl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASummerhill+School" class="Z3988"></span> — A recent first-hand account of life as a member of staff at Summerhill</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAckerman1973" class="citation book cs1">Ackerman, Nathan Ward (1973). <i>Summerhill: For And Against</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-207-12633-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-207-12633-X"><bdi>0-207-12633-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Summerhill%3A+For+And+Against&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-207-12633-X&rft.aulast=Ackerman&rft.aufirst=Nathan+Ward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASummerhill+School" class="Z3988"></span> — A collection of essays, arguing both in favour and against the school's approach</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Croall1983" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan Croall (January 1983). <i>Neill of Summerhill: The Permanent Rebel</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7100-9300-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7100-9300-4"><bdi>0-7100-9300-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neill+of+Summerhill%3A+The+Permanent+Rebel&rft.date=1983-01&rft.isbn=0-7100-9300-4&rft.au=Jonathan+Croall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASummerhill+School" class="Z3988"></span> — This is mainly a biography of Neill but of course has plenty of material about the school and Neill's ideas</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ_F_Saffange_/_Peter_Lang1985" class="citation book cs1">J F Saffange / Peter Lang (1985). <i>Libres regards sur Summerhill. L'oeuvre pédagogique de A-S Neill</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-261-04017-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-261-04017-3"><bdi>3-261-04017-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Libres+regards+sur+Summerhill.+L%27oeuvre+p%C3%A9dagogique+de+A-S+Neill&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=3-261-04017-3&rft.au=J+F+Saffange+%2F+Peter+Lang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASummerhill+School" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHussein_Lucas2011" class="citation book cs1">Hussein Lucas (2011). <i>After Summerhill. What happened to the pupils of Britain's most radical school?</i>. Herbert Adler Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84289-052-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84289-052-3"><bdi>978-1-84289-052-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+Summerhill.+What+happened+to+the+pupils+of+Britain%27s+most+radical+school%3F&rft.pub=Herbert+Adler+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84289-052-3&rft.au=Hussein+Lucas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASummerhill+School" class="Z3988"></span> A selection of autobiographical accounts taken from interviews with one student from every decade of Summerhill's existence.</li> <li>Mikey Cuddihy, <i>A Conversation About Happiness</i>, Atlantic Books, May 2015, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1782393160" title="Special:BookSources/978-1782393160">978-1782393160</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Summerhill_School&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Summerhill_School&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.summerhillschool.co.uk">Summerhill School website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050830073301/http://www.think-twice.org.uk/2002/anderson/">Summerhill: Education for Democracies</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090316052935/http://www.jessiecave.com/summerhill/">Website about Summerhill (CBBC series)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vimeo.com/30157383">Summerhill at 70</a> Channel 4 short documentary on "pairing up" ceremony, 6 October 2011</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asneillsummerhillcic.co.uk">A.S.Neill Summerhill CIC</a></li> <li>Shepherd, Jessica. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/dec/01/ofsted.schools">So, kids, anyone for double physics? (But no worries if you don't fancy it)</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, 1 December 2007</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="OFSTED">OFSTED</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Summerhill_School&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: OFSTED"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.selfmanagedlearning.org/Summerhill/RepMain.htm">Report of an independent inspection</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://summerhill.paed.com/summ/sml.htm">Archived link</a>) An independent report in response to the 1999 inspection</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/actionnetwork/G2593">Campaign site to rescind the Summerhill 1999 Ofsted Report</a> Describes the school's struggle to survive</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200304/cmselect/cmeduski/426/426.pdf">'The Work of Ofsted – Sixth Report of Session 2003–04</a> House of Commons Education and Skills Committee report on the role of Ofsted</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ofsted.gov.uk/inspection-reports/find-inspection-report/provider/CARE/SC024584">Ofsted care report from 2007</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/688152.stm">BBC: Summerhill closure threat lifted</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/9262056/When_evidence_is_not_enough_freedom_to_choose_versus_proscribed_choice_the_case_of_Summerhill_School">Article by member of staff discussing the significance and events of the court case</a> An examination of the court case and what it means about our education system.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Democratic_free_schools" title="Template:Democratic free schools"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Democratic_free_schools" title="Template talk:Democratic free schools"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic_free_schools" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic free schools"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Democratic_free_schools" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic schools">Democratic free schools</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States and Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albany_Free_School" title="Albany Free School">Albany Free School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALPHA_Alternative_School" title="ALPHA Alternative School">ALPHA Alternative School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Morgan_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Morgan School">Arthur Morgan School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Free_School" title="Brooklyn Free School">Brooklyn Free School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Circle_School" title="The Circle School">The Circle School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Clearwater_School" title="The Clearwater School">The Clearwater School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairhaven_School_(Upper_Marlboro,_Maryland)" title="Fairhaven School (Upper Marlboro, Maryland)">Fairhaven School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Highland_School" title="The Highland School">The Highland School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehman_Alternative_Community_School" title="Lehman Alternative Community School">Lehman Alternative Community School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Hill_School" title="Mission Hill School">Mission Hill School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Free_School" title="Philadelphia Free School">Philadelphia Free School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEED_Alternative_School" title="SEED Alternative School">SEED Alternative School</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Sphere_College_Project&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Sphere College Project (page does not exist)">The Sphere College Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudbury_Valley_School" title="Sudbury Valley School">Sudbury Valley School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Village_Free_School" title="Village Free School">Village Free School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colleges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antioch_College" title="Antioch College">Antioch College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Springs_College" title="Deep Springs College">Deep Springs College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimer_Great_Books_School" title="Shimer Great Books School">Shimer Great Books School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia and New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Currambena_School" title="Currambena School">Currambena School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brisbane_Independent_School" title="Brisbane Independent School">Brisbane Independent School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamariki_School" title="Tamariki School">Tamariki School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_School_of_Hadera" title="Democratic School of Hadera">Democratic School of Hadera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Escola_da_Ponte" title="Escola da Ponte">Escola da Ponte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sands_School" title="Sands School">Sands School</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Summerhill School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Schule_Hamburg" title="Neue Schule Hamburg">Neue Schule Hamburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Closed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auckland_Metropolitan_College" title="Auckland Metropolitan College">Auckland Metropolitan College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beach_School" title="The Beach School">The Beach School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dartington_Hall_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Dartington Hall School">Dartington Hall School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Family_School" title="The Family School">The Family School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_School_of_Evanston" title="Free School of Evanston">Free School of Evanston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Sudbury_School" title="Houston Sudbury School">Houston Sudbury School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilquhanity_School" title="Kilquhanity School">Kilquhanity School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkdale_School" title="Kirkdale School">Kirkdale School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malting_House_School" title="Malting House School">Malting House School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochdale_College" title="Rochdale College">Rochdale College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowen_House_School" title="Rowen House School">Rowen House School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_Road_Free_School" title="Scotland Road Free School">Scotland Road Free School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Small_School" title="The Small School">The Small School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upattinas_School_and_Resource_Center" title="Upattinas School and Resource Center">Upattinas School and Resource Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homer_Lane" title="Homer Lane">Homer Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._S._Neill" title="A. S. Neill">A. S. Neill</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Summerhill_(book)" title="Summerhill (book)">Summerhill</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_school_movement" title="Free school movement">Free school movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korczak%27s_orphanages" title="Korczak's orphanages">Korczak's orphanages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="sub&#124;x15px&#124;Flag_of_Suffolk_Schools_in_Suffolk" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Schools_in_Suffolk" title="Template:Schools in Suffolk"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Schools_in_Suffolk" title="Template talk:Schools in Suffolk"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Schools_in_Suffolk" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Schools in Suffolk"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="sub&#124;x15px&#124;Flag_of_Suffolk_Schools_in_Suffolk" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="mw-default-size mw-valign-sub" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:County_Flag_of_Suffolk.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Suffolk"><img alt="Flag of Suffolk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/County_Flag_of_Suffolk.svg/25px-County_Flag_of_Suffolk.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/County_Flag_of_Suffolk.svg/39px-County_Flag_of_Suffolk.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/County_Flag_of_Suffolk.svg/50px-County_Flag_of_Suffolk.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2954" data-file-height="1772" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Suffolk" title="List of schools in Suffolk">Schools in Suffolk</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secondary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alde_Valley_Academy" title="Alde Valley Academy">Alde Valley Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Britten_Academy" title="Benjamin Britten Academy">Benjamin Britten Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungay_High_School" title="Bungay High School">Bungay High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bury_St_Edmunds_County_High_School" title="Bury St Edmunds County High School">Bury St Edmunds County High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Manor_Academy" title="Castle Manor Academy">Castle Manor Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantry_Academy" title="Chantry Academy">Chantry Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claydon_High_School" title="Claydon High School">Claydon High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copleston_High_School" title="Copleston High School">Copleston High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debenham_High_School" title="Debenham High School">Debenham High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bergholt_High_School" title="East Bergholt High School">East Bergholt High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Point_Academy" title="East Point Academy">East Point Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farlingaye_High_School" title="Farlingaye High School">Farlingaye High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felixstowe_Academy" title="Felixstowe Academy">Felixstowe Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadleigh_High_School" title="Hadleigh High School">Hadleigh High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartismere_School" title="Hartismere School">Hartismere School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holbrook_Academy,_Suffolk" title="Holbrook Academy, Suffolk">Holbrook Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipswich_Academy" title="Ipswich Academy">Ipswich Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesgrave_High_School" title="Kesgrave High School">Kesgrave High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Edward_VI_School,_Bury_St_Edmunds" title="King Edward VI School, Bury St Edmunds">King Edward VI School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildenhall_College_Academy" title="Mildenhall College Academy">Mildenhall College Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newmarket_Academy" title="Newmarket Academy">Newmarket Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northgate_High_School,_Ipswich" title="Northgate High School, Ipswich">Northgate High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ormiston_Denes_Academy" title="Ormiston Denes Academy">Ormiston Denes Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ormiston_Endeavour_Academy" title="Ormiston Endeavour Academy">Ormiston Endeavour Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ormiston_Sudbury_Academy" title="Ormiston Sudbury Academy">Ormiston Sudbury Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakefield_High_School" title="Pakefield High School">Pakefield High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Alban%27s_Catholic_High_School,_Ipswich" title="St Alban's Catholic High School, Ipswich">St Alban's RC High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Benedict%27s_Catholic_School" title="St Benedict's Catholic School">St Benedict's RC School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ward_Academy" title="Samuel Ward Academy">Samuel Ward Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SET_Beccles_School" title="SET Beccles School">SET Beccles School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SET_Saxmundham_School" title="SET Saxmundham School">SET Saxmundham School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Leman_High_School" title="Sir John Leman High School">Sir John Leman High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoke_High_School_%E2%80%93_Ormiston_Academy" title="Stoke High School – Ormiston Academy">Stoke High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stour_Valley_Community_School" title="Stour Valley Community School">Stour Valley Community School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stowmarket_High_School" title="Stowmarket High School">Stowmarket High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stowupland_High_School" title="Stowupland High School">Stowupland High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stradbroke_High_School" title="Stradbroke High School">Stradbroke High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gainsborough_School" title="Thomas Gainsborough School">Thomas Gainsborough School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mills_High_School" title="Thomas Mills High School">Thomas Mills High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurston_Community_College" title="Thurston Community College">Thurston Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westbourne_Academy" title="Westbourne Academy">Westbourne Academy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culford_School" title="Culford School">Culford School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felixstowe_International_College" title="Felixstowe International College">Felixstowe International College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finborough_School" title="Finborough School">Finborough School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framlingham_College" title="Framlingham College">Framlingham College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipswich_High_School,_Suffolk" title="Ipswich High School, Suffolk">Ipswich High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipswich_School" title="Ipswich School">Ipswich School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Buckenham_Hall_School" title="Old Buckenham Hall School">Old Buckenham Hall School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orwell_Park_School" title="Orwell Park School">Orwell Park School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Hospital_School" title="Royal Hospital School">Royal Hospital School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Felix_School" title="Saint Felix School">Saint Felix School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Joseph%27s_College,_Ipswich" title="St Joseph's College, Ipswich">St Joseph's College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoke_College" title="Stoke College">Stoke College</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Summerhill School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodbridge_School" title="Woodbridge School">Woodbridge School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashley_School" title="Ashley School">Ashley School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bridge_School,_Ipswich" title="The Bridge School, Ipswich">The Bridge School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Academy_East_Anglia" title="Centre Academy East Anglia">Centre Academy East Anglia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sixth form & FE colleges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Easton_%26_Otley_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Easton & Otley College">Easton & Otley College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowestoft_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Lowestoft College">Lowestoft College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowestoft_Sixth_Form_College" title="Lowestoft Sixth Form College">Lowestoft Sixth Form College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_New_College" title="Suffolk New College">Suffolk New College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_(sixth_form_college)" title="One (sixth form college)">One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Suffolk_College" title="West Suffolk College">West Suffolk College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amberfield_School" title="Amberfield School">Amberfield School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawdsey_Manor" title="Bawdsey Manor">Alexanders College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felixstowe_College" title="Felixstowe College">Felixstowe College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillcroft_Preparatory_School" title="Hillcroft Preparatory School">Hillcroft Preparatory School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesgrave_Hall_School" title="Kesgrave Hall School">Kesgrave Hall School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moreton_Hall,_Bury_St_Edmunds" title="Moreton Hall, Bury St Edmunds">Moreton Hall School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Academy" title="Palgrave Academy">Palgrave Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RNTE_Shotley" title="RNTE Shotley">RNTE Shotley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi-Tennoji_School_in_UK" title="Shi-Tennoji School in UK">Shi-Tennoji School in UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudbury_Grammar_School" title="Sudbury Grammar School">Sudbury Grammar School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woolverstone_Hall_School" title="Woolverstone Hall School">Woolverstone Hall School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diploma_icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/19px-Diploma_icon.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/29px-Diploma_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/38px-Diploma_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Education">Education</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/21px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/32px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/42px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:England" title="Portal:England">England</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/School.svg/19px-School.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/School.svg/29px-School.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/School.svg/38px-School.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Schools" title="Portal:Schools">Schools</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q482459#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q482459#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q482459#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000086659893">ISNI</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000446704687">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/55422680">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/2094902-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79065282">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb145247199">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb145247199">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Summerhill School"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=vse20221141626&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Summerhillská škola"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph211780&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX139257">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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