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id="toc-Modern_sequencers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_sequencers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Modern sequencers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_sequencers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_music_sequencer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_music_sequencer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Types of music sequencer</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_music_sequencer-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of music sequencer subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_music_sequencer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Analog_sequencer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analog_sequencer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Analog sequencer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analog_sequencer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Step_sequencer_(step_recording_mode)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Step_sequencer_(step_recording_mode)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span><span><span>Step sequencer</span></span> (step recording mode)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Step_sequencer_(step_recording_mode)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Realtime_sequencer_(realtime_recording_mode)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Realtime_sequencer_(realtime_recording_mode)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Realtime sequencer (realtime recording mode)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Realtime_sequencer_(realtime_recording_mode)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Software_sequencer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software_sequencer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Software sequencer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software_sequencer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Audio_sequencer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Audio_sequencer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Audio sequencer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Audio_sequencer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_sequencers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_sequencers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Early sequencers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_sequencers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analog_sequencers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analog_sequencers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Analog sequencers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analog_sequencers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Step_sequencers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Step_sequencers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Step sequencers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Step_sequencers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_computers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_computers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Early computers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_computers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>In Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_computer_music_hardware" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_computer_music_hardware"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Early computer music hardware</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_computer_music_hardware-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_sequencers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_sequencers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Digital sequencers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_sequencers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Japan_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Japan_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.1</span> <span>In Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Japan_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_workstations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_workstations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Music workstations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_workstations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Japan_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Japan_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.1</span> <span>In Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Japan_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MIDI_sequencers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MIDI_sequencers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>MIDI sequencers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MIDI_sequencers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_computers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_computers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Personal computers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_computers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Japan_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Japan_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9.1</span> <span>In Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Japan_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visual_timeline_of_rhythm_sequencers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_timeline_of_rhythm_sequencers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Visual timeline of rhythm sequencers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_timeline_of_rhythm_sequencers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Music sequencer</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A8_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A" title="مرتب موسيقي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مرتب موسيقي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secuenciador" title="Secuenciador – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Secuenciador" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Секвенсер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Секвенсер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seq%C3%BCenciador" title="Seqüenciador – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Seqüenciador" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekvencer" title="Sekvencer – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sekvencer" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequencer" title="Sequencer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sequencer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequenzer_(Musik)" title="Sequenzer (Musik) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sequenzer (Musik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekventser" title="Sekventser – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sekventser" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%CF%89%CE%B3%CE%AD%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%87%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_(%CE%A3%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%81)" title="Αναπαραγωγέας αλληλουχίας (Σήκουενσερ) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αναπαραγωγέας αλληλουχίας (Σήκουενσερ)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secuenciador" title="Secuenciador – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Secuenciador" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekvencilo_(muziko)" title="Sekvencilo (muziko) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sekvencilo (muziko)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekuentziadore_(musika)" title="Sekuentziadore (musika) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sekuentziadore (musika)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9quenceur_musical" title="Séquenceur musical – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Séquenceur musical" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%ED%80%80%EC%84%9C" title="시퀀서 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시퀀서" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Music sequencer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequencer" title="Sequencer – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sequencer" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A8" title="סקוונסר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סקוונסר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Секвенсор – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Секвенсор" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequentiatorium" title="Sequentiatorium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sequentiatorium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekvenceris" title="Sekvenceris – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sekvenceris" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szekvenszer" title="Szekvenszer – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szekvenszer" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequencer_(apparaat)" title="Sequencer (apparaat) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sequencer (apparaat)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B7%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B1%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC" title="ミュージックシーケンサー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ミュージックシーケンサー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequencer" title="Sequencer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sequencer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekwencer_(muzyka)" title="Sekwencer (muzyka) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sekwencer (muzyka)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequenciador" title="Sequenciador – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sequenciador" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequencer" title="Sequencer – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sequencer" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Секвенсор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Секвенсор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Music sequencer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekvencer" title="Sekvencer – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sekvencer" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A8%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%A9%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7" title="ڕیزبەندکەری مۆسیقا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕیزبەندکەری مۆسیقا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzi%C4%8Dki_sekvencer" title="Muzički sekvencer – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Muzički sekvencer" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekvensseri" title="Sekvensseri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sekvensseri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequencer" title="Sequencer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sequencer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ซีเควนเซอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซีเควนเซอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCzik_s%C4%B1ralay%C4%B1c%C4%B1" title="Müzik sıralayıcı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Müzik sıralayıcı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80_(%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Секвенсер (музика) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Секвенсер (музика)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E5%BA%8F%E5%99%A8" title="音序器 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="音序器" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Device or software that records, edits or plays back musical notes</div> <p>A <b>music sequencer</b> (or <b>audio sequencer</b> or simply <b>sequencer</b>) is a device or <a href="/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">application software</a> that can record, edit, or play back <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>, by handling <a href="/wiki/Musical_note" title="Musical note">note</a> and performance information in several forms, typically <a href="/wiki/CV/Gate" class="mw-redirect" title="CV/Gate">CV/Gate</a>, <a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Open_Sound_Control" title="Open Sound Control">Open Sound Control</a>, and possibly <a href="/wiki/Audio_signal" title="Audio signal">audio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">automation</a> data for <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">digital audio workstations</a> (DAWs) and <a href="/wiki/Audio_plugin" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio plugin">plug-ins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pejrolo_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pejrolo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_sequencer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_sequencers">Modern sequencers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_sequencer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Modern sequencers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atari_ST_%2B_TerraTec-Profimedia_Midi_Smart_TMS3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Atari_ST_%2B_TerraTec-Profimedia_Midi_Smart_TMS3.jpg/250px-Atari_ST_%2B_TerraTec-Profimedia_Midi_Smart_TMS3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Atari_ST_%2B_TerraTec-Profimedia_Midi_Smart_TMS3.jpg/330px-Atari_ST_%2B_TerraTec-Profimedia_Midi_Smart_TMS3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Atari_ST_%2B_TerraTec-Profimedia_Midi_Smart_TMS3.jpg/500px-Atari_ST_%2B_TerraTec-Profimedia_Midi_Smart_TMS3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">1980s typical software sequencer platform, using <a href="/wiki/Atari_ST" title="Atari ST">Atari Mega ST</a> computer</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cubase_6_feature_collage.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Cubase_6_feature_collage.png/220px-Cubase_6_feature_collage.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Cubase_6_feature_collage.png/330px-Cubase_6_feature_collage.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Cubase_6_feature_collage.png/440px-Cubase_6_feature_collage.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="377" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Today's typical software sequencer, supporting <a href="/wiki/Multitrack_audio" class="mw-redirect" title="Multitrack audio">multitrack audio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Audio_plug-in" title="Audio plug-in">plug-ins</a> (<a href="/wiki/Steinberg_Cubase" title="Steinberg Cubase">Steinberg Cubase 6</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cubase_look_and_feel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Cubase_look_and_feel.jpg/220px-Cubase_look_and_feel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Cubase_look_and_feel.jpg/330px-Cubase_look_and_feel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Cubase_look_and_feel.jpg/440px-Cubase_look_and_feel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="825" data-file-height="602" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">User interface on Steinberg Cubase 6, a <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">digital audio workstation</a> with an integrated software sequencer</div></div></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Music_sequencer" title="Special:EditPage/Music sequencer">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The advent of <a href="/wiki/Musical_Instrument_Digital_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical Instrument Digital Interface">Musical Instrument Digital Interface</a> (MIDI) and the <a href="/wiki/Atari_ST" title="Atari ST">Atari ST</a> home computer in the 1980s gave programmers the opportunity to design software that could more easily record and play back sequences of notes played or programmed by a musician. This software also improved on the quality of the earlier sequencers which tended to be mechanical sounding and were only able to play back notes of exactly equal duration. Software-based sequencers allowed musicians to program performances that were more expressive and more human. These new sequencers could also be used to control external <a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">synthesizers</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/19-inch_rack" title="19-inch rack">rackmounted</a> <a href="/wiki/Sound_module" title="Sound module">sound modules</a>, and it was no longer necessary for each synthesizer to have its own devoted keyboard. </p><p>As the technology matured, sequencers gained more features, such as the ability to record <a href="/wiki/Multitrack_audio" class="mw-redirect" title="Multitrack audio">multitrack audio</a>. Sequencers used for audio recording are called <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">digital audio workstations</a> (DAWs). </p><p>Many modern sequencers can be used to control <a href="/wiki/Software_synthesizer" title="Software synthesizer">virtual instruments</a> implemented as software <a href="/wiki/Audio_plug-in" title="Audio plug-in">plug-ins</a>. This allows musicians to replace expensive and cumbersome standalone synthesizers with their software equivalents. </p><p>Today the term "sequencer" is often used to describe software. However, hardware sequencers still exist. <a href="/wiki/Music_workstation" title="Music workstation">Workstation keyboards</a> have their own proprietary built-in MIDI sequencers. <a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">Drum machines</a> and some older synthesizers have their own step sequencer built in. There are still also <a href="/wiki/List_of_music_sequencers#Standalone_MIDI_sequencers" title="List of music sequencers">standalone hardware MIDI sequencers</a>, although the market demand for those has diminished greatly due to the greater feature set of their software counterparts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_music_sequencer">Types of music sequencer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_sequencer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types of music sequencer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Music sequencers can be categorized by handling data types, such as: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a> data for MIDI sequencers (implemented as <a href="/wiki/List_of_music_sequencers#Hardware_MIDI_sequencers" title="List of music sequencers">hardware</a> or <a href="/wiki/List_of_music_sequencers#Software_MIDI_sequencers" title="List of music sequencers">software</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Rothstein1995_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rothstein1995-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CV/Gate" class="mw-redirect" title="CV/Gate">CV/Gate</a> data for <a href="/wiki/Analog_sequencer" title="Analog sequencer">analog sequencers</a><sup id="cite_ref-Pinch2009_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinch2009-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and possibly others (via CV/Gate interfaces)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation#Common_functionality" title="Digital audio workstation">Automation</a> data for <a href="/wiki/Mix_automation" title="Mix automation">mixing-automation</a> in DAWs,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Software_effect_processor" title="Software effect processor">software effect</a> / <a href="/wiki/Software_instrument" class="mw-redirect" title="Software instrument">instrument</a> <a href="/wiki/Audio_plugin" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio plugin">plug-ins</a> for <a href="/wiki/List_of_music_sequencers#Software_sequencers_and_DAWs_with_sequencing_features" title="List of music sequencers">DAWs with sequencing features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_signal" title="Audio signal">Audio</a> data in <a href="/wiki/Audio_sequencer" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio sequencer">audio sequencers</a><sup id="cite_ref-Pejrolo2011_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pejrolo2011-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-audio_sequencer_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-audio_sequencer-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including DAWs, <a href="/wiki/Loop-based_music_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Loop-based music software">loop-based music software</a>, etc.; or <a href="/wiki/Sampler_(musical_instrument)#Types" title="Sampler (musical instrument)">phrase samplers</a> including <a href="/wiki/Groovebox" title="Groovebox">grooveboxs</a>, etc.</li></ul> <p>Also, music sequencer can be categorized by its construction and supporting modes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analog_sequencer">Analog sequencer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_sequencer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Analog sequencer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korg_SQ-10.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Korg_SQ-10.JPG/150px-Korg_SQ-10.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Korg_SQ-10.JPG/225px-Korg_SQ-10.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Korg_SQ-10.JPG/300px-Korg_SQ-10.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption>An analog sequencer </figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_music_sequencers#Analog_sequencers" title="List of music sequencers">List of music sequencers § Analog sequencers</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Analog_sequencer" title="Analog sequencer">Analog sequencers</a> are typically implemented with <a href="/wiki/Analog_electronics" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog electronics">analog electronics</a>, and play the musical notes designated by a series of knobs or sliders corresponding to each musical note (step). It is designed for both <a href="/wiki/Composition_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Composition (music)">composition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Live_electronic_music" title="Live electronic music">live performance</a>; users can change the musical notes at any time without regarding recording mode. And also possibly, the time interval between each musical note (length of each step) can be independently adjustable. Typically, analog sequencers are used to generate repeated <a href="/wiki/Minimal_music" title="Minimal music">minimalistic phrases</a> which may be reminiscent of <a href="/wiki/Tangerine_Dream" title="Tangerine Dream">Tangerine Dream</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Moroder" title="Giorgio Moroder">Giorgio Moroder</a> or <a href="/wiki/Trance_music" title="Trance music">trance music</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Step_sequencer_(step_recording_mode)"><span id="Step_sequencer_.28step_recording_mode.29"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="Step_sequencer"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Step sequencer</span></span> (step recording mode)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_sequencer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Step sequencer (step recording mode)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="clear:right;float:right;margin:-1.65ex 0 -1.65ex auto;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elektron_MACHINEDRUM_SPS-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Elektron_MACHINEDRUM_SPS-1.jpg/150px-Elektron_MACHINEDRUM_SPS-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Elektron_MACHINEDRUM_SPS-1.jpg/225px-Elektron_MACHINEDRUM_SPS-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Elektron_MACHINEDRUM_SPS-1.jpg/300px-Elektron_MACHINEDRUM_SPS-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1054" data-file-height="559" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A <i>step rhythm sequencer</i> on the drum machine</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Firstman_SQ-01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Firstman_SQ-01.png/150px-Firstman_SQ-01.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Firstman_SQ-01.png/225px-Firstman_SQ-01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Firstman_SQ-01.png/300px-Firstman_SQ-01.png 2x" data-file-width="1309" data-file-height="1108" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A <i>step note sequencer</i> on the bass machine</div></div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_music_sequencers#Step_sequencers_(supported_on)" title="List of music sequencers">List of music sequencers § Step sequencers (supported on)</a></div> <p>On step sequencers, musical notes are rounded into steps of equal time intervals, and users can enter each musical note without exact timing; Instead, the timing and <a href="/wiki/Duration_(music)" title="Duration (music)">duration</a> of each step can be designated in several different ways: </p> <ul><li>On the <a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">drum machines</a>: select a trigger timing from a row of <i>step-buttons</i>.</li> <li>On the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acid_bass_machine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acid bass machine (page does not exist)">bass machines</a>: select a step note (or <a href="/wiki/Rest_(music)" title="Rest (music)">rest</a>) from a <i>chromatic keypad</i>, then select a step duration (or <a href="/wiki/Tie_(music)" title="Tie (music)">tie</a>) from a group of <i><a href="/wiki/Duration_(music)" title="Duration (music)">length</a>-buttons</i>, sequentially.</li> <li>On the several <a href="/wiki/Electronic_keyboard" title="Electronic keyboard">home keyboards</a>: in addition to the real-time sequencer, a pair of <i>step trigger buttons</i> is provided; using it, notes on the pre-recorded sequence can be triggered in arbitrary timings for the timing dedicated recordings or performances. (See <a href="/wiki/List_of_music_sequencers#Step_sequencers_(supported_on)" title="List of music sequencers">List of music sequencers § Step sequencers (supported on)</a>).</li></ul> <p>In general, step mode, along with roughly quantized semi-realtime mode, is often supported on the drum machines, bass machines and several <a href="/wiki/Groovebox" title="Groovebox">groove machines</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Realtime_sequencer_(realtime_recording_mode)"><span id="Realtime_sequencer_.28realtime_recording_mode.29"></span>Realtime sequencer (realtime recording mode)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_sequencer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Realtime sequencer (realtime recording mode)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sequential_Circuits_Six-Trak_front.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Sequential_Circuits_Six-Trak_front.png/150px-Sequential_Circuits_Six-Trak_front.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Sequential_Circuits_Six-Trak_front.png/225px-Sequential_Circuits_Six-Trak_front.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Sequential_Circuits_Six-Trak_front.png/300px-Sequential_Circuits_Six-Trak_front.png 2x" data-file-width="1518" data-file-height="663" /></a><figcaption>A realtime sequencer on the synthesizer </figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_music_sequencers#Digital_sequencers" title="List of music sequencers">List of music sequencers § Digital sequencers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_music_sequencers#Software_sequencers_and_DAWs_with_sequencing_features" title="List of music sequencers">List of music sequencers § Software sequencers and DAWs with sequencing features</a></div> <p>Realtime sequencers record the musical notes in <a href="/wiki/Real_time_(media)" title="Real time (media)">real-time</a> as on <a href="/wiki/Audio_recorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio recorder">audio recorders</a>, and play back musical notes with designated <a href="/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo">tempo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quantization_(music)" title="Quantization (music)">quantizations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitch</a>. For editing, usually "<a href="/wiki/Punch_in/out" title="Punch in/out">punch in/punch out</a>" features originated in the <a href="/wiki/Tape_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Tape recording">tape recording</a> are provided, although it requires sufficient skills to obtain the desired result. For detailed editing, possibly another visual editing mode under <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a> may be more suitable. Anyway, this mode provides usability similar to audio recorders already familiar to musicians, and it is widely supported on software sequencers, DAWs, and built-in hardware sequencers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Software_sequencer">Software sequencer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_sequencer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Software sequencer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_music_sequencers#Software_sequencers_and_DAWs_with_sequencing_features" title="List of music sequencers">List of music sequencers § Software sequencers and DAWs with sequencing features</a></div> <p>A <i>software sequencer</i> is a class of application software providing a functionality of music sequencer, and often provided as one feature of the DAW or the integrated music authoring environments. The features provided as sequencers vary widely depending on the software; even an analog sequencer can be simulated. The user may control the software sequencer either by using the <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interfaces</a> or a specialized <a href="/wiki/Input_device" title="Input device">input devices</a>, such as a <a href="/wiki/MIDI_controller" title="MIDI controller">MIDI controller</a>. </p> <div style="width:100%;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden; margin-left:0em; border:1px solid #CCC;"> <table style="margin:0 auto;padding:0; font-size:88%;line-height:100%;"> <caption>Typical features on software sequencers </caption> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;padding:0;"> <td style="width:91px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheesetracker-shot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Cheesetracker-shot.png/99px-Cheesetracker-shot.png" decoding="async" width="99" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Cheesetracker-shot.png/149px-Cheesetracker-shot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Cheesetracker-shot.png/198px-Cheesetracker-shot.png 2x" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="437" /></a></span><br />Numerical editor on <a href="/wiki/Tracker_(music_software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tracker (music software)">Tracker</a> </td> <td style="width:110px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cubase6_Score_Editor.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Cubase6_Score_Editor.png/110px-Cubase6_Score_Editor.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Cubase6_Score_Editor.png/165px-Cubase6_Score_Editor.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Cubase6_Score_Editor.png/220px-Cubase6_Score_Editor.png 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="265" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Score_editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Score editor">Score editor</a><br />  </td> <td style="width:112px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cubase6_Key_Editor_piano_roll_with_Note_Expression.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Cubase6_Key_Editor_piano_roll_with_Note_Expression.jpg/112px-Cubase6_Key_Editor_piano_roll_with_Note_Expression.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Cubase6_Key_Editor_piano_roll_with_Note_Expression.jpg/168px-Cubase6_Key_Editor_piano_roll_with_Note_Expression.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Cubase6_Key_Editor_piano_roll_with_Note_Expression.jpg/224px-Cubase6_Key_Editor_piano_roll_with_Note_Expression.jpg 2x" data-file-width="916" data-file-height="526" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Piano_roll" title="Piano roll">Piano roll</a> editor <br />with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Strip_chart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strip chart (page does not exist)">strip chart</a> </td> <td style="width:117px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cubase6_main_audio_tracks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Cubase6_main_audio_tracks.jpg/118px-Cubase6_main_audio_tracks.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Cubase6_main_audio_tracks.jpg/177px-Cubase6_main_audio_tracks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Cubase6_main_audio_tracks.jpg/236px-Cubase6_main_audio_tracks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="978" data-file-height="530" /></a></span><br />Audio and MIDI tracks on DAW </td> <td style="width:135px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cubase_6_feature_-_software_studio_environment_including_software_instruments_and_software_effects.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Cubase_6_feature_-_software_studio_environment_including_software_instruments_and_software_effects.svg/135px-Cubase_6_feature_-_software_studio_environment_including_software_instruments_and_software_effects.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Cubase_6_feature_-_software_studio_environment_including_software_instruments_and_software_effects.svg/203px-Cubase_6_feature_-_software_studio_environment_including_software_instruments_and_software_effects.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Cubase_6_feature_-_software_studio_environment_including_software_instruments_and_software_effects.svg/270px-Cubase_6_feature_-_software_studio_environment_including_software_instruments_and_software_effects.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1014" data-file-height="489" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Mix_automation" title="Mix automation">Automated</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virtual_Studio_Technology" title="Virtual Studio Technology">software studio environment</a> including <a href="/wiki/Software_synthesizer" title="Software synthesizer">instruments</a> and <a href="/wiki/Software_effect_processor" title="Software effect processor">effect processors</a> </td> <td style="width: 97px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cubase6_LoopMash_2_loop_remixer_(brighten).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Cubase6_LoopMash_2_loop_remixer_%28brighten%29.jpg/97px-Cubase6_LoopMash_2_loop_remixer_%28brighten%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Cubase6_LoopMash_2_loop_remixer_%28brighten%29.jpg/146px-Cubase6_LoopMash_2_loop_remixer_%28brighten%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Cubase6_LoopMash_2_loop_remixer_%28brighten%29.jpg/194px-Cubase6_LoopMash_2_loop_remixer_%28brighten%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="208" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Loop_(music)#Modern_looping" title="Loop (music)">Loop</a> sequencer <br />  </td> <td style="width:111px;"><br />Sample editor <br />with <a href="/wiki/Beat_slicing" title="Beat slicing">beat slicer</a> </td> <td style="width:111px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cubase6_VariAudio_vocal_pitch_editing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Cubase6_VariAudio_vocal_pitch_editing.jpg/111px-Cubase6_VariAudio_vocal_pitch_editing.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Cubase6_VariAudio_vocal_pitch_editing.jpg/167px-Cubase6_VariAudio_vocal_pitch_editing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Cubase6_VariAudio_vocal_pitch_editing.jpg/222px-Cubase6_VariAudio_vocal_pitch_editing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="916" data-file-height="528" /></a></span><br />Vocal editor <br />for <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timing_(music)" title="Timing (music)">timing</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Audio_sequencer">Audio sequencer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_sequencer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Audio sequencer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alternative subsets of audio sequencers include: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ardour-screenshot-big_(tracks,_mixer,_x-fade_-_brighten).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A typica DAW (Ardour)"><img alt="A typica DAW (Ardour)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Ardour-screenshot-big_%28tracks%2C_mixer%2C_x-fade_-_brighten%29.jpg/120px-Ardour-screenshot-big_%28tracks%2C_mixer%2C_x-fade_-_brighten%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Ardour-screenshot-big_%28tracks%2C_mixer%2C_x-fade_-_brighten%29.jpg/180px-Ardour-screenshot-big_%28tracks%2C_mixer%2C_x-fade_-_brighten%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Ardour-screenshot-big_%28tracks%2C_mixer%2C_x-fade_-_brighten%29.jpg/240px-Ardour-screenshot-big_%28tracks%2C_mixer%2C_x-fade_-_brighten%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1395" /></a><figcaption>A typica DAW (<a href="/wiki/Ardour_(software)" title="Ardour (software)">Ardour</a>)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996643573">.mw-parser-output .block-indent{padding-left:3em;padding-right:0;overflow:hidden}</style><div class="block-indent" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">Digital audio workstation</a> (DAW), <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_recorder" title="Hard disk recorder">hard disk recorder</a> — a class of audio software or dedicated system primarily designed to record, edit, and play back <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">digital audio</a>, first appeared in the late 1970s and emerging since the 1990s. After the 1990s–2000s, several DAWs for music production were integrated with music sequencer. In today, "<i>DAW integrated with <a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a> sequencer</i>" is often simply abbreviated as "DAW", or sometimes referred as "<i>Audio and MIDI sequencer</i>",<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>etc</i>. On the later usage, the term "<i>audio sequencer</i>" is just a synonym for the "<i>DAW</i>".<p class="mw-empty-elt"></p></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cubase6_LoopMash_2_loop_remixer_(brighten).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A typical loop-based music software (Cubase 6 LoopMash 2)"><img alt="A typical loop-based music software (Cubase 6 LoopMash 2)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Cubase6_LoopMash_2_loop_remixer_%28brighten%29.jpg/120px-Cubase6_LoopMash_2_loop_remixer_%28brighten%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Cubase6_LoopMash_2_loop_remixer_%28brighten%29.jpg/180px-Cubase6_LoopMash_2_loop_remixer_%28brighten%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Cubase6_LoopMash_2_loop_remixer_%28brighten%29.jpg/240px-Cubase6_LoopMash_2_loop_remixer_%28brighten%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="208" /></a><figcaption>A typical loop-based music software (<a href="/wiki/Cubase" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubase">Cubase</a> 6 LoopMash 2)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573" /><div class="block-indent" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Loop-based_music_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Loop-based music software">Loop-based music software</a> — a class of <a href="/wiki/Music_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Music software">music software</a> for <a href="/wiki/Loop_(music)" title="Loop (music)">loop</a>-based music compositions and remix, emerging since late 1990s. Typical software included <a href="/wiki/ACID_Pro" class="mw-redirect" title="ACID Pro">ACID Pro</a> (1998), <a href="/wiki/Ableton_Live" title="Ableton Live">Ableton Live</a> (2001), <a href="/wiki/GarageBand" title="GarageBand">GarageBand</a> (2004), <i>etc</i>. And now, several of them are referred as DAW, resulting of the expansions and/or integrations. <br />Its core feature, <a href="/wiki/Audio_time_stretching_and_pitch_scaling" title="Audio time stretching and pitch scaling">audio time stretching and pitch scaling</a> allows user to handle audio samples (loops) with the analogy of <a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a> data, in several aspects; user can designate <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duration_(music)" title="Duration (music)">durations</a> independently on short music samples, as on MIDI notes, to <a href="/wiki/Remix" title="Remix">remix</a> a song. <p> This type of software actually controls sequences of audio samples; thus, it can potentially be called an "<i>audio sequencer</i>".</p></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Milkytracker_Instrument.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A typical Tracker software (MilkyTracker)"><img alt="A typical Tracker software (MilkyTracker)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Milkytracker_Instrument.jpg/120px-Milkytracker_Instrument.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Milkytracker_Instrument.jpg/180px-Milkytracker_Instrument.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Milkytracker_Instrument.jpg/240px-Milkytracker_Instrument.jpg 2x" data-file-width="646" data-file-height="505" /></a><figcaption>A typical <a href="/wiki/Music_tracker" title="Music tracker">Tracker</a> software (<a href="/wiki/MilkyTracker" title="MilkyTracker">MilkyTracker</a>)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573" /><div class="block-indent" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Tracker_(music_software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tracker (music software)">Tracker (music software)</a> — a class of software music sequencer with embedded <a href="/wiki/Sampler_(musical_instrument)" title="Sampler (musical instrument)">sample players</a>, developed since the 1980s. Although it provides earlier "sequence of sampling sound" similar to <a href="/wiki/Groovebox" title="Groovebox">grooveboxes</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Loop-based_music_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Loop-based music software">loop-based music software</a>, its design is slightly dated, and rarely referred as <i>audio sequencer</i>.</div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Akai_MPC60.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A typical groovebox (Akai MPC60) providing sampler and sequencer"><img alt="A typical groovebox (Akai MPC60) providing sampler and sequencer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Akai_MPC60.jpg/120px-Akai_MPC60.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Akai_MPC60.jpg/180px-Akai_MPC60.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Akai_MPC60.jpg/240px-Akai_MPC60.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="419" /></a><figcaption>A typical <a href="/wiki/Groovebox" title="Groovebox">groovebox</a> (<a href="/wiki/Akai_MPC60" class="mw-redirect" title="Akai MPC60">Akai MPC60</a>) providing sampler and sequencer</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573" /><div class="block-indent" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Sampler_(musical_instrument)#Types" title="Sampler (musical instrument)">Phrase sampler</a> (or phrase sampling) — similar to above, musicians or <a href="/wiki/Remix" title="Remix">remixers</a> sometimes remixed or composed songs by sampling relatively long phrases or part of songs, and then rearranging these on <a href="/wiki/Groovebox" title="Groovebox">grooveboxes</a> or a combination of <a href="/wiki/Sampler_(musical_instrument)" title="Sampler (musical instrument)">sampler (musical instrument)</a> and sequencer. <p> This technique is possibly referred as "<i>audio sequencing</i>".</p></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573" /><div class="block-indent" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Beat_slicing" title="Beat slicing">Beat slicing</a> — before the DAW became popular, several musicians sometimes derived various beats from limited drum sample <a href="/wiki/Loop_(music)" title="Loop (music)">loops</a> by slicing beats and rearranging them on <a href="/wiki/Sampler_(musical_instrument)" title="Sampler (musical instrument)">samplers</a>. This technique, called "<i>beat slicing</i>", was popularized with the introduction of "beat slicer" tool, especially the "<a href="/wiki/ReCycle" title="ReCycle">ReCycle</a>" released in 1992. <p> Possibly it may be one origin of "<i>audio sequencing</i>".</p></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_sequencer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_sequencers">Early sequencers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_sequencer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Early sequencers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Mechanical_musical_instruments" title="Category:Mechanical musical instruments">Category:Mechanical musical instruments</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_box#Evolving_box_production" title="Music box">Music box § Evolving box production</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:157px;max-width:157px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Barrel-organ_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Barrel-organ_1.png/155px-Barrel-organ_1.png" decoding="async" width="155" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Barrel-organ_1.png/233px-Barrel-organ_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Barrel-organ_1.png/310px-Barrel-organ_1.png 2x" data-file-width="1070" data-file-height="1137" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i>Barrel with pins</i> on a large stationary <a href="/wiki/Barrel_organ" title="Barrel organ">barrel organ</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:111px;max-width:111px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DrehorgelLochkarte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/DrehorgelLochkarte.jpg/109px-DrehorgelLochkarte.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/DrehorgelLochkarte.jpg/164px-DrehorgelLochkarte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/DrehorgelLochkarte.jpg/218px-DrehorgelLochkarte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="521" data-file-height="794" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i><a href="/wiki/Music_roll" title="Music roll">Music roll</a></i> on barrel organ</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The early music sequencers were sound-producing devices such as <a href="/wiki/Category:Mechanical_musical_instruments" title="Category:Mechanical musical instruments">automatic musical instruments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_box" title="Music box">music boxes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_organ" title="Mechanical organ">mechanical organs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Player_piano" title="Player piano">player pianos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Orchestrion" title="Orchestrion">Orchestrions</a>. Player pianos, for example, had much in common with contemporary sequencers. Composers or arrangers transmitted music to <a href="/wiki/Piano_roll" title="Piano roll">piano rolls</a> which were subsequently edited by technicians who prepared the rolls for mass duplication. Eventually consumers were able to purchase these rolls and play them back on their own player pianos. </p><p>The origin of automatic musical instruments seems remarkably old. As early as the 9th century, the <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persian</a> (Iranian) <a href="/wiki/Ban%C5%AB_M%C5%ABs%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Banū Mūsā">Banū Mūsā</a> brothers invented a <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropowered</a> <a href="/wiki/Organ_(music)" title="Organ (music)">organ</a> using exchangeable cylinders with pins,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also an <a href="/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">automatic</a> <a href="/wiki/Flute" title="Flute">flute</a>-playing machine using <a href="/wiki/Steam_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Steam power">steam power</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Koetsier_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koetsier-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as described in their <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ingenious_Devices#Mechanical_musical_machines" title="Book of Ingenious Devices">Book of Ingenious Devices</a></i>. The Banu Musa brothers' automatic flute player was the first <a href="/wiki/Program_(machine)" title="Program (machine)">programmable</a> music sequencer device,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the first example of repetitive <a href="/wiki/Music_technology" title="Music technology">music technology</a>, powered by <a href="/wiki/Hydraulics" title="Hydraulics">hydraulics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1206, <a href="/wiki/Al-Jazari" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Jazari">Al-Jazari</a>, an <a href="/wiki/List_of_inventions_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world">Arab engineer</a>, invented programmable musical <a href="/wiki/Automata" class="mw-redirect" title="Automata">automata</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Fowler_45–49_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fowler_45–49-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a "<a href="/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">robot</a> <a href="/wiki/Musical_ensemble" title="Musical ensemble">band</a>" which performed "more than fifty facial and body actions during each musical selection."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was notably the first programmable <a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">drum machine</a>. Among the four <a href="/wiki/Automaton" title="Automaton">automaton</a> musicians were two drummers. It was a drum machine where <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/peg" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:peg">pegs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cam_(mechanism)" title="Cam (mechanism)">cams</a>) bump into little <a href="/wiki/Lever" title="Lever">levers</a> that operated the percussion. The drummers could be made to play different rhythms and different drum patterns if the pegs were moved around.<sup id="cite_ref-Sharkey_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharkey-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 14th century, rotating cylinders with pins were used to play a <a href="/wiki/Carillon" title="Carillon">carillon</a> (steam organ) in Flanders,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and at least in the 15th century, <a href="/wiki/Barrel_organ" title="Barrel organ">barrel organs</a> were seen in the Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:130px;max-width:130px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Steinway_piano_-_Duo-Art.ogv/128px--Steinway_piano_-_Duo-Art.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="128" height="96" data-durationhint="207" data-mwtitle="Steinway_piano_-_Duo-Art.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/Steinway_piano_-_Duo-Art.ogv/Steinway_piano_-_Duo-Art.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Steinway_piano_-_Duo-Art.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/Steinway_piano_-_Duo-Art.ogv/Steinway_piano_-_Duo-Art.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/Steinway_piano_-_Duo-Art.ogv/Steinway_piano_-_Duo-Art.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/Steinway_piano_-_Duo-Art.ogv/Steinway_piano_-_Duo-Art.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Player_piano" title="Player piano">Player piano</a> (1920) controlled by <a href="/wiki/Piano_roll" title="Piano roll">piano roll</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:138px;max-width:138px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RCA_Mark_II_Sound_Synthesizer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/RCA_Mark_II_Sound_Synthesizer.jpg/136px-RCA_Mark_II_Sound_Synthesizer.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/RCA_Mark_II_Sound_Synthesizer.jpg/204px-RCA_Mark_II_Sound_Synthesizer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/RCA_Mark_II_Sound_Synthesizer.jpg/272px-RCA_Mark_II_Sound_Synthesizer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1008" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/RCA_Mark_II" class="mw-redirect" title="RCA Mark II">RCA Mark II</a> (1957), controlled via wide punched-paper roll</div></div></div></div></div> <p>In the late-18th or early-19th century, with technological advances of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> various automatic musical instruments were invented. Some examples: <a href="/wiki/Music_box" title="Music box">music boxes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barrel_organ" title="Barrel organ">barrel organs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barrel_piano" title="Barrel piano">barrel pianos</a> consisting of a barrel or cylinder with pins or a flat metal disc with punched holes; or <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_organ" title="Mechanical organ">mechanical organs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Player_piano" title="Player piano">player pianos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orchestrion" title="Orchestrion">orchestrions</a> using <a href="/wiki/Book_music" title="Book music">book music</a> / <a href="/wiki/Music_roll" title="Music roll">music rolls</a> (<a href="/wiki/Piano_roll" title="Piano roll">piano rolls</a>) with punched holes, etc. These instruments were disseminated widely as popular entertainment devices prior to the inventions of <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">phonographs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radios</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">sound films</a> which eventually eclipsed all such home music production devices. Of them all, punched-paper-tape media had been used until the mid-20th century. The earliest programmable <a href="/wiki/Music_synthesizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Music synthesizer">music synthesizers</a> including the <a href="/wiki/RCA_Mark_II_Sound_Synthesizer" title="RCA Mark II Sound Synthesizer">RCA Mark II Sound Synthesizer</a> in 1957, and the Siemens Synthesizer in 1959, were also controlled via <a href="/wiki/Punch_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Punch tape">punch tapes</a> similar to <a href="/wiki/Piano_roll" title="Piano roll">piano rolls</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rcamark2_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rcamark2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-siemens_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siemens-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-holmes2012_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holmes2012-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additional inventions grew out of <a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">sound film</a> audio technology. The <a href="/wiki/Drawn_sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Drawn sound">drawn sound</a> technique which appeared in the late 1920s, is notable as a precursor of today's intuitive <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interfaces</a>. In this technique, notes and various sound parameters are triggered by hand-drawn black ink waveforms directly upon the film substrate, hence they resemble piano rolls (or the 'strip charts' of the modern sequencers/DAWs). Drawn soundtrack was often used in early experimental electronic music, including the <a href="/wiki/Variophone" title="Variophone">Variophone</a> developed by Yevgeny Sholpo in 1930, and the <a href="/wiki/Oramics" title="Oramics">Oramics</a> designed by <a href="/wiki/Daphne_Oram" title="Daphne Oram">Daphne Oram</a> in 1957, and so forth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analog_sequencers">Analog sequencers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_sequencer&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Analog sequencers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Buchla_100_series_at_NYU.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Buchla_100_series_at_NYU.jpg/132px-Buchla_100_series_at_NYU.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Buchla_100_series_at_NYU.jpg/198px-Buchla_100_series_at_NYU.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Buchla_100_series_at_NYU.jpg/264px-Buchla_100_series_at_NYU.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Early commercially available analog sequencers (bottom) on <a href="/wiki/Buchla" class="mw-redirect" title="Buchla">Buchla</a> 100 (1964/1966)<sup id="cite_ref-holmes2008a_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holmes2008a-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1st_commercial_Moog_synthesizer_(1964,_commissioned_by_the_Alwin_Nikolai_Dance_Theater_of_NY)_@_Stearns_Collection_(Stearns_2035),_University_of_Michigan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/1st_commercial_Moog_synthesizer_%281964%2C_commissioned_by_the_Alwin_Nikolai_Dance_Theater_of_NY%29_%40_Stearns_Collection_%28Stearns_2035%29%2C_University_of_Michigan.jpg/132px-1st_commercial_Moog_synthesizer_%281964%2C_commissioned_by_the_Alwin_Nikolai_Dance_Theater_of_NY%29_%40_Stearns_Collection_%28Stearns_2035%29%2C_University_of_Michigan.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/1st_commercial_Moog_synthesizer_%281964%2C_commissioned_by_the_Alwin_Nikolai_Dance_Theater_of_NY%29_%40_Stearns_Collection_%28Stearns_2035%29%2C_University_of_Michigan.jpg/198px-1st_commercial_Moog_synthesizer_%281964%2C_commissioned_by_the_Alwin_Nikolai_Dance_Theater_of_NY%29_%40_Stearns_Collection_%28Stearns_2035%29%2C_University_of_Michigan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/1st_commercial_Moog_synthesizer_%281964%2C_commissioned_by_the_Alwin_Nikolai_Dance_Theater_of_NY%29_%40_Stearns_Collection_%28Stearns_2035%29%2C_University_of_Michigan.jpg/264px-1st_commercial_Moog_synthesizer_%281964%2C_commissioned_by_the_Alwin_Nikolai_Dance_Theater_of_NY%29_%40_Stearns_Collection_%28Stearns_2035%29%2C_University_of_Michigan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Moog sequencer module (top left, probably added after 1968) on <a href="/wiki/Moog_modular_synthesizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Moog modular synthesizer">Moog Modular</a> (1964)</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Analog_sequencer" title="Analog sequencer">Analog sequencer</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_sequencer&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2017</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>During the 1940s–1960s, <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Scott" title="Raymond Scott">Raymond Scott</a>, an American composer of electronic music, invented various kind of music sequencers for his electric compositions. The "Wall of Sound", once covered on the wall of his studio in New York during the 1940s–1950s, was an <a href="/wiki/Electro-mechanical" class="mw-redirect" title="Electro-mechanical">electro-mechanical</a> sequencer to produce rhythmic patterns, consisting of stepping <a href="/wiki/Relay" title="Relay">relays</a> (used on <a href="/wiki/Dial_pulse" class="mw-redirect" title="Dial pulse">dial pulse</a> <a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">telephone exchange</a>), <a href="/wiki/Solenoid" title="Solenoid">solenoids</a>, control switches, and tone circuits with 16 individual <a href="/wiki/Electronic_oscillator" title="Electronic oscillator">oscillators</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wallofsound_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wallofsound-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Moog" title="Robert Moog">Robert Moog</a> would explain it in such terms as "the whole room would go 'clack – clack – clack', and the sounds would come out all over the place".<sup id="cite_ref-memories_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-memories-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Circle Machine, developed in 1959, had <a href="/wiki/Incandescent_bulbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Incandescent bulbs">incandescent bulbs</a> each with its own <a href="/wiki/Rheostat" class="mw-redirect" title="Rheostat">rheostat</a>, arranged in a ring, and a rotating arm with <a href="/wiki/Photocell" class="mw-redirect" title="Photocell">photocell</a> scanning over the ring, to generate an arbitrary waveform. Also, the rotating speed of the arm was controlled via the brightness of lights, and as a result, arbitrary rhythms were generated.<sup id="cite_ref-circlemachine_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-circlemachine-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first electronic sequencer was invented by Raymond Scott, using <a href="/wiki/Thyratron" title="Thyratron">thyratrons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Relay" title="Relay">relays</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Clavivox" title="Clavivox">Clavivox</a>, developed since 1952, was a kind of keyboard synthesizer with sequencer.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Although it was quoted phrase from the article Clavivox, "sequencer" function on Clavivox seems to be not found on any sources. Possibly it was confused with the film-based portamento function. (November 2011)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> On its prototype, a <a href="/wiki/Theremin" title="Theremin">theremin</a> manufactured by young Robert Moog was utilized to enable <a href="/wiki/Portamento" title="Portamento">portamento</a> over 3-octave range, and on later version, it was replaced by a pair of <a href="/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">photographic film</a> and photocell for controlling the pitch by <a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">voltage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-memories_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-memories-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1968, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Lundsten" title="Ralph Lundsten">Ralph Lundsten</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Nilsson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leo Nilsson (page does not exist)">Leo Nilsson</a> had a polyphonic synthesizer with sequencer called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andromatic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andromatic (page does not exist)">Andromatic</a> built for them by <a href="/wiki/Erkki_Kurenniemi" title="Erkki Kurenniemi">Erkki Kurenniemi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Step_sequencers">Step sequencers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_sequencer&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Step sequencers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:389px;max-width:389px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wurlitzer_Sideman_(1959)_disc_sequencer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Wurlitzer_Sideman_%281959%29_disc_sequencer.jpg/130px-Wurlitzer_Sideman_%281959%29_disc_sequencer.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Wurlitzer_Sideman_%281959%29_disc_sequencer.jpg/195px-Wurlitzer_Sideman_%281959%29_disc_sequencer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Wurlitzer_Sideman_%281959%29_disc_sequencer.jpg/260px-Wurlitzer_Sideman_%281959%29_disc_sequencer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Electro-mechanical disc sequencer on <a href="/wiki/Drum_machine#Early_drum_machines" title="Drum machine">early drum machine</a> (1959)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:133px;max-width:133px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eko_ComputeRhythm.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Eko_ComputeRhythm.png/131px-Eko_ComputeRhythm.png" decoding="async" width="131" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Eko_ComputeRhythm.png/197px-Eko_ComputeRhythm.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Eko_ComputeRhythm.png/262px-Eko_ComputeRhythm.png 2x" data-file-width="1241" data-file-height="929" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Eko_guitars" class="mw-redirect" title="Eko guitars">Eko</a> ComputeRhythm (1972),<sup id="cite_ref-jarrography-Eko_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jarrography-Eko-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-synthmaster-Eko_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-synthmaster-Eko-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of the earliest programmable drum machines</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:118px;max-width:118px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Firstman_SQ-01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Firstman_SQ-01.png/116px-Firstman_SQ-01.png" decoding="async" width="116" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Firstman_SQ-01.png/174px-Firstman_SQ-01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Firstman_SQ-01.png/232px-Firstman_SQ-01.png 2x" data-file-width="1309" data-file-height="1108" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Multivox#Digital_sequencers" title="Multivox">Firstman SQ-01</a> (1980),<sup id="cite_ref-synrise-SQ01_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-synrise-SQ01-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of the earliest step <a href="/wiki/Bass_synth" class="mw-redirect" title="Bass synth">bass</a> machines</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">Drum machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bass_synth" class="mw-redirect" title="Bass synth">Bass synth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Groovebox" title="Groovebox">Groovebox</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Confusing plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-confusing" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness">confusing or unclear</a> to readers</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarify the section</a>. There might be a discussion about this on <a href="/wiki/Talk:Music_sequencer" title="Talk:Music sequencer">the talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i>step sequencer</i>s played rigid patterns of notes using a grid of (usually) 16 buttons, or steps, each step being 1/16 of a <a href="/wiki/Bar_(music)" title="Bar (music)">measure</a>. These patterns of notes were then chained together to form longer compositions. Sequencers of this kind are still in use, mostly built into <a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">drum machines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Groovebox" title="Groovebox">grooveboxes</a>. They are monophonic by nature, although some are <a href="/wiki/Multi-timbral" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-timbral">multi-timbral</a>, meaning that they can control several different sounds but only play one note on each of those sounds.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2011)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_computers">Early computers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_sequencer&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Early computers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Computer_music" title="Computer music">Computer music</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CSIRAC-Pano,-Melb.-Museum,-12.8.2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/CSIRAC-Pano%2C-Melb.-Museum%2C-12.8.2008.jpg/265px-CSIRAC-Pano%2C-Melb.-Museum%2C-12.8.2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="265" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/CSIRAC-Pano%2C-Melb.-Museum%2C-12.8.2008.jpg/398px-CSIRAC-Pano%2C-Melb.-Museum%2C-12.8.2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/CSIRAC-Pano%2C-Melb.-Museum%2C-12.8.2008.jpg/530px-CSIRAC-Pano%2C-Melb.-Museum%2C-12.8.2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2373" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/CSIRAC" title="CSIRAC">CSIRAC</a> played the earliest <a href="/wiki/Computer_music" title="Computer music">computer music</a> in 1951</figcaption></figure> <p>On the other hand, software sequencers were continuously utilized since the 1950s in the context of <a href="/wiki/Computer_music" title="Computer music">computer music</a>, including computer-<i>played</i> music (software sequencer), computer-<i>composed</i> music (<a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Algorithmic music">music synthesis</a>), and computer <i>sound generation</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sound_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound synthesis">sound synthesis</a>). In June 1951, the first computer music <i>Colonel Bogey</i> was played on <a href="/wiki/CSIRAC" title="CSIRAC">CSIRAC</a>, Australia's first digital computer.<sup id="cite_ref-csirac_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csirac-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbc2008_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc2008-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1956, <a href="/wiki/Lejaren_Hiller" title="Lejaren Hiller">Lejaren Hiller</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana%E2%80%93Champaign" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign">University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign</a> wrote one of the earliest programs for <a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Algorithmic music">computer music composition</a> on <a href="/wiki/ILLIAC" title="ILLIAC">ILLIAC</a>, and collaborated on the first piece, <i><a href="/wiki/Illiac_Suite" title="Illiac Suite">Illiac Suite</a> for String Quartet</i>, with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Issaction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leonard Issaction (page does not exist)">Leonard Issaction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hiller1981_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hiller1981-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1957 <a href="/wiki/Max_Mathews" title="Max Mathews">Max Mathews</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a> wrote <a href="/wiki/MUSIC-N" title="MUSIC-N">MUSIC</a>, the first widely used program for sound generation, and a 17-second composition was performed by the <a href="/wiki/IBM_704" title="IBM 704">IBM 704</a> computer. Subsequently, computer music was mainly researched on the expensive <a href="/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">mainframe computers</a> in computer centers, until the 1970s when <a href="/wiki/Minicomputer" title="Minicomputer">minicomputers</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Microcomputer" title="Microcomputer">microcomputers</a> became available in this field. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_Japan">In Japan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_sequencer&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Japan, experiments in computer music date back to 1962, when <a href="/wiki/Keio_University" title="Keio University">Keio University</a> professor Sekine and <a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a> engineer Hayashi experimented with the <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOSBAC" class="extiw" title="jp:TOSBAC">TOSBAC</a> computer. This resulted in a piece entitled <i>TOSBAC Suite</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-shimazu104_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shimazu104-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_computer_music_hardware">Early computer music hardware</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_sequencer&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Early computer music hardware"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:266px;max-width:266px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:117px;max-width:117px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:3C_DDP-24_computer_card_rack_side.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/3C_DDP-24_computer_card_rack_side.jpg/120px-3C_DDP-24_computer_card_rack_side.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/3C_DDP-24_computer_card_rack_side.jpg/250px-3C_DDP-24_computer_card_rack_side.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:145px;max-width:145px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:3C_DDP-24_computer_card_rack.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/3C_DDP-24_computer_card_rack.JPG/143px-3C_DDP-24_computer_card_rack.JPG" decoding="async" width="143" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/3C_DDP-24_computer_card_rack.JPG/215px-3C_DDP-24_computer_card_rack.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/3C_DDP-24_computer_card_rack.JPG/286px-3C_DDP-24_computer_card_rack.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">DDP-24 S Block (expansion card rack unit) that is assumed the <a href="/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter" title="Analog-to-digital converter">A/D converters</a> used for GROOVE (1970) by Max Mathews.</div></div></div></div><p> In 1965,<sup id="cite_ref-Ninke1965_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ninke1965-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Max_Mathews" title="Max Mathews">Max Mathews</a> and L. Rosler developed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Graphic_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Graphic 1 (page does not exist)">Graphic 1</a>, an interactive <a href="/wiki/Graphical_sound" title="Graphical sound">graphical sound</a> system (that implies sequencer) on which one could draw figures using a light-pen that would be converted into sound, simplifying the process of <a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_composition" title="Algorithmic composition">composing computer-generated music</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-holmes2008b_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holmes2008b-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-roads1980_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roads1980-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It used <a href="/wiki/PDP-5" title="PDP-5">PDP-5</a> minicomputer for data input, and <a href="/wiki/IBM_7094" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM 7094">IBM 7094</a> mainframe computer for rendering sound. </p><p>Also in 1970, Mathews and F. R. Moore developed the <a href="/w/index.php?title=GROOVE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GROOVE (page does not exist)">GROOVE</a> (Generated Real-time Output Operations on <a href="/wiki/CV/gate" title="CV/gate">Voltage-controlled</a> Equipment) system,<sup id="cite_ref-groove_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-groove-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a first fully developed <a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_composition" title="Algorithmic composition">music synthesis</a> system for interactive composition (that implies sequencer) and realtime performance, using 3C/<a href="/wiki/Honeywell" title="Honeywell">Honeywell</a> <a href="/wiki/DDP-24" title="DDP-24">DDP-24</a><sup id="cite_ref-vercoe_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vercoe-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (or DDP-224<sup id="cite_ref-bogdanov2001_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bogdanov2001-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) minicomputers. It used a CRT display to simplify the management of music synthesis in realtime, 12-bit <a href="/wiki/D/A_converter" class="mw-redirect" title="D/A converter">D/A converter</a> for realtime sound playback, an interface for <a href="/wiki/CV/gate" title="CV/gate">CV/gate</a> analog devices, and even several controllers including a musical keyboard, knobs, and rotating <a href="/wiki/Joystick" title="Joystick">joysticks</a> to capture realtime performance.<sup id="cite_ref-holmes2008b_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holmes2008b-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bogdanov2001_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bogdanov2001-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-roads1980_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roads1980-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:127px;max-width:127px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EMS_at_MIM_Sequencer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/EMS_at_MIM_Sequencer.jpg/250px-EMS_at_MIM_Sequencer.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="94" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Music_Studios" title="Electronic Music Studios">EMS</a> Sequencer 256 (1971), branched from <a href="/wiki/EMS_Synthi_100" title="EMS Synthi 100">Synthi 100</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_sequencers">Digital sequencers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_sequencer&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Digital sequencers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1971, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Music_Studios" title="Electronic Music Studios">Electronic Music Studios</a> (EMS) released one of the first digital sequencer products as a module of <a href="/wiki/EMS_Synthi_100" title="EMS Synthi 100">Synthi 100</a>, and its derivation, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Music_Studios#Timeline_of_major_products" title="Electronic Music Studios">Synthi Sequencer</a> series.<sup id="cite_ref-synthi100_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-synthi100-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-seq256_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seq256-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After then, <a href="/wiki/Oberheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Oberheim">Oberheim</a> released the DS-2 Digital Sequencer in 1974,<sup id="cite_ref-ds2_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ds2-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Sequential_Circuits" class="mw-redirect" title="Sequential Circuits">Sequential Circuits</a> released Model 800 in 1977 <sup id="cite_ref-model800_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-model800-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_Japan_2">In Japan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_sequencer&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: In Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:143px;max-width:143px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:141px;max-width:141px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roland_MC-8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Roland_MC-8.jpg/139px-Roland_MC-8.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Roland_MC-8.jpg/209px-Roland_MC-8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Roland_MC-8.jpg/278px-Roland_MC-8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Roland_MC-8_MicroComposer" class="mw-redirect" title="Roland MC-8 MicroComposer">Roland MC-8 MicroComposer</a> (1977)</div></div></div></div></div> <p>In 1977, <a href="/wiki/Roland_Corporation" title="Roland Corporation">Roland Corporation</a> released the <a href="/wiki/Roland_MC-8_Microcomposer" title="Roland MC-8 Microcomposer">MC-8 MicroComposer</a>, also called <i><a href="/wiki/Computer_music" title="Computer music">computer music</a> composer</i> by Roland. It was an early stand-alone, <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessor</a>-based, digital CV/gate sequencer,<sup id="cite_ref-russ_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russ-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-russ2012_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russ2012-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an early <a href="/wiki/Polyphony_and_monophony_in_instruments" title="Polyphony and monophony in instruments">polyphonic</a> sequencer.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It equipped a <a href="/wiki/Keypad" title="Keypad">keypad</a> to enter <a href="/wiki/Musical_note" title="Musical note">notes</a> as numeric codes, 16 <a href="/wiki/Kilobyte" title="Kilobyte">KB</a> of <a href="/wiki/RAM" class="mw-redirect" title="RAM">RAM</a> for a maximum of 5200 notes (large for the time), and a <a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">polyphony</a> function which allocated multiple pitch <a href="/wiki/CV/gate" title="CV/gate">CVs</a> to a single <a href="/wiki/CV/gate" title="CV/gate">Gate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SOS_Nov._2004_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SOS_Nov._2004-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was capable of eight-channel polyphony, allowing the creation of <a href="/wiki/Polyrhythm" title="Polyrhythm">polyrhythmic</a> sequences.<sup id="cite_ref-sos_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sos-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-russ_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russ-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-russ2012_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russ2012-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MC-8 had a significant impact on popular <a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">electronic music</a>, with the MC-8 and its descendants (such as the <a href="/wiki/Roland_MC-4_Microcomposer" title="Roland MC-4 Microcomposer">Roland MC-4 Microcomposer</a>) impacting popular electronic music production in the 1970s and 1980s more than any other family of sequencers.<sup id="cite_ref-sos_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sos-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MC-8's earliest known users were <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Magic_Orchestra" title="Yellow Magic Orchestra">Yellow Magic Orchestra</a> in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-discogs_ymo_lp_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-discogs_ymo_lp-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_workstations">Music workstations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_sequencer&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Music workstations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Music_workstation" title="Music workstation">Music workstation</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:118px;max-width:118px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Synclavier1_JB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Synclavier1_JB.jpg/120px-Synclavier1_JB.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Synclavier1_JB.jpg/250px-Synclavier1_JB.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="653" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Synclavier" title="Synclavier">Synclavier</a> I (1977)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:150px;max-width:150px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fairlight_green_screen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Fairlight_green_screen.jpg/148px-Fairlight_green_screen.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Fairlight_green_screen.jpg/222px-Fairlight_green_screen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Fairlight_green_screen.jpg/296px-Fairlight_green_screen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="612" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Fairlight CMI (1979) <span class="nowrap">supporting MCL <span style="font-size:85%;">(sequencer)</span></span></div></div></div></div></div> <p>In 1975, <a href="/wiki/New_England_Digital" title="New England Digital">New England Digital</a> (NED) released ABLE computer (microcomputer)<sup id="cite_ref-NEDhistory_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEDhistory-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a dedicated data processing unit for Dartmouth Digital Synthesizer (1973), and based on it, later Synclavier series were developed. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Synclavier_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Synclavier I">Synclavier I</a>, released in September 1977,<sup id="cite_ref-chadabe2001_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chadabe2001-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was one of the earliest digital <a href="/wiki/Music_workstation" title="Music workstation">music workstation</a> product with multitrack sequencer. Synclavier series evolved throughout the late-1970s to the mid-1980s, and they also established integration of <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">digital-audio</a> and music-sequencer, on their Direct-to-Disk option in 1984, and later Tapeless Studio system. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:127px;max-width:127px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fairlight_II_Page_R.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Fairlight_II_Page_R.png/125px-Fairlight_II_Page_R.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Fairlight_II_Page_R.png/188px-Fairlight_II_Page_R.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Fairlight_II_Page_R.png/250px-Fairlight_II_Page_R.png 2x" data-file-width="1084" data-file-height="758" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Page R on Fairlight</div></div></div></div></div> <p>In 1982, renewed the <a href="/wiki/Fairlight_CMI" title="Fairlight CMI">Fairlight CMI</a> Series II and added new sequencer software "Page R", which combined <a href="/wiki/Step_sequencer" class="mw-redirect" title="Step sequencer">step sequencing</a> with <a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">sample</a> playback.<sup id="cite_ref-AudioMedia1996_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AudioMedia1996-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While there were earlier microprocessor-based sequencers for digital polyphonic synthesizers,<sup id="cite_ref-Microprocessor_based_sequencer_in_mid1970s_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Microprocessor_based_sequencer_in_mid1970s-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> their early products tended to prefer the newer internal digital buses than the old-style analogue CV/gate interface once used on their prototype system. Then in the early-1980s, they also re-recognized the needs of <a href="/wiki/CV/gate" title="CV/gate">CV/gate</a> interface, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_music_sequencers#Proprietary_digital_interfaces_(pre_MIDI_era)" title="List of music sequencers">supported it along with MIDI as options</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_Japan_3">In Japan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_sequencer&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: In Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Yamaha_Corporation" title="Yamaha Corporation">Yamaha</a>'s GS-1, their first <a href="/wiki/FM_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="FM synthesis">FM</a> <a href="/wiki/Digital_synthesizer" title="Digital synthesizer">digital synthesizer</a>, was released in 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To program the synthesizer, Yamaha built a custom computer workstation <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">designed to be used as a sequencer for the GS-1</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (September 2017)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup>. It was only available at Yamaha's headquarters in Japan (<a href="/wiki/Hamamatsu" title="Hamamatsu">Hamamatsu</a>) and the United States (<a href="/wiki/Buena_Park,_California" title="Buena Park, California">Buena Park, California</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MIDI_sequencers">MIDI sequencers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_sequencer&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: MIDI sequencers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_MIDI_standards" title="Comparison of MIDI standards">Comparison of MIDI standards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_MIDI_editors_and_sequencers" title="Comparison of MIDI editors and sequencers">Comparison of MIDI editors and sequencers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Groovebox" title="Groovebox">Groovebox</a></div> <p>In June 1981, <a href="/wiki/Roland_Corporation" title="Roland Corporation">Roland Corporation</a> founder <a href="/wiki/Ikutaro_Kakehashi" title="Ikutaro Kakehashi">Ikutaro Kakehashi</a> proposed the concept of standardization between different manufacturers' instruments as well as computers, to <a href="/wiki/Oberheim_Electronics" title="Oberheim Electronics">Oberheim Electronics</a> founder <a href="/wiki/Tom_Oberheim" title="Tom Oberheim">Tom Oberheim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sequential_Circuits" class="mw-redirect" title="Sequential Circuits">Sequential Circuits</a> president <a href="/wiki/Dave_Smith_(engineer)" title="Dave Smith (engineer)">Dave Smith</a>. In October 1981, Kakehashi, Oberheim and Smith discussed the concept with representatives from <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_Corporation" title="Yamaha Corporation">Yamaha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korg" title="Korg">Korg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kawai_Musical_Instruments" title="Kawai Musical Instruments">Kawai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chadab5100_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chadab5100-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1983, the <a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI standard</a> was unveiled by Kakehashi and Smith.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first MIDI sequencer was the Roland MSQ-700, released in 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was not until the advent of MIDI that <a href="/wiki/General-purpose_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="General-purpose computer">general-purpose computers</a> started to play a role as sequencers. Following the widespread adoption of MIDI, computer-based MIDI sequencers were developed. MIDI-to-<a href="/wiki/CV/gate" title="CV/gate">CV/gate</a> converters were then used to enable <a href="/wiki/Analogue_synthesizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Analogue synthesizer">analogue synthesizers</a> to be controlled by a MIDI sequencer.<sup id="cite_ref-russ2012_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russ2012-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since its introduction, MIDI has remained the musical instrument industry standard interface through to the present day.<sup id="cite_ref-fact_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fact-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_computers">Personal computers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_sequencer&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Personal computers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_music" title="Computer music">Computer music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sampler_(musical_instrument)" title="Sampler (musical instrument)">Sampler (musical instrument)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Audio_sequencer" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio sequencer">Audio sequencer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Music_tracker" title="Music tracker">Music tracker</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_sequencer&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:258px;max-width:258px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:127px;max-width:127px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moog_Song_Producer_(1983,_SN_1366,_MIDI_%26_CV-Gate_interface_for_Commodore_64)_on_Lab_Series_SynAmp_prototype_(1978,_SN_E0471),_at_Cantos_Music_Foundation_in_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Moog_Song_Producer_%281983%2C_SN_1366%2C_MIDI_%26_CV-Gate_interface_for_Commodore_64%29_on_Lab_Series_SynAmp_prototype_%281978%2C_SN_E0471%29%2C_at_Cantos_Music_Foundation_in_2009.jpg/125px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Moog_Song_Producer_%281983%2C_SN_1366%2C_MIDI_%26_CV-Gate_interface_for_Commodore_64%29_on_Lab_Series_SynAmp_prototype_%281978%2C_SN_E0471%29%2C_at_Cantos_Music_Foundation_in_2009.jpg/188px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Moog_Song_Producer_%281983%2C_SN_1366%2C_MIDI_%26_CV-Gate_interface_for_Commodore_64%29_on_Lab_Series_SynAmp_prototype_%281978%2C_SN_E0471%29%2C_at_Cantos_Music_Foundation_in_2009.jpg/250px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div style="line-height:120%;">Moog Song Producer (1983) <span style="font-size:85%;">MIDI & CV/Gate interface on SynAmp </span></div></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:127px;max-width:127px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Milkytracker_Instrument.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Milkytracker_Instrument.jpg/125px-Milkytracker_Instrument.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Milkytracker_Instrument.jpg/188px-Milkytracker_Instrument.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Milkytracker_Instrument.jpg/250px-Milkytracker_Instrument.jpg 2x" data-file-width="646" data-file-height="505" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Music_tracker" title="Music tracker">Tracker</a> software (developed since 1987)</div></div></div></div></div> <p>In 1987, software sequencers called <a href="/wiki/Music_tracker" title="Music tracker">trackers</a> were developed to realize the low-cost integration of sampling sound and interactive digital sequencer as seen on <a href="/wiki/Fairlight_CMI" title="Fairlight CMI">Fairlight CMI</a> II "Page R". They became popular in the 1980s and 1990s as simple sequencers for creating <a href="/wiki/Computer_game_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer game music">computer game music</a>, and remain popular in the <a href="/wiki/Demoscene" title="Demoscene">demoscene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chiptune" title="Chiptune">chiptune</a> music. </p><p>Modern computer digital audio software after the 2000s, such as <a href="/wiki/Ableton_Live" title="Ableton Live">Ableton Live</a>, incorporates aspects of sequencers among many other features.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_Japan_4">In Japan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_sequencer&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: In Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1978, Japanese <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computers</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Hitachi" title="Hitachi">Hitachi</a> <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC" class="extiw" title="ja:ベーシックマスター">Basic Master</a> equipped the low-bit D/A converter to generate sound which can be sequenced using <a href="/wiki/Music_Macro_Language" title="Music Macro Language">Music Macro Language</a> (MML).<sup id="cite_ref-BASIC_MASTER_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BASIC_MASTER-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was used to produce <a href="/wiki/Chiptune" title="Chiptune">chiptune</a> <a href="/wiki/Video_game_music" title="Video game music">video game music</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-shimazu104_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shimazu104-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was not until the advent of <a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a>, introduced to the public in 1983, that <a href="/wiki/General-purpose_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="General-purpose computer">general-purpose computers</a> really started to play a role as software sequencers.<sup id="cite_ref-russ2012_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russ2012-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/NEC" title="NEC">NEC</a>'s personal computers, the <a href="/wiki/PC-88" class="mw-redirect" title="PC-88">PC-88</a> and <a href="/wiki/PC-98" title="PC-98">PC-98</a>, added support for <a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a> sequencing with MML programming in 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-shimazu104_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shimazu104-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1983, <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_CX5M" title="Yamaha CX5M">Yamaha modules</a> for the <a href="/wiki/MSX" title="MSX">MSX</a> featured music production capabilities,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ellis_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ellis-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> real-time <a href="/wiki/FM_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="FM synthesis">FM synthesis</a> with sequencing, MIDI sequencing,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ellis_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ellis-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a> for the software sequencer.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ellis_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ellis-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 1983, <a href="/wiki/Roland_Corporation" title="Roland Corporation">Roland Corporation</a>'s CMU-800 <a href="/wiki/Sound_module" title="Sound module">sound module</a> introduced music synthesis and sequencing to the PC, <a href="/wiki/Apple_II" title="Apple II">Apple II</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64">Commodore 64</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The spread of MIDI on personal computers was facilitated by Roland's <a href="/wiki/MPU-401" title="MPU-401">MPU-401</a>, released in 1984. It was the first MIDI-equipped PC <a href="/wiki/Sound_card" title="Sound card">sound card</a>, capable of MIDI sound processing<sup id="cite_ref-emusician-mpu_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emusician-mpu-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sequencing.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Roland sold MPU <a href="/wiki/Sound_chip" title="Sound chip">sound chips</a> to other sound card manufacturers,<sup id="cite_ref-emusician-mpu_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emusician-mpu-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it established a universal standard MIDI-to-PC interface.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the widespread adoption of MIDI, computer-based <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_MIDI_editors_and_sequencers" title="Comparison of MIDI editors and sequencers">MIDI software sequencers</a> were developed.<sup id="cite_ref-russ2012_47-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russ2012-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_timeline_of_rhythm_sequencers">Visual timeline of rhythm sequencers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_sequencer&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Visual timeline of rhythm sequencers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">Drum machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Groovebox" title="Groovebox">Groovebox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beat_slicing" title="Beat slicing">Beat slicing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sampler_(musical_instrument)" title="Sampler (musical instrument)">Sampler (musical instrument)</a></div> <div style="width:100%;overflow-x:scroll; margin-left:1em; border:1px solid #CCC;"> <table style="margin:0;padding:0; font-size:88%;line-height:1.8ex;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Welte_Style_6_Concert_Orchestrion_No.198_(1895)_-_Assembly_06_(brighten,_transformed_%26_clipped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Welte_Style_6_Concert_Orchestrion_No.198_%281895%29_-_Assembly_06_%28brighten%2C_transformed_%26_clipped%29.jpg/76px-Welte_Style_6_Concert_Orchestrion_No.198_%281895%29_-_Assembly_06_%28brighten%2C_transformed_%26_clipped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="76" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Welte_Style_6_Concert_Orchestrion_No.198_%281895%29_-_Assembly_06_%28brighten%2C_transformed_%26_clipped%29.jpg/114px-Welte_Style_6_Concert_Orchestrion_No.198_%281895%29_-_Assembly_06_%28brighten%2C_transformed_%26_clipped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Welte_Style_6_Concert_Orchestrion_No.198_%281895%29_-_Assembly_06_%28brighten%2C_transformed_%26_clipped%29.jpg/152px-Welte_Style_6_Concert_Orchestrion_No.198_%281895%29_-_Assembly_06_%28brighten%2C_transformed_%26_clipped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1348" data-file-height="1348" /></a></span><br /> <p><a href="/wiki/Category:Mechanical_musical_instruments" title="Category:Mechanical musical instruments">Mechanical</a> (pre-20th century) </p> </td> <td><br /><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_arrow_right.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Nuvola_arrow_right.svg/30px-Nuvola_arrow_right.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Nuvola_arrow_right.svg/45px-Nuvola_arrow_right.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Nuvola_arrow_right.svg/60px-Nuvola_arrow_right.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="59" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Schillinger_and_the_Rhythmicon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Joseph_Schillinger_and_the_Rhythmicon.jpg/37px-Joseph_Schillinger_and_the_Rhythmicon.jpg" decoding="async" width="37" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Joseph_Schillinger_and_the_Rhythmicon.jpg/56px-Joseph_Schillinger_and_the_Rhythmicon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Joseph_Schillinger_and_the_Rhythmicon.jpg/74px-Joseph_Schillinger_and_the_Rhythmicon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="169" data-file-height="348" /></a></span><br /> <p><a href="/wiki/Rhythmicon" title="Rhythmicon">Rhythmicon</a> (1930) </p> </td> <td><br /><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_arrow_right.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Nuvola_arrow_right.svg/30px-Nuvola_arrow_right.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Nuvola_arrow_right.svg/45px-Nuvola_arrow_right.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Nuvola_arrow_right.svg/60px-Nuvola_arrow_right.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="59" /></a></span> </td> <td style="width:100px;"><div style="width:70px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wurlitzer_Sideman_drum_machine_(inside).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Wurlitzer_Sideman_drum_machine_%28inside%29.jpg/57px-Wurlitzer_Sideman_drum_machine_%28inside%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="57" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Wurlitzer_Sideman_drum_machine_%28inside%29.jpg/86px-Wurlitzer_Sideman_drum_machine_%28inside%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Wurlitzer_Sideman_drum_machine_%28inside%29.jpg/114px-Wurlitzer_Sideman_drum_machine_%28inside%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">Drum machine</a> <br />(1959–) </p> </td> <td><br /><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_arrow_right.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Nuvola_arrow_right.svg/30px-Nuvola_arrow_right.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Nuvola_arrow_right.svg/45px-Nuvola_arrow_right.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Nuvola_arrow_right.svg/60px-Nuvola_arrow_right.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="59" /></a></span> </td> <td><div style="width:124px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seeburg_Select-A-Rhythm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Seeburg_Select-A-Rhythm.jpg/122px-Seeburg_Select-A-Rhythm.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Seeburg_Select-A-Rhythm.jpg/183px-Seeburg_Select-A-Rhythm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Seeburg_Select-A-Rhythm.jpg/244px-Seeburg_Select-A-Rhythm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="302" /></a></span></div><br /> <p><a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">Transistorized</a> drum machine (1964–) </p> </td> <td><br /><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_arrow_right.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Nuvola_arrow_right.svg/30px-Nuvola_arrow_right.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Nuvola_arrow_right.svg/45px-Nuvola_arrow_right.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Nuvola_arrow_right.svg/60px-Nuvola_arrow_right.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="59" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eko_ComputeRhythm.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Eko_ComputeRhythm.png/100px-Eko_ComputeRhythm.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Eko_ComputeRhythm.png/150px-Eko_ComputeRhythm.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Eko_ComputeRhythm.png/200px-Eko_ComputeRhythm.png 2x" data-file-width="1241" data-file-height="929" /></a></span><br /> <p>Step <a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">drum machine</a> (1972–) </p> </td> <td><br /><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_arrow_right.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Nuvola_arrow_right.svg/30px-Nuvola_arrow_right.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Nuvola_arrow_right.svg/45px-Nuvola_arrow_right.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Nuvola_arrow_right.svg/60px-Nuvola_arrow_right.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="59" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Linn_LM-1_Drum_Computer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Linn_LM-1_Drum_Computer.jpg/250px-Linn_LM-1_Drum_Computer.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Linn_LM-1_Drum_Computer.jpg/330px-Linn_LM-1_Drum_Computer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="302" /></a></span><br /> <p><a href="/wiki/Sampler_(musical_instrument)" title="Sampler (musical instrument)">Digital drum</a> machine (1980–) </p> </td> <td><br /><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_arrow_right.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Nuvola_arrow_right.svg/30px-Nuvola_arrow_right.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Nuvola_arrow_right.svg/45px-Nuvola_arrow_right.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Nuvola_arrow_right.svg/60px-Nuvola_arrow_right.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="59" /></a></span> </td> <td style="width:100px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Movement_Computer_Systems_(MCS)_Drum_System_II_(or_Percussion_Computer_II),_circa_1981,_United_Kingdom_-_Knobcon_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Movement_Computer_Systems_%28MCS%29_Drum_System_II_%28or_Percussion_Computer_II%29%2C_circa_1981%2C_United_Kingdom_-_Knobcon_2014.jpg/100px-Movement_Computer_Systems_%28MCS%29_Drum_System_II_%28or_Percussion_Computer_II%29%2C_circa_1981%2C_United_Kingdom_-_Knobcon_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Movement_Computer_Systems_%28MCS%29_Drum_System_II_%28or_Percussion_Computer_II%29%2C_circa_1981%2C_United_Kingdom_-_Knobcon_2014.jpg/150px-Movement_Computer_Systems_%28MCS%29_Drum_System_II_%28or_Percussion_Computer_II%29%2C_circa_1981%2C_United_Kingdom_-_Knobcon_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Movement_Computer_Systems_%28MCS%29_Drum_System_II_%28or_Percussion_Computer_II%29%2C_circa_1981%2C_United_Kingdom_-_Knobcon_2014.jpg/200px-Movement_Computer_Systems_%28MCS%29_Drum_System_II_%28or_Percussion_Computer_II%29%2C_circa_1981%2C_United_Kingdom_-_Knobcon_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="837" data-file-height="628" /></a></span><br /> <p><a href="/wiki/Groovebox" title="Groovebox">Groove machine</a> (1981–) </p> </td> <td><br /><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_arrow_right.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Nuvola_arrow_right.svg/30px-Nuvola_arrow_right.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Nuvola_arrow_right.svg/45px-Nuvola_arrow_right.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Nuvola_arrow_right.svg/60px-Nuvola_arrow_right.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="59" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fairlight_II_Page_R.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Fairlight_II_Page_R.png/116px-Fairlight_II_Page_R.png" decoding="async" width="116" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Fairlight_II_Page_R.png/174px-Fairlight_II_Page_R.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Fairlight_II_Page_R.png/232px-Fairlight_II_Page_R.png 2x" data-file-width="1084" data-file-height="758" /></a></span><br /> <p>"Page R" on <a href="/wiki/Fairlight_CMI" title="Fairlight CMI">Fairlight</a> (1982) </p> </td> <td><br /><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_arrow_right.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Nuvola_arrow_right.svg/30px-Nuvola_arrow_right.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Nuvola_arrow_right.svg/45px-Nuvola_arrow_right.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Nuvola_arrow_right.svg/60px-Nuvola_arrow_right.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="59" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Milkytracker_Instrument.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Milkytracker_Instrument.jpg/98px-Milkytracker_Instrument.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Milkytracker_Instrument.jpg/147px-Milkytracker_Instrument.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Milkytracker_Instrument.jpg/196px-Milkytracker_Instrument.jpg 2x" data-file-width="646" data-file-height="505" /></a></span><br /> <p><a href="/wiki/Tracker_(music_software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tracker (music software)">Tracker</a> (1987–) </p> </td> <td><br /><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_arrow_right.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Nuvola_arrow_right.svg/30px-Nuvola_arrow_right.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Nuvola_arrow_right.svg/45px-Nuvola_arrow_right.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Nuvola_arrow_right.svg/60px-Nuvola_arrow_right.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="59" /></a></span> </td> <td><br /> <p><a href="/wiki/Beat_slicing" title="Beat slicing">Beat slicer</a> (1990s–) </p> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cubase6_LoopMash_2_loop_remixer_(brighten).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Cubase6_LoopMash_2_loop_remixer_%28brighten%29.jpg/114px-Cubase6_LoopMash_2_loop_remixer_%28brighten%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Cubase6_LoopMash_2_loop_remixer_%28brighten%29.jpg/171px-Cubase6_LoopMash_2_loop_remixer_%28brighten%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Cubase6_LoopMash_2_loop_remixer_%28brighten%29.jpg/228px-Cubase6_LoopMash_2_loop_remixer_%28brighten%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="208" /></a></span> <p><a href="/wiki/Loop_(music)#Modern_looping" title="Loop (music)">Loop</a> sequencer (1998–) </p> </td> <td><br /><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_arrow_right.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Nuvola_arrow_right.svg/30px-Nuvola_arrow_right.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Nuvola_arrow_right.svg/45px-Nuvola_arrow_right.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Nuvola_arrow_right.svg/60px-Nuvola_arrow_right.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="59" /></a></span> </td> <td style="width:140px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Polyphonic_note_separation_%26_manipulation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Polyphonic_note_separation_%26_manipulation.jpg/112px-Polyphonic_note_separation_%26_manipulation.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Polyphonic_note_separation_%26_manipulation.jpg/168px-Polyphonic_note_separation_%26_manipulation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Polyphonic_note_separation_%26_manipulation.jpg/224px-Polyphonic_note_separation_%26_manipulation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="652" /></a></span><br /> <p><a href="/wiki/Melodyne#Melodyne_Direct_Note_Access" class="mw-redirect" title="Melodyne">Note manipulation on audio tracks</a> (2009–) </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_sequencer&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combination_action#Sequencers" class="mw-redirect" title="Combination action">Combination action § Sequencers</a> (for organs)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groovebox" title="Groovebox">Groovebox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_sequencers" title="List of music sequencers">List of music sequencers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_software" title="List of music software">List of music software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_tracker" title="Music tracker">Music tracker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_workstation" title="Music workstation">Music workstation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_sequencer&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> On WhatIs.com of TechTarget, an author seems to define a term "Sequencer" as an abbreviation of "MIDI sequencer". <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMargaret_Rouse2005" class="citation web cs1">Margaret Rouse (April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150627101306/http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/sequencer">"sequencer"</a>. <i>WhatIs.com</i>. TechTarget. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/sequencer">the original</a> on 2015-06-27. <q>In digital audio recording, a sequencer is a program in a computer or stand-alone keyboard unit that puts together a sound sequence from a series (or sequence) of Musical Instrument Digital Interface ( MIDI ) events (operations). The MIDI sequencer allows the user to record and edit a musical performance without using an audio-based input source. ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WhatIs.com&rft.atitle=sequencer&rft.date=2005-04&rft.au=Margaret+Rouse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhatis.techtarget.com%2Fdefinition%2Fsequencer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+sequencer" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Automation parameters in DAWs are often interoperable with <a href="/wiki/MIDI_messages" class="mw-redirect" title="MIDI messages">MIDI messages</a>, i.e. Control Changes (CC) or <a href="/wiki/System_Exclusive" class="mw-redirect" title="System Exclusive">System Exclusive</a> (SysEx); in that case, it can be controlled in <a href="/wiki/Real-time_computing" title="Real-time computing">real-time</a> via pre-assigned MIDI messages generated by <a href="/wiki/MIDI_controller" title="MIDI controller">MIDI controllers</a> or <a href="/wiki/MIDI_sequencer" class="mw-redirect" title="MIDI sequencer">MIDI sequencers</a>, <i>etc</i>.   And even more so, in several DAWs, automation parameters are explicitly recorded as MIDI messages on their embedded MIDI sequencers. (See <a href="#CITEREFPrice2006">Price 2006</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-audio_sequencer-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-audio_sequencer_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> The term <i><a href="/wiki/Audio_sequencer" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio sequencer">audio sequencer</a></i> seems to be relatively new expression and seems to be not clearly defined, yet. For example, "DAW integrated with MIDI sequencer" is often referred as "Audio and MIDI sequencer". However, in this usage, the term "audio sequencer" is just a synonym for the "DAW", and beyond the scope of this article. In that case, please check <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">Digital audio workstation</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Microprocessor_based_sequencer_in_mid1970s-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Microprocessor_based_sequencer_in_mid1970s_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> In 1974–1975, Australian computer music engineer Tony Furse developed the MC6800-based <a href="/wiki/Fairlight_CMI#Details" title="Fairlight CMI">Qasar M8</a> with a software sequencer <a href="/wiki/Fairlight_CMI#MUSEQ_8" title="Fairlight CMI">MUSEQ 8</a>, with a minimum price of $8,000. In 1976, it was licensed to <a href="/wiki/Fairlight_(company)" title="Fairlight (company)">Fairlight Instruments Pty Ltd.</a>, and eventually Fairlight CMI was released in 1979 (for details, see <a href="/wiki/Fairlight_CMI" title="Fairlight CMI">Fairlight CMI</a>).<br /> Also in 1975, <a href="/wiki/New_England_Digital" title="New England Digital">New England Digital</a> released original microprocessor-based <a href="/wiki/Synclavier#Processor" title="Synclavier">ABLE computer</a> (utilizing mini-computer architecture) as a future migration target of Dartmouth Digital Synthesizer. Their commercial version of digital synthesizer, <a href="/wiki/Synclavier#Black_panel_models" title="Synclavier">Synclavier I</a> was first shipped in 1977 (for details, see <a href="/wiki/Synclavier" title="Synclavier">Synclavier</a>).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_sequencer&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Pejrolo-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pejrolo_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPejrolo2011" class="citation book cs1">Pejrolo, Andrea (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k-vFPYjwpW0C&q=Music%20sequencer%20analog%20step%20digital%20realtime&pg=PR5">"1.7.1 The Primary Goals You Want to Achieve with Your Audio Sequencer"</a>. <i>Creative Sequencing Techniques for Music Production: A Practical Guide to Pro Tools, Logic, Digital Performer, and Cubase</i>. Taylor & Francis. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-240-52216-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-240-52216-6"><bdi>978-0-240-52216-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1.7.1+The+Primary+Goals+You+Want+to+Achieve+with+Your+Audio+Sequencer&rft.btitle=Creative+Sequencing+Techniques+for+Music+Production%3A+A+Practical+Guide+to+Pro+Tools%2C+Logic%2C+Digital+Performer%2C+and+Cubase&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-240-52216-6&rft.aulast=Pejrolo&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk-vFPYjwpW0C%26q%3DMusic%2520sequencer%2520analog%2520step%2520digital%2520realtime%26pg%3DPR5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+sequencer" class="Z3988"></span> <b>Note</b>: an example of section title containing "<i>Audio Sequencer</i>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.steinberg.net/en/landing_pages/c6_creative_commons">"Cubase 6 screenshot licensed under CC-BY-SA-3.0"</a>. Steinberg Media Technologies GmbH. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111109011956/http://www.steinberg.net/en/landing_pages/c6_creative_commons">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-11-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cubase+6+screenshot+licensed+under+CC-BY-SA-3.0&rft.pub=Steinberg+Media+Technologies+GmbH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.steinberg.net%2Fen%2Flanding_pages%2Fc6_creative_commons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+sequencer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rothstein1995-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rothstein1995_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRothstein1995" class="citation book cs1">Rothstein, Joseph (1995). <i>MIDI: A Comprehensive Introduction</i>. Computer Music and Digital Audio Series. Vol. 7. A-R Editions, Inc. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ajDaXh-qgDUC&pg=PA77">77</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ajDaXh-qgDUC&pg=PA122">122</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89579-309-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89579-309-6"><bdi>978-0-89579-309-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=MIDI%3A+A+Comprehensive+Introduction&rft.series=Computer+Music+and+Digital+Audio+Series&rft.pages=77%2C+122&rft.pub=A-R+Editions%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-89579-309-6&rft.aulast=Rothstein&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+sequencer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pinch2009-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pinch2009_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPinchTrocco2009" class="citation book cs1">Pinch, Trevor. J.; Trocco, Frank (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CoUs2SSvG4EC&pg=PT48">"Buchla's Box"</a>. <i>Analog Days: The Invention and Impact of the Moog Synthesizer</i> (reprint ed.). Harvard University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CoUs2SSvG4EC&dq=analog%20sequencer%20synthesizer&pg=PT55">55–56</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-04216-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-04216-2"><bdi>978-0-674-04216-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Buchla%27s+Box&rft.btitle=Analog+Days%3A+The+Invention+and+Impact+of+the+Moog+Synthesizer&rft.pages=55-56&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-674-04216-2&rft.aulast=Pinch&rft.aufirst=Trevor.+J.&rft.au=Trocco%2C+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCoUs2SSvG4EC%26pg%3DPT48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+sequencer" class="Z3988"></span><div style="margin-left:1em;font-size:90%;line-height:2.5ex;">"Subotnick suggested that using a light source to control sound might be promising. ... Later he [Buchla] turned this into an electro mechanical sequencer by introducing step relays and a dial. ... Buchla, like Moog, realized that voltage control ... But Buchla was after something different; ... Buchla was led to the electronic sequencer—a device that later was used to make much influential pop, rock, and dance music. A sequencer produces predetermined control voltages in a cycle or sequence and can endlessly recycle ..."</div>Note: for a sequencer using a light source, see "Circle Machine" on <a href="#Analog_sequencers">#Analog sequencers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Scott#Electronics_and_research" title="Raymond Scott">Raymond Scott#Electronics and research</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPrice2006" class="citation magazine cs1">Price, Simon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.soundonsound.com/sos/sep06/articles/reasontech_0906.htm">"Using Mixer Automation In Reason – Reason Tips & Techniques"</a>. Technique: Reason Notes. <i>Sound on Sound</i>. No. September 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160310132431/http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/sep06/articles/reasontech_0906.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sound+on+Sound&rft.atitle=Using+Mixer+Automation+In+Reason+%E2%80%93+Reason+Tips+%26+Techniques&rft.issue=September+2006&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.soundonsound.com%2Fsos%2Fsep06%2Farticles%2Freasontech_0906.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+sequencer" class="Z3988"></span><div style="margin-left:1em;font-size:90%;line-height:2.5ex;">"<b>Controller Data Vs. Automation</b> / <i>... sequencer package such as Logic or Pro Tools, ... are akin to automation on professional hardware mixing consoles, ... This type of automation system is different to using MIDI Continuous Controller </i>[Control Changes]<i> (CC) data, ... In Reason, automation is MIDI Controller </i>[Control Changes]<i> data, but with some specialised tools for handling the data and playing it back. ...</i>",<br />"<b>Recording Mixer Automation</b> / <i>As automation in Reason is MIDI CC data, it must be recorded on a sequencer track.</i>"</div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pejrolo2011-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pejrolo2011_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPejrolo2011" class="citation book cs1">Pejrolo, Andrea (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k-vFPYjwpW0C&q=Music%20sequencer%20analog%20step%20digital%20realtime&pg=PR5">"1.7.1 The Primary Goals You Want to Achieve with Your Audio Sequencer"</a>. <i>Creative Sequencing Techniques for Music Production: A Practical Guide to Pro Tools, Logic, Digital Performer, and Cubase</i>. Taylor & Francis. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-240-52216-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-240-52216-6"><bdi>978-0-240-52216-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1.7.1+The+Primary+Goals+You+Want+to+Achieve+with+Your+Audio+Sequencer&rft.btitle=Creative+Sequencing+Techniques+for+Music+Production%3A+A+Practical+Guide+to+Pro+Tools%2C+Logic%2C+Digital+Performer%2C+and+Cubase&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-240-52216-6&rft.aulast=Pejrolo&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk-vFPYjwpW0C%26q%3DMusic%2520sequencer%2520analog%2520step%2520digital%2520realtime%26pg%3DPR5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+sequencer" class="Z3988"></span> (sub-section title contains the expression "<i>Audio Sequencer</i>")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse-sequencer.org"><i>MusE – The open source sequencer</i></a>, <q>MusE is a MIDI/Audio sequencer with recording and editing capabilities ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=MusE+%E2%80%93+The+open+source+sequencer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse-sequencer.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+sequencer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFowler1967" class="citation journal cs1">Fowler, Charles B. (October 1967). "The Museum of Music: A History of Mechanical Instruments". <i>Music Educators Journal</i>. <b>54</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">45–</span>49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3391092">10.2307/3391092</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3391092">3391092</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:190524140">190524140</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Music+Educators+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Museum+of+Music%3A+A+History+of+Mechanical+Instruments&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E49&rft.date=1967-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A190524140%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3391092%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3391092&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Charles+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+sequencer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koetsier-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Koetsier_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKoetsier2001" class="citation journal cs1">Koetsier, Teun (2001). "On the prehistory of programmable machines: musical automata, looms, calculators". <i>Mechanism and Machine Theory</i>. <b>36</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">589–</span>603. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0094-114X%2801%2900005-2">10.1016/S0094-114X(01)00005-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mechanism+and+Machine+Theory&rft.atitle=On+the+prehistory+of+programmable+machines%3A+musical+automata%2C+looms%2C+calculators&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E589-%3C%2Fspan%3E603&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0094-114X%2801%2900005-2&rft.aulast=Koetsier&rft.aufirst=Teun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+sequencer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBanu_Musa1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Banu_Musa" class="mw-redirect" title="Banu Musa">Banu Musa</a> (1979). <i>The book of ingenious devices (Kitāb al-ḥiyal)</i>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Donald_Routledge_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Routledge Hill">Donald Routledge Hill</a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">76–</span>7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9027708339" title="Special:BookSources/9027708339"><bdi>9027708339</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+book+of+ingenious+devices+%28Kit%C4%81b+al-%E1%B8%A5iyal%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E76-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9027708339&rft.au=Banu+Musa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+sequencer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLongMurphyCarnegieKapur2017" class="citation journal cs1">Long, Jason; Murphy, Jim; Carnegie, Dale; Kapur, Ajay (12 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1355771817000103">"Loudspeakers Optional: A history of non-loudspeaker-based electroacoustic music"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Organised_Sound" title="Organised Sound">Organised Sound</a></i>. <b>22</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: <span class="nowrap">195–</span>205. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1355771817000103">10.1017/S1355771817000103</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Organised+Sound&rft.atitle=Loudspeakers+Optional%3A+A+history+of+non-loudspeaker-based+electroacoustic+music&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E195-%3C%2Fspan%3E205&rft.date=2017-07-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1355771817000103&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft.au=Murphy%2C+Jim&rft.au=Carnegie%2C+Dale&rft.au=Kapur%2C+Ajay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS1355771817000103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+sequencer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLevaux2017" class="citation journal cs1">Levaux, Christophe (12 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1355771817000097">"The Forgotten History of Repetitive Audio Technologies"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Organised_Sound" title="Organised Sound">Organised Sound</a></i>. <b>22</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: <span class="nowrap">187–</span>194. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1355771817000097">10.1017/S1355771817000097</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Organised+Sound&rft.atitle=The+Forgotten+History+of+Repetitive+Audio+Technologies&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E187-%3C%2Fspan%3E194&rft.date=2017-07-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1355771817000097&rft.aulast=Levaux&rft.aufirst=Christophe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS1355771817000097&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+sequencer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fowler_45–49-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fowler_45–49_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFowler1967" class="citation journal cs1">Fowler, Charles B. (October 1967). "The Museum of Music: A History of Mechanical Instruments". <i>Music Educators Journal</i>. <b>54</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">45–</span>49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3391092">10.2307/3391092</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3391092">3391092</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:190524140">190524140</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Music+Educators+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Museum+of+Music%3A+A+History+of+Mechanical+Instruments&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E49&rft.date=1967-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A190524140%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3391092%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3391092&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Charles+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+sequencer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFowler1967" class="citation cs2">Fowler, Charles B. (October 1967), "The Museum of Music: A History of Mechanical Instruments", <i>Music Educators Journal</i>, <b>54</b> (2), MENC_ The National Association for Music Education: <span class="nowrap">45–</span>49, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3391092">10.2307/3391092</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3391092">3391092</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:190524140">190524140</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Music+Educators+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Museum+of+Music%3A+A+History+of+Mechanical+Instruments&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E49&rft.date=1967-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A190524140%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3391092%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3391092&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Charles+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+sequencer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sharkey-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sharkey_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Noel_Sharkey" title="Noel Sharkey">Noel Sharkey</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070629182810/http://www.shef.ac.uk/marcoms/eview/articles58/robot.html">A 13th Century Programmable Robot (Archive)</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sheffield" title="University of Sheffield">University of Sheffield</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchlesinger1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Schlesinger, Kathleen (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Barrel-organ"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Barrel-organ">"Barrel-organ" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">432–</span>434.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Barrel-organ&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E432-%3C%2Fspan%3E434&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Schlesinger&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+sequencer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rcamark2-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rcamark2_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://120years.net/machines/rca/">"The RCA Synthesiser"</a>. <i>120 Years of Electronic Music (120years.net)</i>. 2014-02-11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20111026223002/http://120years.net/machines/rca/">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-10-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=120+Years+of+Electronic+Music+%28120years.net%29&rft.atitle=The+RCA+Synthesiser&rft.date=2014-02-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F120years.net%2Fmachines%2Frca%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+sequencer" class="Z3988"></span>—(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathieubosi.com/zikprojects/120YearsOfElectronicMusic.pdf">PDF version</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120402113013/http://www.mathieubosi.com/zikprojects/120YearsOfElectronicMusic.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-04-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> is available)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-siemens-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-siemens_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130930175905/http://www.deutsches-museum.de/sammlungen/ausgewaehlte-objekte/meisterwerke-vi/siemens-studio">"Das Siemens-Studio für elektronische Musik von Alexander Schaaf und Helmut Klein"</a> (in German). <a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Museum" title="Deutsches Museum">Deutsches Museum</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsches-museum.de/sammlungen/ausgewaehlte-objekte/meisterwerke-vi/siemens-studio/">the original</a> on 2013-09-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Das+Siemens-Studio+f%C3%BCr+elektronische+Musik+von+Alexander+Schaaf+und+Helmut+Klein&rft.pub=Deutsches+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deutsches-museum.de%2Fsammlungen%2Fausgewaehlte-objekte%2Fmeisterwerke-vi%2Fsiemens-studio%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+sequencer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-holmes2012-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-holmes2012_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2012" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, Thom (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aT5nAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA175">"Early Synthesizers and Experimenters"</a>. <i>Electronic and Experimental Music: Technology, Music, and Culture</i> (4th ed.). Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/electronicexperi00holm/page/190">190</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/electronicexperi00holm/page/192">192</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-46895-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-46895-7"><bdi>978-1-136-46895-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Early+Synthesizers+and+Experimenters&rft.btitle=Electronic+and+Experimental+Music%3A+Technology%2C+Music%2C+and+Culture&rft.pages=190-192&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-46895-7&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Thom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaT5nAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+sequencer" class="Z3988"></span> See also excerpt from pp. 157-160 in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://static1.squarespace.com/static/50e79ec7e4b07dba60068e4d/t/515704dce4b05239ba84e64c/1364657372465/Holmes4.pdf">Chapter 6</a> of <i>Early Synthesizers and Experimenters</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-holmes2008a-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-holmes2008a_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2008" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, Thom (2008). <i>Electronic and experimental music: technology, music, and culture</i> (3rd ed.). Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q0uTAgAAQBAJ&q=Buchla+100+sequencer&pg=PA222">222</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-95781-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-95781-6"><bdi>978-0-415-95781-6</bdi></a>. <q><span style="font-size:90%;">Moog admired Buchla's work, recently stating that Buchla designed a system not only for "making new sounds but [for] making textures out of these sounds by specifying when these sounds could change and how regular those change would be."</span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electronic+and+experimental+music%3A+technology%2C+music%2C+and+culture&rft.pages=222&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-95781-6&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Thom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+sequencer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wallofsound-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wallofsound_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111113023228/http://raymondscott.com/1946.htm">"Wall of Sound (sequencer)"</a>. <i>RaymondScott.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://raymondscott.com/1946.htm">the original</a> on 2011-11-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RaymondScott.com&rft.atitle=Wall+of+Sound+%28sequencer%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fraymondscott.com%2F1946.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+sequencer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-memories-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-memories_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-memories_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoog" class="citation web cs1">Moog, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111106035451/http://raymondscott.com/moog.html">"Memories of Raymond Scott"</a>. <i>RaymondScott.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://raymondscott.com/moog.html">the original</a> on 2011-11-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RaymondScott.com&rft.atitle=Memories+of+Raymond+Scott&rft.aulast=Moog&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fraymondscott.com%2Fmoog.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+sequencer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-circlemachine-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-circlemachine_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927232227/http://raymondscott.com/circle.html">"Circle Machine"</a>. <i>RaymondScott.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://raymondscott.com/circle.html">the original</a> on 2011-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RaymondScott.com&rft.atitle=Circle+Machine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fraymondscott.com%2Fcircle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+sequencer" class="Z3988"></span>—includes 2 sound files: Raymond Scott's demonstration, and commercial soundtrack for new batteries of <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motors" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford Motors">Ford Motors</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.raymondscott.net/docs/RS-Artifacts.pdf">Raymond Scott Artifacts</a>, p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStädje2012" class="citation web cs1">Städje, Jörgen (2012-10-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idg.se/2.1085/1.445306/andromatic-den-automatiska-andromedaren">"Andromatic, den automatiska andromedaren"</a>. International Data Group (IDG). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121007224640/http://www.idg.se/2.1085/1.445306/andromatic-den-automatiska-andromedaren">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-10-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Andromatic%2C+den+automatiska+andromedaren&rft.pub=International+Data+Group+%28IDG%29&rft.date=2012-10-06&rft.aulast=St%C3%A4dje&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B6rgen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.idg.se%2F2.1085%2F1.445306%2Fandromatic-den-automatiska-andromedaren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+sequencer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jarrography-Eko-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jarrography-Eko_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jarrography.free.fr/details_equipement_audio.php?id_equip=117">"EKO Computerhythm (1972)"</a>. <i>Jarrography – The ultimate Jean Michel Jarre discography</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120503190624/http://www.jarrography.free.fr/details_equipement_audio.php?id_equip=117">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-05-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jarrography+%E2%80%93+The+ultimate+Jean+Michel+Jarre+discography&rft.atitle=EKO+Computerhythm+%281972%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jarrography.free.fr%2Fdetails_equipement_audio.php%3Fid_equip%3D117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+sequencer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-synthmaster-Eko-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-synthmaster-Eko_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.synthmaster.de/ekodrum.htm">"EKO Computerhythm"</a>. <i>SynthMaster.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083316/http://www.synthmaster.de/ekodrum.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SynthMaster.de&rft.atitle=EKO+Computerhythm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.synthmaster.de%2Fekodrum.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+sequencer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-synrise-SQ01-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-synrise-SQ01_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030420170643/http://www.synrise.de/docs/types/f/firstman.htm">"Multivox International"</a>. <i>SYNRISE</i> (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.synrise.de/docs/types/f/firstman.htm">the original</a> on 2003-04-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SYNRISE&rft.atitle=Multivox+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.synrise.de%2Fdocs%2Ftypes%2Ff%2Ffirstman.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+sequencer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-csirac-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-csirac_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csiro.au/science/ps4f.html">"CSIRAC: Australia's first computer"</a>. Australia: <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation">Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation</a> (CSIRO). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071116112251/http://www.csiro.au/science/ps4f.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2007-11-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CSIRAC%3A+Australia%27s+first+computer&rft.place=Australia&rft.pub=Commonwealth+Scientific+and+Industrial+Research+Organisation+%28CSIRO%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csiro.au%2Fscience%2Fps4f.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+sequencer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc2008-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc2008_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFildes2008" class="citation news cs1">Fildes, Jonathan (2008-06-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7458479.stm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Oldest' computer music unveiled"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News_Online" title="BBC News Online">BBC News Online</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090111225358/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7458479.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-01-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Online&rft.atitle=%27Oldest%27+computer+music+unveiled&rft.date=2008-06-17&rft.aulast=Fildes&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Ftechnology%2F7458479.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+sequencer" class="Z3988"></span>—another oldest known recording of <a href="/wiki/Computer_music" title="Computer music">computer realized music</a> played by the <a href="/wiki/Ferranti_Mark_1" title="Ferranti Mark 1">Ferranti Mark 1</a>, captured by <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> in Autumn, 1951; the songs <i><a href="/wiki/Baa_Baa_Black_Sheep" class="mw-redirect" title="Baa Baa Black Sheep">Baa Baa Black Sheep</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/In_the_Mood" title="In the Mood">In the Mood</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hiller1981-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hiller1981_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHiller1981" class="citation journal cs1">Hiller, Lejaren (Winter 1981). "Composing with Computer: A Progress Report". <i>Computer Music Journal</i>. <b>5</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">7–</span>21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3679501">10.2307/3679501</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3679501">3679501</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computer+Music+Journal&rft.atitle=Composing+with+Computer%3A+A+Progress+Report&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3679501&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3679501%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hiller&rft.aufirst=Lejaren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+sequencer" class="Z3988"></span> <br />also available in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCurtis_Roads1992" class="citation book cs1">Curtis Roads, ed. (1992-10-08). <i>The Music Machine: Selected Readings from Computer Music Journal</i>. MIT Press (1989/1992). pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bqKfS3qQjMQC&q=Mathews&pg=PA75">75</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-68078-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-68078-3"><bdi>978-0-262-68078-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Music+Machine%3A+Selected+Readings+from+Computer+Music+Journal&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=MIT+Press+%281989%2F1992%29&rft.date=1992-10-08&rft.isbn=978-0-262-68078-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+sequencer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shimazu104-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shimazu104_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shimazu104_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shimazu104_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShimazu1994" class="citation journal cs1">Shimazu, Takehito (1994). "The History of Electronic and Computer Music in Japan: Significant Composers and Their Works". <i>Leonardo Music Journal</i>. <b>4</b>: <span class="nowrap">102–</span>106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1513190">10.2307/1513190</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1513190">1513190</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:193084745">193084745</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Leonardo+Music+Journal&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Electronic+and+Computer+Music+in+Japan%3A+Significant+Composers+and+Their+Works&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E102-%3C%2Fspan%3E106&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A193084745%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1513190%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1513190&rft.aulast=Shimazu&rft.aufirst=Takehito&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+sequencer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ninke1965-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ninke1965_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNinke1965" class="citation cs2">Ninke, William (1965), "Graphic 1: A Remote Graphical Display Console System", <i>Proceedings of Fall Joint Computer Conference</i>, vol. 27</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+Fall+Joint+Computer+Conference&rft.atitle=Graphic+1%3A+A+Remote+Graphical+Display+Console+System&rft.volume=27&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Ninke&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+sequencer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-holmes2008b-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-holmes2008b_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-holmes2008b_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2008" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, Thom (2008). "Digital Synthesis and Computer Music". <i>Electronic and experimental music: technology, music, and culture</i>. Taylor & Francis. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hCthQ-bec-QC&q=Mathews+MUSIC+GROOVE+%22Graphic+1%22&pg=PA254">254</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-95781-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-95781-6"><bdi>978-0-415-95781-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Digital+Synthesis+and+Computer+Music&rft.btitle=Electronic+and+experimental+music%3A+technology%2C+music%2C+and+culture&rft.pages=254&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-95781-6&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Thom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+sequencer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-roads1980-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-roads1980_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-roads1980_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoads1980" class="citation journal cs1">Roads, Curtis (Winter 1980). "Interview with Max Mathews". <i>Computer Music Journal</i>. <b>4</b> (4).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computer+Music+Journal&rft.atitle=Interview+with+Max+Mathews&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Roads&rft.aufirst=Curtis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+sequencer" class="Z3988"></span> <br />in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCurtis_Roads1992" class="citation book cs1">Curtis Roads, ed. (1992-10-08). <i>The Music Machine: Selected Readings from Computer Music Journal</i>. MIT Press (1989/1992). pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bqKfS3qQjMQC&q=Mathews&pg=PA5">5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-68078-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-68078-3"><bdi>978-0-262-68078-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Music+Machine%3A+Selected+Readings+from+Computer+Music+Journal&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=MIT+Press+%281989%2F1992%29&rft.date=1992-10-08&rft.isbn=978-0-262-68078-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+sequencer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-groove-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-groove_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMax_V.F.R.1970" class="citation journal cs1">Max V., Mathews; F.R., Moore (1970). "GROOVE—a program to compose, store, and edit functions of time". <i>Communications of the ACM</i>. <b>13</b> (12).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+ACM&rft.atitle=GROOVE%E2%80%94a+program+to+compose%2C+store%2C+and+edit+functions+of+time&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=12&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Max+V.&rft.aufirst=Mathews&rft.au=F.R.%2C+Moore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+sequencer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vercoe-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vercoe_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNyssim_LeffordEric_D._ScheirerBarry_L._Vercoe" class="citation web cs1">Nyssim Lefford; Eric D. Scheirer & Barry L. Vercoe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.media.mit.edu/events/EMS/bv-interview.html">"An Interview with Barry Vercoe"</a>. <i>Experimental Music Studio 25</i>. Machine Listening Group, MIT Media Laboratory. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120331173352/http://www.media.mit.edu/events/EMS/bv-interview.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-03-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Experimental+Music+Studio+25&rft.atitle=An+Interview+with+Barry+Vercoe&rft.au=Nyssim+Lefford&rft.au=Eric+D.+Scheirer&rft.au=Barry+L.+Vercoe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.media.mit.edu%2Fevents%2FEMS%2Fbv-interview.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+sequencer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bogdanov2001-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bogdanov2001_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bogdanov2001_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBogdanov2001" class="citation book cs1">Bogdanov, Vladimir (2001). <i>All music guide to electronica: the definitive guide to electronic music</i>. Backbeat Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GJNXLSBlL7IC&q=GROOVE+Generated+Real-time+Output+Operations+on+Voltage-controlled+Equipment&pg=PT271">320</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87930-628-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87930-628-1"><bdi>978-0-87930-628-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+music+guide+to+electronica%3A+the+definitive+guide+to+electronic+music&rft.pages=320&rft.pub=Backbeat+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-87930-628-1&rft.aulast=Bogdanov&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+sequencer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-synthi100-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-synthi100_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHinton2001" class="citation web cs1">Hinton, Graham (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ems-synthi.demon.co.uk/emsprods.html#synthi100">"Synthi 100 (1971, formerly Digitana, aka the Delaware)"</a>. Electronic Music Studios (Cornwall). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131031040324/http://www.ems-synthi.demon.co.uk/emsprods.html#synthi100">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-10-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Synthi+100+%281971%2C+formerly+Digitana%2C+aka+the+Delaware%29&rft.pub=Electronic+Music+Studios+%28Cornwall%29&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Hinton&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ems-synthi.demon.co.uk%2Femsprods.html%23synthi100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+sequencer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-seq256-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-seq256_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHinton2001" class="citation web cs1">Hinton, Graham (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ems-synthi.demon.co.uk/emsprods.html#seq256">"Synthi Sequencer 256 (1971, formerly Synthi Moog Sequencer)"</a>. Electronic Music Studios (Cornwall). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131031040324/http://www.ems-synthi.demon.co.uk/emsprods.html#seq256">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-10-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Synthi+Sequencer+256+%281971%2C+formerly+Synthi+Moog+Sequencer%29&rft.pub=Electronic+Music+Studios+%28Cornwall%29&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Hinton&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ems-synthi.demon.co.uk%2Femsprods.html%23seq256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+sequencer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ds2-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ds2_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJ.MichmerhuizenThomas_E._Oberheim1974" class="citation book cs1">J.Michmerhuizen; Thomas E. Oberheim (June 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111218194017/http://www.cem3374.com/docs/Manuals/Oberheim/DS2_O%26SM.pdf"><i>DS-2 Digital Sequencer Instruction and Service Manual</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cem3374.com/docs/Manuals/Oberheim/DS2_O&SM.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-12-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=DS-2+Digital+Sequencer+Instruction+and+Service+Manual&rft.date=1974-06&rft.au=J.Michmerhuizen&rft.au=Thomas+E.+Oberheim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cem3374.com%2Fdocs%2FManuals%2FOberheim%2FDS2_O%26SM.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+sequencer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-model800-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-model800_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.synthmuseum.com/sequ/seqseq80001.html">"Model 800 Sequencer"</a>. SynthMuseum.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111011114838/http://synthmuseum.com/sequ/seqseq80001.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-10-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Model+800+Sequencer&rft.pub=SynthMuseum.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.synthmuseum.com%2Fsequ%2Fseqseq80001.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+sequencer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-russ-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-russ_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-russ_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRuss2008" class="citation book cs1">Russ, Martin (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_D2cTt5DPmEC&pg=PA346"><i>Sound Synthesis and Sampling</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Focal_Press" title="Focal Press">Focal Press</a>. p. 346. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0240521053" title="Special:BookSources/978-0240521053"><bdi>978-0240521053</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sound+Synthesis+and+Sampling&rft.pages=346&rft.pub=Focal+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0240521053&rft.aulast=Russ&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_D2cTt5DPmEC%26pg%3DPA346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+sequencer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-russ2012-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-russ2012_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-russ2012_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-russ2012_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-russ2012_47-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-russ2012_47-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRuss2012" class="citation book cs1">Russ, Martin (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X9h5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA192"><i>Sound Synthesis and Sampling</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136122149" title="Special:BookSources/978-1136122149"><bdi>978-1136122149</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sound+Synthesis+and+Sampling&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1136122149&rft.aulast=Russ&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX9h5AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+sequencer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Théberge (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=asBnYmKKz6kC&pg=PA223"><i>Any Sound You Can Imagine: Making Music/Consuming Technology</i>, page 223</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_University_Press" title="Wesleyan University Press">Wesleyan University Press</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herbert A. Deutsch (1985), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tjEJAQAAMAAJ"><i>Synthesis: an introduction to the history, theory & practice of electronic music</i></a>, page 96, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Music" title="Alfred Music">Alfred Music</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SOS_Nov._2004-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SOS_Nov._2004_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReid" class="citation journal cs1">Reid, Gordon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.soundonsound.com/sos/nov04/articles/roland.htm">"The History Of Roland Part 1: 1930–1978"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Sound_on_Sound" title="Sound on Sound">Sound on Sound</a></i> (Nov 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629214447/http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/nov04/articles/roland.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-06-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sound+on+Sound&rft.atitle=The+History+Of+Roland+Part+1%3A+1930%E2%80%931978&rft.issue=Nov+2004&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.soundonsound.com%2Fsos%2Fnov04%2Farticles%2Froland.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+sequencer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sos-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sos_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sos_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Carter_(British_musician)" title="Chris Carter (British musician)">Chris Carter</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chriscarter.co.uk/content/sos/roland_mc8.html">ROLAND MC8 MICROCOMPOSER</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170420095502/http://www.chriscarter.co.uk/content/sos/roland_mc8.html">Archived</a> 2017-04-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sound_on_Sound" title="Sound on Sound">Sound on Sound</a></i>, vol.12, no.5, March 1997</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-discogs_ymo_lp-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-discogs_ymo_lp_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discogs.com/release/453067">Yellow Magic Orchestra—Yellow Magic Orchestra</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Discogs" title="Discogs">Discogs</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NEDhistory-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NEDhistory_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.500sound.com/synclavierhistory.html">"Synclavier Early History"</a>. Synclavier European Services. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161114050731/http://www.500sound.com/synclavierhistory.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-11-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Synclavier+Early+History&rft.pub=Synclavier+European+Services&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.500sound.com%2Fsynclavierhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+sequencer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chadabe2001-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chadabe2001_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChadabe2001" class="citation journal cs1">Chadabe, Joel (May 1, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091002070017/http://emusician.com/tutorials/electronic_century4/">"The Electronic Century Part IV: The Seeds of the Future"</a>. <i>Electronic Musician</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emusician.com/tutorials/electronic_century4/">the original</a> on October 2, 2009. <q>In September 1977, I bought the first Synclavier...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electronic+Musician&rft.atitle=The+Electronic+Century+Part+IV%3A+The+Seeds+of+the+Future&rft.date=2001-05-01&rft.aulast=Chadabe&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Femusician.com%2Ftutorials%2Felectronic_century4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+sequencer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AudioMedia1996-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AudioMedia1996_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anerd.com/fairlight/fairlightstory.htm">"Fairlight – The Whole Story"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audio_Media_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Audio Media (magazine) (page does not exist)">Audio Media</a></i>. No. January 1996. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170504030342/http://www.anerd.com/fairlight/fairlightstory.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-05-04. <q><i>Fairlight launched the CMI Series II in 1982, which incorporated their now legendary Page R, the first serious music sequencer, which, according to Paine, "simply blew people away".</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Audio+Media&rft.atitle=Fairlight+%E2%80%93+The+Whole+Story&rft.issue=January+1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.anerd.com%2Ffairlight%2Ffairlightstory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+sequencer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoads1996" class="citation book cs1">Roads, Curtis (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nZ-TetwzVcIC&pg=PA226"><i>The computer music tutorial</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. p. 226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-68082-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-68082-3"><bdi>0-262-68082-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-06-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+computer+music+tutorial&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-262-68082-3&rft.aulast=Roads&rft.aufirst=Curtis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnZ-TetwzVcIC%26pg%3DPA226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+sequencer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chadab5100-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chadab5100_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChadabe2000" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joel_Chadabe" title="Joel Chadabe">Chadabe, Joel</a> (1 May 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120928230435/http://www.emusician.com/gear/0769/the-electronic-century-part-iv-the-seeds-of-the-future/145415">"Part IV: The Seeds of the Future"</a>. <i>Electronic Musician</i>. <b>XVI</b> (5). Penton Media. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emusician.com/gear/0769/the-electronic-century-part-iv-the-seeds-of-the-future/145415">the original</a> on 28 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electronic+Musician&rft.atitle=Part+IV%3A+The+Seeds+of+the+Future&rft.volume=XVI&rft.issue=5&rft.date=2000-05-01&rft.aulast=Chadabe&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emusician.com%2Fgear%2F0769%2Fthe-electronic-century-part-iv-the-seeds-of-the-future%2F145415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+sequencer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grammy.com/news/technical-grammy-award-ikutaro-kakehashi-and-dave-smith">"Technical GRAMMY Award: Ikutaro Kakehashi And Dave Smith"</a>. 29 January 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160822073641/http://www.grammy.com/news/technical-grammy-award-ikutaro-kakehashi-and-dave-smith">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Technical+GRAMMY+Award%3A+Ikutaro+Kakehashi+And+Dave+Smith&rft.date=2013-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.grammy.com%2Fnews%2Ftechnical-grammy-award-ikutaro-kakehashi-and-dave-smith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+sequencer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grammy.com/videos/technical-grammy-award-recipients-ikutaro-kakehashi-and-dave-smith-at-special-merit-awards">"Ikutaro Kakehashi, Dave Smith: Technical GRAMMY Award Acceptance"</a>. 9 February 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141209022049/http://www.grammy.com/videos/technical-grammy-award-recipients-ikutaro-kakehashi-and-dave-smith-at-special-merit-awards">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ikutaro+Kakehashi%2C+Dave+Smith%3A+Technical+GRAMMY+Award+Acceptance&rft.date=2013-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.grammy.com%2Fvideos%2Ftechnical-grammy-award-recipients-ikutaro-kakehashi-and-dave-smith-at-special-merit-awards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+sequencer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.roland.com/ca/company/history/">"Roland - Company - History - History"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170712075811/https://www.roland.com/ca/company/history/">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-07-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roland+-+Company+-+History+-+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.roland.com%2Fca%2Fcompany%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+sequencer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fact-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fact_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.factmag.com/2017/04/02/ikutaro-kakehashi-life/">The life and times of Ikutaro Kakehashi, the Roland pioneer modern music owes everything to</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170403005512/http://www.factmag.com/2017/04/02/ikutaro-kakehashi-life/">Archived</a> 2017-04-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Fact_(UK_magazine)" title="Fact (UK magazine)">Fact</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BASIC_MASTER-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BASIC_MASTER_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKunihikoTeruhiroKazumaKaTsutoshi1979" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kunihiko, Nagai; Teruhiro, Takezawa; Kazuma, Yoshimura; KaTsutoshi, Tajima (April 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hitachihyoron.com/jp/pdf/1979/04/1979_04_26.pdf">"Micro computer Basic Master (MB-6880)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Japanese). <q><span style="font-size:85%;"><i><b><span class="nowrap">2.特長</span></b> ... (4) スピーカーを内蔵しており、プログラムによる音楽の自動演奏が可能である。 / <b>表 I</b> 「ベーシックマスター」の主な仕様一覧 ... 音楽発生機能: 5ビットD/A変換のスピーカー再生 / <b><span class="nowrap">4.3 音楽発生機能</span></b> ...</i> </span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Micro+computer+Basic+Master+%28MB-6880%29&rft.date=1979-04&rft.aulast=Kunihiko&rft.aufirst=Nagai&rft.au=Teruhiro%2C+Takezawa&rft.au=Kazuma%2C+Yoshimura&rft.au=KaTsutoshi%2C+Tajima&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hitachihyoron.com%2Fjp%2Fpdf%2F1979%2F04%2F1979_04_26.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+sequencer" class="Z3988"></span> <br />Published on: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hitachihyoron.com/jp/archive/1970s/1979/04.html">"Special Features: Micro computer and its application"</a>. <i>Hitachi Hyoron</i> (April 1979). Japan: <a href="/wiki/Hitachi" title="Hitachi">Hitachi</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170915071500/http://www.hitachihyoron.com/jp/archive/1970s/1979/04.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hitachi+Hyoron&rft.atitle=Special+Features%3A+Micro+computer+and+its+application&rft.issue=April+1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hitachihyoron.com%2Fjp%2Farchive%2F1970s%2F1979%2F04.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+sequencer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Russ, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X9h5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA84"><i>Sound Synthesis and Sampling</i>, page 84</a>, <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ellis-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ellis_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ellis_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ellis_65-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">David Ellis, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muzines.co.uk/articles/yamaha-cx5m/1481">Yamaha CX5M</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171026002632/http://www.muzines.co.uk/articles/yamaha-cx5m/1481">Archived</a> 2017-10-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Electronics & Music Maker</i>, October 1984</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCX5M_Owner's_Manual" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151022170650/http://download.yamaha.com/api/asset/file/?language=hu&site=hu.yamaha.com&asset_id=4605"><i>Yamaha Music Computer CX5M Owner's Manual</i></a>. Yamaha. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://download.yamaha.com/api/asset/file/?language=hu&site=hu.yamaha.com&asset_id=4605">the original</a> on 2015-10-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yamaha+Music+Computer+CX5M+Owner%27s+Manual&rft.pub=Yamaha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdownload.yamaha.com%2Fapi%2Fasset%2Ffile%2F%3Flanguage%3Dhu%26site%3Dhu.yamaha.com%26asset_id%3D4605&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+sequencer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYamaha1984" class="citation book cs1">Yamaha (5 May 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/CX5MFlyer"><i>Yamaha CX5M Music Computer Flyer (GB)</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2018</span> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yamaha+CX5M+Music+Computer+Flyer+%28GB%29&rft.date=1984-05-05&rft.au=Yamaha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FCX5MFlyer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+sequencer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vintagesynth.com/roland/cmu800.php">Roland CMU-800</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170604041554/http://www.vintagesynth.com/roland/cmu800.php">Archived</a> 2017-06-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Vintage Synth Explorer</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/Print/2013/08/26/part_two_midi_spec_1_is_30_happy_birthday_musical_instrument_digital_interface/">Happy birthday MIDI 1.0: Slave to the rhythm</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171026002557/http://www.theregister.co.uk/Print/2013/08/26/part_two_midi_spec_1_is_30_happy_birthday_musical_instrument_digital_interface/">Archived</a> 2017-10-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Register" title="The Register">The Register</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-emusician-mpu-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-emusician-mpu_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-emusician-mpu_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.textfiles.com/music/midi-em.txt">MIDI INTERFACES FOR THE IBM PC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151021050032/http://textfiles.com/music/midi-em.txt">Archived</a> 2015-10-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Musician" title="Electronic Musician">Electronic Musician</a></i>, September 1990</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.piclist.com/techref/io/serial/midi/mpu.html">"Programming the MPU-401"</a>. <i>www.piclist.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170506080336/http://www.piclist.com/techref/io/serial/midi/mpu.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.piclist.com&rft.atitle=Programming+the+MPU-401&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.piclist.com%2Ftechref%2Fio%2Fserial%2Fmidi%2Fmpu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+sequencer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.oldskool.org/pub/drivers/Roland/MPU-401%20technical%20reference%20manual.pdf">MIDI PROCESSING UNIT MPU-401 TECHNICAL REFERENCE MANUAL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roland_Corporation" title="Roland Corporation">Roland Corporation</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Manning (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ryet1i-8OlYC"><i>Electronic and Computer Music</i></a>, page 319, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_sequencer&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>List of papers sharing a similar perspective with this Wikipedia article: </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArarKapur2013" class="citation journal cs1">Arar, Raphael; Kapur, Ajay (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402095540/http://smcnetwork.org/system/files/A%20HISTORY%20OF%20SEQUENCERS%20INTERFACES%20FOR%20ORGANIZING%20PATTERN-BASED%20MUSIC.pdf">"A History of Sequencers: Interfaces for Organizing Pattern-Based Music"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of the Sound and Music Computing Conference 2013 (SMC 2013), Stockholm, Sweden</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://smcnetwork.org/system/files/A%20HISTORY%20OF%20SEQUENCERS%20INTERFACES%20FOR%20ORGANIZING%20PATTERN-BASED%20MUSIC.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2015-04-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Sound+and+Music+Computing+Conference+2013+%28SMC+2013%29%2C+Stockholm%2C+Sweden&rft.atitle=A+History+of+Sequencers%3A+Interfaces+for+Organizing+Pattern-Based+Music&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Arar&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rft.au=Kapur%2C+Ajay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsmcnetwork.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2FA%2520HISTORY%2520OF%2520SEQUENCERS%2520INTERFACES%2520FOR%2520ORGANIZING%2520PATTERN-BASED%2520MUSIC.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+sequencer" class="Z3988"></span><br />Note: although this conference paper emphasized the "Ace Tone FR-1 Rhythm Ace", it is not the music sequencer nor the first <a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">drum machine</a> product.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_sequencer&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sequencer" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:sequencer">sequencer</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Music_sequencers" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Music sequencers">Music sequencers</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.120years.net">"History of electronic musical instruments and sequencers"</a>. <i>120 Years of Electronic Music (120years.net)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=120+Years+of+Electronic+Music+%28120years.net%29&rft.atitle=History+of+electronic+musical+instruments+and+sequencers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.120years.net&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+sequencer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vintagesynth.com/misc/sequencers.shtml">"Early sequencer controllers"</a>. <i>Vintage Synth Explorer</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vintage+Synth+Explorer&rft.atitle=Early+sequencer+controllers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vintagesynth.com%2Fmisc%2Fsequencers.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+sequencer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRichmond1974" class="citation news cs1">Richmond, Leigh (11 November 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.exoticsciences.com/ra_scrpbk/musicx.htm">"Computer hums its own music"</a>. <i>Evening Times</i>. Melbourne, FL. p. A1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evening+Times&rft.atitle=Computer+hums+its+own+music&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=1974-11-11&rft.aulast=Richmond&rft.aufirst=Leigh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.exoticsciences.com%2Fra_scrpbk%2Fmusicx.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+sequencer" class="Z3988"></span> (1974 newspaper article about digital sequencer)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.landesmuseum.de/website/Deutsch/Sammlungsausstellungen/Deutsches_Musikautomaten-Museum/Ausstellung.htm">"German National Museum of Musical Automata in Bruchsal palace"</a>, <i>website of the Badisches Landesmuseum</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=website+of+the+Badisches+Landesmuseum&rft.atitle=German+National+Museum+of+Musical+Automata+in+Bruchsal+palace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.landesmuseum.de%2Fwebsite%2FDeutsch%2FSammlungsausstellungen%2FDeutsches_Musikautomaten-Museum%2FAusstellung.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+sequencer" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">Sound recording</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio channel">Audio channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_console" title="Mixing console">Mixing console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binaural_recording" title="Binaural recording">Binaural recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">Digital audio workstation</a> (DAW)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">Effects unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equalization_(audio)" title="Equalization (audio)">Equalizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headphones" title="Headphones">Headphones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">Microphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone_preamplifier" title="Microphone preamplifier">Microphone preamplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldback_(sound_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foldback (sound engineering)">Monitor speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multitrack_recording" title="Multitrack recording">Multitrack recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Music production</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Music sequencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outboard_gear" title="Outboard gear">Outboard gear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_audio_formats" title="Timeline of audio formats">Recording media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">Phonograph record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">Magnetic tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact cassette">Compact cassette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">Compact disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Tape" title="Digital Audio Tape">DAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_recorder" title="Hard disk recorder">Hard disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc">MiniDisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_(audio_format)" title="Opus (audio format)">Opus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analog_recording" title="Analog recording">Analog recording</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8-track_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="8-track tape">8-track cartridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">Amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassette_deck" title="Cassette deck">Cassette deck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_analog_and_digital_recording" title="Comparison of analog and digital recording">Comparison of analog and digital recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_musical_instrument" title="Experimental musical instrument">Experimental musical instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">Phonograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Player_piano" title="Player piano">Player piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reel-to-reel_audio_tape_recording" title="Reel-to-reel audio tape recording">Reel-to-reel audio tape recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_recorder" title="Tape recorder">Tape recorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Playback transducers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">Loudspeaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headphones" title="Headphones">Headphones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldback_(sound_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foldback (sound engineering)">Monitor speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_address_system" title="Public address system">PA system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_reinforcement_system" title="Sound reinforcement system">Sound reinforcement system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_enclosure" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker enclosure">Speaker enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subwoofer" title="Subwoofer">Subwoofer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">Digital audio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_recording" title="Digital recording">Digital recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processing" title="Digital signal processing">Digital signal processing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">Live music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_console" title="Mixing console">Mixing console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_amplifier" title="Bass amplifier">Bass amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">Effects unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldback_(sound_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foldback (sound engineering)">Foldback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitar_amplifier" title="Guitar amplifier">Guitar amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyboard_amplifier" title="Keyboard amplifier">Keyboard amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_address_system" title="Public address system">PA system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverb_effect" title="Reverb effect">Reverb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_reinforcement_system" title="Sound reinforcement system">Sound reinforcement system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiptune" title="Chiptune">Chiptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_bending" title="Circuit bending">Circuit bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">Drum machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_drums" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic drums">Electronic drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_musical_instrument" title="Electronic musical instrument">Electronic musical instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIDI_controller" title="MIDI controller">MIDI controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_workstation" title="Music workstation">Music workstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampler_(musical_instrument)" title="Sampler (musical instrument)">Sampler</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sequencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_module" title="Sound module">Sound module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">Synthesizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theremin" title="Theremin">Theremin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital audio editor">Digital audio editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">Digital audio workstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GarageBand" title="GarageBand">GarageBand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProTools" class="mw-redirect" title="ProTools">ProTools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorewriter" title="Scorewriter">Scorewriter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_effect_processor" title="Software effect processor">Software effect processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_sampler" class="mw-redirect" title="Software sampler">Software sampler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_synthesizer" title="Software synthesizer">Software synthesizer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Audio engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DJ" class="mw-redirect" title="DJ">DJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitar_tech" title="Guitar tech">Guitar technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_engineer" title="Mixing engineer">Mixing engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monitor_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Monitor engineer">Monitor engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_tuner" class="mw-redirect" title="Piano tuner">Piano tuner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Record producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re-recording_mixer" title="Re-recording mixer">Re-recording mixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound designer">Sound designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_follower" title="Sound follower">Sound follower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound operator">Sound operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound recording">Sound recording engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_op" title="Tape op">Tape op</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People and organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Engineering_Society" title="Audio Engineering Society">Audio Engineering Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goji_Electronics" title="Goji Electronics">Goji Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Broadcast_Sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Broadcast Sound">Institute of Broadcast Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lejaren_Hiller" title="Lejaren Hiller">Lejaren Hiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRCAM" title="IRCAM">IRCAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Mathews" title="Max Mathews">Max Mathews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_Electronics_Library" title="Musical Electronics Library">Musical Electronics Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Lighting_and_Sound_Association" title="Professional Lighting and Sound Association">Professional Lighting and Sound Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Moog" title="Robert Moog">Robert Moog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Motion_Picture_and_Television_Engineers" title="Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers">SMPTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEIM" title="STEIM">STEIM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audiophile" title="Audiophile">Audiophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fidelity" title="High fidelity">High fidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_audio" title="Home audio">Home audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_cinema" title="Home cinema">Home cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_store" title="Music store">Music store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_audio_store" title="Professional audio store">Professional audio store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Interfaces_for_Musical_Expression" title="New Interfaces for Musical Expression">New Interfaces for Musical Expression</a> (NIME)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_audio" title="Vehicle audio">Vehicle audio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/15px-45_record.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/23px-45_record.png 1.5x, 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