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aria-controls="toc-Source_languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Source languages subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Source_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spanish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Spanish </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portuguese_and_other_Iberian_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portuguese_and_other_Iberian_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Portuguese and other Iberian languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portuguese_and_other_Iberian_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hebrew_and_Aramaic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hebrew_and_Aramaic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Hebrew and Aramaic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hebrew_and_Aramaic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Turkish </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 French </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arabic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arabic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Arabic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arabic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_source_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_source_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Other source languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_source_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Varieties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varieties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Varieties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Varieties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Phonology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Phonology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Consonants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Vowels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonological_differences_from_Spanish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonological_differences_from_Spanish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Phonological differences from Spanish </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonological_differences_from_Spanish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Morphology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Morphology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Verb_conjugation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verb_conjugation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Verb conjugation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verb_conjugation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Syntax </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Orthography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Orthography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hebrew_script" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hebrew_script"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Hebrew script </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hebrew_script-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_script" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_script"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Latin script </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_script-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_orthographies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_orthographies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Historical orthographies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_orthographies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Religious use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_education_and_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_education_and_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Modern education and use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_education_and_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Samples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Samples </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Samples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Samples subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Samples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_other_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_other_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Comparison with other languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_other_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Songs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Songs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Songs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Songs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialectal_differences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialectal_differences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.3 Dialectal differences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialectal_differences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_words_by_origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_words_by_origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.4 Selected words by origin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_words_by_origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_singers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_singers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Modern singers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_singers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.1 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Judaeo-Spanish</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 81 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-81" aria-hidden="true" > 81 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladino" title="Ladino – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ladino" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladino" title="Ladino – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ladino" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%8B%E1%8B%B2%E1%8A%96" title="ላዲኖ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ላዲኖ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="إسبانية يهودية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إسبانية يهودية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chudeocastellano" title="Chudeocastellano – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Chudeocastellano" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_xudeoespa%C3%B1ol" title="Idioma xudeoespañol – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma xudeoespañol" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladino_dili" title="Ladino dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ladino dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Сефард теле – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сефард теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Сефардская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сефардская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8D%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Сэфардзкая мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сэфардзкая мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA_(%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8)" title="Ладински език (ибероромански) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ладински език (ибероромански)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladinoeg" title="Ladinoeg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ladinoeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeocastell%C3%A0" title="Judeocastellà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Judeocastellà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladino" title="Ladino – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ladino" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iddew-Sbaeneg" title="Iddew-Sbaeneg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Iddew-Sbaeneg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladino_(sprog)" title="Ladino (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ladino (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladino" title="Ladino – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Ladino" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladino" title="Ladino – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ladino" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B5%CE%B2%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Ισπανοεβραϊκή γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ισπανοεβραϊκή γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_judeoespa%C3%B1ol" title="Idioma judeoespañol – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma judeoespañol" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judhispana_lingvo" title="Judhispana lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Judhispana lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luenga_judeoespa%C3%B1ola" title="Luenga judeoespañola – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Luenga judeoespañola" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladino_(judu-espainiera)" title="Ladino (judu-espainiera) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ladino (judu-espainiera)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88" title="زبان لادینو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان لادینو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladino_bhasa" title="Ladino bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Ladino bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jud%C3%A9o-espagnol" title="Judéo-espagnol – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Judéo-espagnol" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladeenish" title="Ladeenish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ladeenish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_xudeoespa%C3%B1ola" title="Lingua xudeoespañola – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua xudeoespañola" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EB%94%94%EB%85%B8%EC%96%B4" title="라디노어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="라디노어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeo%C5%A1panjolski_jezik" title="Judeošpanjolski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Judeošpanjolski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Ladino" title="Bahasa Ladino – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Ladino" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_judeo-espaniol" title="Lingua judeo-espaniol – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua judeo-espaniol" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Сефардаг æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сефардаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_giudeo-spagnola" title="Lingua giudeo-spagnola – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua giudeo-spagnola" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95" title="לאדינו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לאדינו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D" title="ლადინო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლადინო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladino" title="Ladino – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ladino" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Сефард кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Сефард кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_lad%C3%AEno" title="Zimanê ladîno – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê ladîno" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_djudeo-espanyola" title="Lingua djudeo-espanyola – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Lingua djudeo-espanyola" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Iudaeo-Hispanica" title="Lingua Iudaeo-Hispanica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Iudaeo-Hispanica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladino" title="Ladino – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ladino" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladino_kalba" title="Ladino kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ladino kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iudi-espaniol_(lingua)" title="Iudi-espaniol (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Iudi-espaniol (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladino_nyelv" title="Ladino nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ladino nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Ладино – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ладино" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_ladin%C3%B4" title="Fiteny ladinô – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny ladinô" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B" title="ലാഡിനോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലാഡിനോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87_%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%87" title="اسبانيه يهوديه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اسبانيه يهوديه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Sepanyol_Yahudi" title="Bahasa Sepanyol Yahudi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Sepanyol Yahudi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiu-spanhol" title="Judiu-spanhol – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Judiu-spanhol" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladino_(Sefardische_taal)" title="Ladino (Sefardische taal) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ladino (Sefardische taal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8E%E8%AA%9E" title="ラディーノ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラディーノ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juudenspaans" title="Juudenspaans – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Juudenspaans" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B8despansk" title="Jødespansk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jødespansk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B8despansk" title="Jødespansk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jødespansk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeoespanh%C3%B2l" title="Judeoespanhòl – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Judeoespanhòl" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88" title="لاڈینو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لاڈینو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_giud%C3%A9-ladin" title="Lenga giudé-ladin – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga giudé-ladin" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladino_(dialekt)" title="Ladino (dialekt) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ladino (dialekt)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeu-espanhol" title="Judeu-espanhol – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Judeu-espanhol" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_ladino" title="Limba ladino – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba ladino" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Сефардский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сефардский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%BC%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5" title="ᱡᱩᱫᱮᱭᱳᱼᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱩᱫᱮᱭᱳᱼᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_giudeu-ispagnola" title="Limba giudeu-ispagnola – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limba giudeu-ispagnola" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaeo-Spaingie" title="Judaeo-Spaingie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Judaeo-Spaingie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladino_language" title="Ladino language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ladino language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladino" title="Ladino – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ladino" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE_(%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Ладино (језик) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ладино (језик)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladino" title="Ladino – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ladino" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladino" title="Ladino – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ladino" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="இலதீன மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இலதீன மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Сефард теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сефард теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99" title="ภาษาลาดิโน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาลาดิโน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahudi_%C4%B0spanyolcas%C4%B1" title="Yahudi İspanyolcası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yahudi İspanyolcası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Сефардська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сефардська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DB%81%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C-%DB%81%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C" title="یہودی-ہسپانوی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یہودی-ہسپانوی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%BF%AA%E8%AF%BA%E8%AF%AD" title="拉迪诺语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="拉迪诺语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%90" title="לאדינא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="לאדינא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0spanyolkiy%C3%AA_C%C4%B1hudan" title="İspanyolkiyê Cıhudan – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İspanyolkiyê Cıhudan" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Language derived from Medieval Spanish spoken by Sephardic Jews</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Ladino language" redirects here. For Ladin language (ISO 639–3: lld) in Northern Italy, see <a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin language</a>. 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Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Judaeo-Spanish%22">"Judaeo-Spanish"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Judaeo-Spanish%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Judaeo-Spanish%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Judaeo-Spanish%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Judaeo-Spanish%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Judaeo-Spanish%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (March 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. 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class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Judaeo-Spanish</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Ladino</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>judeoespañol / español</li><li>judió / jidió</li><li>djudeo-espanyol / espanyol</li><li>djudyo / djidyo</li><li>Ladino</li><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style>גﬞודﬞיאו־איספאנייול‎</li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">איספאנייול‎</li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">גﬞידﬞייו / גﬞודﬞייו‎</li><li>ӂудеоэспаньол / эспаньол</li><li>иудео-испанский / испанский / ӂудезмо</li><li>τζ̲ουδέο-εσπανιόλ / εσπανιόλ / τζ̲ουδέο</li><li>جوديو-اسپانيول</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Judaeo-Spanish_in_Rashi_and_Soletreo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="judeoespañol / djudeo-espanyol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Judaeo-Spanish_in_Rashi_and_Soletreo.png" decoding="async" width="267" height="108" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="108" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">Judeoespañol in <a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi scripts</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[dʒuˈðeo‿spaˈɲol]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/fb\/Lad-judeo-espa%C3%B1ol.ogg\/Lad-judeo-espa%C3%B1ol.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Lad-judeo-espa\u00f1ol.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/Lad-judeo-espa%C3%B1ol.ogg/Lad-judeo-espa%C3%B1ol.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Lad-judeo-espa%C3%B1ol.ogg" title="File:Lad-judeo-español.ogg">ⓘ</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> (12 reported 2017), <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> (2 as of 2022), <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Ḥaketía</a> dialect), <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Ḥaketía</a> dialect), <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a> Dialect)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean Basin</a> (native region), formerly also the Americas</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardic Jews</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">51,000 (2018)<a href="#cite_note-e25-2">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Latino-Faliscan_languages" title="Latino-Faliscan languages">Latino-Faliscan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Western_languages" title="Italo-Western languages">Italo-Western</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Gallo-Iberian<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languages" title="Iberian Romance languages">Ibero-Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages" title="West Iberian languages">West Iberian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Castilian languages">Castilian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Judaeo-Spanish</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old Latin</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Romance_language" title="Proto-Romance language">Proto-Romance</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Spanish" title="Old Spanish">Old Spanish</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li>South-Eastern (Istanbul, Salonica)</li> <li>North-Eastern</li> <li>North-Western (Sarajevo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a> (Tangiers, <a href="/wiki/Tetuani" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetuani">Tetuani</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Quintana-3">[2]</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Mainly <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin alphabet</a>; also <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> (normally using <a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a> or <a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a>); formerly <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aljamiado" title="Aljamiado">Aljamiado (Perso-Arabic)</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=253">lad</a></code> Ladino</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/lad" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:lad">lad</a></code> Ladino</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/ladi1251">ladi1251</a></code>  Ladino</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3444">Ladino</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=51-AAB-ba">… 51-AAB-bd 51-AAB-ba … 51-AAB-bd</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/IETF_language_tag" title="IETF language tag">IETF</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code>lad</code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Judeo-Spanish_mediterranean_speech_communities.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Judeo-Spanish_mediterranean_speech_communities.svg/320px-Judeo-Spanish_mediterranean_speech_communities.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Judeo-Spanish_mediterranean_speech_communities.svg/480px-Judeo-Spanish_mediterranean_speech_communities.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Judeo-Spanish_mediterranean_speech_communities.svg/640px-Judeo-Spanish_mediterranean_speech_communities.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="252" /></a><div style="text-align:left;">Historical Judeo-Spanish <a href="/wiki/Speech_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech communities">speech communities</a> in the Mediterranean. Ringed circles represent modern speech communities.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;">This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> Judaeo-Spanish or Judeo-Spanish (autonym djudeoespanyol, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew script</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">גﬞודﬞיאו־איספאנייול‎),<a href="#cite_note-Lekute_Tefilot-4">[3]</a> also known as Ladino, is a <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance language</a> derived from <a href="/wiki/Old_Spanish" title="Old Spanish">Old Spanish</a>. Originally spoken in Spain, and then after the <a href="/wiki/Alhambra_Decree" title="Alhambra Decree">Edict of Expulsion</a> spreading through the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>) as well as <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">the Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a>, it is today spoken mainly by <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardic minorities</a> in more than 30 countries, with most speakers residing in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Peim-5">[4]</a> Although it has no official status in any country, it has been acknowledged as a <a href="/wiki/Minority_language" title="Minority language">minority language</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, Israel, and France. In 2017, it was formally recognised by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Spanish_Academy" title="Royal Spanish Academy">Royal Spanish Academy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rae-6">[5]</a> The core <a href="/wiki/Vocabulary" title="Vocabulary">vocabulary</a> of Judaeo-Spanish is <a href="/wiki/Old_Spanish" title="Old Spanish">Old Spanish</a>, and it has numerous elements from the other old <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>: <a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Old Aragonese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asturleonese_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Asturleonese languages">Asturleonese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Catalan" title="Old Catalan">Old Catalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galician-Portuguese" class="mw-redirect" title="Galician-Portuguese">Galician-Portuguese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Andalusi_Romance" title="Andalusi Romance">Andalusi Romance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> The language has been further enriched by <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish" title="Ottoman Turkish">Ottoman Turkish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a> vocabulary, such as <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>—especially in the domains of <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spirituality</a>—and most of the vocabulary for <a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">new and modern</a> concepts has been adopted through <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>. Furthermore, the language is influenced to a lesser degree by other local languages of the Balkans, such as <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Papo-8">[7]</a> Historically, the <a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi script</a> and its cursive form <a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a> have been the main orthographies for writing Judaeo-Spanish. However, today it is mainly written with the Latin alphabet, though some other <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabets</a> such as Hebrew and Cyrillic are still in use. Judaeo-Spanish has been known also by other names, such as: Español (Espanyol, Spaniol, Spaniolish, Espanioliko), Judió (Judyo, Djudyo) or Jidió (Jidyo, Djidyo), Judesmo (Judezmo, Djudezmo), Sefaradhí (Sefaradi) or Ḥaketía (in North Africa).<a href="#cite_note-Thessaloniki_Museum-9">[8]</a> In Turkey, and formerly in the Ottoman Empire, it has been traditionally called Yahudice in <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, meaning the 'Jewish language.' In Israel, Hebrew speakers usually call the language Ladino, Espanyolit or Spanyolit. Judaeo-Spanish, once the Jewish <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a>, the Balkans, and the Middle East, and renowned for its rich literature, especially in <a href="/wiki/Salonika" class="mw-redirect" title="Salonika">Salonika</a>, today is under serious threat of <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinction</a>. Most <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">native speakers</a> are elderly, and the language is not transmitted to their children or grandchildren for various reasons; consequently, all Judeo-Spanish-speaking communities are undergoing a <a href="/wiki/Language_shift" title="Language shift">language shift</a>. In 2018, four native speakers in Bosnia were identified<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> however, two of them have since died, David Kamhi in 2021<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> and Moris Albahari in late 2022.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> In some <a href="/wiki/Expatriate" title="Expatriate">expatriate</a> communities in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, and elsewhere, there is a threat of assimilation by modern Spanish. It is experiencing, however, a minor revival among Sephardic communities, especially in <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_music" title="Sephardic music">music</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaeo-Spanish&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Epoca_1902_Issue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Epoca_1902_Issue.jpg/220px-Epoca_1902_Issue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Epoca_1902_Issue.jpg/330px-Epoca_1902_Issue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Epoca_1902_Issue.jpg/440px-Epoca_1902_Issue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="637" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption>A 1902 Issue of <a href="/wiki/La_Epoca_(Ladino_newspaper)" title="La Epoca (Ladino newspaper)">La Epoca</a>, a Judeo-Spanish newspaper from Salonica (<a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>) during the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></figcaption></figure> The scholar Joseph Nehama, author of the comprehensive Judeo-Spanish–French dictionary, referred to the language as Judeo-Espagnol. <a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> The 1903 Hebrew–Judeo-Spanish <a href="/wiki/Haggadah" title="Haggadah">Haggadah</a> entitled "Seder Haggadah shel pesaḥ ʿim pitron be-lashon sefaradi" (סדר הגדה של פסח עם פתרון בלשון ספרדי), from the Sephardic community of <a href="/wiki/Livorno" title="Livorno">Livorno</a>, Italy, refers to the language used for explanation as the Sefaradi language.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> The rare Judeo-Spanish-language textbook entitled Nuevo Silibaryo Espanyol, published in Salonica in 1929, referred to the language as Espanyol and lingua Djudeo-Espanyola.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> The language is also called Judeo-Espanyol,<a href="#cite_note-16">[note 1]</a> Judeoespañol,<a href="#cite_note-DRAE-17">[15]</a> Sefardí, Judío, and Espanyol or Español sefardita; <a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: حكى, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: ḥakà 'tell') refers to the dialect of North Africa, especially <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>. Judeo-Spanish has also been referred to as Judesmo (also Judezmo, Djudesmo or Djudezmo).<a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a> The dialect of the <a href="/wiki/Oran_(department)" title="Oran (department)">Oran area of Algeria</a> was called <a href="/wiki/Tetuani" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetuani">Tetuani</a> after the Moroccan city of <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9touan" title="Tétouan">Tétouan</a> since many Orani Jews came from there. In Israel, the language is known as Spanyolit or Espanyolit.<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a>: 325  The names Djidio, Kasteyano Muestro, and Spanyol de mozotros have also been proposed to refer to the language;<a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a> regional names to refer to the language include kastiyano viejo, sepharadit, ekseris romeka, yahudije, and musevije.<a href="#cite_note-garjose-21">[19]</a>: 98  An entry in <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> claims, "The name 'Judesmo' is used by Jewish linguists and Turkish Jews and American Jews; 'Judeo-Spanish' by Romance philologists; 'Ladino' by laymen, initially in Israel; 'Haketia' by Moroccan Jews; 'Spanyol' by some others."<a href="#cite_note-e25-2">[1]</a> That does not reflect the historical usage. In the Judaeo-Spanish press of the 19th and 20th centuries the native authors referred to the language almost exclusively as Espanyol, which was also the name that its native speakers spontaneously gave to it for as long as it was their primary spoken language. More rarely, the bookish Judeo-Espanyol has also been used since the late 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> In recent decades in Israel, followed by the United States and Spain, the language has come to be referred to as Ladino (<a href="/wiki/Ladino_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladino language">Ladino</a>: לאדינו), literally meaning 'Latin'. This name for the language was promoted by the <a href="/wiki/Autoridad_Nasionala_del_Ladino" title="Autoridad Nasionala del Ladino">Autoridad Nasionala del Ladino</a>, although speakers of the language in Israel referred to their mother tongue as Espanyolit or Spanyolit. Native speakers of the language consider the name Ladino to be incorrect, having for centuries reserved the term for the "semi-sacred" language used in word-by-word translations from the Bible, which is distinct from the spoken <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Thessaloniki_Museum-9">[8]</a> According to linguist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Wexler_(linguist)" title="Paul Wexler (linguist)">Paul Wexler</a>, Ladino is a written language that developed in the eighteenth century and is distinct from spoken Judaeo-Spanish.<a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a> According to the website of the Jewish Museum of Thessaloniki, the cultural center of Sephardic Judaism after the expulsion from Spain, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Ladino is not spoken, rather, it is the product of a word-for-word translation of Hebrew or Aramaic biblical or liturgical texts made by rabbis in the Jewish schools of Spain. In these translations, a specific Hebrew or Aramaic word always corresponded to the same Spanish word, as long as no exegetical considerations prevented this. In short, Ladino is only Hebrew clothed in Spanish, or Spanish with Hebrew syntax. The famous Ladino translation of the Bible, the <a href="/wiki/Ferrara_Bible" title="Ferrara Bible">Biblia de Ferrara</a> (1553), provided inspiration for the translation of numerous Spanish Christian Bibles.<a href="#cite_note-Thessaloniki_Museum-9">[8]</a></blockquote> The derivation of the name Ladino is complicated. Before the <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain" title="Expulsion of Jews from Spain">expulsion of Jews from Spain</a>, the word meant "literary Spanish" as opposed to other dialects,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] or "Romance" in general as distinct from Arabic.<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> One derivation has Ladino as derived from the verb enladinar, meaning "to translate", from when Jews, Christians and Arabs translated works from Hebrew, Greek, and Arabic into Spanish (during the times of <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfonso X">Alfonso X</a>).<a href="#cite_note-garjose-21">[19]</a>: 97  (The first European language grammar and dictionary, of Spanish referred to it as ladino or ladina. In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, the word Latin was frequently used to mean simply 'language', particularly one understood: a latiner or latimer meant a translator.) Following the Expulsion, Jews spoke of "the Ladino" to mean the word-for-word translation of the Bible into Old Spanish. By extension, it came to mean that style of Spanish generally in the same way that (among Kurdish Jews) <a href="/wiki/Targum_(Aramaic_dialect)" class="mw-redirect" title="Targum (Aramaic dialect)">Targum</a> has come to mean <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Aramaic language">Judeo-Aramaic</a> and (among Jews of Arabic-speaking background) sharḥ has come to mean <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic" title="Judeo-Arabic">Judeo-Arabic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> Judaeo-Spanish Ladino should not be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin language</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: ladino), spoken in part of <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeastern Italy">Northeastern Italy</a>. Ladin has nothing to do with Jews or with Spanish beyond being a <a href="/wiki/Romance_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance language">Romance language</a>, a property that it shares with French, Italian, Portuguese and Romanian. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaeo-Spanish&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> At the time of the expulsion from Spain, the day-to-day language of the Jews of different regions of the peninsula was hardly, if at all, different from that of their Christian neighbours, but there may have been some dialect mixing to form a sort of Jewish lingua franca. There was, however, a special style of Spanish used for purposes of study or translation, featuring a more archaic dialect, a large number of Hebrew and <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> loanwords and a tendency to render Hebrew word order literally (ha-laylah ha-zeh, meaning 'this night', was rendered la noche la esta instead of the normal Spanish esta noche<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a>). As mentioned above, authorities confine the term Ladino to that style.<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain" title="Expulsion of Jews from Spain">Expulsion</a>, the process of dialect mixing continued, but Castilian Spanish remained by far the largest contributor. The daily language was increasingly influenced both by the language of study and by the local non-Jewish vernaculars, such as Greek and Turkish. It came to be known as Judesmo and, in that respect, the development is parallel to that of <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>. However, many speakers, especially among the community leaders, also had command of a more formal style, castellano, which was nearer to the Spanish at the time of the Expulsion. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Source_languages">Source languages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaeo-Spanish&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Source languages">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish">Spanish</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaeo-Spanish&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Spanish">edit</a>]</div> The grammar, the phonology, and about 60% of the vocabulary of Judaeo-Spanish is essentially Spanish but, in some respects, it resembles the dialects in southern Spain and South America, rather than the dialects of Central Spain. For example, it has <a href="/wiki/Ye%C3%ADsmo" title="Yeísmo">yeísmo</a> ("she" is <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/eya#Ladino" class="extiw" title="wikt:eya">eya</a>/<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ella#Ladino" class="extiw" title="wikt:ella">ella</a> [ˈeja] (Judaeo-Spanish), instead of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ella#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:ella">ella</a>) as well as <a href="/wiki/Seseo" class="mw-redirect" title="Seseo">seseo</a>. In many respects, it reproduces the Spanish of the time of the Expulsion, rather than the modern variety, as it retains some archaic features such as the following: <ul><li>Modern Spanish j, pronounced [x], corresponds to two different phonemes in Old Spanish: x, pronounced /ʃ/, and j, pronounced /ʒ/. Judaeo-Spanish retains the original sounds. Similarly, g before e or i remains [d͡ʒ] or /ʒ/, not [x]. <ul><li>Contrast baxo/baṣo ('low' or 'down,' with /ʃ/, modern Spanish bajo) and mujer ('woman' or 'wife,' spelled the same, with /ʒ/).</li></ul></li> <li>Modern Spanish z (c before e or i), pronounced [s] or [θ], like the th in English think, corresponds to two different phonemes in Old Spanish: ç (c before e or i), pronounced [ts]; and z (in all positions), pronounced [dz]. In Judaeo-Spanish, they are pronounced [s] and [z], respectively. <ul><li>Contrast coraçón/korasón ('heart,' with /s/, modern Spanish corazón) and dezir ('to say,' with /z/, modern Spanish decir).</li></ul></li> <li>In modern Spanish, the use of the letters b and v is determined partly on the basis of earlier forms of the language and partly on the basis of Latin etymology: both letters represent one phoneme (/b/), realised as [b] or as [β], according to its position. In Judaeo-Spanish, /b/ and /v/ are different phonemes: boz /bɔs/ 'voice' vs. vos /vɔs/ 'you'. v is a <a href="/wiki/Labiodental_consonant" title="Labiodental consonant">labiodental</a> "v," like in English, rather than a bilabial.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portuguese_and_other_Iberian_languages">Portuguese and other Iberian languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaeo-Spanish&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Portuguese and other Iberian languages">edit</a>]</div> However, the phonology of both the consonants and part of the lexicon is, in some respects, closer to Portuguese and Catalan than to modern Spanish. That is explained by direct influence but also because Portuguese, Old Spanish and Catalan retained some of the characteristics of medieval Ibero-Romance languages that Spanish later lost. There was a mutual influence with the <a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judaeo-Portuguese</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Jews">Portuguese Jews</a>. Contrast Judaeo-Spanish <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/da%C3%ADnda#Ladino" class="extiw" title="wikt:daínda">daínda</a> ('still') with Portuguese <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ainda#Portuguese" class="extiw" title="wikt:ainda">ainda</a> (Galician <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ainda#Galician" class="extiw" title="wikt:ainda">ainda</a> or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/a%C3%ADnda#Portuguese" class="extiw" title="wikt:aínda">aínda</a>, Asturian <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/a%C3%ADna#Asturian" class="extiw" title="wikt:aína">aína</a> or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ena%C3%ADna#Asturian" class="extiw" title="wikt:enaína">enaína</a>) and Spanish <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/a%C3%BAn#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:aún">aún</a> or the initial consonants in Judaeo-Spanish <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fija#Ladino" class="extiw" title="wikt:fija">fija</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/favla#Ladino" class="extiw" title="wikt:favla">favla</a> ('daughter,' 'speech'), Portuguese <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/filha#Portuguese" class="extiw" title="wikt:filha">filha</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fala#Portuguese" class="extiw" title="wikt:fala">fala</a> Galician <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/filha#Galician" class="extiw" title="wikt:filha">filha</a> or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/filla#Galician" class="extiw" title="wikt:filla">filla</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fala#Galician" class="extiw" title="wikt:fala">fala</a>, Asturian <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/f%C3%ADa#Asturian" class="extiw" title="wikt:fía">fía</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fala#Asturian" class="extiw" title="wikt:fala">fala</a>, Aragonese <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/filla#Aragonese" class="extiw" title="wikt:filla">filla</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fabla#Aragonese" class="extiw" title="wikt:fabla">fabla</a>, Catalan <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/filla#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:filla">filla</a>), Spanish <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hija#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:hija">hija</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/habla#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:habla">habla</a>. It sometimes varied with dialect, as in Judaeo-Spanish popular songs, both <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fijo#Ladino" class="extiw" title="wikt:fijo">fijo</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hijo#Ladino" class="extiw" title="wikt:hijo">hijo</a> ('son') are found. The Judaeo-Spanish pronunciation of s as "[ʃ]" before a "k" sound or at the end of certain words (such as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/seis#Ladino" class="extiw" title="wikt:seis">seis</a>, pronounced [seʃ], for 'six') is shared with Portuguese (as spoken in Portugal, most of Lusophone Asia and Africa, and in a plurality of Brazilian varieties and registers with either partial or total forms of coda |S| palatalization) but not with Spanish. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hebrew_and_Aramaic">Hebrew and Aramaic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaeo-Spanish&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hebrew and Aramaic">edit</a>]</div> Like other <a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Jewish vernaculars</a>, Judaeo-Spanish incorporates many Hebrew and Aramaic words, mostly for religious concepts and institutions. Examples are haham/ḥaḥam ('rabbi', from Hebrew ḥakham) and kal, kahal/cal, cahal ('synagogue', from Hebrew qahal). Some Judeao-Spanish words of Hebrew or Aramaic origins have more poetic connotations than their Spanish origin equivalents. Compare gaava ('pride, arrogance') from Hebrew ga'avá with arrogansya ('arrogance') from Spanish arrogancia. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkish">Turkish</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaeo-Spanish&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Turkish">edit</a>]</div> The majority of Judaeo-Spanish speaking people resided in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, although a large minority on the northern Coast of <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> existed. As such, words of Turkish origin were incorporated into the local dialect of the language. Examples include emrenear ('rejoice') from Turkish imrenmek. Some of these words themselves were inherited into Turkish from Arabic or Persian. Examples include bilbiliko ('nightingale'), from Persian (via Turkish) bülbül and gam ('sorrow, anxiety, grief') from Arabic (via Persian then Turkish) ḡamm. The Turkish agentive suffix -ci (denoting a profession) was borrowed into Judaeo-Spanish as the suffix -djí. It can be found in words like halvadjí ('candyman'), derived from <a href="/wiki/Halva" title="Halva">halva</a> + -djí. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French">French</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaeo-Spanish&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: French">edit</a>]</div> Due to the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_Isra%C3%A9lite_Universelle" title="Alliance Israélite Universelle">Alliance Israélite Universelle</a> in the westernization and modernization of Judeao-Spanish speaking communities, many words of French origin were adopted. Most of these words refer to Western European innovations and introductions. Examples include: abazur ('lampshade'), from French abat-jour, fardate ('apply makeup'), from French se farder, and fusil ('gun') from French fusil.<a href="#cite_note-:1-28">[26]</a> Some French political and cultural elements are present in Judeao-Spanish. For example, ir al Bismark ('to go to the Bismark') was a phrase used in some Judeao-Spanish communities in the late 20th century to mean 'to go to the restroom', referring to the <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">German Chancellor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a> (an unpopular figure in France), as a euphemism for toilet.<a href="#cite_note-:1-28">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arabic">Arabic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaeo-Spanish&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Arabic">edit</a>]</div> Because of the large number of Arabic words in Spanish generally, it is not always clear whether some of these words were introduced before the Expulsion or adopted later; modern Spanish replaced some of these loans with <a href="/wiki/Latinism" title="Latinism">Latinisms</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a>, where Judaeo-Spanish speakers had no motivation to do so. Some Arabic words were borrowed via Turkish or Persian. <a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a>, the variety of Judaeo-Spanish spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>, has substantial influence from <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Arabic" title="Moroccan Arabic">Moroccan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Algerian_Arabic" title="Algerian Arabic">Algerian Arabic</a>, as well as local <a href="/wiki/Amazigh_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazigh languages">Amazigh languages</a>. The varieties of Judaeo-Spanish spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> have some influence from <a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic">Levantine Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian Arabic</a> respectively. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_source_languages">Other source languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaeo-Spanish&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other source languages">edit</a>]</div> Judeao-Spanish speaking communities often incorporated words or phrases from surrounding languages. <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> borrowings can be found in those respective communities.<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Varieties">Varieties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaeo-Spanish&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Varieties">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Idioma_sefard%C3%AD.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Idioma_sefard%C3%AD.PNG/220px-Idioma_sefard%C3%AD.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Idioma_sefard%C3%AD.PNG/330px-Idioma_sefard%C3%AD.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Idioma_sefard%C3%AD.PNG/440px-Idioma_sefard%C3%AD.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="664" /></a><figcaption>Judaeo-Spanish speaking communities in the Mediterranean</figcaption></figure> A common way of dividing Judaeo-Spanish is by splitting first <a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a>, or "Western Judeao-Spanish", from other varieties, collectively referred to as "Eastern Judeao-Spanish".<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> Within Eastern Judeao-Spanish, further division is made based on city of origin.<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> Aldina Quintana split Eastern Ladino into three groups: 1. Grupo noroccidental (Northwest group), centered around <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a> (Bosnia). It also includes the dialects of <a href="/wiki/Bitola" title="Bitola">Bitola</a> (Macedonia) and <a href="/wiki/Kastoria" title="Kastoria">Kastoria</a> (Greece). The most distinct characteristics of this group are: the reduction of /r/ and /ɾ/ into /ɾ/ and the conservation of ⟨rd⟩ as in ⟨gordo⟩. 2. Grupo nororiental (Northeast group) that includes most of (northern) Bulgaria and Romania including <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>. It represented an intermediate state between the other varieties: the reduction of /r/ and /ɾ/ into /ɾ/, but the metathesis of ⟨rd⟩ into ⟨dr⟩ as in ⟨godro⟩. 3. Grupo suroriental (Southeast group) that included the main Sephardic cultural hubs of <a href="/wiki/Salonika" class="mw-redirect" title="Salonika">Salonika</a> (Greece) and <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> (Turkiye), as well as the remainder of Anatolia, and Eastern Greece. The varieties of this group maintain the gradient in difference between /e : i/ and /o : u/ in the final position, as well as maintaining a difference between /r/ : /ɾ/. The metathesis of ⟨rd⟩ into ⟨dr⟩ is also present.<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> While unsorted, the variety of spoken in Judeo-Spanish in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferrera" title="Ferrera">Ferrera</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> more closely followed the Northwest group. Egyptian Judeo-Spanish (<a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>) followed more the patterns of the Southeast Group. Levantine Judeo-Spanish (<a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodesli</a> Judeo-Spanish represented intermediate states, more similar to the Northeast group. Although Levantine Judeo-Spanish phonology and syntax, especially its usage of [ħ], [ʕ], [ʔ], and [h] was unique enough to be defined separately. Differences between varieties usually include <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexicon</a>. The dialect spoken in the <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">Macedonian</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Bitola" title="Bitola">Bitola</a> (traditionally referred to as Monastir) has relatively many lexical differences as compared with other varieties of Judeao-Spanish.<a href="#cite_note-:1-28">[26]</a> An example of this can be seen is the word for 'carriage'. In many dialects, such as those that were spoken in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>, araba is used, a loanword from Arabic via Turkish, while the Monastir dialect uses karrose, possibly from Italian.<a href="#cite_note-:1-28">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaeo-Spanish&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Phonology">edit</a>]</div> The number of <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a> in Judaeo-Spanish varies by dialect. Its phonemic inventory consists of 24-26 <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a> and 5 <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaeo-Spanish&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Consonants">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Consonant phonemes in Istanbul Judaeo-Spanish<a href="#cite_note-IstanbulIPA-33">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Phonetics-34">[32]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>  </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_consonant" title="Labiodental consonant">Labio- dental</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post- alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a>) </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">β</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a> (<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>) </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Flap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Flap consonant">Tap</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Consonant phonemes in other dialects </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_consonant" title="Labiodental consonant">Labio- dental</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post- alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant">Pharyngeal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">g</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a>) </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Flap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Flap consonant">Tap</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental approximant">ð̞</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> Notes: <ul><li>Most dialects merge /ð~ð̞/ with /d/ and /ħ/ with /x/.</li> <li>Some dialects merge the rhotic phonemes. The realization of the merged rhotic is variable, though speakers typically pronounce it as a tap.</li> <li>/t͡s/ and /h/ only appear in loanwords. Some dialects merge /t͡s/ with /s/.</li> <li>/q/ and /ʕ/ only appear in dialects heavily influenced by Arabic, such as <a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaeo-Spanish&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Vowels">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Vowel phonemes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a> (<a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Mid front rounded vowel">ø</a>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Notes: <ul><li>Front rounded vowels only appear in French loanwords. They do not exist in every dialect.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonological_differences_from_Spanish">Phonological differences from Spanish</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaeo-Spanish&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Phonological differences from Spanish">edit</a>]</div> As exemplified in the Sources section above, much of the phonology of Judaeo-Spanish is similar to that of standard modern Spanish. Here are some exceptions: <ul><li>It is claimed that, unlike all other non-creole varieties of Spanish, Judaeo-Spanish does not contrast the trill /r/ and the tap/flap /ɾ/.<a href="#cite_note-:0-35">[33]</a> However, that claim is not universally accepted.<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a></li> <li>The Spanish /nue-/ is /mue-/ in some dialects of Judaeo-Spanish: nuevo, nuestro → muevo, muestro.<a href="#cite_note-:0-35">[33]</a></li> <li>The Judaeo-Spanish phoneme inventory includes separate [d͡ʒ] and [ʒ]: jurnal /ʒuɾˈnal/ ('newspaper') vs jugar/djugar /d͡ʒuˈgar/ ('to play'). Neither phoneme is used in modern Spanish,<a href="#cite_note-:0-35">[33]</a> where they have been replaced by the jota [x]: jornal /xor'nal/, jugar /xu'gar/.</li> <li>While Spanish pronounces both b and v as /b/ ([b] or [β]), Judeo-Spanish distinguishes between the two, with b representing [b~β] and v representing [v]: bivir /biˈviɾ/ ('to live').</li> <li>Judaeo-Spanish has (at least in some varieties) little or no diphthongization of tonic vowels, e.g. in the following lullaby: <ul><li>(Judaeo-Spanish text) Durme, durme, kerido ijiko, [...] Serra tus lindos ojikos, [...]</li> <li>(Equivalent Spanish) Duerme, duerme, querido hijito, [...] Cierra tus lindos ojitos, [...]</li> <li>(Translation) Sleep, Sleep, beloved little son, [...] close your beautiful little eyes, [...]</li></ul></li> <li>There is a tendency to drop [s] at the end of a word or syllable, as in <a href="/wiki/Andalusian_Spanish#Phonological_features" title="Andalusian Spanish">Andalusian Spanish</a> and many other Spanish dialects in Spain and the Americas: amargasteis -> amargátex/amargatesh ('you have embittered').</li> <li>The form Dios -> Dio ('God') is sometimes explained as an example of dropping the final [s], or more often as an example of <a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">folk etymology</a>: taking the s as a plural ending (which it is not) and attributing it to Christian <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">trinitarianism</a>. Thus, removing the s supposedly produced a more clearly monotheistic word for God. This is probably a folk etymology, however, as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dio" class="extiw" title="wikt:dio">dio</a> is an Old Spanish alternative spelling of dios, the former derived from the Latin accusative form deum and the latter from the nominative form deus.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaeo-Spanish&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Morphology">edit</a>]</div> Judaeo-Spanish is distinguished from other Spanish dialects by the presence of the following features: <ul><li>Judaeo-Spanish maintains the second-person <a href="/wiki/Pronouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Pronouns">pronouns</a> tú/tu (informal singular), vos (formal singular) and vosotros/vozotros (plural); the third-person él/ella/ellos/ellas / el/eya/eyos/eyas are also used in the formal register.<a href="#cite_note-:0-35">[33]</a> The Spanish pronouns <a href="/wiki/Usted" class="mw-redirect" title="Usted">usted</a> and ustedes do not exist.</li> <li>In verbs, the <a href="/wiki/Preterite" title="Preterite">preterite</a> indicates that an action taken once in the past was also completed at some point in the past. That is as opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Imperfect" title="Imperfect">imperfect</a>, which refers to any continuous, habitual, unfinished or repetitive past action. Thus, "I ate falafel yesterday" would use the first-person preterite form of 'eat', comí/komí but "When I lived in Izmir, I ran five miles every evening" would use the first-person imperfect form, corría/koria. Though some of the morphology has changed, usage is just as in normative Spanish.</li> <li>In general, Judaeo-Spanish uses the Spanish plural morpheme /-(e)s/. The Hebrew plural endings /-im/ and /-ot/ are used with Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a>, as well as with a few words from Spanish: ladrón/ladron ('thief'): ladrones, ladronim; hermano/ermano ('brother'): hermanos/hermanim / ermanos/ermanim.<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> Similarly, some loaned feminine nouns ending in -á can take either the Spanish or Hebrew plural: quehilá/keilá ('synagogue'): quehilás/quehilot / keilas/keilot.</li> <li>Judaeo-Spanish contains more gendering cases than standard Spanish, prominently in adjectives, (grande/-a, inferior/-ra) as well as in nouns (vozas, fuentas) and in the interrogative qualo/quala / kualo/kuala.<a href="#cite_note-:0-35">[33]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verb_conjugation">Verb conjugation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaeo-Spanish&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Verb conjugation">edit</a>]</div> Regular conjugation for the present tense: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>-er verbs (comer/komer: "to eat")</th> <th>-ir verbs (bivir: "to live")</th> <th>-ar verbs (favlar: "to speak") </th></tr> <tr> <th align="center">yo </th> <td colspan="3">-o : como/komo, bivo, favlo </td></tr> <tr> <th>tú/tu </th> <td colspan="2">-es : comes/komes, bives</td> <td>-as : favlas </td></tr> <tr> <th>él/el, ella/eya </th> <td colspan="2">-e : come/kome, bive</td> <td>-a : favla </td></tr> <tr> <th>mosotros/mozotros, mosotras/mozotras </th> <td>-emos : comemos/komemos </td> <td>-imos : bivimos</td> <td>-amos : favlamos </td></tr> <tr> <th>vos, vosotros/vozotros, vosotras/vozotras </th> <td>-ex/esh : comex/komesh</td> <td>-ix/ish : bivix/bivish</td> <td>-ax/ash : favlax/favlash </td></tr> <tr> <th>ellos/eyos, ellas/eyas </th> <td colspan="2">-en : comen/komen, biven</td> <td>-an : favlan </td></tr></tbody></table> Regular conjugation in the preterite: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>-er verbs (comer/komer: "to eat")</th> <th>-ir verbs (bivir: "to live")</th> <th>-ar verbs (favlar: "to speak") </th></tr> <tr> <th align="center">yo </th> <td colspan="3">-í : comí/komi, biví/bivi, favli/favlí </td></tr> <tr> <th>tú/tu </th> <td colspan="2">-ites : comites/komites, bivites</td> <td>-ates : favlates </td></tr> <tr> <th>él/el, ella/eya </th> <td colspan="2">-yó : comió/komió, bivió/bivio</td> <td>-ó : favló </td></tr> <tr> <th>mosotros/mozotros, mosotras/mozotras </th> <td colspan="3">-imos : comimos/komimos, bivimos, favlimos </td></tr> <tr> <th>vos, vosotros/vozotros, vosotras/vozotras </th> <td colspan="2">-ítex/itesh : comítex/komitesh, bivítex/bivitesh</td> <td>-átex/atesh : favlátex/favlatesh </td></tr> <tr> <th>ellos/eyos, ellas/eyas </th> <td colspan="2">-ieron : comieron/komieron, bivieron</td> <td>-aron : favlaron </td></tr></tbody></table> Regular conjugation in the imperfect: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>-er verbs (comer/komer: "to eat")</th> <th>-ir verbs (bivir: "to live")</th> <th>-ar verbs (favlar: "to speak") </th></tr> <tr> <th align="center">yo </th> <td colspan="2">-ía : comía/komia, bivía/bivia</td> <td>-ava : favlava </td></tr> <tr> <th>tú/tu </th> <td colspan="2">-ías : comías/komias, bivías/bivias</td> <td>-avas : favlavas </td></tr> <tr> <th>él/el, ella/eya </th> <td colspan="2">-ía : comía/komia, bivía/bivia</td> <td>-ava : favlava </td></tr> <tr> <th>mosotros/mozotros, mosotras/mozotras </th> <td colspan="2">-íamos : comíamos/komiamos, bivíamos/biviamos</td> <td>-ávamos : favlavamos </td></tr> <tr> <th>vos, vosotros/vozotros, vosotras/vozotras </th> <td colspan="2">-íax/iash : comíax/komiash, bivíax/biviash</td> <td>-avax/avash : favlavax/favlavash </td></tr> <tr> <th>ellos/eyos, ellas/eyas </th> <td colspan="2">-ían : comían/komian, bivían/bivian</td> <td>-avan : favlavan </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syntax">Syntax</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaeo-Spanish&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Syntax">edit</a>]</div> Judaeo-Spanish follows Spanish for most of its <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a>. (That is not true of the written calque language involving word-for-word translations from Hebrew, which scholars refer to as "Ladino", as described above.) Like Spanish, it generally follows a subject–verb–object <a href="/wiki/Word_order" title="Word order">word order</a>, has a <a href="/wiki/Morphosyntactic_alignment" title="Morphosyntactic alignment">nominative-accusative alignment</a>, and is considered a <a href="/wiki/Fusional_language" title="Fusional language">fusional</a> or <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflected</a> language. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaeo-Spanish&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Orthography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rashiscript.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Rashiscript.PNG/220px-Rashiscript.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Rashiscript.PNG/330px-Rashiscript.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Rashiscript.PNG 2x" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="87" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi script</a>, originally used to print the language</figcaption></figure> Two Israeli organizations, the <a href="/wiki/Akademia_Nasionala_del_Ladino" title="Akademia Nasionala del Ladino">Akademia Nasionala del Ladino</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Autoridad_Nasionala_del_Ladino" title="Autoridad Nasionala del Ladino">Autoridad Nasionala del Ladino</a>, jointly regulate Judæo-Spanish orthography. The organizations allow speakers to choose between the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew script</a>, which was historically the most prevalent writing system for the language, and the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>, which gained prominence after the fall of the Ottoman Empire. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hebrew_script">Hebrew script</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaeo-Spanish&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Hebrew script">edit</a>]</div> Printed works in Judæo-Spanish use the <a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi script</a>, whereas the handwritten language uses a cursive form of the Hebrew alphabet called <a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a>. In the Hebrew script, a silent ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">א‎⟩ must precede word-initial vowels. Moreover, it is necessary to separate adjacent vowels with ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">א‎⟩ or ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">י‎⟩. Whereas ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">א‎⟩ can separate any pair of vowels, ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">י‎⟩ can only separate front vowels (/i/ and /e/, both represented by ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">י‎⟩) from adjacent vowels. Furthermore, ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">י‎⟩ cannot separate diphthongs that include a non-syllabic /u/ ([w]). Hebrew and Aramaic loanwords and morphemes (except those that were borrowed indirectly through other languages) are spelled according to <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_spelling" title="Hebrew spelling">Hebrew orthography</a>. The rest of the language's lexicon is spelled as illustrated in the following table: <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Table of orthography </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">Grapheme</a> </th> <th>Name </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">Phoneme</a> (<a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>) </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">א‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">אָלֶף‎ </td> <td> <ul><li>As a consonant (intervocalically and word-initially before a vowel), silent</li> <li>As a vowel, /a/</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>A silent consonantal ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">א‎⟩ must precede word-initial vowels. It is also necessary to separate consecutive vowels with a consonantal ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">א‎⟩ or ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">י‎⟩.</li> <li>As a consonant, ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">א‎⟩ can separate any pair of vowels.</li> <li>As a vowel, ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">א‎⟩ cannot represent /a/ word-finally (see ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ה‎⟩).</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">בּ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">בֵּית‎ </td> <td>/b/ </td> <td>Only appears in Hebrew and Aramaic loanwords. In native words, the <a href="/wiki/Dagesh" title="Dagesh">dagesh</a> is unnecessary. </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ב‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">בֵית‎ </td> <td> <ul><li>/b/ in native words</li> <li>/v/ in Hebrew and Aramaic loanwords</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Cannot represent /v/ in native words (see ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ב׳‎⟩).</li> <li>Represents an etymological /β/ in Hebrew and Aramaic loanwords.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ב׳‎) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">בﬞ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">בֵית רָפֶה‎ </td> <td>/v/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ג‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">גִימֶל‎ </td> <td>/g/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ג׳‎) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">גﬞ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">גִﬞימֶל‎ </td> <td>/d͡ʒ/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ג׳׳‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">גִ׳׳ימֶל‎ </td> <td>/t͡ʃ/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ד‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">דָּלֶת‎ </td> <td>/d/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ד׳‎) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">דﬞ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">דָּלֶת רָפֶה‎ </td> <td>/ð~ð̞/ </td> <td>Most dialects merge /ð~ð̞/ with /d/. Therefore, Judæo-Spanish orthography does not always distinguish the two phonemes. </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ה‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">הֵא‎ </td> <td> <ul><li>As a consonant, /h/ (sometimes silent in unstressed syllables and word-finally)</li> <li>As a vowel (word-finally), /a/</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Consonantal /h/ only appears in Hebrew and Aramaic loanwords.</li> <li>/a/ is represented by ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ה‎⟩ word-finally.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ו‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">וָאו‎ </td> <td> <ul><li>As a consonant, /v/ in Hebrew and Aramaic loanwords</li> <li>As a vowel, /u/ or /o/</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>In Hebrew and Aramaic loanwords, consonantal ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ו‎⟩ represents an etymological /w/.</li> <li>In didactic works, authors may add a <a href="/wiki/Kubutz_and_shuruk" title="Kubutz and shuruk">shurúq</a> to the letter (⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">וּ‎⟩) to represent /u/, thereby distinguishing /u/ from /o/.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ז‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">זַיִן‎ </td> <td>/z/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ז׳‎) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">זﬞ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">זַיִן רָפֶה‎ </td> <td>/ʒ/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ח‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">חֵית‎ </td> <td>/ħ/ </td> <td>Most dialects merge /ħ/ with /x/. </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ט‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">טֵית‎ </td> <td>/t/ </td> <td>In Hebrew and Aramaic loanwords, ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ט‎⟩ represents an etymologically pharyngealized /t/. </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">י‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">יוֹד‎ </td> <td> <ul><li>As a consonant (when adjacent to another ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">י‎⟩), /j/</li> <li>As a vowel, /i/ or /e/</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>When adjacent to a front vowel (/i/ or /e/, both represented by ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">י‎⟩), /j/ is represented by a single ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">י‎⟩ (see ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">יי‎⟩).</li> <li>In didactic works, authors may add a <a href="/wiki/Hiriq" title="Hiriq">ḥiríq</a> to the letter (⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">יִ‎⟩) to represent /i/, thereby distinguishing /i/ from /e/.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">יי‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">יוֹד ג׳׳יפﬞטי‎ </td> <td>/j/ </td> <td>/j/ is represented by a double ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">יי‎⟩, except when it is adjacent to a front vowel (/i/ or /e/, both represented by ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">י‎⟩). </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">כּ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">כַּף‎ </td> <td>/k/ </td> <td>Only appears in Hebrew and Aramaic loanwords. </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">כ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">כַף‎ </td> <td>/x/ </td> <td>Only appears in Hebrew and Aramaic loanwords. </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ל‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">לָמֶד‎ </td> <td>/l/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">מ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">מֵם‎ </td> <td>/m/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">נ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">נוּן‎ </td> <td>/n/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ני‎ </td> <td> </td> <td> <ul><li>Before ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">י‎⟩, usually /ɲ/, though sometimes /n+j/</li> <li>/n+i/ otherwise</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Though ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ני‎⟩ is usually a digraph, as in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">אינייבﬞי‎ inyeve 'snow,' it may also be a sequence of two letters, as in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">אינגﬞיניירו‎ indjeniero 'engineer.' When it precedes ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">י‎⟩, it is typically a digraph.</li> <li>When it precedes a front vowel (/i/ or /e/, both represented by ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">י‎⟩), /ɲ/ is represented by the digraph ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ני‎⟩ (see ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ניי‎⟩).</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ניי‎ </td> <td> </td> <td> <ul><li>Before central and back vowels (/a/, /o/, and /u/), usually /ɲ/, though sometimes /n+j/</li> <li>/ɲe/ otherwise</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Though ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ניי‎⟩ is usually a trigraph, as in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">אנייו‎ anyo 'year,' it may also represent a sequence of two phonemes, /n+j/ or /ɲ+e/, as in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">גﬞונייו‎ djunio 'June' or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">אינייטו‎ inyeto 'grandson,' respectively. When it precedes central and back vowels (/a/, /o/ and /u/), it is typically a trigraph.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ס‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">סָמֶךְ‎ </td> <td>/s/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ע‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">עַיִן‎ </td> <td>silent </td> <td>Represents an etymological /ʕ/ in Hebrew and Aramaic loanwords. </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">פּ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">פֵּא‎ </td> <td>/p/ </td> <td>Only appears in Hebrew and Aramaic loanwords. In native words, the <a href="/wiki/Dagesh" title="Dagesh">dagesh</a> is unnecessary. </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">פ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">פֵא‎ </td> <td> <ul><li>/p/ in native words</li> <li>/f/ in Hebrew and Aramaic loanwords</li></ul> </td> <td>Cannot represent /f/ in native words (see ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">פﬞ‎⟩). </td></tr> <tr> <td>(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">פ׳‎) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">פﬞ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">פֵא רָפֶה‎ </td> <td>/f/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">צ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">צָדִי‎ </td> <td>/t͡s/ </td> <td> <ul><li>Only appears in Hebrew and Aramaic loanwords.</li> <li>Some speakers merge /t͡s/ with /s/.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ק‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">קוֹף‎ </td> <td>/k/ </td> <td>Represents an etymological /q/ in Hebrew and Aramaic loanwords. </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ר‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">רֵיש‎ </td> <td>/ɾ/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ש‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">שין‎ </td> <td>/ʃ/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">שׁ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">שִׁין‎ </td> <td>/ʃ/ </td> <td>Only appears in Hebrew and Aramaic loanwords. </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">שׂ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">שִׂין‎ </td> <td>/s/ </td> <td>Only appears in Hebrew and Aramaic loanwords, wherein it represents an etymological /ɬ/. </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ת‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">תָו‎ </td> <td>/t/ </td> <td>Only appears in Hebrew and Aramaic loanwords. </td></tr></tbody></table>Notes: <ul><li>The Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Geresh" title="Geresh">geresh</a> diacritic is used most often when typing, as it is the most accessible, whereas the diacritic <a href="/wiki/Rafe" title="Rafe">rafe</a> is used in handwriting.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_script">Latin script</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaeo-Spanish&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Latin script">edit</a>]</div> This orthography uses an <a href="/wiki/Interpunct" title="Interpunct">interpunct</a> ⟨·⟩ to distinguish the sequence /s+x/ (written ⟨s·h⟩) from the /ʃ/ phoneme (written ⟨sh⟩). It also uses acute accents to mark irregular stress. The regular stress pattern is as follows: <ul><li>Words that end with a vowel or with /n/, /s/, or /ʃ/ are paroxytones.</li> <li>Words that end with any other consonant are oxytones.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Table of orthography<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Grapheme </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Phoneme (IPA) </th></tr> <tr> <td>a </td> <td>A </td> <td>/a/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>b </td> <td>Be </td> <td>/b/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ch </td> <td>Che </td> <td>/t͡ʃ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>d </td> <td>De </td> <td>/d/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>dj </td> <td>Dje </td> <td>/d͡ʒ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>e </td> <td>E </td> <td>/e/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>f </td> <td>Ef </td> <td>/f/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>g </td> <td>Ge </td> <td>/g/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>h </td> <td>He </td> <td>/x/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>'h </td> <td>'He </td> <td>/h/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>i </td> <td>I </td> <td>/i/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>j </td> <td>Je </td> <td>/ʒ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>k </td> <td>Ka </td> <td>/k/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>l </td> <td>El </td> <td>/l/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>m </td> <td>Em </td> <td>/m/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>n </td> <td>En </td> <td>/n/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ny </td> <td>Nye </td> <td>/ɲ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>o </td> <td>O </td> <td>/o/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ö </td> <td>Ö </td> <td>/ø/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>p </td> <td>Pe </td> <td>/p/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>r </td> <td>Er </td> <td>/ɾ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>rr </td> <td> </td> <td>/r/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>s </td> <td>Es </td> <td>/s/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>sh </td> <td>She </td> <td>/ʃ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>t </td> <td>Te </td> <td>/t/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ts </td> <td> </td> <td>/t͡s/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>u </td> <td>U </td> <td>/u/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ü </td> <td>Ü </td> <td>/y/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>v </td> <td>Ve </td> <td>/v/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>x </td> <td>Iks </td> <td>/g+z/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>y </td> <td>Ye </td> <td>/j/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>z </td> <td>Zed </td> <td>/z/ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_orthographies">Historical orthographies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaeo-Spanish&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Historical orthographies">edit</a>]</div> Prior to the adoption of the official orthographies, the following systems of writing Judaeo-Spanish had been used or proposed. <ul><li>Formerly, the Hebrew-script orthography represented an etymological /ʎ/, which has merged with /j/.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a> were used in the past,<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> but this is rare or nonexistent nowadays.</li> <li>In Turkey, Judaeo-Spanish was most commonly written in the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_alphabet" title="Turkish alphabet">Turkish variant</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>. That may have been the most widespread system in use prior to the adoption of the official orthography, as following the decimation of Sephardic communities throughout much of Europe (particularly in Greece and the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>) during <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>, the greatest proportion of speakers remaining were Turkish Jews.</li> <li>The American <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> has published the <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">romanization</a> standard it uses.</li> <li>Works published in Spain usually adopted the standard orthography of modern Spanish to make them easier for modern Spanish speakers to read.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> The editions often used diacritics to show where the Judaeo-Spanish pronunciation differs from modern Spanish.</li> <li>Pablo Carvajal Valdés and others suggested adopting the orthography that was used at the time of the Expulsion</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaeo-Spanish&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> In the medieval <a href="/wiki/Iberian_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberian peninsula">Iberian peninsula</a>, now Spain and Portugal, Jews spoke a variety of Romance dialects. <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in the Middle Ages">Jews in the Middle Ages</a> were instrumental in the development of Spanish into a <a href="/wiki/Prestige_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Prestige language">prestige language</a>. Erudite Jews translated Arabic and Hebrew works, often translated earlier from Greek, into Spanish. Christians <a href="/wiki/Translations_into_Latin_(c._1050-c.1250)" class="mw-redirect" title="Translations into Latin (c. 1050-c.1250)">translated them again into Latin</a> for transmission to Europe. Following the 1490s expulsion from Spain <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Jews_from_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of the Jews from Portugal">and Portugal</a>, most of the Iberian Jews resettled in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. Jews in the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">Western Asia</a> (especially Turkey), and <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> (especially <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>) developed their own Romance dialects, with some influence from Hebrew and other languages, which became what is now known as Judaeo-Spanish. Until recent times, the language was widely spoken throughout the Balkans, Turkey/Western Asia and North Africa, as Judaeo-Spanish had been brought there by the Jewish refugees.<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> Later on, many Portuguese Jews also escaped to France, Italy, the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Netherlands" title="Habsburg Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, establishing small groups in those nations as well, but these spoke <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Spanish" title="Early Modern Spanish">Early Modern Spanish</a> or Portuguese rather than Judaeo-Spanish. The contact among Jews of different regions and languages, including <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonese_language" title="Leonese language">Leonese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> developed a unified dialect, differing in some aspects from the Spanish norm that was forming simultaneously in Spain, but some of the mixing may have already occurred in exile rather than in the Iberian Peninsula. In the 16th century, the development Judeo-Spanish was significantly influenced by the extensive mobility of Sephardic Jews. By the end of the century, Spanish had become the dominant language of commerce for Sephardic communities across Italy and the eastern Mediterranean.<a href="#cite_note-:2-42">[40]</a> This standardization was further supported by practices such as hiring tutors to teach Castilian in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew script</a>, as noted in a 1600 deposition from <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a>. Additionally, itinerant rabbis who preached in the vernacular contributed to the spread and standardization of Judeo-Spanish among diverse Sephardic congregations, including those in <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>- and <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>-speaking regions.<a href="#cite_note-:2-42">[40]</a> The closeness and mutual comprehensibility between Judaeo-Spanish and Spanish favoured trade among Sephardim, often relatives, from the Ottoman Empire to the Netherlands and the <a href="/wiki/Converso" title="Converso">conversos</a> of the Iberian Peninsula. Over time, a corpus of literature, both liturgical and secular, developed. Early literature was limited to translations from Hebrew. At the end of the 17th century, Hebrew was disappearing as the vehicle for rabbinic instruction. Thus, a literature appeared in the 18th century, such as <a href="/wiki/Me%27am_Lo%27ez" title="Me'am Lo'ez">Me'am Lo'ez</a> and poetry collections. By the end of the 19th century, the Sephardim in the Ottoman Empire studied in schools of the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_Isra%C3%A9lite_Universelle" title="Alliance Israélite Universelle">Alliance Israélite Universelle</a>. French became the language for foreign relations, as it did for <a href="/wiki/Maronite" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronite">Maronites</a>, and Judaeo-Spanish drew from French for neologisms. New secular genres appeared, with more than 300 journals, history, theatre, and biographies. Given the relative isolation of many communities, a number of regional dialects of Judaeo-Spanish appeared, many with only limited mutual comprehensibility, largely because of the adoption of large numbers of loanwords from the surrounding populations, including, depending on the location of the community, from Greek, Turkish, Arabic and, in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>. The borrowing in many Judaeo-Spanish dialects is so heavy that up to 30% of their vocabulary is of non-Spanish origin. Some words also passed from Judaeo-Spanish into neighbouring languages. For example, the word palavra 'word' (<a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin_vocabulary" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulgar Latin vocabulary">Vulgar Latin</a> parabola; Greek parabole), passed into Turkish, Greek and Romanian<a href="#cite_note-DER-43">[41]</a> with the meaning 'bunk, hokum, humbug, bullshit' in Turkish and Romanian and 'big talk, boastful talk' in Greek (compare the English word palaver). The language was known as Yahudice (Jewish language) in the Ottoman Empire. In the late 18th century, Ottoman poet Enderunlu Fazıl (<a href="/wiki/Fazyl_bin_Tahir_Enderuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Fazyl bin Tahir Enderuni">Fazyl bin Tahir Enderuni</a>) wrote in his <a href="/wiki/Zenanname" title="Zenanname">Zenanname</a>: "Castilians speak the Jewish language but they are not Jews." <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuevo_Silibaryo_Espanyol_Ladino_textbook_Salonica_1929.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Nuevo_Silibaryo_Espanyol_Ladino_textbook_Salonica_1929.jpg/220px-Nuevo_Silibaryo_Espanyol_Ladino_textbook_Salonica_1929.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Nuevo_Silibaryo_Espanyol_Ladino_textbook_Salonica_1929.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="237" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Nuevo Silibaryo Espanyol. Judaeo-Spanish textbook, <a href="/wiki/Salonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Salonica">Salonica</a>, 1929</figcaption></figure> Judaeo-Spanish was the common language of <a href="/wiki/Salonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Salonica">Salonica</a> during the Ottoman period. The city became part of Greece in 1912 and was subsequently renamed Thessaloniki. Despite the <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Thessaloniki" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Fire of Thessaloniki">Great Fire of Thessaloniki</a> and mass settlement of Christian refugees, the language remained widely spoken in Salonica until the deportation of 50,000 Salonican Jews in the Holocaust during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. According to the 1928 census, the language had 62,999 native speakers in Greece. The figure drops down to 53,094 native speakers in 1940, but 21,094 citizens "usually" spoke the language.<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> The language was so prominent in Salonica that the most prestigious monument of the city was known by its Judeo-Spanish name, <a href="/wiki/Las_Incantadas" title="Las Incantadas">Las Incantadas</a> (meaning "the enchanted women").<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> Judaeo-Spanish was also a language used in <a href="/wiki/Donmeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Donmeh">Donmeh</a> rites (Dönme being a Turkish word for 'convert' to refer to adepts of <a href="/wiki/Sabbatai_Zevi" title="Sabbatai Zevi">Sabbatai Tsevi</a> converting to Islam in the Ottoman Empire). An example is Sabbatai Tsevi esperamos a ti. Today, the religious practices and the ritual use of Judaeo-Spanish seems confined to elderly generations. The Castilian colonisation of Northern Africa favoured the role of polyglot Sephards, who bridged between Spanish colonizers and Arab and Berber speakers. From the 17th to the 19th centuries, Judaeo-Spanish was the predominant Jewish language in the Holy Land, but its dialect was different in some respects from the one in Greece and Turkey. Some families have lived in Jerusalem for centuries and preserve Judaeo-Spanish for cultural and folklore purposes although they now use Hebrew in everyday life. An often-told Sephardic anecdote from <a href="/wiki/Bosnia-Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia-Herzegovina">Bosnia-Herzegovina</a> has it that as a Spanish consulate was opened in <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a>, two Sephardic women passed by. Upon hearing a Catholic priest who was speaking Spanish, they thought that his language meant that he was Jewish.<a href="#cite_note-Papo-8">[7]</a> In the 20th century, the number of speakers declined sharply: entire communities were murdered in the Holocaust, and many of the remaining speakers, many of whom emigrated to Israel, adopted Hebrew. The government of the new <a href="/wiki/Nation-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-state">nation-state</a> encouraged instruction in Hebrew. Similarly in the US, Sephardic Jews were encouraged to speak English rather than Judaeo-Spanish, therefore, the language was not passed down to younger generations.<a href="#cite_note-harris2011-46">[44]</a> In Turkey, where there is a large community of Sephardic Jews, Judaeo-Spanish was considered a language of little prestige; additionally, parents refused to teach their children the language, fearing that their children would develop a "Jewish accent" and therefore face discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> At the same time, Judaeo-Spanish aroused the interest of philologists, as it conserved language and literature from before the standardisation of Spanish. Judaeo-Spanish is in serious danger of extinction. As of 2011, the majority of fluent speakers are over the age of 70; the descendants of these speakers exhibit little to no knowledge of the language.<a href="#cite_note-harris2011-46">[44]</a> Nevertheless, it is experiencing a minor revival among Sephardic communities, especially in music. In addition, Sephardic communities in several Latin American countries still use Judaeo-Spanish. There, the language is exposed to the different danger of assimilation to modern Spanish. <a href="/wiki/Kol_Yisrael" title="Kol Yisrael">Kol Yisrael</a><a href="#cite_note-REKA-48">[46]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radio_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Radio Nacional de España">Radio Nacional de España</a><a href="#cite_note-REE-49">[47]</a> hold regular radio broadcasts in Judaeo-Spanish. <a href="/wiki/Law_%26_Order:_Criminal_Intent" title="Law & Order: Criminal Intent">Law & Order: Criminal Intent</a> showed an episode, titled "<a href="/wiki/A_Murderer_Among_Us" class="mw-redirect" title="A Murderer Among Us">A Murderer Among Us</a>", with references to the language. Films partially or totally in Judaeo-Spanish include Mexican film <a href="/w/index.php?title=Novia_que_te_vea_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Novia que te vea (film) (page does not exist)">Novia que te vea</a> (directed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guita_Schyfter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guita Schyfter (page does not exist)">Guita Schyfter</a>), <a href="/wiki/The_House_on_Chelouche_Street" title="The House on Chelouche Street">The House on Chelouche Street</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Every_Time_We_Say_Goodbye_(film)" title="Every Time We Say Goodbye (film)">Every Time We Say Goodbye</a>. Efforts have been made to gather and publish modern Judaeo-Spanish fables and folktales. In 2001, the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Publication_Society" title="Jewish Publication Society">Jewish Publication Society</a> published the first English translation of Judaeo-Spanish folktales, collected by <a href="/wiki/Matilda_Koen-Sarano" title="Matilda Koen-Sarano">Matilda Koen-Sarano</a>, Folktales of Joha, Jewish Trickster: The Misadventures of the Guileful Sephardic Prankster. A survivor of <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Ha-Elion" title="Moshe Ha-Elion">Moshe Ha-Elion</a>, issued his translation into Judeo-Spanish of the ancient Greek epic <a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a> in 2012, in his 87th year,<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> and later completed a translation of the sister epic, the <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a>, into his mother tongue. The language was initially spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews_in_India" title="Sephardic Jews in India">Sephardic Jewish community in India</a>, but was later replaced with <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaeo-Spanish&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Loez2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Loez2.jpg/220px-Loez2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Loez2.jpg/330px-Loez2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Loez2.jpg/440px-Loez2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="884" /></a><figcaption>Cover of <a href="/wiki/Me%27am_Lo%27ez" title="Me'am Lo'ez">Me-'am lo'ez</a></figcaption></figure> The first printed Judaeo-Spanish book was <a href="/wiki/Me%27am_Lo%27ez" title="Me'am Lo'ez">Me-'am lo'ez</a> in 1730. It was a commentary on the Bible in the Judaeo-Spanish language. Most Jews in the Ottoman Empire knew the Hebrew alphabet but did not speak Hebrew. The printing of Me-'am lo'ez marked the emergence of large-scale printing activity in Judaeo-Spanish in the western Ottoman Empire and in Istanbul in particular.<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> The earliest Judaeo-Spanish books were religious in nature, mostly created to maintain religious knowledge for exiles who could not read Hebrew; the first of the known texts is Dinim de shehitah i bedikah [The Rules of Ritual Slaughter and Inspection of Animals]; (Istanbul, 1510).<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> Texts continued to be focussed on philosophical and religious themes, including a large body of rabbinic writings, until the first half of the 19th century. The largest output of secular Judaeo-Spanish literature occurred during the latter half of the 19th and the early 20th centuries in the Ottoman Empire. The earliest and most abundant form of secular text was the periodical press: between 1845 and 1939, Ottoman Sephardim published around 300 individual periodical titles.<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> The proliferation of periodicals gave rise to serialised novels: many of them were rewrites of existing foreign novels into Judaeo-Spanish. Unlike the previous scholarly literature, they were intended for a broader audience of educated men and less-educated women alike. They covered a wider range of less weighty content, at times censored to be appropriate for family readings.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> Popular literature expanded to include love stories and adventure stories, both of which had been absent from Judaeo-Spanish literary canon.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> The literary corpus meanwhile also expanded to include theatrical plays, poems and other minor genres. Multiple documents made by the Ottoman government were translated into Judaeo-Spanish; usually translators used terms from Ottoman Turkish.<a href="#cite_note-Straussp36-56">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_use">Religious use</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaeo-Spanish&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Religious use">edit</a>]</div> The Jewish communities of <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a>, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, still chant part of the Sabbath Prayers (Mizmor David) in Judaeo-Spanish. The Sephardic Synagogue Ezra Bessaroth in <a href="/wiki/Seattle,_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="Seattle, Washington">Seattle, Washington</a>, United States, was formed by Jews from Turkey and the Greek island of <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>, and it uses the language in some portions of its <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a> services. The <a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddur</a> is called Zehut Yosef and was written by Hazzan Isaac Azose. At Congregation Etz Ahaim of <a href="/wiki/Highland_Park,_New_Jersey" title="Highland Park, New Jersey">Highland Park, New Jersey</a>,<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> a congregation founded by Sephardic Jews from <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Thessaloniki" title="History of the Jews in Thessaloniki">Salonika</a>, a reader chants the <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> prayer B'rikh Shemay in Judaeo-Spanish before he takes out the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> on <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a>. That is known as Bendichu su Nombre in Judaeo-Spanish. Additionally, at the end of Shabbat services, the entire congregation sings the well-known Hebrew hymn <a href="/wiki/Ein_Keloheinu" title="Ein Keloheinu">Ein Keloheinu</a>, which is Non Como Muestro Dio in Judaeo-Spanish. Non Como Muestro Dio is also included, alongside Ein Keloheinu, in <a href="/wiki/Mishkan_T%27filah" title="Mishkan T'filah">Mishkan T'filah</a>, the 2007 <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a> prayerbook.<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> El Dio Alto (El Dyo Alto) is a Sephardic hymn often sung during the Havdalah service, its currently popular tune arranged by <a href="/wiki/Judy_Frankel" title="Judy Frankel">Judy Frankel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazzan_Azose&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hazzan Azose (page does not exist)">Hazzan Isaac Azose</a>, cantor emeritus of Synagogue Ezra Bessaroth and second-generation Turkish immigrant, has performed an alternative Ottoman tune.<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Aryeh_Kaplan" title="Aryeh Kaplan">Aryeh Kaplan</a> translated some scholarly religious texts, including <a href="/wiki/Me%27am_Loez" class="mw-redirect" title="Me'am Loez">Me'am Loez</a> into Hebrew, English or both.<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> Izmir's grand rabbis <a href="/wiki/Haim_Palachi" title="Haim Palachi">Haim Palachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Palacci" title="Abraham Palacci">Abraham Palacci</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rahamim_Nissim_Palacci" title="Rahamim Nissim Palacci">Rahamim Nissim Palacci</a> all wrote in the language and in Hebrew. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dedicated_Yad_Vashem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Dedicated_Yad_Vashem.jpg/220px-Dedicated_Yad_Vashem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Dedicated_Yad_Vashem.jpg/330px-Dedicated_Yad_Vashem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Dedicated_Yad_Vashem.jpg/440px-Dedicated_Yad_Vashem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2906" data-file-height="3874" /></a><figcaption>Inscription at Yad Vashem in Hebrew, English, Yiddish, and Judaeo-Spanish</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_education_and_use">Modern education and use</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaeo-Spanish&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Modern education and use">edit</a>]</div> In 1967, linguist <a href="/wiki/Ha%C3%AFm_Vidal_S%C3%A9phiha" title="Haïm Vidal Séphiha">Haïm Vidal Séphiha</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a> became the first professor of Judaeo-Spanish in the world; courses of Judaeo-Spanish have been introduced in universities since then in other European countries, along with research centers dedicated to the study of the language.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> The National Authority of Ladino, dedicated to the study and promotion of Judaeo-Spanish was established in Jerusalem in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-harris2011-46">[44]</a> As with Yiddish,<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> Judaeo-Spanish is seeing a minor resurgence in educational interest in colleges across the United States and in Israel.<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> Almost all <a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">American Jews</a> are <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazi">Ashkenazi</a>, with a tradition based on Yiddish, rather than Judaeo-Spanish, and so institutions that offer Yiddish are more common. As of 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Judaeo-Spanish&action=edit">[update]</a> the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tufts_University" title="Tufts University">Tufts University</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> offered Judaeo-Spanish courses among colleges in the United States; <a href="/wiki/INALCO" class="mw-redirect" title="INALCO">INALCO</a> in Paris, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Basque_Country" title="University of the Basque Country">University of the Basque Country</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Granada" title="University of Granada">University of Granada</a> in Spain were offering courses as well.<a href="#cite_note-harris2011-46">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> In Israel, Moshe David Gaon Center for Ladino Culture at <a href="/wiki/Ben-Gurion_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben-Gurion University">Ben-Gurion University</a> of the Negev is leading the way in education (language and literature courses, Community oriented activities) and research (a yearly scientific journal, international congresses and conferences etc.). <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew University">Hebrew University</a> also offers courses.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Complutense_University_of_Madrid" title="Complutense University of Madrid">Complutense University of Madrid</a> also used to have courses.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> Prof. <a href="/wiki/David_M._Bunis" title="David M. Bunis">David Bunis</a> taught Judaeo-Spanish at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a>, in Seattle during the 2013–14 academic year.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> Bunis returned to the University of Washington for the Summer 2020 quarter.<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> In Spain, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Royal_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Royal Academy">Spanish Royal Academy</a> (RAE) in 2017 announced plans to create a Judaeo-Spanish branch in Israel in addition to 23 existing academies, in various Spanish-speaking countries, that are associated in the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Spanish_Language_Academies" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Spanish Language Academies">Association of Spanish Language Academies</a>. Its stated purpose is to preserve Judaeo-Spanish. The move was seen as another step to make up for the Expulsion, following the <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews#Spanish_citizenship_by_Iberian_Sephardic_descent" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">offer of Spanish citizenship to Sephardim</a> who had some connection with Spain.<a href="#cite_note-rae-6">[5]</a> When French-medium schools operated by <a href="/wiki/Alliance_Israelite_Universelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance Israelite Universelle">Alliance Israelite Universelle</a> opened in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in the 1860s, the position of Judaeo-Spanish began to weaken in the Ottoman Empire areas. In time Judaeo-Spanish became perceived as a low status language,<a href="#cite_note-Alphan-75">[73]</a> and Sephardic people began losing connections to that language.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> Esther Benbassa and Aron Rodrigue, authors of <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jewry:_A_History_of_the_Judeo-Spanish_Community,_14th-20th_Centuries" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jewry: A History of the Judeo-Spanish Community, 14th-20th Centuries">Sephardi Jewry: A History of the Judeo-Spanish Community, 14th-20th Centuries</a>, wrote that the AIU institutions "gallicized" people who attended.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> As time progressed, Judaeo-Spanish language and culture declined. Although Mary Altabev in 1994 observed limited use of Ladino at home among educated Turkish Jews, <a href="/wiki/Melis_Alphan" title="Melis Alphan">Melis Alphan</a> wrote in <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCrriyet" title="Hürriyet">Hürriyet</a> in 2017 that the Judaeo-Spanish language in Turkey was heading to extinction.<a href="#cite_note-harris2011-46">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alphan-75">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Samples">Samples</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaeo-Spanish&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Samples">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_with_other_languages">Comparison with other languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaeo-Spanish&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Comparison with other languages">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Judaeo-Spanish </th> <th>Aki Yerushalayim orthography </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">איל גﬞודיאו־איספאנײול איס לה לינגואה פﬞאבﬞלאדה די לוס גﬞודיוס ספﬞרדים ארונגﬞאדוס די לה איספאנײה איניל 1492. איס אונה לינגואה דיריבﬞאדה דיל איספאנײול אי פﬞאבﬞלאדה די 150,000 פירסונאס אין קומוניטאס אין ישראל, לה טורקײה, אנטיקה יוגוסלאבﬞײה, לה גריסײה, איל מארואיקוס, מאיורקה, לאס אמיריקאס, אינטרי מונגﬞוס אוטרוס לוגאריס.‎ El djudeo-espanyol es la lingua favlada de los djudios sefardim arondjados de la Espanya enel 1492. Es una lingua derivada del espanyol i favlada de 150.000 personas en komunitas en Israel, la Turkia, antika Yugoslavia, la Gresia, el Maruekos, Mayorka, las Amerikas, entre munchos otros lugares. </td></tr> <tr> <th>Castillian-inspired orthography </th> <td>El judeoespañol es la lingua fablada de los judiós sefaradim arronjados de la España en el 1492. Es una lingua derivada del español y fablada de 150.000 personas en comunitás en Israel, la Turquía, antica Yugoslavia, la Grecia, el Marruecos, Mayorca, las Américas, entre munchos otros lugares. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Castillian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Castillian language">Castillian</a> </th> <td>El judeoespañol es la lengua hablada por los judíos sefardíes expulsados<a href="#cite_note-78">[note 2]</a> de España en 1492. Es una lengua derivada del español y hablada por 150.000 personas en comunidades en Israel, Turquía, la antigua Yugoslavia, Grecia, Marruecos, Mallorca, las Américas, entre muchos otros lugares. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Asturian_language" title="Asturian language">Asturian</a> </th> <td>El xudeoespañol ye la llingua falada polos xudíos sefardinos espulsaos d'España en 1492. Ye una llingua derivada del español y falada por 150.000 persones en comunidaes n'Israel, Turquía, na antigua Yugoslavia, Grecia, Marruecos, Mallorca, nes Amériques, ente munchos otros llugares. </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a> </th> <th>Standard </th> <td>O xudeo-español é a lingua falada polos xudeus sefardís expulsados de España en 1492. É unha lingua derivada do español e falada por 150.000 persoas en comunidades en Israel, Turquía, antiga Iugoslavia, Grecia, Marrocos, Maiorca, Américas, entre moitos outros lugares. </td></tr> <tr> <th>Reintegrationist </th> <td>O judeu-espanhol é a língua falada polos judeus sefardis espulsados de Espanha em 1492. É uma língua derivada do espanhol e falada por 150.000 pessoas em comunidades em Israel, Turquia, antiga Iugoslávia, Grécia, Marrocos, Maiorca, Américas, entre muitos outros lugares. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> </th> <td>O judeu-espanhol é a língua falada pelos judeus sefardis expulsos de Espanha em 1492. É uma língua derivada do espanhol e falada por 150.000 pessoas em comunidades em Israel, Turquia, antiga Jugoslávia, Grécia, Marrocos, Maiorca, Américas, entre muitos outros lugares. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a> </th> <td>O chodigo-espanyol ye la luenga parlata por os chodigos sefardís expulsats d'Espanya en 1492. Ye una luenga derivata de l'espanyol i parlata por 150.000 personas en comunitatz en Israel, Turquía, l'antiga Yugoslavia, Grecia, Marruecos, Mallorca, las Américas, entre muitos atros lugares. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> </th> <td>El judeoespanyol és la llengua parlada pels jueus sefardites expulsats d'Espanya al 1492. És una llengua derivada de l'espanyol i parlada per 150.000 persones en comunitats a Israel, Turquia, l'antiga Iugoslàvia, Grècia, el Marroc, Mallorca, les Amèriques, entre molts altres llocs. </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Languedocien_dialect" title="Languedocien dialect">Languedocien dialect</a> </th> <td>Lo judeoespanhol es la lenga parlada pels jusieus sefarditas expulsats d'Espanha en 1492. Es una lenga venent del castelhan que 150 000 personas la parlan dins de comunautats en Israèl, Turquia, èx-Iogoslavia, Grècia, Marròc, Malhòrca, las Americas, entre fòrça autres luòcs. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">English </th> <td>Judaeo-Spanish is the language spoken by Sephardic Jews expelled from Spain in 1492. It is a language derived from Spanish and spoken by 150,000 people in communities in Israel, Turkey, the former Yugoslavia, Greece, Morocco, Majorca, the Americas, among many other places. </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Songs">Songs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaeo-Spanish&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Songs">edit</a>]</div> Folklorists have been collecting romances and other folk songs, some dating from before the expulsion. Many religious songs in Judeo-Spanish are translations of Hebrew, usually with a different tune. For example, here is <a href="/wiki/Ein_Keloheinu" title="Ein Keloheinu">Ein Keloheinu</a> in Judeo-Spanish: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> Non komo muestro Dio, Non komo muestro Sinyor, Non komo muestro Rey, Non komo muestro Salvador. etc. </div></blockquote> Other songs relate to secular themes such as love: <table> <tbody><tr> <th>Adio, kerida </th> <th>Goodbye, My Love (translation) </th></tr> <tr> <td><div class="poem"> Tu madre kuando te pario Y te kito al mundo, Korason ella no te dio Para amar segundo. Korason ella no te dió Para amar segundo. Adio, Adio kerida, No kero la vida, Me l'amargates tu. Adio, Adio kerida, No kero la vida, Me l'amargates tu. Va, bushkate otro amor, Aharva otras puertas, Aspera otro ardor, Ke para mi sos muerta. Aspera otro ardor, Ke para mi sos muerta. Adio, Adio kerida, No kero la vida, Me l'amargates tu. Adio, Adio kerida, No kero la vida, Me l'amargates tú. </div> </td> <td><div class="poem"> When your mother gave birth to you And brought you into the world She gave you no heart To love another. She gave you no heart To love another. Farewell, Farewell my love, I no longer want my life You made it bitter for me Farewell, Farewell my love, I no longer want my life You made it bitter for me Go, find yourself another lover, Knock at other doors, Wait for another passion For you are dead to me Wait for another passion For you are dead to me Farewell, Farewell my love, I no longer want my life You made it bitter for me Farewell, Farewell my love, I no longer want my life You made it bitter for me </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Por una Ninya </th> <th>For a Girl (translation) </th></tr> <tr> <td><div class="poem"> Por una ninya tan fermoza l'alma yo la vo a dar un kuchilyo de dos kortes en el korason entro. </div> </td> <td><div class="poem"> For a girl so beautiful I will give my soul a double-edged knife pierced my heart. </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="poem"> No me mires ke'stó kantando es lyorar ke kero yo los mis males son muy grandes no los puedo somportar. </div> </td> <td><div class="poem"> Don't look at me; I am singing, it is crying that I want, my sorrows are so great I can't bear them. </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="poem"> No te lo kontengas tu, fijika, ke sos blanka komo'l simit, ay morenas en el mundo ke kemaron Selanik. </div> </td> <td>Don't hold your sorrows, young girl, for you are white like bread, there are dark girls in the world who set fire to <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Quando_el_Rey_Nimrod" class="mw-redirect" title="Quando el Rey Nimrod">Quando el Rey Nimrod</a> (Adaptation) </th> <th>When King Nimrod (translation) </th></tr> <tr> <td><div class="poem"> Quando el Rey Nimrod al campo salía mirava en el cielo y en la estrellería vido una luz santa en la <a href="/wiki/Jewish_quarter_(diaspora)" title="Jewish quarter (diaspora)">djudería</a> que havía de nascer Avraham Avinu. </div> </td> <td><div class="poem"> When King <a href="/wiki/Nimrod" title="Nimrod">Nimrod</a> was going out to the fields He was looking at heaven and at the stars He saw a holy light in the Jewish quarter [A sign] that <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>, our father, must have been born. </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="poem"> Avraham Avinu, Padre querido, Padre bendicho, luz de Yisrael. </div> </td> <td><div class="poem"> Abraham Avinu [our Father], dear father Blessed Father, light of Israel. </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="poem"> Luego a las comadres encomendava que toda mujer que prenyada quedara si no pariera al punto, la matara que havía de nascer Abraham Avinu. </div> </td> <td><div class="poem"> Then he was telling all the <a href="/wiki/Midwife" title="Midwife">midwives</a> That every pregnant woman Who did not give birth at once was going to be killed because Abraham our father was going to be born. </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="poem"> Avraham Avinu, Padre querido, Padre bendicho, luz de Yisrael. </div> </td> <td><div class="poem"> Abraham Avinu, dear father Blessed Father, light of Israel. </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="poem"> La mujer de Terach quedó prenyada y de día en día le preguntava ¿De qué teneix la cara tan demudada? ella ya sabía el bien que tenía. </div> </td> <td><div class="poem"> <a href="/wiki/Terach" class="mw-redirect" title="Terach">Terach</a>'s wife was pregnant and each day he would ask her Why do you look so distraught? She already knew very well what she had. </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="poem"> Avraham Avinu, Padre querido, Padre bendicho, luz de Yisrael. </div> </td> <td><div class="poem"> Abraham Avinu, dear father Blessed Father, light of Israel. </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="poem"> En fin de nueve meses parir quería iva caminando por campos y vinyas, a su marido tal ni le descubría topó una meara, allí lo pariría </div> </td> <td><div class="poem"> After nine months she wanted to give birth She was walking through the fields and vineyards Such would not even reach her husband She found a cave; there, she would give birth. </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="poem"> Avraham Avinu, Padre querido, Padre bendicho, luz de Yisrael. </div> </td> <td><div class="poem"> Abraham Avinu, dear father Blessed Father, light of Israel. </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="poem"> En aquella hora el nascido avlava "Andavos mi madre, de la meara yo ya topó quen me alexara mandará del cielo quen me accompanyará porque so criado del Dio bendicho." </div> </td> <td><div class="poem"> In that hour the newborn was speaking 'Get away of the cave,<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a> my mother I will somebody to take me out He will send from the heaven the one that will go with me Because I am raised by the blessed God.' </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="poem"> Avraham Avinu, Padre querido, Padre bendicho, luz de Yisrael </div> </td> <td><div class="poem"> Abraham Avinu, dear father Blessed Father, light of Israel. </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Yo era ninya </th> <th>I Was a Girl (translation) </th></tr> <tr> <td><div class="poem"> Yo era ninya de kaza alta No savia de sufrir Por kaer kon ti berbante Me metites a servir </div> </td> <td><div class="poem"> I was a girl from an upper-class family And I never knew of any suffering, Because I fell in love with you, you scoundrel You've brought me misfortune. </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>  </td></tr> </tbody></table> Anachronistically, Abraham—who in the Bible is an Aramean and the very first Hebrew and the ancestor of all who followed, hence his appellation Avinu (Our Father)—is in the Judeo-Spanish song born already in the djudería (modern Spanish: judería), the Jewish quarter. This makes Terach and his wife into Hebrews, as are the parents of other babies killed by Nimrod. In essence, unlike its Biblical model, the song is about a Hebrew community persecuted by a cruel king and witnessing the birth of a miraculous saviour—a subject of obvious interest and attraction to the Jewish people who composed and sang it in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Spain">medieval Spain</a>. The song attributes to Abraham elements that are from the story of <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>'s birth, the cruel king killing innocent babies, with the midwives ordered to kill them, the 'holy light' in the Jewish area, as well as from the careers of <a href="/wiki/Shadrach,_Meshach,_and_Abednego" title="Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego">Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego</a> who emerged unscathed from the fiery furnace, and <a href="/wiki/Jesus_of_Nazareth" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus of Nazareth">Jesus of Nazareth</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nimrod_(king)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimrod (king)">Nimrod</a> is thus made to conflate the role and attributes of three archetypal cruel and persecuting kings: <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebuchadnezzar">Nebuchadnezzar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod</a> Another example is the <a href="/wiki/Coplas_de_Purim" class="mw-redirect" title="Coplas de Purim">Coplas de Purim</a>, a folk song about <a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dialectal_differences">Dialectal differences</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaeo-Spanish&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Dialectal differences">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Turkish (<a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>) </th> <td>Esto sta bueno. Importa voz soş las ratoneras, i los mansevos son los ratuneros. Dime tu a mi, stuvo kazado este Tolstoy? </td></tr> <tr> <th>Serbo-Croatian (<a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a>) </th> <td>Estu sta buenu. Importa vuoztras sos las ratoneras, i lus mansevus son lus ratunis. Dizmi tu a mi, stuvu kazadu esti Tolstoj? </td></tr> <tr> <th>Greek (<a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>) </th> <td>Esto sta bueno. Importa voz sos las ratoneras, i los mansevos son los ratuneros. Dime tu a mi, stuvo kasado este Tolstoi? </td></tr> <tr> <th>Macedonian (<a href="/wiki/Bitola" title="Bitola">Bitola</a>) </th> <td>Estu sta buenu. Impurta vuoztras sos las ratoneras, i lus mansevus son lus ratunis. Dizmje tu a mi, stuvu kazadu isti Tolstoj? </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selected_words_by_origin">Selected words by origin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaeo-Spanish&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Selected words by origin">edit</a>]</div> Words derived from Arabic: <ul><li>Alforría – 'liberty, freedom'</li> <li>Alhát – 'Sunday'</li> <li>Atemar – 'to terminate'</li> <li>Saraf – 'money changer'</li> <li>Shara – 'wood'</li> <li>Ziara – 'cemetery visit'</li></ul> Words derived from Hebrew: <ul><li>Alefbet – 'alphabet' (from the Hebrew names of the first two letters of the alphabet)</li> <li>Anav – 'humble, obedient'</li> <li>Arón – 'grave'</li> <li>Atakanear – 'to arrange'</li> <li>Badkar – 'to reconsider'</li> <li>Beraxa – 'blessing'</li> <li>Din – 'religious law'</li> <li>Kal – 'community', 'synagogue'</li> <li>Kamma – 'how much?', 'how many?'</li> <li>Maaráv – 'west'</li> <li>Maasé – 'story, event'</li> <li>Maabe – 'deluge, downpour, torrent'</li> <li>Mazal – 'star', 'destiny'</li> <li>Met – 'dead'</li> <li>Niftar – 'dead'</li> <li>Purimlik – 'Purim present' (eerived from the Hebrew Purim + Turkic ending -lik)</li> <li>Sedaka – 'charity'</li> <li>Tefilá – 'prayer'</li> <li>Zahut – 'blessing'</li></ul> Words derived from Persian: <ul><li>Chay – 'tea'</li> <li>Chini – 'plate'</li> <li>Paras – 'money'</li> <li>Shasheo – 'dizziness'</li></ul> Words derived from Portuguese: <ul><li>Abastádo – 'almighty, omnipotent' (referring to God)</li> <li>Aínda – 'yet'</li> <li>Chapeo – 'hat'</li> <li>Preto – 'black' (in color)</li> <li>Trocar – 'to change'</li></ul> Words derived from Turkish: <ul><li>Balta – 'axe'</li> <li>Biterear – 'to terminate'</li> <li>Boyadear – 'to paint, color'</li> <li>Innat – 'whim'</li> <li>Kolay – 'easy'</li> <li>Kushak – 'belt, girdle'</li> <li>Maalé – 'street, quarters, neighbourhood'; Maalé yahudí – 'Jewish quarters'</li></ul> Words derived from Greek: <ul><li>meldar – 'read, learn'</li> <li>bora – 'storm, torrential rain, gust of wind'</li> <li>demet – 'bouquet'</li> <li>domate – 'tomato'</li> <li>fasaria – 'a fuss, to-do, agitation, bustle'</li> <li>fota – 'the moment when work, motion, traffic reaches its highest intensity'</li> <li>kuturu – 'a pile of mismatched objects, of overripe fruit, of mixed leftovers'</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_singers">Modern singers</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaeo-Spanish&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Modern singers">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Charles" title="Jennifer Charles">Jennifer Charles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oren_Bloedow" title="Oren Bloedow">Oren Bloedow</a> from the New York-based band <a href="/wiki/Elysian_Fields_(band)" title="Elysian Fields (band)">Elysian Fields</a> released a CD in 2001 called La Mar Enfortuna, which featured modern versions of traditional Sephardic songs, many sung by Charles in Judeo-Spanish. The American singer Tanja Solnik has released several award-winning albums that feature songs in the languages: From Generation to Generation: A Legacy of Lullabies and Lullabies and Love Songs. There are a number of groups in Turkey that sing in Judeo-Spanish, notably Janet – Jak Esim Ensemble, Sefarad, Los Pasharos Sefaradis and the children's chorus Las Estreyikas d'Estambol. There is a Brazilian-born singer of Sephardic origins, <a href="/wiki/Fortuna_(Brazilian_singer)" title="Fortuna (Brazilian singer)">Fortuna</a>, who researches and plays Judeo-Spanish music.<a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a> Israeli folk-duo <a href="/wiki/Esther_%26_Abi_Ofarim" title="Esther & Abi Ofarim">Esther & Abi Ofarim</a> recorded the song "Yo M'enamori d'un Aire" for their 1968 album Up To Date. <a href="/wiki/Esther_Ofarim" title="Esther Ofarim">Esther Ofarim</a> recorded several Judaeo-Spanish songs as a solo artist. These included "Povereta Muchachica", "Noches Noches", "El Rey Nimrod", "Adio Querida" and "Pampaparapam". <a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a> The Jewish Bosnian-American musician <a href="/wiki/Flory_Jagoda" title="Flory Jagoda">Flory Jagoda</a> recorded two CDs of music taught to her by her grandmother, a Sephardic folk singer, among a larger discography.<a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a> Following her death in 2021, gentile musicians in Bosnia have recorded music in Judaeo-Spanish as well.<a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a> The cantor Ramón Tasat, who learned Judeo-Spanish at his grandmother's knee in <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, has recorded many songs in the language, with three of his CDs focusing primarily on that music.<a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a> The Israeli singer <a href="/wiki/Yasmin_Levy" title="Yasmin Levy">Yasmin Levy</a> has also brought a new interpretation to the traditional songs by incorporating more "modern" sounds of Andalusian <a href="/wiki/Flamenco" title="Flamenco">Flamenco</a>. Her work revitalising Sephardic music has earned Levy the <a href="/wiki/Anna_Lindh_Memorial_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Anna Lindh Memorial Fund">Anna Lindh Euro-Mediterranean Foundation Award</a> for promoting cross-cultural dialogue between musicians from three cultures:<a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a> In Yasmin Levy's own words: <blockquote>I am proud to combine the two cultures of Ladino and flamenco, while mixing in Middle Eastern influences. I am embarking on a 500 years old musical journey, taking Ladino to Andalusia and mixing it with flamenco, the style that still bears the musical memories of the old Moorish and Jewish-Spanish world with the sound of the Arab world. In a way it is a 'musical reconciliation' of history.<a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a></blockquote> Notable music groups performing in Judeo-Spanish include <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_the_Turtle" title="Voice of the Turtle">Voice of the Turtle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oren_Bloedow" title="Oren Bloedow">Oren Bloedow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Charles" title="Jennifer Charles">Jennifer Charles</a>' <a href="/wiki/La_Mar_Enfortuna_(band)" title="La Mar Enfortuna (band)">La Mar Enfortuna</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanya_Green&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vanya Green (page does not exist)">Vanya Green</a>, who was awarded a <a href="/wiki/Fulbright_Fellowship" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulbright Fellowship">Fulbright Fellowship</a> for her research and performance of this music. She was recently selected as one of the top ten world music artists by the We are Listening International World of Music Awards for her interpretations of the music. Robin Greenstein, a New York-based musician, received a federal CETA grant in the 1980s to collect and perform Sephardic Music under the guidance of the American Jewish Congress. Her mentor was Joe Elias, noted Sephardic singer from Brooklyn. She recorded residents of the <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Home_for_the_Aged" title="Sephardic Home for the Aged">Sephardic Home for the Aged</a>, a nursing home in <a href="/wiki/Coney_Island,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Coney Island, New York">Coney Island, New York</a>, singing songs from their childhood. The voices recorded included Victoria Hazan, a well known Sephardic singer who recorded many 78's in Judaeo-Spanish and Turkish from the 1930s and 1940s. Two Judaeo-Spanish songs can be found on her Songs of the Season holiday CD, released in 2010 on Windy Records. German band <a href="/wiki/In_Extremo" title="In Extremo">In Extremo</a> also recorded a version of the above-mentioned song Avram Avinu. The Israeli-German folk band <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baladino.com/">Baladino</a> has released two albums that have songs with lyrics in Judaeo-Spanish. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaeo-Spanish&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Jewish languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judaeo-Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Romance_languages" title="Judaeo-Romance languages">Judaeo-Romance languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish_Wikipedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaeo-Spanish Wikipedia">Judaeo-Spanish Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozarabic language">Mozarabic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Serenos_Sefarad" title="Los Serenos Sefarad">Los Serenos Sefarad</a>, Judaeo-Spanish hip-hop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Papo_Bohoreta" title="Laura Papo Bohoreta">Laura Papo Bohoreta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_Koen-Sarano" title="Matilda Koen-Sarano">Matilda Koen-Sarano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardi Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetuani">Tetuani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicurel_family" title="Cicurel family">Cicurel family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallache_family" title="Pallache family">Pallache family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ealom" title="Şalom">Şalom</a>, a Turkish newspaper with a Judaeo-Spanish page<a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Amaneser" title="El Amaneser">El Amaneser</a>, a Turkish monthly newspaper in Judaeo-Spanish</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aki_Yerushalayim" title="Aki Yerushalayim">Aki Yerushalayim</a>, an Israeli magazine in Judaeo-Spanish published 2–3 times a year</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>, language historically spoken by <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iranian_languages" title="Judeo-Iranian languages">Judeo-Iranian languages</a>, languages historically spoken by <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi Jews</a> in the former territories of the Persian Empire</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaeo-Spanish&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> Notes <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[dʒu-, ʒu-]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[-ˈðeo-, -ˈdeo-, -ˈðeu-, -ˈdeu-]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[-(e)spa-, -(e)ʃpa-]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[-ˈɲol, -ˈɲoɫ, -ˈnjol, -ˈnjoɫ]</a> in different dialects. </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Speakers use different orthographical conventions depending on their social, educational, national and personal backgrounds, and there is no uniformity in spelling although some established conventions exist. The <a href="/wiki/Exonym_and_endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym and endonym">endonym</a> Judeo-Espagnol is also spelled as Cudeo-Espanyol, Djudeo-Espagnol, Djudeo-Espanyol, Dschudeo-Espanjol, Dzhudeo-Espanyol, Džudeo-Espanjol, Dzsudeo-Eszpanyol (Hungary), Dżudeo-Espańol, Giudeo-Espagnol or Giudeo-Espaneol (Italy), Ġudeo-Espanjol, Ǧudéo-Españól, Judeo-Espaniol, Ĵudeo-Español and Judeo-Espanýol, Tzoudeo-Espaniol (Greece), Xhudeo-Espanjol. See the infobox for parallel spellings in scripts other than Latin. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> The direct Spanish cognate of Judaeo-Spanish 'arondjado(s)' is 'arrojado(s)', which has the meaning of 'thrown' and 'kicked-out', but not 'exiled' like its Judaeo-Spanish counterpart. </li> </ol></div></div> Citations <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e25-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e25_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-e25_2-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/25/language/lad">Judaeo-Spanish</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (25th ed., 2022) <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quintana-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Quintana_3-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFQuintana_Rodríguez2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Quintana Rodríguez, Alidina (2006). Geografía lingüística del judeoespañol: estudio sincrónico y diacrónico (in Spanish). Peter Lang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03910-846-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-03910-846-6"><bdi>978-3-03910-846-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geograf%C3%ADa+ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica+del+judeoespa%C3%B1ol%3A+estudio+sincr%C3%B3nico+y+diacr%C3%B3nico&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-03910-846-6&rft.aulast=Quintana+Rodr%C3%ADguez&rft.aufirst=Alidina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lekute_Tefilot-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Lekute_Tefilot_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoen1927" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2">Koen, Hajim Mordehaj (1927). ЛЕКУТЕ ТЕФИЛОТ (ОРАСJОНИС ЕСКУЖИДАС) (in Ladino). Belgrade.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9B%D0%95%D0%9A%D0%A3%D0%A2%D0%95+%D0%A2%D0%95%D0%A4%D0%98%D0%9B%D0%9E%D0%A2+%28%D0%9E%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%A1J%D0%9E%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%A1+%D0%95%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%A3%D0%96%D0%98%D0%94%D0%90%D0%A1%29&rft.place=Belgrade&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Koen&rft.aufirst=Hajim+Mordehaj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Spanish" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Peim-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Peim_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeim2009" class="citation web cs1">Peim, Benjamin (16 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/Magazine/Features/Ladino-lingers-on-in-Brooklyn-barely">"Ladino Lingers on in Brooklyn – Barely"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a>. Retrieved 12 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Ladino+Lingers+on+in+Brooklyn+%E2%80%93+Barely&rft.date=2009-04-16&rft.aulast=Peim&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FMagazine%2FFeatures%2FLadino-lingers-on-in-Brooklyn-barely&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rae-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rae_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rae_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2017" class="citation web cs1">Jones, Sam (1 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/aug/01/spain-honours-ladino-language-of-jewish-exiles">"Spain honours Ladino language of Jewish exiles"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Spain+honours+Ladino+language+of+Jewish+exiles&rft.date=2017-08-01&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2017%2Faug%2F01%2Fspain-honours-ladino-language-of-jewish-exiles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinervini2006" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Minervini, Laura (2006). "El desarollo histórico del judeoespañol" [The historical development of Judeo-Spanish]. Revista Internacional de Lingüística Iberoamericana (in Spanish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+Internacional+de+Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica+Iberoamericana&rft.atitle=El+desarollo+hist%C3%B3rico+del+judeoespa%C3%B1ol&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Minervini&rft.aufirst=Laura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Papo-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Papo_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Papo_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPapo2007" class="citation journal cs1">Papo, Eliezer (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187247107783876329">"Serbo-Croatian Influences on Bosnian Spoken Judeo-Spanish"</a>. European Journal of Jewish Studies. 1 (2): 343–363. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F187247107783876329">10.1163/187247107783876329</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1025-9996">1025-9996</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Jewish+Studies&rft.atitle=Serbo-Croatian+Influences+on+Bosnian+Spoken+Judeo-Spanish&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=343-363&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F187247107783876329&rft.issn=1025-9996&rft.aulast=Papo&rft.aufirst=Eliezer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F187247107783876329&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thessaloniki_Museum-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thessaloniki_Museum_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thessaloniki_Museum_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thessaloniki_Museum_9-2">c</a> Haim-Vidal Sephiha: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jmth.gr/web/thejews.htm">Judeo-Spanish</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721081700/http://www.jmth.gr/web/thejews.htm">Archived</a> 21 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, on the former website of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Museum_of_Thessaloniki" title="Jewish Museum of Thessaloniki">Jewish Museum of Thessaloniki</a> (<a href="/wiki/Salonika" class="mw-redirect" title="Salonika">Salonika</a>). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120215085431/http://www.jmth.gr/web/thejews/pages/pages/judeo.htm">"The Jews Necropolis"</a>. Archived from the original on 15 February 2012. Retrieved 1 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Jews+Necropolis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jmth.gr%2Fweb%2Fthejews%2Fpages%2Fpages%2Fjudeo.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Spanish" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>). Retrieved on 19 October 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20181017-the-bosnians-who-speak-medieval-spanish">"The Bosnians who speak medieval Spanish"</a>. www.bbc.com. Retrieved 3 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bbc.com&rft.atitle=The+Bosnians+who+speak+medieval+Spanish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ftravel%2Farticle%2F20181017-the-bosnians-who-speak-medieval-spanish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unsa.ba/en/novosti/memoriam-david-kamhi">"In memoriam DAVID KAMHI"</a>. University of Sarajevo. Retrieved 3 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Sarajevo&rft.atitle=In+memoriam+DAVID+KAMHI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unsa.ba%2Fen%2Fnovosti%2Fmemoriam-david-kamhi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/article-723030">"Bosnian Jews mourn Moris Albahari, one of Sarajevo's last Ladino speakers"</a>. The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. 22 November 2022. Retrieved 3 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post+%7C+JPost.com&rft.atitle=Bosnian+Jews+mourn+Moris+Albahari%2C+one+of+Sarajevo%27s+last+Ladino+speakers&rft.date=2022-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fdiaspora%2Farticle-723030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNehama1977" class="citation book cs1">Nehama, Joseph (1977). Dictionnaire du judéo-espagnol (French Edition) (French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+du+jud%C3%A9o-espagnol+%28French+Edition%29+%28French%29&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Nehama&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.lib.washington.edu/digital/collection/p16786coll3/id/278">"Cover"</a>. digitalcollections.lib.washington.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=digitalcollections.lib.washington.edu&rft.atitle=Cover&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcollections.lib.washington.edu%2Fdigital%2Fcollection%2Fp16786coll3%2Fid%2F278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.lib.washington.edu/digital/collection/p16786coll3/id/3595/rec/5">"Cover"</a>. digitalcollections.lib.washington.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=digitalcollections.lib.washington.edu&rft.atitle=Cover&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcollections.lib.washington.edu%2Fdigital%2Fcollection%2Fp16786coll3%2Fid%2F3595%2Frec%2F5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DRAE-17"><a href="#cite_ref-DRAE_17-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dle.rae.es/?id=MZfAhkl">Entry "judeoespañol, la"</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Diccionario_de_la_Real_Academia_Espa%C3%B1ola" class="mw-redirect" title="Diccionario de la Real Academia Española">Diccionario de la Real Academia Española</a> (DRAE). Retrieved on 1 June 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/ladino-today/">"Ladino Today | My Jewish Learning"</a>. My Jewish Learning. Retrieved 5 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=My+Jewish+Learning&rft.atitle=Ladino+Today+%7C+My+Jewish+Learning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.myjewishlearning.com%2Farticle%2Fladino-today%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold2018" class="citation journal cs1">Arnold, Rafael D. (28 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327599741">"Judeo-Romance varieties"</a>. Lexicographica. 33 (2017): 321–358. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Flex-2017-0016">10.1515/lex-2017-0016</a>. Retrieved 29 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lexicographica&rft.atitle=Judeo-Romance+varieties&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2017&rft.pages=321-358&rft.date=2018-08-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Flex-2017-0016&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Rafael+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F327599741&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAttig2012" class="citation journal cs1">Attig, Remy (September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14753820.2012.712320">"Did the Sephardic Jews Speak Ladino?"</a>. Bulletin of Spanish Studies. 89 (6): 831–838. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14753820.2012.712320">10.1080/14753820.2012.712320</a>. Retrieved 28 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+Spanish+Studies&rft.atitle=Did+the+Sephardic+Jews+Speak+Ladino%3F&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=831-838&rft.date=2012-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14753820.2012.712320&rft.aulast=Attig&rft.aufirst=Remy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F14753820.2012.712320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-garjose-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-garjose_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-garjose_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuillermo_Angel_R._José2006" class="citation book cs1">Guillermo Angel R. José (2006). "Sobre el Ladino: Yo havlo, meldo i eskrivo Djudio". In Díaz-Mas, Paloma; den Boer, Harm (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/book/9789401202503/B9789401202503-s010.xml">Fronteras e interculturalidad entre los sefardíes occidentales</a>. Foro Hispánico. Vol. 28. Brill. pp. 97–110. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789401202503_010">10.1163/9789401202503_010</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789401202503" title="Special:BookSources/9789401202503"><bdi>9789401202503</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sobre+el+Ladino%3A+Yo+havlo%2C+meldo+i+eskrivo+Djudio&rft.btitle=Fronteras+e+interculturalidad+entre+los+sefard%C3%ADes+occidentales&rft.series=Foro+Hisp%C3%A1nico&rft.pages=97-110&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789401202503_010&rft.isbn=9789401202503&rft.au=Guillermo+Angel+R.+Jos%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fdisplay%2Fbook%2F9789401202503%2FB9789401202503-s010.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1994" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Tracy (1994). Death of a language: The history of Judeo-Spanish. Newark, DE: University of Delaware Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+of+a+language%3A+The+history+of+Judeo-Spanish&rft.place=Newark%2C+DE&rft.pub=University+of+Delaware+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Tracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWexler1977" class="citation journal cs1">Wexler, Paul (1977). "Ascertaining the Position of Judezmo within Ibero-Romance". Vox Romanica: 163.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vox+Romanica&rft.atitle=Ascertaining+the+Position+of+Judezmo+within+Ibero-Romance&rft.pages=163&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Wexler&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> (in Spanish) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dle.rae.es/?id=MmZovyA">Entry "ladino, na"</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Diccionario_de_la_Real_Academia_Espa%C3%B1ola" class="mw-redirect" title="Diccionario de la Real Academia Española">Diccionario de la Real Academia Española</a> (DRAE). Retrieved on 1 June 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Historia_16&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historia 16 (page does not exist)">Historia 16</a>, 1978. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cryptojews.com/clearing_up_ladino.htm">"Clearing up Ladino, Judeo-Spanish, Sephardic Music"</a> Judith Cohen, HaLapid, winter 2001; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080416142720/http://www.wzo.org.il/en/resources/view.asp?id=1596">Sephardic Song</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 16 April 2008), Judith Cohen, Midstream July/August 2003 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAttig2012" class="citation journal cs1">Attig, Remy (September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hcommons.org/deposits/download/hc:17800/CONTENT/did-the-jews-speak-ladino-share.pdf/">"Did the Sephardic Jews Speak Ladino?"</a>. Bulletin of Spanish Studies. 89 (6): 831–838. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14753820.2012.712320">10.1080/14753820.2012.712320</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1475-3820">1475-3820</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162360656">162360656</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+Spanish+Studies&rft.atitle=Did+the+Sephardic+Jews+Speak+Ladino%3F&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=831-838&rft.date=2012-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162360656%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1475-3820&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14753820.2012.712320&rft.aulast=Attig&rft.aufirst=Remy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhcommons.org%2Fdeposits%2Fdownload%2Fhc%3A17800%2FCONTENT%2Fdid-the-jews-speak-ladino-share.pdf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_28-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_28-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohenKohen-Gordon2000" class="citation book cs1">Kohen, Elli; Kohen-Gordon, Dahlia (2000). Ladino-English/English-Ladino Concise Encyclopedic Dictionary (Judeo-Spanish). New York: Hippocene Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7818-0658-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7818-0658-5"><bdi>0-7818-0658-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ladino-English%2FEnglish-Ladino+Concise+Encyclopedic+Dictionary+%28Judeo-Spanish%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hippocene+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7818-0658-5&rft.aulast=Kohen&rft.aufirst=Elli&rft.au=Kohen-Gordon%2C+Dahlia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPulido2016" class="citation book cs1">Pulido, Ángel (2016). Sephardic Jews and the Spanish language. New York: Ateven Capsuto Books & Translation Services. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0997825404" title="Special:BookSources/978-0997825404"><bdi>978-0997825404</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sephardic+Jews+and+the+Spanish+language&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Ateven+Capsuto+Books+%26+Translation+Services&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0997825404&rft.aulast=Pulido&rft.aufirst=%C3%81ngel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.proyectos.cchs.csic.es/sefardiweb/node/10">"EL JUDEOESPAÑOL O LADINO | Sefardiweb"</a>. www.proyectos.cchs.csic.es. Retrieved 25 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.proyectos.cchs.csic.es&rft.atitle=EL+JUDEOESPA%C3%91OL+O+LADINO+%7C+Sefardiweb&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.proyectos.cchs.csic.es%2Fsefardiweb%2Fnode%2F10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lynnchenel.com/deal-with-ladino-dialects/">"Judeo-Spanish (Ladino) and Its Deal with Dialects"</a>. Lynn Chenel. Retrieved 25 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lynn+Chenel&rft.atitle=Judeo-Spanish+%28Ladino%29+and+Its+Deal+with+Dialects&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flynnchenel.com%2Fdeal-with-ladino-dialects%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuintana2006" class="citation book cs1">Quintana, Aldina (January 2006). Geografía lingüística del judeoespañol. Estudio sincrónico y diacrónico. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-0351-0275-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-0351-0275-8"><bdi>978-3-0351-0275-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geograf%C3%ADa+ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica+del+judeoespa%C3%B1ol.+Estudio+sincr%C3%B3nico+y+diacr%C3%B3nico&rft.date=2006-01&rft.isbn=978-3-0351-0275-8&rft.aulast=Quintana&rft.aufirst=Aldina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IstanbulIPA-33"><a href="#cite_ref-IstanbulIPA_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHualdeŞaul2011" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ignacio_Hualde" title="José Ignacio Hualde">Hualde, José Ignacio</a>; Şaul, Mahir (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100310000277">"Istanbul Judeo-Spanish"</a>. Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 41 (1): 89–110. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100310000277">10.1017/S0025100310000277</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0025-1003">0025-1003</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145143546">145143546</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Istanbul+Judeo-Spanish&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=89-110&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145143546%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0025-1003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100310000277&rft.aulast=Hualde&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Ignacio&rft.au=%C5%9Eaul%2C+Mahir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0025100310000277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phonetics-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Phonetics_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/Language/LAD/lad.html">"Ladino"</a>. archive.phonetics.ucla.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.phonetics.ucla.edu&rft.atitle=Ladino&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.phonetics.ucla.edu%2FLanguage%2FLAD%2Flad.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_35-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_35-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_35-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenny2000" class="citation book cs1">Penny, Ralph (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/variationchangei0000penn">Variation and Change in Spanish</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/variationchanges00penn/page/n194">179</a>–189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-60450-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-60450-8"><bdi>0-521-60450-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Variation+and+Change+in+Spanish&rft.pages=179-189&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-521-60450-8&rft.aulast=Penny&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvariationchangei0000penn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Travis G. Bradley and Ann Marie Delforge, Phonological Retention and Innovation in the Judeo-Spanish of Istanbul in Selected Proceedings of the 8th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium, ed. Timothy L. Face and Carol A. Klee, 73–88. 2006. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatzarov" class="citation web cs1">Batzarov, Zdravko. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orbilat.com/Languages/Spanish-Ladino/Grammar/Ladino-Noun.htm#Formation%20of%20the%20Plural">"Judeo-Spanish: Noun"</a>. orbilat.com. Retrieved 9 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=orbilat.com&rft.atitle=Judeo-Spanish%3A+Noun&rft.aulast=Batzarov&rft.aufirst=Zdravko&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orbilat.com%2FLanguages%2FSpanish-Ladino%2FGrammar%2FLadino-Noun.htm%23Formation%2520of%2520the%2520Plural&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Sevi, Aldo et. al. (ed.), "Grafía del Djudeo-Espanyol Sigún el Método de Akí Yerushaláyim." Akí Yerushaláyim, no. 113, October 2024, pp. 117-120 </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Verba Hispanica X: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hispanismo.cervantes.es/documentos/smidX.pdf">Los problemas del estudio de la lengua sefardí</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080407074136/http://hispanismo.cervantes.es/documentos/smidX.pdf">Archived</a> 7 April 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Katja Šmid, Ljubljana, pages 113–124: Es interesante el hecho que en Bulgaria se imprimieron unas pocas publicaciones en alfabeto cirílico búlgaro y en Grecia en alfabeto griego. [...] Nezirović (1992: 128) anota que también en Bosnia se ha encontrado un documento en que la lengua sefardí está escrita en alfabeto cirilico. The Nezirović reference is: Nezirović, M., Jevrejsko-Španjolska književnost. Institut za književnost, Svjetlost, Sarajevo, Bosnia 1992. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> See preface by <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Hassan" title="Jacob Hassan">Iacob M. Hassán</a> to Romero, Coplas Sefardíes, Cordoba, pp. 23–24. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sephardicstudies.org/quickladino.html">"Ladinoikonunita: A quick explanation of Ladino (Judaeo-Spanish)</a>. Sephardicstudies.org. Retrieved on 19 October 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_42-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay2013" class="citation book cs1">Ray, Jonathan Stewart (2013). After expulsion: 1492 and the making of Sephardic Jewry. New York: New York University Press. pp. 137–138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-2911-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-2911-3"><bdi>978-0-8147-2911-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+expulsion%3A+1492+and+the+making+of+Sephardic+Jewry&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=137-138&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-2911-3&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+Stewart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DER-43"><a href="#cite_ref-DER_43-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dexonline.ro/search.php?cuv=palavra&source=12">palavră</a> in the Dicționarul etimologic român, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandru_Cior%C4%83nescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexandru Ciorănescu (page does not exist)">Alexandru Ciorănescu</a> [<a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandru_Cior%C4%83nescu" class="extiw" title="ro:Alexandru Ciorănescu">ro</a>], <a href="/wiki/Universidad_de_la_Laguna" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad de la Laguna">Universidad de la Laguna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tenerife" title="Tenerife">Tenerife</a>, 1958–1966: Cuvînt introdus probabil prin. iud. sp: "Word introduced probably through Judaeo-Spanish. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greek-language.gr/greekLang/studies/guide/thema_c6/04.html">Συγκριτικός πίνακας των στοιχείων των απογραφών του 1928, 1940 ΚΑΙ 1951 σχετικά με τις ομιλούμενες γλώσσες στην Ελλάδα.</a> – Μεινοτικές γλώσσες στην Ελλάδα, Κωνσταντίνος Τσιτσελίκης (2001), Πύλη για την Ελληνική Γλώσσα </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarovitzChristodoulou2001" class="citation book cs1">Marovitz, Sanford E.; Christodoulou, Athanasios C. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rpUY_8OjqHUC">Melville "Among the Nations": Proceedings of an International Conference, Volos, Greece, July 2-6, 1997</a>. Kent State University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rpUY_8OjqHUC&pg=PA101">101</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-696-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-696-8"><bdi>978-0-87338-696-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Melville+%22Among+the+Nations%22%3A+Proceedings+of+an+International+Conference%2C+Volos%2C+Greece%2C+July+2-6%2C+1997&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Kent+State+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-87338-696-8&rft.aulast=Marovitz&rft.aufirst=Sanford+E.&rft.au=Christodoulou%2C+Athanasios+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrpUY_8OjqHUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-harris2011-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-harris2011_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-harris2011_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-harris2011_46-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-harris2011_46-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-harris2011_46-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2011" class="citation journal cs1">Harris, Tracy K. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41444099">"The State of Ladino Today"</a>. <a href="/wiki/European_Judaism:_A_Journal_for_the_New_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="European Judaism: A Journal for the New Europe">European Judaism: A Journal for the New Europe</a>. 44 (1): 51–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3167%2Fej.2011.44.01.07">10.3167/ej.2011.44.01.07</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0014-3006">0014-3006</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41444099">41444099</a>. Retrieved 28 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Judaism%3A+A+Journal+for+the+New+Europe&rft.atitle=The+State+of+Ladino+Today&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=51-61&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=0014-3006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41444099%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3167%2Fej.2011.44.01.07&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Tracy+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41444099&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerson_Şarhon2011" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karen_Gerson_%C5%9Earhon" class="mw-redirect" title="Karen Gerson Şarhon">Gerson Şarhon, Karen</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41444100">"Ladino in Turkey: The Situation Today as Reflected by the Ladino Database Project"</a>. European Judaism: A Journal for the New Europe. 44 (1): 62–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3167%2Fej.2011.44.01.08">10.3167/ej.2011.44.01.08</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0014-3006">0014-3006</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41444100">41444100</a>. Retrieved 28 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Judaism%3A+A+Journal+for+the+New+Europe&rft.atitle=Ladino+in+Turkey%3A+The+Situation+Today+as+Reflected+by+the+Ladino+Database+Project&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=62-71&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=0014-3006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41444100%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3167%2Fej.2011.44.01.08&rft.aulast=Gerson+%C5%9Earhon&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41444100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-REKA-48"><a href="#cite_ref-REKA_48-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reka.iba.org.il/">Reka Network</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kol_Yisrael" title="Kol Yisrael">Kol Israel International</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070323082115/http://reka.iba.org.il/">Archived</a> 23 March 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-REE-49"><a href="#cite_ref-REE_49-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Radio_Exterior_de_Espa%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Exterior de España">Radio Exterior de España</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rtve.es/alacarta/audios/emision-en-sefardi/">Emisión en sefardí</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Nir Hasson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/holocaust-survivor-revives-jewish-dialect-by-translating-greek-epic-1.417423">Holocaust survivor revives Jewish dialect by translating Greek epic,</a> at <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>, 9 March 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon2011" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Simon, Rachel (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14263%2F2330-2976.1008">"The Contribution of Hebrew Printing Houses and Printers in Istanbul to Ladino Culture and Scholarship"</a>. Judaica Librarianship. 16/17: 125–135. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14263%2F2330-2976.1008">10.14263/2330-2976.1008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Judaica+Librarianship&rft.atitle=The+Contribution+of+Hebrew+Printing+Houses+and+Printers+in+Istanbul+to+Ladino+Culture+and+Scholarship&rft.volume=16%2F17&rft.pages=125-135&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14263%2F2330-2976.1008&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.14263%252F2330-2976.1008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorovaya2012" class="citation book cs1">Borovaya, Olga (2012). Modern Ladino Culture: Press, Belles Lettres, and Theater in the Late Ottoman Empire. Indiana University Press. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35672-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35672-7"><bdi>978-0-253-35672-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Ladino+Culture%3A+Press%2C+Belles+Lettres%2C+and+Theater+in+the+Late+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-253-35672-7&rft.aulast=Borovaya&rft.aufirst=Olga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorovaya2012" class="citation book cs1">Borovaya, Olga (2012). Modern Ladino Culture: Press, Belles Lettres, and Theater in the Late Ottoman Empire. Indiana University Press. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35672-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35672-7"><bdi>978-0-253-35672-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Ladino+Culture%3A+Press%2C+Belles+Lettres%2C+and+Theater+in+the+Late+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-253-35672-7&rft.aulast=Borovaya&rft.aufirst=Olga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorovaya2012" class="citation book cs1">Borovaya, Olga (2012). Modern Ladino Culture: Press, Belles Lettres, and Theater in the Late Ottoman Empire. Indiana University Press. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35672-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35672-7"><bdi>978-0-253-35672-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Ladino+Culture%3A+Press%2C+Belles+Lettres%2C+and+Theater+in+the+Late+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-253-35672-7&rft.aulast=Borovaya&rft.aufirst=Olga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorovaya2012" class="citation book cs1">Borovaya, Olga (2012). Modern Ladino Culture: Press, Belles Lettres, and Theater in the Late Ottoman Empire. Indiana University Press. p. 191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35672-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35672-7"><bdi>978-0-253-35672-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Ladino+Culture%3A+Press%2C+Belles+Lettres%2C+and+Theater+in+the+Late+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-253-35672-7&rft.aulast=Borovaya&rft.aufirst=Olga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Straussp36-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Straussp36_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrauss2010" class="citation book cs1">Strauss, Johann (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/menalib/download/pdf/2734659?originalFilename=true">"A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the Kanun-ı Esasi and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages"</a>. In Herzog, Christoph; Malek Sharif (eds.). The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy. <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a>: <a href="/wiki/Orient-Institut_Istanbul" title="Orient-Institut Istanbul">Orient-Institut Istanbul</a>. pp. 21–51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Constitution+for+a+Multilingual+Empire%3A+Translations+of+the+Kanun-%C4%B1+Esasi+and+Other+Official+Texts+into+Minority+Languages&rft.btitle=The+First+Ottoman+Experiment+in+Democracy&rft.place=W%C3%BCrzburg&rft.pages=21-51&rft.pub=Orient-Institut+Istanbul&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Strauss&rft.aufirst=Johann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmenadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de%2Fmenalib%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F2734659%3ForiginalFilename%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Spanish" class="Z3988"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/urn/urn:nbn:de:gbv:3:5-91645">info page on book</a> at <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Luther University">Martin Luther University</a>) // CITED: p. 36 (PDF p. 38/338). "This seems surprising insofar as Judaeo-Spanish translators do not generally shun Turkish terms." </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etzahaim.org/">"Congregation Etz Ahaim – Sephardic"</a>. Congregation Etz Ahaim – Sephardic.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Congregation+Etz+Ahaim+%E2%80%93+Sephardic&rft.atitle=Congregation+Etz+Ahaim+%E2%80%93+Sephardic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etzahaim.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrishman2007" class="citation book cs1">Frishman, Elyse D., ed. (2007). 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Retrieved 3 February 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+War+II+and+the+Decline+of+the+Ladino+Language&rft.pages=2%2F6&rft.pub=USC+Shoah+Foundation&rft.aulast=Austin&rft.aufirst=Dana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsfi.usc.edu%3A443%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fprofiles%2FWorld+War+II+and+the+Decline+of+the+Ladino+Language-+Dana+Austin.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Spanish" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: Check <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> value (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenbassaRodrigue2000" class="citation book cs1">Benbassa, Esther; Rodrigue, Aron (13 April 2000). 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Shofar. 28 (1): 131. 2009. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0882-8539">0882-8539</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5703/shofar.28.1.127">10.5703/shofar.28.1.127</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Shofar&rft.atitle=Conference+News&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=131&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5703%2Fshofar.28.1.127%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0882-8539&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5703%2Fshofar.28.1.127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fortunaoficial.com/en/biography/">"BIOGRAPHY"</a>. Retrieved 24 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BIOGRAPHY&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffortunaoficial.com%2Fen%2Fbiography%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esther-ofarim.de/Disco.htm">"Esther Ofarim web site"</a>. Esther Ofarim.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Esther+Ofarim&rft.atitle=Esther+Ofarim+web+site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esther-ofarim.de%2FDisco.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/jagoda-flory">"Flory Jagoda"</a>. Jewish Women's Archive. 23 June 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Women%27s+Archive&rft.atitle=Flory+Jagoda&rft.date=2021-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjwa.org%2Fencyclopedia%2Farticle%2Fjagoda-flory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein2023" class="citation news cs1">Klein, David I. (20 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://religionnews.com/2023/11/20/in-bosnia-gentile-musicians-work-to-preserve-the-countrys-sephardic-jewish-tradition/">"In Bosnia, gentile musicians work to preserve the country's Sephardic Jewish tradition"</a>. Religion News Service. Retrieved 28 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religion+News+Service&rft.atitle=In+Bosnia%2C+gentile+musicians+work+to+preserve+the+country%27s+Sephardic+Jewish+tradition&rft.date=2023-11-20&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=David+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freligionnews.com%2F2023%2F11%2F20%2Fin-bosnia-gentile-musicians-work-to-preserve-the-countrys-sephardic-jewish-tradition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://msac.org/directory/artists/ramon-tasat">"Ramón Tasat"</a>. Maryland State Arts Council. Retrieved 24 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Maryland+State+Arts+Council&rft.atitle=Ram%C3%B3n+Tasat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmsac.org%2Fdirectory%2Fartists%2Framon-tasat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080828192546/http://www.sydneyoperahouse.com/About/08EventMediaRelease_YasminLevy.aspx">"2008 Event Media Release – Yasmin Levy"</a>. Sydney Opera House. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sydneyoperahouse.com/About/08EventMediaRelease_YasminLevy.aspx">the original</a> on 28 August 2008. Retrieved 19 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2008+Event+Media+Release+%E2%80%93+Yasmin+Levy&rft.pub=Sydney+Opera+House&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sydneyoperahouse.com%2FAbout%2F08EventMediaRelease_YasminLevy.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/worldmusic/a4wm2007/2007_yasmin_levy.shtml">"BBC – Awards for World Music 2007 – Yasmin Levy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. Retrieved 19 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+%E2%80%93+Awards+for+World+Music+2007+%E2%80%93+Yasmin+Levy&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fradio3%2Fworldmusic%2Fa4wm2007%2F2007_yasmin_levy.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salom.com.tr/news/list/category/19-Judeo-Espanyol.aspx">Åžalom Gazetesi – 12.10.2011 – Judeo-Espanyol Ä°Ã§erikleri</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081211031624/http://www.salom.com.tr/news/list/category/19-Judeo-Espanyol.aspx">Archived</a> 11 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Salom.com.tr. Retrieved on 19 October 2011. </li> </ol></div></div> Bibliography <ul><li>Barton, Thomas Immanuel (Toivi Cook) (2010) Judezmo Expressions. USA <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-89-00-35754-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-89-00-35754-7">978-89-00-35754-7</a></li> <li>Barton, Thomas Immanuel (Toivi Cook) (2008) Judezmo (Judeo-Castilian) Dictionary. USA <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-890035-73-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-890035-73-0">978-1-890035-73-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_M._Bunis" title="David M. Bunis">Bunis, David M.</a> (1999) Judezmo: an introduction to the language of the Sephardic Jews of the Ottoman Empire. Jerusalem <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-493-024-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-493-024-6">978-965-493-024-6</a></li> <li>Bunis, David M. (2015) Judezmo (Ladino). In Lily Kahn and Aaron D. Rubin (eds.), Handbook of Jewish languages, 366–451. Leiden: Brill.</li> <li>Габинский, Марк А. (1992) Сефардский (еврейской-испанский) язык (M. A. Gabinsky. Sephardic (Judeo-Spanish) language, in Russian). Chişinău: Ştiinţa</li> <li>Harris, Tracy. 1994. Death of a language: The history of Judeo-Spanish. Newark, DE: University of Delaware Press.</li> <li>Hemsi, Alberto (1995) Cancionero Sefardí; edited and with an introduction by Edwin Seroussi (Yuval Music Series; 4.) Jerusaelem: The Jewish Music Research Centre, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem</li> <li>Hualde, José Ignacio (2013) "Intervocalic lenition and word-boundary effects: Evidence from Judeo-Spanish". Diachronica 30.2: 232–26.</li> <li>Kohen, Elli; Kohen-Gordon, Dahlia (2000) Ladino-English, English-Ladino: concise encyclopedic dictionary. New York: Hippocrene Books</li> <li>Markova, Alla (2008) Beginner's Ladino with 2 Audio CDs. New York: Hippocrene Books <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7818-1225-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7818-1225-9">0-7818-1225-9</a></li> <li>Markus, Shimon (1965) Ha-safa ha-sefaradit-yehudit (The Judeo-Spanish language, in Hebrew). Jerusalem</li> <li>Minervini, Laura (1999) "The Formation of the Judeo-Spanish koiné: Dialect Convergence in the Sixteenth Century". In Proceedings of the Tenth British Conference on Judeo-Spanish Studies. Edited by Annete Benaim, 41–52. London: Queen Mary and Westfield College.</li> <li>Minervini, Laura (2006) "El desarollo histórico del judeoespañol", Revista Internacional de Lingüística Iberoamericana 4.2: 13–34.</li> <li>Molho, Michael (1950) Usos y costumbres de los judíos de Salónica</li> <li>Quintana Rodriguez, Aldina. 2001. Concomitancias lingüisticas entre el aragones y el ladino (judeoespañol). Archivo de Filología Aragonesa 57–58, 163–192.</li> <li>Quintana Rodriguez, Aldina. 2006. Geografía lingüistica del judeoespañol: Estudio sincrónico y diacrónico. Bern: Peter Lang.</li> <li>Sephiha, Haïm-Vidal. 1997. "Judeo-Spanish", in Weinstock, Nathan, Sephiha, Haïm-Vidal (with Anita Barrera-Schoonheere) Yiddish and Judeo-Spanish: a European Heritage. European Languages 6. Brussels: European Bureau for Lesser-Used Languages, 23–39.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarol-Bornes2008" class="citation book cs1">Varol-Bornes, Marie-Christine (2008). Manual of Judeo-Spanish: language and culture. Translated by Tarica, Ralph. Bethesda, Md.: University Press of Maryland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-915255-75-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-915255-75-1"><bdi>978-2-915255-75-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+of+Judeo-Spanish%3A+language+and+culture&rft.place=Bethesda%2C+Md.&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Maryland&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-2-915255-75-1&rft.aulast=Varol-Bornes&rft.aufirst=Marie-Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Spanish" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaeo-Spanish&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Lleal, Coloma (1992) "A propósito de una denominación: el judeoespañol", available at Centro Virtual Cervantes, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/FichaObra.html?Ref=19944">A propósito de una denominación: el judeoespañol</a></li> <li>Saporta y Beja, Enrique, comp. (1978) Refranes de los judíos sefardíes y otras locuciones típicas de Salónica y otros sitios de Oriente. Barcelona: Ameller</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaeo-Spanish&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Judaeo-Spanish at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Ladino_language" class="extiw" title="wikt:Category:Ladino language">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Judaeo-Spanish_language" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Judaeo-Spanish language">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Beginners_Guide_to_Ladino" class="extiw" title="b:Beginners Guide to Ladino">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Ladino_phrasebook" class="extiw" title="voy:Ladino phrasebook">Phrasebook</a> from Wikivoyage</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="lad:">Ladino edition</a> of Wikipedia</li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wt/lad" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wt/lad">Judaeo-Spanish test</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120322074956/http://www.ladino-authority.com/">Autoridad Nasionala del Ladino</a> (in Ladino)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721081700/http://www.jmth.gr/web/thejews.htm">Jewish Museum of Thessaloniki</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081009032805/http://www.ladino-biu.com/">Ladino Center</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sephardicstudies.org/komunita.html">Ladinokomunita</a>, an email list in Ladino</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140622201209/http://aki-yerushalayim.co.il/ay/index.htm">La pajina djudeo-espanyola de Aki Yerushalayim</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mishkan.com/ladinoalefbet.html">The Ladino Alphabet</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orbilat.com/Languages/Spanish-Ladino/index.html">Judeo-Spanish (Ladino) at Orbis Latinus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.primary-music.com">Ladino music</a> by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.primary-music.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=4&Itemid=9">Suzy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Margalit_Matitiahu" title="Margalit Matitiahu">Margalit Matitiahu</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=8989551">Socolovsky, Jerome. "Lost Language of Ladino Revived in Spain"</a>, Morning Edition, National Public Radio, 19 March 2007.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grijalvo.com/Matilda_Koen_Sarano/b_Matilda_Kuzina_kongreso.htm">A randomly selected example of use of ladino on the Worldwide Web: La komponente kulinaria i linguístika turka en la kuzina djudeo-espanyola</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tapuz.co.il/tapuzforum/main/anashim.asp?forum=420&pass=1">Israeli Ladino Language Forum (Hebrew)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ladinotype.com">LadinoType – A Ladino Transliteration System for Solitreo, Meruba, and Rashi</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/7777/edition_id/147/format/html/displaystory.html">Habla Ladino? Sephardim meet to preserve language</a> Friday 9 January 1998</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rtve.es/rne/ree/pnsefar/sefardi.htm">Edición SEFARAD, Radio programme in Ladino from Radio Nacional de España</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antoniodenebrija.org/indice.html">Etext of Nebrija's Gramática de la lengua castellana, showing orthography of Old Spanish</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100510193155/http://www.antoniodenebrija.org/indice.html">Archived</a> 10 May 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sefarad.revistas.csic.es">Sefarad</a>, Revista de Estudios Hebraicos, Sefardíes y de Oriente Próximo, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilc.csic.es">ILC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_National_Research_Council" title="Spanish National Research Council">CSIC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/8953-judaeo-spanish-language-ladino-and-literature">Judæo-Spanish Language (Ladino) and Literature, Jewish Encyclopedia</a></li> <li>Yitshak (Itzik) Levy <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/user/yitshak45/about-">An authentic documentation of Ladino heritage and culture </a></li> <li>Sephardic Studies Digital Library & Museum <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishstudies.washington.edu/seattle-sephardic-treasures/">– UW Stroum Jewish Studies </a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jewishstudies.washington.edu/sephardic-studies/david-bunis-ladino-or-not-ladino/">"Ladino" or not "Ladino"?</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_M._Bunis" title="David M. Bunis">David M. Bunis</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/18371509/An_inside_look_into_the_Portuguese_corpus_of_words_in_Nehamas_Dictionnaire_du_Judeo-Espagnol/">An inside look into the Portuguese corpus of words in Nehama's Dictionnaire du Judeo-Espagnol</a> Yossi Gur, 2003.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201030144320/https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/ladino.pdf">Ladino romanization standard used by the Library of Congress</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Groups_claiming_affiliation_with_Israelites" title="Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites">Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Diaspora" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner-Jews" title="Afrikaner-Jews">Afrikaner-Jode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuts" title="Chuts">Chuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galitzianers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvaks" title="Litvaks">Lita'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberlander_Jews" title="Oberlander Jews">Oberlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Udmurtia_and_Tatarstan" title="History of the Jews in Udmurtia and Tatarstan">Udmurt and Tatar Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unterlander_Jews" title="Unterlander Jews">Unterlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekke" title="Yekke">Yekkes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Abraham" title="Beta Abraham">Beta Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falash_Mura" title="Falash Mura">Falash Mura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desi_Jews" title="Desi Jews">Desi Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Kochinim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzínim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinopolitan_Karaites" title="Constantinopolitan Karaites">Constantinopolitan Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdish Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Jews" title="Maghrebi Jews">Maghrebi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Alexandria" title="History of the Jews in Alexandria">Alexandrian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Jews" title="Baghdadi Jews">Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egyptian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Mountain Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Jews" title="Palestinian Jews">Palestinian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Persian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfalim" title="Urfalim">Urfalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adeni_Jews" title="Adeni Jews">Adeni Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habbani_Jews" title="Habbani Jews">Ḥabbanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hadramaut" title="History of the Jews in Hadramaut">Hadhrami Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saada" title="History of the Jews in Saada">Saada Jews</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musta%27arabi_Jews" title="Musta'arabi Jews">Mustaʿravim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Jewish tribes of Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Eastern Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Livorno" title="History of the Jews in Livorno">Livornese Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_African_Sephardim" title="North African Sephardim">North African Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradesi_Jews" title="Paradesi Jews">Paradesi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meshuchrarim" title="Meshuchrarim">Meshuchrarim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Sephardic Bnei Anusim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xuetes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_diaspora_languages" title="List of Jewish diaspora languages">Diasporic</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language#List_of_signed_languages" title="Manually coded language">Signed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Catalanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Amazigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">Judeo-Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Yahudic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Judeo-Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judaeo-Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum_(Aramaic_dialects)" title="Targum (Aramaic dialects)">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Barzani" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Barzani">Barzani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Betanure" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Betanure">Betanure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Trans-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Hulaulá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Zakho" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Zakho">Lishana Deni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Urmia" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Urmia">Lishán Didán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Lishanid Noshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic">Talmudic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Palestinian Aramaic">Palestinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galilean_dialect" title="Galilean dialect">Galilean</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Aragonese" title="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judeo-Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_English_varieties" title="Jewish English varieties">Jewish English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinglish" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinglish">Yinglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heblish" class="mw-redirect" title="Heblish">Heblish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Judaeo-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judaeo-Piedmontese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Latin" title="Judeo-Latin">Judeo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Marathi" title="Judeo-Marathi">Judeo-Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Judaeo-Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Persian" title="Judeo-Persian">Judeo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukhori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Borujerdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Borujerdi">Judeo-Borujerdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Golpaygani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Golpaygani">Judeo-Golpaygani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Hamedani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Hamedani">Judeo-Hamedani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Shirazi" title="Judeo-Shirazi">Judeo-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Juhuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judaeo-Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Urdu" title="Judeo-Urdu">Judeo-Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayla_dialect" title="Kayla dialect">Kayliñña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Kivruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Koiné Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ladino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotegorisch" title="Lotegorisch">Lotegorisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qwara_dialect" title="Qwara dialect">Qwareña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Shassagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Shuadit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects" title="Yiddish dialects">dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Yiddish">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galitzish" class="mw-redirect" title="Galitzish">Galitzish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Yiddish">Litvish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poylish" class="mw-redirect" title="Poylish">Poylish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klezmer-loshn" title="Klezmer-loshn">Klezmer-loshn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Yiddish">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Alsatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Alsatian">Judeo-Alsatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots-Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots-Yiddish">Scots-Yiddish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Beliefs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_authority" title="Rabbinic authority">Rabbinic authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Chosen people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Eschatology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_in_Judaism" title="Holiness in Judaism">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Names of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sefirot" title="Sefirot">Sefirot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches of Judaism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Religious movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvishe" class="mw-redirect" title="Litvishe">Litvaks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Hasidism" title="Neo-Hasidism">Neo-Hasidism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolog_Judaism" title="Neolog Judaism">Neolog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationships_between_Jewish_religious_movements" title="Relationships between Jewish religious movements">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Sifrei Kodesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a>/Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_texts_of_Kabbalah" title="Primary texts of Kabbalah">Kabbalah texts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hekhalot_literature" title="Hekhalot literature">Hekhalot literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_Rimonim" title="Pardes Rimonim">Pardes Rimonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_HaBahir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer HaBahir">Sefer HaBahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etz_Chaim_(book)" title="Etz Chaim (book)">Sefer HaEtz Chaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Raziel_HaMalakh" title="Sefer Raziel HaMalakh">Sefer Raziel HaMalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Yetzirah" title="Sefer Yetzirah">Sefer Yetzirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_astrology" title="Jewish astrology">Astrology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_astrology" title="Jewish views on astrology">perspectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monen" title="Monen">Monen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_astronomy" title="Hebrew astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_education" title="Jewish education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Leadership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">Rebbe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Divorce in Judaism">Divorce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_mythology" title="Jewish mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_name" title="Jewish name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazzan" title="Hazzan">Hazzan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_symbolism" title="Jewish symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_studies" title="Jewish studies">Studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Jewish_History" title="Center for Jewish History">Center for Jewish History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Historical_Society" title="American Jewish Historical Society">American Jewish Historical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sephardi_Federation" title="American Sephardi Federation">American Sephardi Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Baeck_Institute_New_York" title="Leo Baeck Institute New York">Leo Baeck Institute New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_University_Museum" title="Yeshiva University Museum">Yeshiva University Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YIVO" title="YIVO">YIVO Institute for Jewish Research</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_of_Contemporary_Jewish_Documentation" title="Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation">Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic studies on Jews">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jew_(word)" title="Jew (word)">Jew (word)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">National Library of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_YIVO_Encyclopedia_of_Jews_in_Eastern_Europe" title="The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe">YIVO Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Holocaust" title="Encyclopedia of the Holocaust">Encyclopedia of the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust Encyclopedia">Holocaust Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_other_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Anabaptist–Jewish relations">Anabaptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Mormonism" title="Judaism and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_and_Judaism" title="Protestantism and Judaism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Halloween" title="Jews and Halloween">Jews and Halloween</a></li></ul></li> <li>non-Christian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism and Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Hinduism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Category:Jews and Judaism">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/14px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/21px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/28px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jewish_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewish_languages" title="Template:Jewish languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jewish_languages" title="Template talk:Jewish languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jewish_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Jewish languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reading traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Hebrew" title="Italian Hebrew">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judaeo-Aramaic</a>/<a href="/wiki/Targum_(Aramaic_dialects)" title="Targum (Aramaic dialects)">Targum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Talmudic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Palestinian Aramaic">Jewish Palestinian Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galilean_dialect" title="Galilean dialect">Galilean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Barzani" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Barzani">Barzani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Trans-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Hulaulá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Zakho" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Zakho">Lishana Deni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Urmia" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Urmia">Lishán Didán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Lishanid Noshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Betanure" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Betanure">Betanure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic" title="Judeo-Arabic">Judaeo-Arabic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Algerian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Algerian Arabic">Judaeo-Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Egyptian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Egyptian Arabic">Judaeo-Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fessi_dialect#Jewish_Fessi_dialect" title="Fessi dialect">Judaeo-Fessi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Judaeo-Iraqi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Judaeo-Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judaeo-Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Palestinian_Judeo-Arabic" title="Modern Palestinian Judeo-Arabic">Judaeo-Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judaeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Syrian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Syrian Arabic">Judaeo-Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judaeo-Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judaeo-Yemeni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez" title="Geʽez">Geʽez</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Semitic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Semitic languages">Ethiosemitic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayla_dialect" title="Kayla dialect">Kayla</a>/<a href="/wiki/Qwara_dialect" title="Qwara dialect">Qwara</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judaeo-Berber</a> (<a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects" title="Yiddish dialects">dialects</a>/<a href="/wiki/Argot" class="mw-redirect" title="Argot">argots</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Yiddish">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galitzish" class="mw-redirect" title="Galitzish">Galitzish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Yiddish">Litvish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poylish" class="mw-redirect" title="Poylish">Poylish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects" title="Yiddish dialects">Ukrainish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurtish" class="mw-redirect" title="Udmurtish">Udmurtish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klezmer-loshn" title="Klezmer-loshn">Klezmer-loshn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Yiddish">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Alsatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Alsatian">Judaeo-Alsatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots-Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots-Yiddish">Scots-Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_English_varieties" title="Jewish English varieties">Jewish English</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinglish" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinglish">Yinglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heblish" class="mw-redirect" title="Heblish">Heblish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Romance_languages" title="Judaeo-Romance languages">Judaeo-Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Judaeo-Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judaeo-Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Livornese" title="Judeo-Livornese">Judaeo-Livornese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Mantuan" title="Judeo-Mantuan">Judaeo-Mantuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judaeo-Piedmontese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Roman_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Roman language">Judaeo-Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Judaeo-Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Latin" title="Judeo-Latin">Judaeo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Judaeo-Provençal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judaeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judaeo-Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Aragonese" title="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judaeo-Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iranian_languages" title="Judeo-Iranian languages">Judaeo-Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukhori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judaeo-Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Persian" title="Judeo-Persian">Judaeo-Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Hamedani%E2%80%93Borujerdi" title="Judeo-Hamedani–Borujerdi">Judaeo-Hamedani–Borujerdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Shirazi" title="Judeo-Shirazi">Judaeo-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_Dari" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian Dari">Judaeo-Yazdi–Kermani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Kashani" title="Judeo-Kashani">Judaeo-Kashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Golpaygani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Golpaygani">Judaeo-Golpaygani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Jewish Koine Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Yevanic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a>, Pre-1970s <a href="/wiki/Odesan_Russian" title="Odesan Russian">Odesan Russian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Urdu" title="Judeo-Urdu">Judaeo-Urdu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Marathi" title="Judeo-Marathi">Judaeo-Marathi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judaeo-Malayalam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Judaeo-Georgian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Papiamento" title="Judaeo-Papiamento">Judaeo-Papiamento</a> (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese-based_creole_languages" title="Portuguese-based creole languages">Portuguese-based Creole</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malay" title="Judeo-Malay">Judaeo-Malay</a> (<a href="/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Israeli Sign Language</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language_family" title="German Sign Language family">German Sign</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Algerian Jewish Sign Language</a> (<a href="/wiki/Village_sign_language" title="Village sign language">village sign language</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Spain" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Spain" title="Template:Languages of Spain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Spain" title="Template talk:Languages of Spain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Spain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Spain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Spain" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Spain" title="Languages of Spain">Languages of Spain</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official / national</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Names_given_to_the_Spanish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Names given to the Spanish language">a.k.a. Castilian</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional / minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Co-official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aranese_dialect" title="Aranese dialect">Aranese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recognised</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_language" title="Asturian language">Asturian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leonese_language" title="Leonese language">Leonese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unrecognised languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silbo_Gomero" title="Silbo Gomero">Gomeran whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremaduran_language" title="Extremaduran language">Estremeñu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fala_language" title="Fala language">Fala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantabrian dialect">Cantabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darija" class="mw-redirect" title="Darija">Darija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_language" title="Caló language">Caló</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erromintxela_language" title="Erromintxela language">Erromintxela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roquetas_Pidgin_Spanish" title="Roquetas Pidgin Spanish">Roquetas Pidgin Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarifit" title="Tarifit">Tarifit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a>, etc.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standard forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Spanish" title="Standard Spanish">Spanish</a></li> <li>Asturian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Basque" title="Standard Basque">Basque</a></li> <li>Catalan / Valencian</li> <li>Galician</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sign_Language" title="Spanish Sign Language">Spanish Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Sign_Language" title="Catalan Sign Language">Catalan Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_Sign_Language" title="Valencian Sign Language">Valencian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_language_movement" title="Andalusian language movement">Andalusian language movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romance_languages_(classification)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romance_languages" title="Template:Romance languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romance_languages" title="Template talk:Romance languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romance_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romance languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romance_languages_(classification)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Romance_languages" title="Classification of Romance languages">classification</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Western_languages" title="Italo-Western languages">Italo-Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-Dalmatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Romance_languages" title="Southern Romance languages">Southern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_language" title="Istro-Romanian language">Istro-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language" title="Megleno-Romanian language">Megleno-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Daco-Romanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_dialects" title="Romanian dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Romanian_dialect" title="Banat Romanian dialect">Banat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukovinian_Romanian_dialect" title="Bukovinian Romanian dialect">Bukovinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cri%C8%99ana_dialect" title="Crișana dialect">Crișana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99_dialect" title="Maramureș dialect">Maramureș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_dialect" title="Moldavian dialect">Moldavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oltenian_dialect" title="Oltenian dialect">Oltenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_varieties_of_Romanian" title="Transylvanian varieties of Romanian">Transylvanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallachian_dialect" title="Wallachian dialect">Wallachian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Romanian" title="Common Romanian">Common Romanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo- Dalmatian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Italian" title="Central Italian">Central Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Central Marchigiano</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect#Ancona_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Ancona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect#Fabriano_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Fabriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect#Macerata_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Macerata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central-Northern_Latian_dialect" title="Central-Northern Latian dialect">Central−Northern Latian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesco_dialect" title="Romanesco dialect">Romanesco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabino_dialect" title="Sabino dialect">Sabino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_language" title="Corsican language">Corsican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallurese" title="Gallurese">Gallurese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Australian_dialect" title="Italo-Australian dialect">Italo-Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Italian" title="Maltese Italian">Maltese Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Italian" title="Swiss Italian">Swiss Italian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassarese_language" title="Sassarese language">Sassarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_dialect" title="Tuscan dialect">Tuscan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_dialect" title="Florentine dialect">Florentine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_Southern_Italian" title="Extreme Southern Italian">Extreme Southern Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Calabria#Central-Southern_Calabrian" title="Languages of Calabria">Central−Southern Calabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salentino_dialect" title="Salentino dialect">Salentino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manduriano" title="Manduriano">Manduriano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantesco_dialect" title="Pantesco dialect">Pantesco</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Neapolitan–Calabrese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Neapolitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barese_dialect" title="Barese dialect">Barese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benevento_dialect" title="Benevento dialect">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castelmezzano_dialect" title="Castelmezzano dialect">Castelmezzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilentan_dialect" title="Cilentan dialect">Cilentan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irpinian_dialect" title="Irpinian dialect">Irpinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arianese_dialect" title="Arianese dialect">Arianese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molisan" title="Molisan">Molisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Latian_dialect" title="Southern Latian dialect">Southern Latian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarantino_dialect" title="Tarantino dialect">Tarantino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastese" title="Vastese">Vastese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Calabria#Northern_Calabrian_(Cosentian)" title="Languages of Calabria">Northern Calabrian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages#Dalmatian_Romance" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Dalmatian Romance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_language" title="Dalmatian language">Dalmatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istriot_language" title="Istriot language">Istriot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_languages" title="Gallo-Italic languages">Gallo-Italic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilian%E2%80%93Romagnol" title="Emilian–Romagnol">Emilian–Romagnol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian dialects">Emilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolognese_dialect" title="Bolognese dialect">Bolognese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmigiano_dialect" title="Parmigiano dialect">Parmigiano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romagnol" title="Romagnol">Romagnol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forlivese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Forlivese dialect">Forlivese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Romagnol" title="Old Romagnol">Old Romagnol</a></li> <li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetto_sammarinese" class="extiw" title="it:Dialetto sammarinese">Sammarinese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Basilicata" title="Gallo-Italic of Basilicata">Gallo-Italic of Basilicata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Sicily" title="Gallo-Italic of Sicily">Gallo-Italic of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetto_gallo-piceno" class="extiw" title="it:Dialetto gallo-piceno">Gallo-Picene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_language" title="Ligurian language">Ligurian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigasc_dialect" title="Brigasc dialect">Brigasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese_dialect" title="Genoese dialect">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intemelio_dialect" title="Intemelio dialect">Intemelio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_dialect" title="Monégasque dialect">Monégasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royasc" title="Royasc">Royasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabarchino" title="Tabarchino">Tabarchino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lombard_dialects" title="Eastern Lombard dialects">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergamasque_dialect" title="Bergamasque dialect">Bergamasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremish_dialect" title="Cremish dialect">Cremish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Lombard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Lombard dialect">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brianz%C3%B6%C3%B6_dialect" title="Brianzöö dialect">Brianzöö</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canz%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Canzés dialect">Canzés</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bustocco_and_Legnanese_dialects" title="Bustocco and Legnanese dialects">Bustocco–Legnanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comasco-Lecchese_dialects" title="Comasco-Lecchese dialects">Comasco–Lecchese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comasco_dialect" title="Comasco dialect">Comasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagh%C3%A9e_dialect" title="Laghée dialect">Laghée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecchese_dialect" title="Lecchese dialect">Lecchese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallassinese_dialect" title="Vallassinese dialect">Vallassinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milanese_dialect" title="Milanese dialect">Milanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossolano" title="Ossolano">Ossolano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Lombard" title="Southwestern Lombard">Southwestern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cremun%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Cremunés dialect">Cremunés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novarese_Lombard" title="Novarese Lombard">Novarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavese_dialect" title="Pavese dialect">Pavese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticinese_dialect" title="Ticinese dialect">Ticinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varesino_dialect" title="Varesino dialect">Varesino</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Lombard_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Lombard language">Old Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Romagnol" title="Old Romagnol">Old Romagnol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judeo-Piedmontese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo- Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Languesd&#039;oïl" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">Langues d'oïl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_dialect" title="Angevin dialect">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berrichon_dialect" title="Berrichon dialect">Berrichon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbonnais_dialects" title="Bourbonnais dialects">Bourbonnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_language_(O%C3%AFl)" title="Burgundian language (Oïl)">Burgundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champenois_language" title="Champenois language">Champenois</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardennais_(dialecte)" class="extiw" title="fr:Ardennais (dialecte)">Ardennais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9mois_(dialecte)" class="extiw" title="fr:Rémois (dialecte)">Rémois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frainc-Comtou" title="Frainc-Comtou">Frainc-Comtou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo_language" title="Gallo language">Gallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Legal_French" title="Jersey Legal French">Jersey Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridional_French" title="Meridional French">Meridional</a></li> <li>North American dialects <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_French" title="Acadian French">Acadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiac" title="Chiac">Chiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Marys_Bay_French" title="St. Marys Bay French">St. Marys Bay French</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brayon" title="Brayon">Brayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_French" title="Newfoundland French">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">Quebec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joual" title="Joual">Joual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magoua" title="Magoua">Magoua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Ontarians#Language" title="Franco-Ontarians">Franco-Ontarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_French" title="Métis French">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskrat_French" title="Muskrat French">Muskrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_French" title="New England French">New England</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frenchville_French" title="Frenchville French">Frenchville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French" title="Louisiana French">Louisiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houma_people#Modern_era" title="Houma people">Houma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_French" title="Missouri French">Missouri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French-based_creole_languages" title="French-based creole languages">Creoles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorrain_language" title="Lorrain language">Lorrain</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaumais" class="extiw" title="fr:Gaumais">Gaumais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vosgien" class="extiw" title="fr:Vosgien">Vosgien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welche" title="Welche">Welche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayennais" class="extiw" title="fr:Mayennais">Mayennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moselle_Romance" title="Moselle Romance">Moselle Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_French" title="Law French">Law French</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augeron" title="Augeron">Augeron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cauchois_dialect" title="Cauchois dialect">Cauchois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotentinais" title="Cotentinais">Cotentinais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orleanais_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Orleanais dialect">Orléanais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paydret" class="extiw" title="fr:Paydret">Paydret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin%E2%80%93Saintongeais" title="Poitevin–Saintongeais">Poitevin–Saintongeais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin_dialect" title="Poitevin dialect">Poitevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saintongeais_dialect" title="Saintongeais dialect">Saintongeais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouest-wallon" class="extiw" title="fr:Ouest-wallon">West Walloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Walloon" title="Wisconsin Walloon">Wisconsin Walloon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Franco-Provençal">Franco-Provençal</a>/Arpitan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faetar_language" title="Faetar language">Faetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoyard_dialect" title="Savoyard dialect">Savoyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tain_dialect" title="Valdôtain dialect">Valdôtain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Gallo-Romance_language" title="Old Gallo-Romance language">Old Gallo-Romance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languages" title="Iberian Romance languages">Ibero- Romance</a> (<a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages" title="West Iberian languages">West Iberian</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asturleonese_language" title="Asturleonese language">Asturleonese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_language" title="Asturian language">Asturian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Asturian" title="East Asturian">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Asturian" title="Western Asturian">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantabrian dialect">Cantabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonese_language" title="Leonese language">Leonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bercian_dialect" title="Bercian dialect">Bercian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%E1%B8%B7%E1%B8%B7uezu_dialect" title="Paḷḷuezu dialect">Paḷḷuezu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palra_d%27El_Rebollal" title="Palra d'El Rebollal">Palra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riberan_dialect" title="Riberan dialect">Riberan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riunorese_Leonese" title="Riunorese Leonese">Riunorese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirandese_language" title="Mirandese language">Mirandese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Leonese_language" title="Old Leonese language">Old Leonese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galician%E2%80%93Portuguese" title="Galician–Portuguese">Galician–Portuguese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fala_language" title="Fala language">Fala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician%E2%80%93Asturian" title="Galician–Asturian">Galician–Asturian</a>/Eonavian</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_dialects" title="Portuguese dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_Africa" title="Portuguese language in Africa">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_Asia" title="Portuguese language in Asia">Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese" title="Brazilian Portuguese">Brazilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mineiro" title="Mineiro">Mineiro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Portuguese" title="European Portuguese">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alentejan_Portuguese" title="Alentejan Portuguese">Alentejan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliventine_Portuguese" title="Oliventine Portuguese">Oliventine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estremenho_dialect" title="Estremenho dialect">Estremenho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minderico_language" title="Minderico language">Minderico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Portuguese" title="Northern Portuguese">Northern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Portuguese" title="Uruguayan Portuguese">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese-based_creole_languages" title="Portuguese-based creole languages">Creoles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portugis" title="Portugis">Portugis</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judeo-Portuguese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages#Classification" title="West Iberian languages">Castilian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extremaduran_language" title="Extremaduran language">Extremaduran</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Judeo-Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" title="Spanish dialects and varieties">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatoguinean_Spanish" title="Equatoguinean Spanish">Equatoguinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish language in the Americas">Latin American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Spanish" title="Chilean Spanish">Chilean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_Spanish" title="Chilote Spanish">Chilote</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Spanish" title="Peruvian Spanish">Peruvian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Ribere%C3%B1o_Spanish" title="Peruvian Ribereño Spanish">Peruvian Ribereño</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rioplatense_Spanish" title="Rioplatense Spanish">Rioplatense</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Spanish" title="Peninsular Spanish">Peninsular</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_Spanish" title="Andalusian Spanish">Andalusian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Llanito" title="Llanito">Llanito</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_Spanish" title="Castilian Spanish">Castilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castrapo" title="Castrapo">Castrapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast%C3%BAo" title="Castúo">Castúo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murcian_Spanish" title="Murcian Spanish">Murcian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saharan_Spanish" title="Saharan Spanish">Saharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish-based_creole_languages" title="Spanish-based creole languages">Creoles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Spanish" title="Old Spanish">Old Spanish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pyrenean–Mozarabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusi_Romance" title="Andalusi Romance">Andalusi Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarro-Aragonese" title="Navarro-Aragonese">Navarro-Aragonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Central_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Eastern_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribagor%C3%A7an" title="Ribagorçan">Ribagorçan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benasquese_dialect" title="Benasquese dialect">Benasquese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Aragonese" title="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judeo-Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Southern_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Southern</a> <ul><li>Somontanés <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navalese_dialect" title="Navalese dialect">Navalese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Western_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aisinian_Aragonese" title="Aisinian Aragonese">Aisinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ans%C3%B3_Aragonese" title="Ansó Aragonese">Ansó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arag%C3%BC%C3%A9s_Aragonese" title="Aragüés Aragonese">Aragüés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecho_Aragonese" title="Hecho Aragonese">Hecho</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarrese_dialect" title="Navarrese dialect">Navarrese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Navarrese" title="Old Navarrese">Old Navarrese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barranquenho" title="Barranquenho">Barranquenho</a> (mixed Portuguese–Spanish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_language" title="Caló language">Caló</a> (mixed Romani–Ibero- and Occitano-Romance)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Occitano-Romance_languages" title="Occitano-Romance languages">Occitano- Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_dialects" title="Catalan dialects">dialects</a></li> <li>Eastern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Algherese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Catalan" title="Balearic Catalan">Balearic</a> <ul><li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallorqu%C3%ADn" class="extiw" title="es:Mallorquín">Mallorcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorcan" title="Menorcan">Menorcan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Catalan" title="Central Catalan">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalan" title="Northern Catalan">Northern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Judeo-Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patuet" title="Patuet">Patuet</a></li> <li>Western <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribagor%C3%A7an" title="Ribagorçan">Ribagorçan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auvergnat" title="Auvergnat">Auvergnat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascon_dialect" title="Gascon dialect">Gascon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aranese_dialect" title="Aranese dialect">Aranese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9arnese_dialect" title="Béarnese dialect">Béarnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landese_dialect" title="Landese dialect">Landese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Judeo-Provençal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languedocien_dialect" title="Languedocien dialect">Languedocien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limousin_dialect" title="Limousin dialect">Limousin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proven%C3%A7al_dialect" title="Provençal dialect">Provençal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_dialect" title="Niçard dialect">Niçard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Vivaro-Alpine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Gardiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentonasc_dialect" title="Mentonasc dialect">Mentonasc</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Occitan" title="Old Occitan">Old Occitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catalan" title="Old Catalan">Old Catalan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rhaeto-Romance_languages" title="Rhaeto-Romance languages">Rhaeto- Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fornes_dialects" title="Fornes dialects">Fornes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadorino_dialect" title="Cadorino dialect">Cadorino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nones_dialect" title="Nones dialect">Nones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jauer_dialect" title="Jauer dialect">Jauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Put%C3%A8r" title="Putèr">Putèr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surmiran_dialect" title="Surmiran dialect">Surmiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sursilvan" title="Sursilvan">Sursilvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallader_dialect" title="Vallader dialect">Vallader</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Italian" title="Franco-Italian">Franco-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Lingua_Franca" title="Mediterranean Lingua Franca">Mediterranean Lingua Franca</a> (Western Romance-based pidgin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a> (unknown further classification) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chipilo_Venetian_dialect" title="Chipilo Venetian dialect">Chipilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiuman_dialect" title="Fiuman dialect">Fiuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talian_dialect" title="Talian dialect">Talian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triestine_dialect" title="Triestine dialect">Triestine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Romance" title="African Romance">African Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Latin" title="British Latin">British Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Latin" title="Pannonian Latin">Pannonian Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campidanese_Sardinian" title="Campidanese Sardinian">Campidanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logudorese_Sardinian" title="Logudorese Sardinian">Logudorese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Romance_language" title="Proto-Romance language">Proto-Romance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Italics indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Bold indicates <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers">languages with more than 5 million speakers</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> 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