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noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Consonantal sounds represented by ⟨r⟩ in IPA</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"r (IPA)" redirects here. For the English <i>r</i> sound often transcribed <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> for convenience, see <a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Postalveolar approximant">Postalveolar approximant</a>. For other <i>r</i>-like consonants, see <a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">Rhotic consonant</a>.</div> <p>The <b>voiced alveolar trill</b> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonantal</a> sound used in some spoken <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">languages</a>. The symbol in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> that represents <a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">dental</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">alveolar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">postalveolar</a> <a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">trills</a> is ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">r</span>⟩, and the equivalent <a href="/wiki/X-SAMPA" title="X-SAMPA">X-SAMPA</a> symbol is <code>r</code>. It is commonly called the <b>rolled R</b>, <b>rolling R</b>, or <b>trilled R</b>. Quite often, ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">r</span>⟩ is used in phonemic transcriptions (especially those found in dictionaries) of languages like <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> that have <a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">rhotic consonants</a> that are not an alveolar trill. That is partly for ease of typesetting and partly because <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span> is the letter used in the orthographies of such languages. </p><p>In many <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>, a trill may often be reduced to a single vibration in unstressed positions. In Italian, a simple trill typically displays only one or two vibrations, while a geminate trill will have three or more.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Languages where trills always have multiple vibrations include <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Greek" title="Cypriot Greek">Cypriot Greek</a>, and a number of <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> dialects.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Reliable source needed for the whole sentence (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>People with <a href="/wiki/Ankyloglossia" title="Ankyloglossia">ankyloglossia</a> may find it exceptionally difficult to articulate the sound because of the limited mobility of their tongues.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaubalDixit2011270–272_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaubalDixit2011270–272-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayo_Clinic2012_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayo_Clinic2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voiced_alveolar_trill">Voiced alveolar trill</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_trills&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Voiced alveolar trill"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Alveolar trill" redirects here. For the voiceless consonant, see <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_trill" title="Voiceless alveolar trill">Voiceless alveolar trill</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151960987">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 16em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #f2f2ce;">Voiced alveolar trill</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;"><span style="font-size: 5em; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: super; font-weight: normal;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">r</span></span></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="IPA Number">IPA Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">122</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;">Audio sample</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="150" style="width:150px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="Alveolar_trill.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Alveolar_trill.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ce/Alveolar_trill.ogg/Alveolar_trill.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span> <div><small><a href="/wiki/File:Alveolar_trill.ogg" title="File:Alveolar trill.ogg">source</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">help</a></small></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;">Encoding</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Entity <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(decimal)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><code>&#114;</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unicode <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(hex)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">U+0072</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/X-SAMPA" title="X-SAMPA">X-SAMPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><code>r</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">Braille</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_R.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⠗ (braille pattern dots-1235) U+2817"><img alt="⠗ (braille pattern dots-1235)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Braille_R.svg/25px-Braille_R.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Braille_R.svg/38px-Braille_R.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Braille_R.svg/50px-Braille_R.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Features">Features</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_trills&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Features of the voiced alveolar trill: </p> <ul><li>Its <a href="/wiki/Manner_of_articulation" title="Manner of articulation">manner of articulation</a> is <a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">trill</a>, which means it is produced by directing air over an articulator so that it vibrates.</li> <li>Its <a href="/wiki/Place_of_articulation" title="Place of articulation">place of articulation</a> may be</li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">dental</a> (behind the upper front teeth),</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">alveolar</a> (at the <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ridge">alveolar ridge</a>), or</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Post-alveolar_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-alveolar consonant">post-alveolar</a> (behind the alveolar ridge).</dd></dl> <ul><li>It is most often <a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">apical</a>, which means it is pronounced with the tip of the tongue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996228_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996228-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Its <a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">phonation</a> is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.</li> <li>It is an <a href="/wiki/Oral_consonant" title="Oral consonant">oral consonant</a>, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.</li> <li>It is a <a href="/wiki/Central_consonant" title="Central consonant">central consonant</a>, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.</li> <li>Its <a href="/wiki/Airstream_mechanism" title="Airstream mechanism">airstream mechanism</a> is <a href="/wiki/Pulmonic_egressive" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonic egressive">pulmonic</a>, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the <a href="/wiki/Intercostal_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercostal muscle">intercostal muscles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_muscles" title="Abdominal muscles">abdominal muscles</a>, as in most sounds.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_trills&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Occurrence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Alveolar-trill-slomo.webm/220px--Alveolar-trill-slomo.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="391" data-durationhint="21" data-mwtitle="Alveolar-trill-slomo.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Alveolar-trill-slomo.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8b/Alveolar-trill-slomo.webm/Alveolar-trill-slomo.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="270" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8b/Alveolar-trill-slomo.webm/Alveolar-trill-slomo.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="406" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8b/Alveolar-trill-slomo.webm/Alveolar-trill-slomo.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="608" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Alveolar-trill-slomo.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="720" data-height="1280" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8b/Alveolar-trill-slomo.webm/Alveolar-trill-slomo.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="82" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8b/Alveolar-trill-slomo.webm/Alveolar-trill-slomo.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="136" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8b/Alveolar-trill-slomo.webm/Alveolar-trill-slomo.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="202" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8b/Alveolar-trill-slomo.webm/Alveolar-trill-slomo.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="202" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>A trill extended for about 2 seconds, captured in slow motion to reveal the individual 36–44 Hz tongue oscillations.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dental">Dental</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_trills&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dental"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Language</th> <th>Word</th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></th> <th>Meaning</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_orthography" title="Hungarian orthography">a<b>rr</b>a</a></i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɒr̪ːɒ]</span></td> <td>'that way'</td> <td>Laminal dental. See <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_phonology" title="Hungarian phonology">Hungarian phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Marshallese_language" title="Marshallese language">Marshallese</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Marshallese-language text"><i lang="mh">dik</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r̪ʲik]</span></td> <td>'to be small'</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">Palatalized</a>. The language's two other rhotic phonemes, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/rˠ/</span> (<a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">velarized</a>) and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/rʷ/</span> (<a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">rounded</a>), are <a href="#Post-alveolar">post-alveolar</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian orthography"><b>r</b>epede</a></i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈr̪e̞pe̞d̪e̞]</span></td> <td>'quickly'</td> <td>Apical. See <a href="/wiki/Romanian_phonology" title="Romanian phonology">Romanian phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a><sup id="cite_ref-SOWLRUS_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SOWLRUS-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru"><a href="/wiki/Russian_orthography" title="Russian orthography"><b>рь</b>яный</a></span></span>/<span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">ŕjaný</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈr̪ʲjän̪ɨ̞j]</span></td> <td>'zealous'</td> <td>Apical, palatalized. Usually only a single vibration, presumably due to the palatalization.<sup id="cite_ref-SOWLRUS_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SOWLRUS-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It contrasts with a post-alveolar trill. See <a href="/wiki/Russian_phonology" title="Russian phonology">Russian phonology</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alveolar">Alveolar</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_trills&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Alveolar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Language</th> <th>Word</th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></th> <th>Meaning</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaans language">Afrikaans</a></td> <td>Standard<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELass1987117_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELass1987117-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Afrikaans-language text"><i lang="af"><b>r</b>ooi</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[roːi̯]</span></td> <td>'red'</td> <td>May be a tap <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>]</span> instead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELass1987117_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELass1987117-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_phonology" title="Afrikaans phonology">Afrikaans phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard</a></td> <td><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">رأى</span></span>/<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><b>r</b>a'á</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[raʔaː]</span></td> <td>'saw' (verb)</td> <td>In free variation with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>]</span> by many speakers. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a></td> <td><span title="Aragonese-language text"><i lang="an">sota<b>rr</b>año</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sotaˈraɲo]</span></td> <td>'basement'</td> <td>Allophone of /<a href="/wiki/%C9%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="ɾ">ɾ</a>/. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenian" title="Eastern Armenian">Eastern</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDum-Tragut200919_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDum-Tragut200919-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet"><b>ռ</b>ումբ</a></span></span>/<span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">ŕumb</i></span></td> <td><span class="nounderlines nowrap"><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/81\/Rumb.ogg\/Rumb.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">[rumb]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Rumb.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/81/Rumb.ogg/Rumb.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[rumb]</span></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Rumb.ogg" title="File:Rumb.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span></td> <td>'cannonball'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Asturian_language" title="Asturian language">Asturian</a></td> <td><span title="Asturian-language text"><i lang="ast"><a href="/wiki/Asturian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Asturian alphabet">fe<b>rr</b>amienta</a></i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[feraˈmjeŋta]</span></td> <td>'tool'</td> <td>Allophone of /<a href="/wiki/%C9%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="ɾ">ɾ</a>/. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></td> <td><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_alphabet" title="Bengali alphabet"><b>রা</b>ত</a></span></span>/<span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn"><b>r</b>at</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[rat̪]</span></td> <td>'night'</td> <td>More commonly [<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span> ~ <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar approximant">ɹ</a></span>] for most speakers. May occur word-initially; as against <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɾ]</span>, which occurs medially and finally. See <a href="/wiki/Bengali_phonology" title="Bengali phonology">Bengali phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a></td> <td><span title="Breton-language text"><i lang="br"><a href="/wiki/Breton_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Breton alphabet"><b>r</b>oue</a></i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ruːe]</span></td> <td>'king'</td> <td>Dominant in and around <a href="/wiki/Finist%C3%A8re" title="Finistère">Léon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morbihan" title="Morbihan">Morbihan</a> while many other dialects have adopted the <a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">voiced uvular fricative</a>. See <a href="/wiki/Breton_phonology" class="mw-redirect" title="Breton phonology">Breton phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a> </td> <td><span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian orthography"><b>р</b>абота/<b>r</b>abota</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈrabotə]</span> </td> <td>'work' </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_phonology" title="Bulgarian phonology">Bulgarian phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (December 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dangyang" title="Dangyang">Dangyang</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Mandarin" title="Southwestern Mandarin">Southwestern Mandarin</a>)</td> <td><span title="Mandarin Chinese-language text"><span lang="cmn"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">被子</a></span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pei<span class="wrap"> </span>r̩]</span></td> <td>quilt</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">а<b>р</b>ăслан/araslan</a> </td> <td>[arəs'lan] </td> <td>'lion' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPultrová201322_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPultrová201322-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs"><a href="/wiki/Czech_orthography" title="Czech orthography">chlo<b>r</b></a></i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[xlɔ̝ːr]</span></td> <td>'chlorine'</td> <td>Contrasts with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r̝/</span>; may be syllabic. See <a href="/wiki/Czech_phonology" title="Czech phonology">Czech phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a></td> <td>Few speakers of the <a href="/wiki/Jutlandic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Jutlandic dialect">Jutlandic dialect</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorp200178_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorp200178-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that an example be provided. (September 2018)">example needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Corresponds to much more back <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a><span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a>]</span> in standard Danish. See <a href="/wiki/Danish_phonology" title="Danish phonology">Danish phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></td> <td>Standard</td> <td><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_orthography" title="Dutch orthography"><b>r</b>aam</a></i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[raːm]</span></td> <td>'window'</td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Dutch_phonology" title="Dutch phonology">Dutch phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American</a></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography"> ou<b>tta th</b>e city</a></i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[æə̯rəˈsɪɾi]</span></td> <td>'out of the city'</td> <td>A sequence of tapped <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span> between unstressed <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span> may become a single trill in <a href="/wiki/AAVE" class="mw-redirect" title="AAVE">AAVE</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish</a></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">cu<b>r</b>d</a></i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʌrd]</span></td> <td>'curd'</td> <td>Only some dialects. Corresponds to [<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span> ~ <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar approximant">ɹ</a></span>] in others. See <a href="/wiki/English_phonology" title="English phonology">English phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">Welsh</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">b<b>r</b>ight</a></i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[braɪt]</span></td> <td>'bright'</td> <td>Some dialects under <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> influence. Corresponds to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɾ<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>ɹ]</span> in others. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a></td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Estonian alphabet">ko<b>rr</b>us</a></i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈkorːus]</span></td> <td>'floor'</td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Estonian_phonology" title="Estonian phonology">Estonian phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a></td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi"><a href="/wiki/Finnish_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish alphabet"><b>r</b>aaka</a></i></span></td> <td><span class="nounderlines nowrap"><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/da\/Fi-raaka.ogg\/Fi-raaka.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">[\u02c8r\u0251\u02d0k\u0251]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Fi-raaka.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/da/Fi-raaka.ogg/Fi-raaka.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈrɑːkɑ]</span></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Fi-raaka.ogg" title="File:Fi-raaka.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span></td> <td>'raw'</td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Finnish_phonology" title="Finnish phonology">Finnish phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Greek</a></td> <td>Standard<sup id="cite_ref-Arvaniti2007_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arvaniti2007-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el"><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">ά<b>ρ</b>τος</a></span></span>/<span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">á<b>r</b>tos</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈartos]</span></td> <td>'<a href="/wiki/Artos" title="Artos">artos</a>'</td> <td>Allophone of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɾ/</span>. Usual in clusters, otherwise a tap or an approximant.<sup id="cite_ref-Arvaniti2007_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arvaniti2007-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_phonology" title="Modern Greek phonology">Modern Greek phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Greek" title="Cypriot Greek">Cypriot</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti20103–4_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvaniti20103–4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">βο<b>ρρ</b>άς</span></span>/<span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">vo<b>rr</b>as</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[vorˈras]</span></td> <td>'north'</td> <td>Contrasts with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɾ/</span>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi"><a href="/wiki/Devan%C4%81gar%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Devanāgarī">पत्थ<b>र</b></a></span></span> / <span title="Caribbean Hindustani-language romanization"><i lang="hns-Latn">patthar</i></span></td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pət̪t̪ʰər]</span></td> <td rowspan="2">'stone'</td> <td rowspan="2">See <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_phonology" title="Hindustani phonology">Hindustani phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> </td> <td><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/Nasta%27liq" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasta'liq">پتھ<b>ر</b></a></span></span> / <span title="Caribbean Hindustani-language romanization"><i lang="hns-Latn">patthar</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a></td> <td><span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id"><a href="/wiki/Malay_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay alphabet">geta<b>r</b> </a></i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[gətar]</span></td> <td>'vibrate'</td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_phonology" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian phonology">Indonesian phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogersd'Arcangeli2004117_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogersd'Arcangeli2004117-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Italian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian alphabet">te<b>rr</b>a</a></i></span></td> <td><span class="nounderlines nowrap"><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/71\/It-Terra.wav\/It-Terra.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">[\u02c8t\u032a\u025br\u02d0\u00e4]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"It-Terra.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/71/It-Terra.wav/It-Terra.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈt̪ɛrːä]</span></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:It-Terra.wav" title="File:It-Terra.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span></td> <td>'earth'</td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Italian_phonology" title="Italian phonology">Italian phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_dialect" title="Tokyo dialect">Shitamachi dialect</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">から</span></span> <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese#Hepburn" title="Romanization of Japanese">ka<b>r</b>a</a></i></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kara]</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">'from' </td> <td rowspan="2">Allophone of /ɾ/. See <a href="/wiki/Japanese_phonology" title="Japanese phonology">Japanese phonology</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kansai_dialect" title="Kansai dialect">Kansai dialect</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kele_language_(New_Guinea)" title="Kele language (New Guinea)">Kele</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ladefoged2005_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ladefoged2005-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ⁿrikei]</span></td> <td>'leg'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a></td> <td><span title="Khmer-language text"><span lang="km"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">ត្រី</a></span></span> / <span title="Khmer-language romanization"><i lang="km-Latn">t<b>r</b>ey</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[trəj]</span></td> <td>'fish' or 'three'</td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Khmer_phonology" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer phonology">Khmer phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKara200311_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKara200311-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Kyrgyz-language text"><span lang="ky"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz alphabet">ы<b>р</b></a></span></span>/<span title="Kyrgyz-language text"><i lang="ky-Latn">ı<b>r</b></i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɯr]</span></td> <td>'song'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENau19986_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENau19986-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Latvian-language text"><i lang="lv"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian alphabet"><b>r</b>ags</a></i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[räks̪]</span></td> <td>'horn'</td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Latvian_phonology" title="Latvian phonology">Latvian phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a></td> <td><span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian alphabet">i<b>r</b></a></i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪr]</span></td> <td>'and'</td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_phonology" title="Lithuanian phonology">Lithuanian phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jawi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawi alphabet">کورڠ</a> / <span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms"><a href="/wiki/Malay_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay alphabet">ku<b>r</b>ang</a></i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kuräŋ]</span></td> <td>'less'</td> <td>May be postalveolar approximant [<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɹ̠</span>], or more commonly, flap <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɾ]</span>. See <a href="/wiki/Malay_phonology" title="Malay phonology">Malay phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> </td> <td><span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script"><b>റ</b>മ്മി</a></span></span>/<span title="Malayalam-language text"><i lang="ml-Latn">rummy</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[rəmmiː]</span> </td> <td>'<a href="/wiki/Rummy" title="Rummy">rummy</a>' </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Malayalam#Phonology" title="Malayalam">Malayalam phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></td> <td><span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne"><a href="/wiki/Devan%C4%81gar%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Devanāgarī">घ<b>र्रा</b></a></span></span>/ghórra</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡʱʌrːä]</span></td> <td>'drawer'</td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Nepali_phonology" title="Nepali phonology">Nepali phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJassem2003103_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJassem2003103-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/Polish_orthography" title="Polish orthography">k<b>r</b>ok</a></i></span></td> <td><span class="nounderlines nowrap"><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-4" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a4\/Pl-krok.ogg\/Pl-krok.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">[kr\u0254k]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-krok.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/Pl-krok.ogg/Pl-krok.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[krɔk]</span></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-krok.ogg" title="File:Pl-krok.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span></td> <td>'step'</td> <td>Usually realized as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>]</span>. See <a href="/wiki/Polish_phonology" title="Polish phonology">Polish phonology</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></td> <td><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_orthography" title="Portuguese orthography"><b>r</b>ato</a></i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ratu]</span></td> <td>'mouse'</td> <td>Contrasts with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɾ/</span>. Many <a href="/wiki/Northern_Portuguese" title="Northern Portuguese">northern dialects</a> retain the alveolar trill, and the trill is still dominant in rural areas. See <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_phonology" title="Portuguese phonology">Portuguese phonology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guttural_R" title="Guttural R">Guttural R</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a></td> <td><span title="Scots-language text"><i lang="sco">b<b>r</b>icht</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[brɪçt]</span></td> <td>'bright'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></td> <td><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_phonology" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic phonology">cea<b>r</b>t</a></i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʲarˠʃd]</span></td> <td>'true'</td> <td>Pronounced as a trill at the beginning of a word, or as <i>rr</i>, or before consonants <i>d</i>, <i>t</i>, <i>l</i>, <i>n</i>, <i>s</i>; otherwise a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_tap" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar tap">voiced alveolar tap</a>. Contrasts with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɾʲ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɾ/</span> intervocally and word-finally. See <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_phonology" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic phonology">Scottish Gaelic phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKordić20065_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKordić20065-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandauLončarićHorgaŠkarić199966_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandauLončarićHorgaŠkarić199966-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Serbo-Croatian-language text"><span lang="sh-Cyrl"><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Serbian Cyrillic alphabet"><b>р</b>т</a></span></span> / <span title="Serbo-Croatian-language text"><i lang="sh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gaj%27s_Latin_alphabet" title="Gaj's Latin alphabet"><b>r</b>t</a></i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r̩t]</span></td> <td>'cape'</td> <td>May be syllabic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKordić20064_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKordić20064-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_phonology" title="Serbo-Croatian phonology">Serbo-Croatian phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanulíkováHamann2010374_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanulíkováHamann2010374-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Slovak-language text"><i lang="sk"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_orthography" title="Slovak orthography">k<b>r</b>k</a></i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kr̩k]</span></td> <td>'neck'</td> <td>May be a <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_tap" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar tap">tap</a>, particularly when not syllabic. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPretnarTokarz198021_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPretnarTokarz198021-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl"><a href="/wiki/Slovene_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovene orthography"><b>r</b>iž</a></i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ríːʃ]</span></td> <td>'rice'</td> <td>Also described as tap <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>]</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŠuštaršičKomarPetek1999135_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŠuštaršičKomarPetek1999135-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and variable between trill <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r]</span> and tap <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenberg200617_and_20_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenberg200617_and_20-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/Slovene_phonology" title="Slovene phonology">Slovene phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartínez-CeldránFernández-PlanasCarrera-Sabaté2003255_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartínez-CeldránFernández-PlanasCarrera-Sabaté2003255-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_orthography" title="Spanish orthography">pe<b>rr</b>o</a></i></span></td> <td><span class="nounderlines nowrap"><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-5" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d9\/Perro_Voiced_alveolar_trill.wav\/Perro_Voiced_alveolar_trill.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">[\u02c8pe\u031ero\u031e]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Perro Voiced alveolar trill.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d9/Perro_Voiced_alveolar_trill.wav/Perro_Voiced_alveolar_trill.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈpe̞ro̞]</span></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Perro_Voiced_alveolar_trill.wav" title="File:Perro Voiced alveolar trill.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span></td> <td>'dog'</td> <td>Contrasts with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɾ/</span>. See <a href="/wiki/Spanish_phonology" title="Spanish phonology">Spanish phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a></td> <td>Some West coast and Northern dialects</td> <td><span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv"><a href="/wiki/Swedish_orthography" title="Swedish orthography">b<b>r</b>a</a></i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[brɑː]</span></td> <td>'good'</td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Swedish_phonology" title="Swedish phonology">Swedish phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a></td> <td><span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl"><a href="/wiki/Filipino_orthography" title="Filipino orthography"><b>r</b>ambutan</a></i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[rɐmbuˈtan]</span></td> <td>'<a href="/wiki/Rambutan" title="Rambutan">rambutan</a>'</td> <td>Allophone of the more common <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɾ]</span>, especially with more <a href="/wiki/Conservative_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative (linguistics)">conservative speakers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_phonology" title="Tagalog phonology">Tagalog phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> </td> <td><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">ப<b>ற</b>வை</a></span></span>/<span title="Tamil-language text"><i lang="ta-Latn">paravai</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[paraʋaɪ̯]</span> </td> <td>'bird' </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Tamil_phonology" title="Tamil phonology">Tamil phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a></td> <td>Standard</td> <td><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ชลบุรี</span></span>/<span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">chonbùri</i></span></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span class="nounderlines nowrap"><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-6" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/98\/Th-chonburi.ogg\/Th-chonburi.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">[t\u0255\u0361\u02b0\u014dn.b\u00f9.r\u012b\u02d0]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Th-chonburi.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/98/Th-chonburi.ogg/Th-chonburi.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tɕ͡ʰōn.bù.rīː]</span></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Th-chonburi.ogg" title="File:Th-chonburi.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span></td> <td>'<a href="/wiki/Chonburi_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Chonburi Province">Chonburi</a>'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Titan_language" title="Titan language">Titan</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ladefoged2005_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ladefoged2005-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ⁿrakeiʔin]</span></td> <td>'girls'</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></td> <td><span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_alphabet" title="Ukrainian alphabet"><b>р</b>ух</a></span></span>/<span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">ruh</i></span></td> <td><span class="nounderlines nowrap"><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-7" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/ab\/Uk-%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85.ogg\/Uk-%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">[rux]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Uk-\u0440\u0443\u0445.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ab/Uk-%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85.ogg/Uk-%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[rux]</span></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Uk-%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85.ogg" title="File:Uk-рух.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span></td> <td>'motion'</td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_phonology" title="Ukrainian phonology">Ukrainian phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></td> <td><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh alphabet">Rhagfy<b>r</b></a></i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈr̥aɡvɨr]</span></td> <td>'December'</td> <td>Contrasts with the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_trill" title="Voiceless alveolar trill">voiceless alveolar trill</a>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r̥/</span>. See <a href="/wiki/Welsh_phonology" title="Welsh phonology">Welsh phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a></td> <td>Standard<sup id="cite_ref-Kleine_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kleine-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Yiddish-language text"><span lang="yi" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_orthography" title="Yiddish orthography">ב<b>ר</b>יק</a></span></span>/b<b>r</b>ik</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[brɪk]</span></td> <td>'bridge'</td> <td>More commonly a flap <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>]</span>; can be uvular <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_tap_and_flap" title="Voiced uvular tap and flap">ɢ̆</a><span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_trill" title="Voiced uvular trill">ʀ</a>]</span> instead.<sup id="cite_ref-Kleine_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kleine-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_phonology" title="Yiddish phonology">Yiddish phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Zapotec language">Zapotec</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tilquiapan_Zapotec" title="Tilquiapan Zapotec">Tilquiapan</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerrill2008109_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerrill2008109-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Tilquiapan Zapotec-language text"><i lang="zts"><b>r-r</b>ee</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[rɘˀɘ]</span></td> <td>'go out (habitually)'</td> <td>Underlyingly two sequences of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɾ/</span>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-alveolar">Post-alveolar</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_trills&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Post-alveolar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex trill">Retroflex trill</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Language</th> <th>Word</th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></th> <th>Meaning</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERecasensPallarès1995288_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERecasensPallarès1995288-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_orthography" title="Catalan orthography"><b>r</b>uc</a></i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈr̠uk]</span></td> <td>'donkey'</td> <td>Contrasts with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɾ/</span>. See <a href="/wiki/Catalan_phonology" title="Catalan phonology">Catalan phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Gokana_language" title="Gokana language">Gokana</a><sup id="cite_ref-Brosnahan_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brosnahan-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Gokana-language text"><i lang="gkn">be<b>l</b>e</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bēr̠ē]</span></td> <td>'we'</td> <td>Allophone of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span>, medially between vowels within the morpheme, and finally in the morpheme<br />before a following vowel in the same word. It can be a <a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_tap" class="mw-redirect" title="Postalveolar tap">postalveolar tap</a> or simply <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>]</span> instead.<sup id="cite_ref-Brosnahan_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brosnahan-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Marshallese_language" title="Marshallese language">Marshallese</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Marshallese-language text"><i lang="mh">raj</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r̠ˠɑtʲ]</span></td> <td>'whale'</td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/rˠ/</span> is <a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">velarized</a> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/rʷ/</span> is <a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">rounded</a>. Another rhotic phoneme in the language, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/rʲ/</span>, is <a href="#Dental">dental</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalized</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Marshallese-language text"><i lang="mh">roj</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r̠ʷɔtʲ]</span></td> <td>'ebb tide' </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a><sup id="cite_ref-SOWLRUS_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SOWLRUS-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru"><a href="/wiki/Russian_orthography" title="Russian orthography">иг<b>р</b>ать</a></span></span>/igrať</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪˈɡr̠ätʲ]</span></td> <td>'to play'</td> <td>Contrasts with a palatalized dental trill. See <a href="/wiki/Russian_phonology" title="Russian phonology">Russian phonology</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Variable">Variable</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_trills&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Variable"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Language</th> <th>Word</th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></th> <th>Meaning</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard</a><sup id="cite_ref-Mangold2005_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mangold2005-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (chiefly areas with Upper German or Low German influence as well as immigrant speakers)</td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/German_orthography" title="German orthography">Schma<b>rr</b>n</a></i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃmarn]</span></td> <td>'nonsense'</td> <td>Varies between apical dental and apical alveolar; may be a <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_flap" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar flap">tap</a> instead.<sup id="cite_ref-Mangold2005_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mangold2005-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/Standard_German_phonology" title="Standard German phonology">Standard German phonology</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voiced_alveolar_fricative_trill">Voiced alveolar fricative trill <span class="anchor" id="Raised_alveolar_non-sonorant_trill"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_trills&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Voiced alveolar fricative trill"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151960987"><table class="infobox" style="width: 16em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #f2f2ce;">Voiced alveolar fricative trill</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;"><span style="font-size: 5em; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: super; font-weight: normal;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">r̝</span></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;"><span style="font-size: 5em; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: super; font-weight: normal;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">r̻</span></span></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="IPA Number">IPA Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">122 429</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;">Audio sample</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="150" style="width:150px;" data-durationhint="3" data-mwtitle="Raised_alveolar_non-sonorant_trill.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Raised_alveolar_non-sonorant_trill.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/Raised_alveolar_non-sonorant_trill.ogg/Raised_alveolar_non-sonorant_trill.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span> <div><small><a href="/wiki/File:Raised_alveolar_non-sonorant_trill.ogg" title="File:Raised alveolar non-sonorant trill.ogg">source</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">help</a></small></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;">Encoding</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/X-SAMPA" title="X-SAMPA">X-SAMPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><code>r_r</code></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>, there are two contrasting alveolar trills. Besides the typical apical trill, written <i>r</i>, there is another laminal trill, written <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%98" title="Ř">ř</a></i>, in words such as <i>rybá<b>ř</b>i</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈrɪbaːr̝ɪ]</span> 'fishermen' and the common surname <i>Dvo<b>ř</b>ák</i>. Its manner of articulation is similar to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r]</span> but is <a href="/wiki/Laminal_consonant" title="Laminal consonant">laminal</a> and the body of the tongue is <a href="/wiki/Raised_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raised (phonetics)">raised</a>. It is thus partially <a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">fricative</a>, with the frication sounding rather like <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʒ]</span> but less retracted. It sounds like a simultaneous <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʒ]</span>, and some speakers tend to pronounce it as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[rʐ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɾʒ]</span>, or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɹʒ]</span>. In the IPA, it is typically written as ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">r</span>⟩ plus the raising diacritic, ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">r̝</span>⟩, but it has also been written as laminal ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">r̻</span>⟩.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Before the 1989 <a href="/wiki/IPA_Kiel_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="IPA Kiel Convention">IPA Kiel Convention</a>, it had a dedicated symbol ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ɼ</span>⟩.) The <a href="/wiki/Kobon_language" title="Kobon language">Kobon language</a> of <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> also has a fricative trill, but the degree of frication is variable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Features_2">Features</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_trills&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Features of the voiced alveolar fricative trill: </p> <ul><li>Its <a href="/wiki/Manner_of_articulation" title="Manner of articulation">manner of articulation</a> is fricative trill, which means it is a non-sibilant fricative and a trill pronounced simultaneously.</li> <li>Its <a href="/wiki/Place_of_articulation" title="Place of articulation">place of articulation</a> is <a href="/wiki/Laminal_consonant" title="Laminal consonant">laminal</a> <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">alveolar</a>, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ridge">alveolar ridge</a>.</li> <li>Its <a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">phonation</a> is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.</li> <li>It is an <a href="/wiki/Oral_consonant" title="Oral consonant">oral consonant</a>, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.</li> <li>It is a <a href="/wiki/Central_consonant" title="Central consonant">central consonant</a>, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.</li> <li>Its <a href="/wiki/Airstream_mechanism" title="Airstream mechanism">airstream mechanism</a> is <a href="/wiki/Pulmonic_egressive" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonic egressive">pulmonic</a>, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the <a href="/wiki/Intercostal_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercostal muscle">intercostal muscles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_muscles" title="Abdominal muscles">abdominal muscles</a>, as in most sounds.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples">Examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_trills&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Language</th> <th>Word</th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></th> <th>Meaning</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a><sup id="cite_ref-Dankovičová_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dankovičová-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SOWLCZ_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SOWLCZ-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELodge200946_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELodge200946-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SiPoCh_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SiPoCh-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs"><a href="/wiki/Czech_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech alphabet">čty<b>ř</b>i</a></i></span></td> <td><span class="nounderlines nowrap"><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-8" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d2\/Cs-%C4%8Dty%C5%99i.ogg\/Cs-%C4%8Dty%C5%99i.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">[\u02c8t\u0361\u0283t\u026ar\u031d\u026a]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Cs-\u010dty\u0159i.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d2/Cs-%C4%8Dty%C5%99i.ogg/Cs-%C4%8Dty%C5%99i.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈt͡ʃtɪr̝ɪ]</span></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Cs-%C4%8Dty%C5%99i.ogg" title="File:Cs-čtyři.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span></td> <td>'four'</td> <td>May be a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative#Voiced_alveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">non-sibilant fricative</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SOWLCZ_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SOWLCZ-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It contrasts with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʒ/</span>. See <a href="/wiki/Czech_phonology" title="Czech phonology">Czech phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzongkha language">Dzongkha</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Dzongkha-language text"><span lang="dz"><b>རུ</b>་ཏོག</span></span>་/<span title="Dzongkha-language romanization"><i lang="dz-Latn"><b>r</b>u-tog</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r̝uto]</span> </td> <td>'bone' </td> <td>Usually released as a normal trilled [r], sometimes it has a slightly fricative character vaguely reminiscent of Czech ř. Dzongkha r is followed by the low register tone. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kashubian_language" title="Kashubian language">Kashubian</a><sup id="cite_ref-treder_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-treder-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Kashubian-language text"><i lang="csb"><b>rz</b>éka</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r̝eka]</span> </td> <td>'river' </td> <td>Only some northern and northwestern speakers. Formerly common over the whole speaking area.<sup id="cite_ref-treder_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-treder-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kobon_language" title="Kobon language">Kobon</a></td> <td><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that an example be provided. (April 2014)">example needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Amount of frication variable. May also be a <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_flap#Voiced_alveolar_raised_non-sonorant_flap" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar flap">fricative flap</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ormuri" title="Ormuri">Ormuri</a> </td> <td>Standard (Kaniguram) </td> <td><span title="Ormuri-language text"><span lang="oru" dir="rtl">تڒګب</span></span>/<span title="Ormuri-language romanization"><i lang="oru-Latn">tařgab</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tɑr̝geb]</span> </td> <td>'<a href="/wiki/Summer_(season)" class="mw-redirect" title="Summer (season)">summer</a>' </td> <td>Corresponds to /ʃ/ in Logar dialect. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a></td> <td>Some dialects<sup id="cite_ref-Frykatywner_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frykatywner-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/Polish_alphabet" title="Polish alphabet"><b>rz</b>eka</a></i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r̝ɛka]</span></td> <td>'river'</td> <td>Contrasts with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʐ/</span>. Present in areas from <a href="/wiki/Starogard_Gda%C5%84ski" title="Starogard Gdański">Starogard Gdański</a> to <a href="/wiki/Malbork" title="Malbork">Malbork</a><sup id="cite_ref-Frykatywner_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frykatywner-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and those south, west and northwest of them,<sup id="cite_ref-Frykatywner_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frykatywner-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> area from <a href="/wiki/Lubawa" title="Lubawa">Lubawa</a> to <a href="/wiki/Olsztyn" title="Olsztyn">Olsztyn</a> to <a href="/wiki/Olecko" title="Olecko">Olecko</a> to <a href="/wiki/Dzia%C5%82dowo" title="Działdowo">Działdowo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Frykatywner_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frykatywner-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> south and east of <a href="/wiki/Wiele%C5%84" title="Wieleń">Wieleń</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Frykatywner_49-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frykatywner-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> around <a href="/wiki/Wo%C5%82omin" title="Wołomin">Wołomin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Frykatywner_49-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frykatywner-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> southeast of <a href="/wiki/Ostr%C3%B3w_Mazowiecka" title="Ostrów Mazowiecka">Ostrów Mazowiecka</a><sup id="cite_ref-Frykatywner_49-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frykatywner-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and west of <a href="/wiki/Siedlce" title="Siedlce">Siedlce</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Frykatywner_49-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frykatywner-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from <a href="/wiki/Brzeg" title="Brzeg">Brzeg</a> to <a href="/wiki/Opole" title="Opole">Opole</a> and areas to the north,<sup id="cite_ref-Frykatywner_49-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frykatywner-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and roughly from <a href="/wiki/Racib%C3%B3rz" title="Racibórz">Racibórz</a> to <a href="/wiki/Nowy_Targ" title="Nowy Targ">Nowy Targ</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Frykatywner_49-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frykatywner-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most speakers, as well as standard Polish, merge it with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʐ/</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-Frykatywner_49-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frykatywner-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and speakers maintaining the distinction (which is mostly the elderly) sporadically do as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Frykatywner_49-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frykatywner-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/Polish_phonology" title="Polish phonology">Polish phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a><sup id="cite_ref-Grønnum2005_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grønnum2005-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Portuguese" title="European Portuguese">European</a></td> <td><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_orthography" title="Portuguese orthography">o<b>s r</b>ins</a></i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈr̝ĩʃ]</span></td> <td>'the kidneys'</td> <td>Possible realization of the sequence <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sr/</span> for speakers who realize <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grønnum2005_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grønnum2005-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_phonology" title="Portuguese phonology">Portuguese phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Silesian_language" title="Silesian language">Silesian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gmina_Istebna" title="Gmina Istebna">Gmina Istebna</a><sup id="cite_ref-Dąbrowska_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dąbrowska-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Silesian-language text"><i lang="szl">um<b>rz</b>ił</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈumr̝iw]</span></td> <td>'(he) died'</td> <td rowspan="2">Contrasts with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʒ/</span>. Merges with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʐ/</span> in most Polish dialects. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jablunkov" title="Jablunkov">Jablunkov</a><sup id="cite_ref-Dąbrowska_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dąbrowska-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that an example be provided. (September 2018)">example needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a></td> <td>Northern dialects<sup id="cite_ref-Frykatywner_49-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frykatywner-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDudášová-Kriššáková199598_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDudášová-Kriššáková199598-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Slovak-language text"><i lang="sk"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_orthography" title="Slovak orthography"><b>ř</b>yka</a></i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈr̝ɪkä]</span></td> <td>'river'</td> <td>Only in a few dialects near the Polish border.<sup id="cite_ref-Frykatywner_49-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frykatywner-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/Slovak_phonology" title="Slovak phonology">Slovak phonology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> </td> <td><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><b>r</b>ana</i></span> </td> <td>[ˈr̝änä] </td> <td>'frog' </td> <td>Possible realization of /r/ in some dialects, may also be realized as a non-sibilant alveolar fricative [ɹ̝-] or as a sibilant retroflex fricative [ʐ]. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trique_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Trique language">Chicahuaxtla Trique</a><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Chicahuaxtla Triqui-language text"><i lang="trs"><b>r</b>aꞌa</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[rᶾa˧ʔaː˧]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r̥ᶴa˧ʔaː˧]</span> </td> <td>'hand' </td> <td>Initial allophone of /r/. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tsakonian_language" title="Tsakonian language">Tsakonian</a><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Tsakonian-language text"><span lang="tsd"><b>ρζ</b>ινοδίτζη</span></span> </td> <td>[r̝inoðitɕi] </td> <td>'justice of the peace' </td> <td>/ʒ/ appears to have been a fricative trill in the 19th century, and [ʒ] survived latterly only in women's usage in Southern Tsakonian. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_trills&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_phonetics_articles" title="Index of phonetics articles">Index of phonetics articles</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_trills&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLadefogedMaddieson1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ladefoged" title="Peter Ladefoged">Ladefoged, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ian_Maddieson" title="Ian Maddieson">Maddieson, Ian</a> (1996). <a href="/wiki/The_Sounds_of_the_World%27s_Languages" title="The Sounds of the World's Languages"><i>The Sounds of the World's Languages</i></a>. 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Brosnahan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130403122650/http://www.journalofwestafricanlanguages.org/Files/pdf/01-1/jwal-01-1-Brosnahan.pdf"><i>Outlines of the phonology of the Gokana dialect of Ogoni</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journalofwestafricanlanguages.org/Files/pdf/01-1/jwal-01-1-Brosnahan.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-04-03<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-24</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outlines+of+the+phonology+of+the+Gokana+dialect+of+Ogoni&rft.au=L.F.+Brosnahan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journalofwestafricanlanguages.org%2FFiles%2Fpdf%2F01-1%2Fjwal-01-1-Brosnahan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiced+dental%2C+alveolar+and+postalveolar+trills" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBender1969">Bender (1969)</a>, p. xvii-xviii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trussel2.com/MOD/MED2R.htm#raj">"Marshallese-English Dictionary"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marshallese-English+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trussel2.com%2FMOD%2FMED2R.htm%23raj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiced+dental%2C+alveolar+and+postalveolar+trills" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trussel2.com/MOD/MED2R.htm#roj">"Marshallese-English Dictionary"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marshallese-English+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trussel2.com%2FMOD%2FMED2R.htm%23roj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiced+dental%2C+alveolar+and+postalveolar+trills" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mangold2005-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mangold2005_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mangold2005_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMangold2005">Mangold (2005)</a>, p. 53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, Ladefoged (1971).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dankovičová-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dankovičová_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDankovičová1999">Dankovičová (1999)</a>, pp. 70–71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SOWLCZ-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SOWLCZ_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SOWLCZ_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLadefogedMaddieson1996">Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996)</a>, pp. 228–230 and 233</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELodge200946-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELodge200946_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLodge2009">Lodge (2009)</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SiPoCh-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SiPoCh_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFŠimáčkováPodlipskýChládková2012">Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012)</a>, p. 226</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Driem" class="citation book cs1">van Driem, George. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161004073753/https://www.himalayanlanguages.org/files/driem/pdfs/1992Dzongkha.pdf"><i>The Grammar of Dzongkha</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Annual+of+the+British+School+at+Athens&rft.atitle=The+Tsakonian+Dialect&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=20&rft.date=1913-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0068245400009163&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163493476%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Scutt&rft.aufirst=C.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecords%2F2276745%23.YPL9wBjhU0M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiced+dental%2C+alveolar+and+postalveolar+trills" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_trills&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayo_Clinic2012" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" 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Tokarz, Emil (1980), <i>Slovenščina za Poljake: Kurs podstawowy języka słoweńskiego</i>, Katowice: Uniwersytet Śląski</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sloven%C5%A1%C4%8Dina+za+Poljake%3A+Kurs+podstawowy+j%C4%99zyka+s%C5%82owe%C5%84skiego&rft.place=Katowice&rft.pub=Uniwersytet+%C5%9Al%C4%85ski&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Pretnar&rft.aufirst=Tone&rft.au=Tokarz%2C+Emil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiced+dental%2C+alveolar+and+postalveolar+trills" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRecasensPallarès2001" class="citation cs2">Recasens, Daniel; Pallarès, Maria Dolors (2001), <i>De la fonètica a la fonologia: les consonants i assimilacions consonàntiques del català</i>, Barcelona: Editorial Ariel, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-344-2884-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-344-2884-3"><bdi>978-84-344-2884-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+la+fon%C3%A8tica+a+la+fonologia%3A+les+consonants+i+assimilacions+conson%C3%A0ntiques+del+catal%C3%A0&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pub=Editorial+Ariel&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-84-344-2884-3&rft.aulast=Recasens&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Pallar%C3%A8s%2C+Maria+Dolors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiced+dental%2C+alveolar+and+postalveolar+trills" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogersd'Arcangeli2004" class="citation cs2">Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, <b>34</b> (1): 117–121, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100304001628">10.1017/S0025100304001628</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Italian&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=117-121&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100304001628&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft.au=d%27Arcangeli%2C+Luciana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiced+dental%2C+alveolar+and+postalveolar+trills" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŠimáčkováPodlipskýChládková2012" class="citation cs2">Šimáčková, Šárka; Podlipský, Václav Jonáš; Chládková, Kateřina (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/katerina/documents/illustration-of-Czech.pdf">"Czech spoken in Bohemia and Moravia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, <b>42</b> (2): 225–232, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100312000102">10.1017/S0025100312000102</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Czech+spoken+in+Bohemia+and+Moravia&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=225-232&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100312000102&rft.aulast=%C5%A0im%C3%A1%C4%8Dkov%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=%C5%A0%C3%A1rka&rft.au=Podlipsk%C3%BD%2C+V%C3%A1clav+Jon%C3%A1%C5%A1&rft.au=Chl%C3%A1dkov%C3%A1%2C+Kate%C5%99ina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fon.hum.uva.nl%2Fkaterina%2Fdocuments%2Fillustration-of-Czech.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiced+dental%2C+alveolar+and+postalveolar+trills" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiptárTörkenczy2000" class="citation cs2">Siptár, Péter; Törkenczy, Miklós (2000), <i>The Phonology of Hungarian</i>, New York: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823841-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823841-6"><bdi>978-0-19-823841-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phonology+of+Hungarian&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-823841-6&rft.aulast=Sipt%C3%A1r&rft.aufirst=P%C3%A9ter&rft.au=T%C3%B6rkenczy%2C+Mikl%C3%B3s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiced+dental%2C+alveolar+and+postalveolar+trills" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkalozub1963" class="citation cs2">Skalozub, Larisa (1963), <i>Palatogrammy i Rentgenogrammy Soglasnyx Fonem Russkogo Literaturnogo Jazyka</i>, Izdatelstvo Kievskogo Universiteta</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palatogrammy+i+Rentgenogrammy+Soglasnyx+Fonem+Russkogo+Literaturnogo+Jazyka&rft.pub=Izdatelstvo+Kievskogo+Universiteta&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Skalozub&rft.aufirst=Larisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiced+dental%2C+alveolar+and+postalveolar+trills" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŠuštaršičKomarPetek1999" class="citation cs2">Šuštaršič, Rastislav; Komar, Smiljana; Petek, Bojan (1999), "Slovene", <i>Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet</i>, vol. 23, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 135–139, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100300004874">10.1017/S0025100300004874</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65236-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65236-0"><bdi>978-0-521-65236-0</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249404451">249404451</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Slovene&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association%3A+A+guide+to+the+use+of+the+International+Phonetic+Alphabet&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=135-139&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A249404451%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100300004874&rft.isbn=978-0-521-65236-0&rft.aulast=%C5%A0u%C5%A1tar%C5%A1i%C4%8D&rft.aufirst=Rastislav&rft.au=Komar%2C+Smiljana&rft.au=Petek%2C+Bojan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiced+dental%2C+alveolar+and+postalveolar+trills" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzende1999" class="citation cs2">Szende, Tamás (1999), "Hungarian", <i>Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 104–107, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65236-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65236-0"><bdi>978-0-521-65236-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hungarian&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association%3A+A+guide+to+the+use+of+the+International+Phonetic+Alphabet&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=104-107&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-65236-0&rft.aulast=Szende&rft.aufirst=Tam%C3%A1s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiced+dental%2C+alveolar+and+postalveolar+trills" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorp2001" class="citation book cs1">Torp, Arne (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254818745">"Retroflex consonants and dorsal <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span>: mutually excluding innovations? On the diffusion of dorsal <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> in Scandinavian"</a>. In van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (eds.). <i><span></span>'r-atics</i>. Brussels: Etudes & Travaux. pp. 75–90. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0777-3692">0777-3692</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Retroflex+consonants+and+dorsal+%3Cspan+class%3D%22IPA+nowrap%22+lang%3D%22und-Latn-fonipa%22+title%3D%22Representation+in+the+International+Phonetic+Alphabet+%28IPA%29%22%3E%2Fr%2F%3C%2Fspan%3E%3A+mutually+excluding+innovations%3F+On+the+diffusion+of+dorsal+%3Cspan+class%3D%22IPA+nowrap%22+lang%3D%22und-Latn-fonipa%22+title%3D%22Representation+in+the+International+Phonetic+Alphabet+%28IPA%29%22%3E%2Fr%2F%3C%2Fspan%3E+in+Scandinavian&rft.btitle=%27r-atics&rft.place=Brussels&rft.pages=75-90&rft.pub=Etudes+%26+Travaux&rft.date=2001&rft.issn=0777-3692&rft.aulast=Torp&rft.aufirst=Arne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F254818745&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiced+dental%2C+alveolar+and+postalveolar+trills" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li></ul> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBender1969" class="citation cs2">Bender, Byron (1969), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spokenmarshalles0000bend"><i>Spoken Marshallese</i></a></span>, University of Hawaii Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87022-070-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-87022-070-5"><bdi>0-87022-070-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spoken+Marshallese&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=0-87022-070-5&rft.aulast=Bender&rft.aufirst=Byron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspokenmarshalles0000bend&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoiced+dental%2C+alveolar+and+postalveolar+trills" class="Z3988"></span> </p> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_trills&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phoible.org/parameters?sSearch_0=r">List of languages with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r]</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/PHOIBLE" title="PHOIBLE">PHOIBLE</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235389435">.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-captioned{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:var(--color-base,#202122);padding:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-caption{padding:0.2em;text-align:center;background-color:#f2f2ce;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-table{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-table .wraplinks .selflink{white-space:normal}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-constable th{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-constable th:not(.IPA-pulmonic-mannerarrow)[scope="col"]{text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;max-width:4em}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-constable 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_navigation" title="Template:IPA navigation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:IPA_navigation" title="Template talk:IPA navigation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:IPA_navigation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:IPA navigation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_Phonetic_Alphabet_(chart)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> <span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart">chart</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="IPA_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">IPA topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">IPA</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Association" title="International Phonetic Association">International Phonetic Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="History of the International Phonetic Alphabet">History of the alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensions_to_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet">Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_Quality_Symbols" title="Voice Quality Symbols">Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_International_Phonetic_Association" title="Journal of the International Phonetic Association"><i>Journal of the IPA</i> (<i>JIPA</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_forms_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Cursive forms of the International Phonetic Alphabet">Cursive forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_variants_of_IPA_letters" title="Case variants of IPA letters">Case variants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsolete_and_nonstandard_symbols_in_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Obsolete and nonstandard symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet">Obsolete and nonstandard symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_conventions_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Naming conventions of the International Phonetic Alphabet">Naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinological_extensions_to_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinological extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet">Sinological extensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Orthography" title="World Orthography">World Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart_for_English_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects">IPA chart for English dialects</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Encodings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_ASCII_encodings_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Comparison of ASCII encodings of the International Phonetic Alphabet">ASCII encodings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SAMPA" title="SAMPA">SAMPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-SAMPA" title="X-SAMPA">X-SAMPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirshenbaum" title="Kirshenbaum">Kirshenbaum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIPA_(software)" title="TIPA (software)">TIPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_symbols_in_Unicode" title="Phonetic symbols in Unicode">Phonetic symbols in Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPA_number" title="IPA number">IPA number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">IPA Braille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Consonants" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">Consonants</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Pulmonic_consonant" title="Pulmonic consonant">Pulmonic consonants</a></b> <table role="presentation" class="" style="margin: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="wikitable nowrap IPA-common-table IPA-common-constable IPA-pulmonic-main" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row" class="IPA-pulmonic-placearrow"><a href="/wiki/Place_of_articulation" title="Place of articulation">Place</a> → </th> <th scope="col" colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="10"><a href="/wiki/Coronal_consonant" title="Coronal consonant">Coronal</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_consonant" title="Dorsal consonant">Dorsal</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_consonant" title="Laryngeal consonant">Laryngeal</a> </th></tr> <tr class="wrap wraplinks"> <th scope="col" class="IPA-pulmonic-mannerarrow"><a href="/wiki/Manner_of_articulation" title="Manner of articulation">Manner</a> ↓ </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_consonant" title="Labiodental consonant">Labiodental</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Linguolabial_consonant" title="Linguolabial consonant">Linguolabial</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Postalveolar</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant">Pharyngeal/epiglottal</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiceless bilabial nasal">m̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_nasal" title="Voiceless labiodental nasal">ɱ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_nasal" title="Voiced labiodental nasal">ɱ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_linguolabial_nasal" title="Voiced linguolabial nasal">n̼</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_nasal" title="Voiceless alveolar nasal">n̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiceless retroflex nasal">ɳ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced retroflex nasal">ɳ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_nasal" title="Voiceless palatal nasal">ɲ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_nasal" title="Voiceless velar nasal">ŋ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_nasal" title="Voiceless uvular nasal">ɴ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_nasal" title="Voiced uvular nasal">ɴ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_plosive" title="Voiceless labiodental plosive">p̪</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_plosive" title="Voiced labiodental plosive">b̪</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_linguolabial_plosive" title="Voiceless linguolabial plosive">t̼</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_linguolabial_plosive" title="Voiced linguolabial plosive">d̼</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">c</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive" title="Voiced palatal plosive">ɟ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_plosive" title="Voiced uvular plosive">ɢ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Epiglottal_plosive" title="Epiglottal plosive">ʡ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">Sibilant</a> <a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">affricate</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t̠ʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d̠ʒ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex affricate">tʂ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiced retroflex affricate">dʐ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">tɕ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate">dʑ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Non-sibilant affricate </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_affricate" title="Voiceless bilabial affricate">pɸ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_affricate" title="Voiced bilabial affricate">bβ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_affricate" title="Voiceless labiodental affricate">p̪f</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_affricate" title="Voiced labiodental affricate">b̪v</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_non-sibilant_affricate" title="Voiceless dental non-sibilant affricate">t̪θ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_non-sibilant_affricate" title="Voiced dental non-sibilant affricate">d̪ð</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_non-sibilant_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant affricate">tɹ̝̊</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_non-sibilant_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar non-sibilant affricate">dɹ̝</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_non-sibilant_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant affricate">t̠ɹ̠̊˔</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_non-sibilant_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant affricate">d̠ɹ̠˔</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless palatal affricate">cç</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_affricate" title="Voiced palatal affricate">ɟʝ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_affricate" title="Voiceless velar affricate">kx</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_affricate" title="Voiced velar affricate">ɡɣ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_affricate" title="Voiceless uvular affricate">qχ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_affricate" title="Voiced uvular affricate">ɢʁ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_epiglottal_affricate" title="Voiceless epiglottal affricate">ʡʜ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_epiglottal_affricate" title="Voiced epiglottal affricate">ʡʢ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_affricate" title="Voiceless glottal affricate">ʔh</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Sibilant <a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">fricative</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiced retroflex fricative">ʐ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative">ʑ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Non-sibilant fricative </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiceless bilabial fricative">ɸ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">β</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_linguolabial_fricative" title="Voiceless linguolabial fricative">θ̼</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_linguolabial_fricative" title="Voiced linguolabial fricative">ð̼</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative">θ̠</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative">ð̠</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant fricative">ɹ̠̊˔</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative">ɹ̠˔</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative">ɻ̊˔</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced retroflex non-sibilant fricative">ɻ˔</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">ç</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_fricative" title="Voiced palatal fricative">ʝ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">ɦ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_approximant" title="Voiced labiodental approximant">ʋ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar approximant">ɹ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex approximant">ɻ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_approximant" title="Voiced velar approximant">ɰ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Creaky-voiced_glottal_approximant" title="Creaky-voiced glottal approximant">ʔ̞</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tap_and_flap_consonants" title="Tap and flap consonants">Tap/flap</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_flap" title="Voiced bilabial flap">ⱱ̟</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_flap" title="Voiced labiodental flap">ⱱ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_linguolabial_tap" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced linguolabial tap">ɾ̼</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_tap" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar tap">ɾ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_flap" title="Voiceless retroflex flap">ɽ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_flap" title="Voiced retroflex flap">ɽ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_tap_and_flap" title="Voiced uvular tap and flap">ɢ̆</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_epiglottal_tap" title="Voiced epiglottal tap">ʡ̆</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_trill" title="Voiceless bilabial trill">ʙ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_trill" title="Voiced bilabial trill">ʙ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_trill" title="Voiceless alveolar trill">r̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_trill" title="Voiceless retroflex trill">ɽ̊r̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_trill" title="Voiced retroflex trill">ɽr</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_trill" title="Voiceless uvular trill">ʀ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_trill" title="Voiced uvular trill">ʀ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_epiglottal_trill" title="Voiceless epiglottal trill">ʜ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_epiglottal_trill" title="Voiced epiglottal trill">ʢ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> affricate </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate">tɬ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar lateral affricate">dɮ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex lateral affricate">tꞎ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_affricate" title="Voiced retroflex lateral affricate">d𝼅</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless palatal lateral affricate">c𝼆</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_affricate" title="Voiced palatal lateral affricate">ɟʎ̝</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless velar lateral affricate">k𝼄</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiced velar lateral affricate">ɡʟ̝</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Lateral fricative </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">ɬ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral fricative">ɮ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_lateral_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex lateral fricative">ꞎ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_fricative" title="Voiced retroflex lateral fricative">𝼅</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_lateral_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal lateral fricative">𝼆</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_fricative" title="Voiced palatal lateral fricative">ʎ̝</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_lateral_fricative" title="Voiceless velar lateral fricative">𝼄</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_lateral_fricative" title="Voiced velar lateral fricative">ʟ̝</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Lateral approximant </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex lateral approximant">ɭ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced palatal lateral approximant">ʎ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced velar lateral approximant">ʟ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced uvular lateral approximant">ʟ̠</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Lateral tap/flap </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_flap" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral flap">ɺ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_flap" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral flap">ɺ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_lateral_flap" title="Voiceless retroflex lateral flap">𝼈̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_flap" title="Voiced retroflex lateral flap">𝼈</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_flap" title="Voiced palatal lateral flap">ʎ̆</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_lateral_tap" title="Voiced velar lateral tap">ʟ̆</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA-common-notes"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA help</a></li> <li><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/IPA_consonant_chart_with_audio" title="IPA consonant chart with audio"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/IPA_consonant_chart_with_audio" title="IPA consonant chart with audio">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart">full chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_pulmonic_consonants" title="Template:IPA pulmonic consonants">template</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Symbols to the right in a cell are <a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a>, to the left are <a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a>. <span style="display: inline-block;">Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.</span> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table><div class="nowrap"><div style="display: inline-block; margin-right: 2em;"><b>Non-pulmonic consonants</b> <table role="presentation" class="" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="wikitable nowrap IPA-common-table IPA-common-constable" style=""> <tbody><tr class="wrap wraplinks"> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant"><abbr title="Bilabial">BL</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_consonant" title="Labiodental consonant"><abbr title="Labiodental">LD</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant"><abbr title="Dental">D</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant"><abbr title="Alveolar">A</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant"><abbr title="Postalveolar">PA</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant"><abbr title="Retroflex">RF</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant"><abbr title="Palatal">P</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant"><abbr title="Velar">V</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant"><abbr title="Uvular">U</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant"><abbr title="Epiglottal">EG</abbr></a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">Ejective</a> </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Stop</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_ejective_stop" title="Bilabial ejective stop">pʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ejective stop">tʼ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_ejective_stop" title="Retroflex ejective stop">ʈʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_ejective_stop" title="Palatal ejective stop">cʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_stop" title="Velar ejective stop">kʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_stop" title="Uvular ejective stop">qʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Epiglottal_ejective" class="mw-redirect" title="Epiglottal ejective">ʡʼ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_ejective_affricate" title="Labiodental ejective affricate">p̪fʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Dental_ejective_affricate" title="Dental ejective affricate">t̪θʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar ejective affricate">tsʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Palato-alveolar ejective affricate">t̠ʃʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_ejective_affricate" title="Retroflex ejective affricate">tʂʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolo-palatal ejective affricate">tɕʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_affricate" title="Velar ejective affricate">kxʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_affricate" title="Uvular ejective affricate">qχʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_ejective_fricative" title="Bilabial ejective fricative">ɸʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_ejective_fricative" title="Labiodental ejective fricative">fʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Dental_ejective_fricative" title="Dental ejective fricative">θʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_fricative" title="Alveolar ejective fricative">sʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_fricative" title="Palato-alveolar ejective fricative">ʃʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_ejective_fricative" title="Retroflex ejective fricative">ʂʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_ejective_fricative" title="Alveolo-palatal ejective fricative">ɕʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_fricative" title="Velar ejective fricative">xʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_fricative" title="Uvular ejective fricative">χʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> affricate </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar lateral ejective affricate">tɬʼ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_lateral_ejective_affricate" title="Palatal lateral ejective affricate">c𝼆ʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_lateral_ejective_affricate" title="Velar lateral ejective affricate">k𝼄ʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_lateral_ejective_affricate" title="Uvular lateral ejective affricate">q𝼄ʼ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Lateral fricative </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_ejective_fricative" title="Alveolar lateral ejective fricative">ɬʼ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Click_consonant" title="Click consonant">Click</a><br />(top: velar;<br />bottom: uvular) </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_consonant" title="Tenuis consonant">Tenuis</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_bilabial_click" title="Tenuis bilabial click">kʘ<br />qʘ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_dental_click" title="Tenuis dental click">kǀ<br />qǀ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_alveolar_click" title="Tenuis alveolar click">kǃ<br />qǃ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_retroflex_click" title="Tenuis retroflex click">k𝼊<br />q𝼊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_palatal_click" title="Tenuis palatal click">kǂ<br />qǂ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">Voiced</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_click" title="Voiced bilabial click">ɡʘ<br />ɢʘ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_click" title="Voiced dental click">ɡǀ<br />ɢǀ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_click" title="Voiced alveolar click">ɡǃ<br />ɢǃ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_click" title="Voiced retroflex click">ɡ𝼊<br />ɢ𝼊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_click" title="Voiced palatal click">ɡǂ<br />ɢǂ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_click" title="Nasal click">Nasal</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilabial nasal click">ŋʘ<br />ɴʘ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Dental_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental nasal click">ŋǀ<br />ɴǀ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar nasal click">ŋǃ<br />ɴǃ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex nasal click">ŋ𝼊<br />ɴ𝼊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal nasal click">ŋǂ<br />ɴǂ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Back-released_click" title="Back-released click">ʞ</a></span><br />  </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Tenuis <a href="/wiki/Lateral_click" title="Lateral click">lateral</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_alveolar_lateral_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenuis alveolar lateral click">kǁ<br />qǁ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Voiced lateral </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral click">ɡǁ<br />ɢǁ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Nasal lateral </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar lateral nasal click">ŋǁ<br />ɴǁ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Implosive_consonant" title="Implosive consonant">Implosive</a> </th> <th scope="row">Voiced </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_implosive" title="Voiced bilabial implosive">ɓ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_implosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar implosive">ɗ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_implosive" title="Voiced retroflex implosive">ᶑ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_implosive" title="Voiced palatal implosive">ʄ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_implosive" title="Voiced velar implosive">ɠ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_implosive" title="Voiced uvular implosive">ʛ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">Voiceless</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_implosive" title="Voiceless bilabial implosive">ɓ̥</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_implosive" title="Voiceless alveolar implosive">ɗ̥</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_implosive" title="Voiceless retroflex implosive">ᶑ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_implosive" title="Voiceless palatal implosive">ʄ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_implosive" title="Voiceless velar implosive">ɠ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_implosive" title="Voiceless uvular implosive">ʛ̥</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA-common-notes"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA help</a></li> <li><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/IPA_consonant_chart_with_audio" title="IPA consonant chart with audio"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/IPA_consonant_chart_with_audio" title="IPA consonant chart with audio">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart">full chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_non-pulmonic_consonants" title="Template:IPA non-pulmonic consonants">template</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="display: inline-block;"><b><a href="/wiki/Co-articulated_consonant" title="Co-articulated consonant">Co-articulated consonants</a></b> <table role="presentation" class="" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td> <div class="nowrap IPA-coarticulated-main IPA-coarticulated-nocaption" style=""> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93alveolar_nasal" title="Voiced labial–alveolar nasal">n͡m</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93coronal_consonant" title="Labial–coronal consonant">Labial–alveolar</a></div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced labial–retroflex nasal">ɳ͡m</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93retroflex_consonant" title="Labial–retroflex consonant">Labial–retroflex</a></div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_nasal" title="Voiced labial–velar nasal">ŋ͡m</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93velar_consonant" title="Labial–velar consonant">Labial–velar</a></div> </div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93alveolar_plosive" title="Voiceless labial–alveolar plosive">t͡p</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93alveolar_plosive" title="Voiced labial–alveolar plosive">d͡b</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–alveolar</div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless labial–retroflex plosive">ʈ͡p</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced labial–retroflex plosive">ɖ͡b</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–retroflex</div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93velar_plosive" title="Voiceless labial–velar plosive">k͡p</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_plosive" title="Voiced labial–velar plosive">ɡ͡b</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–velar</div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular%E2%80%93epiglottal_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular–epiglottal plosive">q͡ʡ</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Uvular%E2%80%93epiglottal_consonant" title="Uvular–epiglottal consonant">Uvular–epiglottal</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless labial–uvular plosive">q͡p</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93uvular_consonant" title="Labial–uvular consonant">Labial–uvular</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a>/<a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">approximant</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless labial–palatal fricative">ɥ̊</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93palatal_approximant" title="Voiced labial–palatal approximant">ɥ</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Labio-palatalization" title="Labio-palatalization">Labial–palatal</a></div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93velar_fricative" title="Voiceless labial–velar fricative">ʍ</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–velar</div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Sj-sound" title="Sj-sound">ɧ</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Sj-sound" title="Sj-sound"><i>Sj</i>-sound</a> (variable)</div> </div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> approximant</div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarized alveolar lateral approximant">ɫ</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">Velarized</a> alveolar</div> </div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Implosive_consonant" title="Implosive consonant">Implosive</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93velar_implosive" title="Voiceless labial–velar implosive">ɠ̊͜ɓ̥</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_implosive" title="Voiced labial–velar implosive">ɠ͡ɓ</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–velar</div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">Ejective</a></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93alveolar_ejective_stop" title="Labial–alveolar ejective stop">t͡pʼ</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–alveolar</div> </div> </div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA-common-notes"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA help</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart">full chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_co-articulated_consonants" title="Template:IPA co-articulated consonants">template</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Other" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Nasal labial–velar approximant">Nasal labial–velar approximant</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w̃]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_palatal_approximant" title="Nasal palatal approximant">Nasal palatal approximant</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j̃]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bidental_fricative" title="Voiceless bidental fricative">Voiceless bidental fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h̪͆]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabially_post-trilled_dental_stop" title="Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop">Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t̪ʙ̥]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_nasal_glottal_approximant" title="Voiceless nasal glottal approximant">Voiceless nasal glottal approximant</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h̃]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Vowels" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">Vowels</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table role="presentation" class="" style="margin: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="nowrap IPA-vowels-main IPA-vowels-nocaption IPA-vowels-noaudio" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td class="IPA-vowels-image-cell"><span class="IPA-vowels-image skin-invert notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg/320px-Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg/480px-Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg/640px-Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(-22px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(-1px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close central rounded vowel">ʉ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close back unrounded vowel">ɯ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="IPA-vowels-minorcaption"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_vowel" title="Near-close vowel">Near-close</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(40px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front rounded vowel">ʏ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(-15px, -1px);"><div></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">ø</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central unrounded vowel">ɘ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central rounded vowel">ɵ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back unrounded vowel">ɤ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="IPA-vowels-minorcaption"><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(42px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e̞</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Mid front rounded vowel">ø̞</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(32px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid back unrounded vowel">ɤ̞</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o̞</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(64px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">œ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(42px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid central unrounded vowel">ɜ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid central rounded vowel">ɞ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back unrounded vowel">ʌ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="IPA-vowels-minorcaption"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_vowel" title="Near-open vowel">Near-open</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(85px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(53px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(106px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open front rounded vowel">ɶ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(63px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">ä</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒ</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA-common-notes"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA help</a></li> <li><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/IPA_vowel_chart_with_audio" title="IPA vowel chart with audio"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/IPA_vowel_chart_with_audio" title="IPA vowel chart with audio">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart">full chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_vowels" title="Template:IPA vowels">template</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Legend: <a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">unrounded <span style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);">•</span> rounded</a> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_letter_R" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:LetterR" title="Template:LetterR"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:LetterR" title="Template talk:LetterR"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LetterR" title="Special:EditPage/Template:LetterR"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_letter_R" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">The letter <a href="/wiki/R" title="R">R</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">Rhotic consonants (R-like sounds)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception_of_English_/r/_and_/l/_by_Japanese_speakers" title="Perception of English /r/ and /l/ by Japanese speakers">Perception of English /r/ and /l/ by Japanese speakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_of_English_/r/" title="Pronunciation of English /r/">Pronunciation of English /r/</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English" title="Rhoticity in English">Rhoticity in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-colored_vowel" title="R-colored vowel">R-colored vowel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhotacism" title="Rhotacism">Rhotacism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guttural_R" title="Guttural R">Guttural R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linking_and_intrusive_R" title="Linking and intrusive R">Linking and intrusive R</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pronunciations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_trill" title="Voiceless alveolar trill">Voiceless alveolar trill</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r̥]</span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Voiced alveolar trill</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_and_postalveolar_approximants" title="Voiced alveolar and postalveolar approximants">Voiced alveolar or postalveolar approximant</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɹ]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_tap_and_flap" title="Voiceless alveolar tap and flap">Voiceless alveolar tap</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɾ̥]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">Voiced alveolar tap</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɾ]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_lateral_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar lateral flaps">Voiced alveolar lateral flap</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɺ]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex approximant">Voiced retroflex approximant</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɻ]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_flap" title="Voiced retroflex flap">Voiced retroflex flap</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɽ]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_trill" title="Voiced retroflex trill">Voiced retroflex trill</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɽr]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_approximant" title="Voiced velar approximant">Voiced velar approximant</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɰ]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_bunched_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced velar bunched approximant">Voiced velar bunched approximant</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɹ̈]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">Voiceless velar fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[x]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">Voiced velar fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɣ]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_trill" title="Voiceless uvular trill">Voiceless uvular trill</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʀ̥]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_trill" title="Voiced uvular trill">Voiced uvular trill</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʀ]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">Voiceless uvular fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[χ]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">Voiced uvular fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʁ]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">Voiced pharyngeal fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʕ]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">Voiceless glottal fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">Voiced glottal fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɦ]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ꝛꝛ (<a href="/wiki/R_rotunda" title="R rotunda">R rotunda</a>)</li> <li>Ꞃꞃ (<a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular</a>)</li> <li>Ɽɽ (<a href="/wiki/R_with_tail" title="R with tail">R with tail</a>)</li> <li>Ɍɍ (<a href="/wiki/R_with_stroke" title="R with stroke">R with stroke</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yr_rune_(Younger_Futhark)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yr rune (Younger Futhark)">Ʀʀ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_grave_accent" title="Double grave accent">Ȑȑ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%94" title="Ŕ">Ŕŕ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedilla" title="Cedilla">Ŗŗ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%98" title="Ř">Řř</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C8%92" title="Ȓ">Ȓȓ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%CC%83" title="R̃">R̃r̃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dot_(diacritic)" title="Dot (diacritic)">Ṙṙ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%9A" title="Ṛ">Ṛṛ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%CC%84" class="mw-redirect" title="R̄">R̄r̄</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%9C" title="Ṝ">Ṝṝ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Ṟ">Ṟṟ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rd_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rd (digraph)">Rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rh_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rh (digraph)">Rh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rl_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rl (digraph)">Rl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rm_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rm (digraph)">Rm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rn_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rn (digraph)">Rn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rp_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rp (digraph)">Rp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rr_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rr (digraph)">Rr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rs_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rs (digraph)">Rs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rt_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rt (digraph)">Rt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rw_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rw (digraph)">Rw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rz_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rz (digraph)">Rz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rnd_(trigraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rnd (trigraph)">Rnd</a></li> <li>ᚱ (<a href="/wiki/Raido" title="Raido">Raidô</a>)</li> <li>ℝ (<a href="/wiki/Real_number" title="Real number">Real number</a>)</li> <li>® (<a href="/wiki/Registered_trademark_symbol" title="Registered trademark symbol">Registered trademark symbol</a>)</li> <li>Ⓡ (<a href="/wiki/Enclosed_R" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclosed R">Enclosed R</a>)</li> <li>℞ (<a href="/wiki/Medical_prescription" 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