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<span>Current status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revitalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revitalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Revitalization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revitalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bible_translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bible_translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bible translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bible_translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul 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Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Guernésiais" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="ग्वेर्नसेस भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="ग्वेर्नसेस भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D9%84%D9%87%D8%AC%D8%A9)" title="غيرنزية (لهجة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غيرنزية (لهجة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernesi%C3%A9s" title="Guernesiés – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Guernesiés" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_guernesey%C3%A9s" title="Idioma guerneseyés – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma guerneseyés" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwernenezeg" title="Gwernenezeg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gwernenezeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernsei%C3%A8s" title="Guernseiès – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guernseiès" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Guernésiais" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Guernésiais" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_guernesey%C3%A9s" title="Idioma guerneseyés – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma guerneseyés" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernesiais" title="Guernesiais – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guernesiais" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B1%B4%EC%A7%80%EC%96%B4" title="건지어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="건지어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Guernésiais" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetto_guernesiais" title="Dialetto guernesiais – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dialetto guernesiais" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dg%C3%A8rn%C3%A9siais" title="Dgèrnésiais – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dgèrnésiais" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BC%E8%AA%9E" title="ガーンジー語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ガーンジー語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Guernésiais" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Guernésiais" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dg%C3%A8rn%C3%A9siais" title="Dgèrnésiais – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dgèrnésiais" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_guernesiana" title="Língua guernesiana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua guernesiana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Гернсийский диалект нормандского языка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гернсийский диалект нормандского языка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Guernésiais" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Guernésiais" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernsey%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Guernseyščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Guernseyščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gernzijski_dijalekt" title="Gernzijski dijalekt – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gernzijski dijalekt" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Guernésiais" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Guernésiais" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B2%DB%8C%DB%81" title="گرنزیہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گرنزیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q56428#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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searchaux" style="display:none">Variety of Norman spoken in Guernsey</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Guernésiais</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Dgèrnésiais, Guernsey French</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><i lang="nrf-GG">guernésiais</i></span>, <span title="Nafaanra-language text"><i lang="nfr-GG">dgèrnésiais</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">200 (2014)<sup id="cite_ref-e18_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Latino-Faliscan_languages" title="Latino-Faliscan languages">Latino-Faliscan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latinic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Western_languages" title="Italo-Western languages">Italo-Western</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo</a>-<a href="/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languages" title="Iberian Romance languages">Iberian</a>?<sup id="cite_ref-glottoOil_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glottoOil-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Gallo-Rhaetian?<sup id="cite_ref-glottoOil_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glottoOil-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Franco-Provençal">Arpitan</a>–<a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">Oïl</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">Oïl</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl#Frankish_zone_(zone_francique)" title="Langues d'oïl">Frankish zone</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bec1970_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bec1970-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Northern <a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bec1970_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bec1970-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Guernésiais</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old Latin</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Romance_language" title="Proto-Romance language">Proto-Romance</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Gallo-Romance_language" title="Old Gallo-Romance language">Old Gallo-Romance</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norman" title="Old Norman">Old Norman</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/nrf" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:nrf">nrf</a></code> (incl. <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/dger1238">dger1238</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/1863">Guernésiais</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=51-AAA-hc">51-AAA-hc</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/IETF_language_tag" title="IETF language tag">IETF</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code>nrf-GG<sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-a98525d5f273e616526e4f2fa4c00e70e2695b19-v18_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-a98525d5f273e616526e4f2fa4c00e70e2695b19-v18-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-61f7d2b1e3d419f3eb08a2fa7d60d1858ed06f2c-v18_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-61f7d2b1e3d419f3eb08a2fa7d60d1858ed06f2c-v18-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></code></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style><p><b>Guernésiais</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ɡɛʁnezjɛ]</a></span>), also known as <b>Guerneseyese</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><b>Dgèrnésiais</b></i>, <b>Guernsey French</b>, and <b>Guernsey Norman French</b>, is the variety of the <a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman language</a> spoken in <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is sometimes known on the island simply as "<a href="/wiki/Patois" title="Patois">patois</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-pocketful_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pocketful-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As one of the <a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">langues d'oïl</a>, it has its roots in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, but has had strong influence from both <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> at different points in its history.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="objective information needing source (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There is <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutual intelligibility</a> (with some difficulty) with <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a> speakers from <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a> and Continental Norman speakers from <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Guernésiais most closely resembles the Norman <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialect</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cotentinais" title="Cotentinais">Cotentinais</a> spoken in <a href="/wiki/La_Hague" title="La Hague">La Hague</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cotentin_Peninsula" title="Cotentin Peninsula">Cotentin Peninsula</a> of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. </p><p>Guernésiais has been influenced less by <a href="/wiki/Standard_French" title="Standard French">Standard French</a> than Jèrriais, but conversely more so by <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>. New words have been imported for modern phenomena: e.g. <span title="Guernésiais-language text"><i lang="nrf-GG">le bike</i></span> and <span title="Guernésiais-language text"><i lang="nrf-GG">le gas-cooker</i></span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="objective information needing source (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There is a rich tradition of poetry in the Guernsey language. Guernsey songs were inspired by the sea, by colourful figures of speech, by traditional folk-lore, as well as by the natural environment of the island.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="objective information needing source (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The island's greatest poet was <a href="/wiki/George_M%C3%A9tivier" title="George Métivier">George Métivier</a> (1790–1881), a contemporary of <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a>, who influenced and inspired local poets to print and publish their traditional poetry. Métivier blended local place-names, bird and animal names, traditional sayings and orally transmitted fragments of medieval poetry to create his <i>Rimes Guernesiaises</i> (1831). <a href="/wiki/Denys_Corbet" title="Denys Corbet">Denys Corbet</a> (1826–1910) was considered the "Last Poet" of Guernsey French and published many poems in his day in his native tongue, both in the island newspaper and privately. </p><p> The most recent dictionary of Guernésiais, <i>Dictiounnaire Angllais-guernesiais</i> by <a href="/wiki/Marie_de_Garis" title="Marie de Garis">Marie de Garis</a>, was published in 1967 and revised in 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dgernesiais_welcome_sign_St_Peter_Port_Guernsey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Dgernesiais_welcome_sign_St_Peter_Port_Guernsey.jpg/220px-Dgernesiais_welcome_sign_St_Peter_Port_Guernsey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Dgernesiais_welcome_sign_St_Peter_Port_Guernsey.jpg/330px-Dgernesiais_welcome_sign_St_Peter_Port_Guernsey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Dgernesiais_welcome_sign_St_Peter_Port_Guernsey.jpg/440px-Dgernesiais_welcome_sign_St_Peter_Port_Guernsey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1120" data-file-height="916" /></a><figcaption>Guernésiais tops this list of welcome messages at Guernsey's tourism office in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_Port" title="Saint Peter Port">Saint Peter Port</a></figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guern%C3%A9siais&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Guernsey was a part of <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a> until the latter was conquered by French kings; a form of the <a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman language</a> developed in the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a> and survived for hundreds of years.<sup id="cite_ref-Sallabank-2005-2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sallabank-2005-2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guernésiais is considered to be one of the <a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">langues d'oïl</a>, which includes <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> and its closest relatives.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, after the separation of Guernsey and Normandy, French Protestant refugees escaped to the island from fear of persecution in mainland France; they quickly gained influence and positions of power in education, religion, and government.<sup id="cite_ref-Sallabank-2005-2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sallabank-2005-2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This accounts for the long tradition of a <a href="/wiki/Diglossia" title="Diglossia">diglossic</a> relationship between French and Guernesiais<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereby French had prestige while Guernesiais did not.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The English language began to spread in Guernsey in the era of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, during which there was a significant outposting of English soldiers on the island<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as an increase of English tourism and immigration.<sup id="cite_ref-Sallabank-2005_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sallabank-2005-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the German occupation of Guernsey from 1940 to 1945, Guernesiais suffered more of a decline because children were evacuated off the island, which resulted in Guernesiais not being transmitted to much of their generation.<sup id="cite_ref-Sallabank-2005_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sallabank-2005-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is from this point onwards that Guernesiais continued to decline in use<sup id="cite_ref-Sallabank-2005_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sallabank-2005-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and so, according to the 2001 census conducted in Guernsey, only 2.2% of the population at the time reported being fluent in Guernesiais.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Guernsey poet <a href="/wiki/George_M%C3%A9tivier" title="George Métivier">George Métivier</a> (1790–1881) – nicknamed the <i>Guernsey <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Burns</a></i>, was the first to produce a <a href="/wiki/Dictionary" title="Dictionary">dictionary</a> of the Norman language in the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a>, the <i>Dictionnaire Franco-Normand</i> (1870). This established the first standard <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a> – later modified and modernised. Among his poetical works are <i>Rimes Guernesiaises</i> published in 1831.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="objective information needing source (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Prince <a href="/wiki/Louis_Lucien_Bonaparte" title="Louis Lucien Bonaparte">Louis Lucien Bonaparte</a> published the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a> by <a href="/wiki/George_M%C3%A9tivier" title="George Métivier">George Métivier</a> in Dgèrnésiais in London in 1863 as part of his philological research.</li> <li>Like Métivier, <a href="/wiki/Tam_Lenfestey" title="Tam Lenfestey">Tam Lenfestey</a> (1818–1885) published poetry in Guernsey newspapers and in book form.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denys_Corbet" title="Denys Corbet">Denys Corbet</a> (1826–1909) described himself as the <i>Draïn Rimeux</i> (last poet), but literary production continued. Corbet is best known for his poems, especially the <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic</a> <i>L'Touar de Guernesy</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Picaresque" class="mw-redirect" title="Picaresque">picaresque</a> tour of the <a href="/wiki/Parish" title="Parish">parishes</a> of Guernsey. As editor of the French-language newspaper <i>Le Bailliage</i>, he also wrote <a href="/wiki/Feuilleton" title="Feuilleton">feuilletons</a> in Dgèrnésiais under the <a href="/wiki/Pen_name" title="Pen name">pen name</a> <i>Badlagoule</i> ("chatterbox"). In 2009 the island held a special exhibition in the Forest Parish on Corbet and his work acknowledging the centenary of his death and unveiling a contemporary portrait painting of the artist by Christian Corbet a cousin to Denys Corbet.</li> <li>Thomas Martin (1839–1921) translated into Guernésiais the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, the plays of <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>, twelve plays by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Corneille" title="Pierre Corneille">Pierre Corneille</a>, three plays by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Corneille" title="Thomas Corneille">Thomas Corneille</a>, twenty seven plays by <a href="/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière">Molière</a>, twenty plays by <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> and <i>The Spanish Student</i> by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Mahy" title="Thomas Henry Mahy">Thomas Henry Mahy</a> (1862–21 April 1936) wrote <i>Dires et Pensées du Courtil Poussin</i>, a regular column in <i>La Gazette Officielle de Guernesey</i>, from 1916. A collection was published in booklet form in 1922. He was still publishing occasional pieces of poetry and prose by the start of the 1930s.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Alfred_Grut" title="Thomas Alfred Grut">Thomas Alfred Grut</a> (1852–1933) published <i>Des lures guernesiaises</i> in 1927, once again a collection of newspaper columns. He also translated some of the Jèrriais stories of <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Le_Sueur_Mourant" title="Philippe Le Sueur Mourant">Philippe Le Sueur Mourant</a> into Dgèrnésiais.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Ozanne" title="Marjorie Ozanne">Marjorie Ozanne</a> (1897–1973) wrote stories, published in the <i>Guernsey Evening Press</i> between 1949 and 1965. Some earlier pieces can be found in <i>La Gazette de Guernesey</i> in the 1920s.</li> <li>Ken Hill translated many of Marjorie Ozanne's short stories and poems into English with the Guernsey accent of the early 20th century. The work was published by the Guernsey society.</li> <li>Métivier's dictionary was superseded by <a href="/wiki/Marie_de_Garis" title="Marie de Garis">Marie de Garis</a>' (1910–2010) <i>Dictiounnaire Angllais-Guernésiais</i>; first edition published in 1967, supplements 1969 and 1973, third edition 1982.</li> <li>When the Channel Islands were invaded by <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Dgèrnésiais experienced a minor revival. Many Guernsey people did not always wish the occupying forces to understand what they were saying, especially as some of the soldiers had knowledge of English.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a> includes the odd word of Dgèrnésiais in some of his Channel Island novels. Hugo's novel <i><a href="/wiki/Toilers_of_the_Sea" title="Toilers of the Sea">Toilers of the Sea</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Les Travailleurs de la mer</i>), is credited with introducing the Guernesiais word for octopus, <span title="Guernésiais-language text"><i lang="nrf-GG">pieuvre</i></span>, into the French language (standard French for octopus is <i>poulpe</i>).</li> <li>A collection of short stories <i>P'tites Lures Guernésiaises</i> (in Guernésiais with parallel English translation) by various writers was published in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_status">Current status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guern%C3%A9siais&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Current status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 2001 census showed that 1327 (1262 Guernsey-born) or 2% of the population speak the language fluently while 3% fully understand the language.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="objective information needing source (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However most of these, 70% or 934 of the 1327 fluent speakers, are over 64 years old. Among the young only 0.1% or one in a thousand are fluent speakers. However, 14% of the population claim some understanding of the language.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="objective information needing source (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>L'Assembllaïe d'Guernesiais, an association for speakers of the language founded in 1957, has published a periodical. Les Ravigoteurs, another association, has published a storybook and cassette for children.</li> <li>Forest School hosts an annual speaking contest of the island's primary school children (Year 6).</li> <li>The annual <a href="/wiki/Eisteddfod" title="Eisteddfod">Eisteddfod</a> provides an opportunity for performances in the language, and radio and newspaper outlets furnish regular media output.</li> <li>There is some teaching of the language in voluntary classes in schools in Guernsey.<sup id="cite_ref-ifcfeed_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ifcfeed-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Evening classes are available, as of 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-ifcfeed_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ifcfeed-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Lunchtime classes are offered at the Guernsey Museum, as of 2013.</li> <li>Along with Jèrriais, <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> (in Scotland as well as the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Scots dialects">Ulster Scots dialects</a>), Guernésiais is recognised as a <a href="/wiki/Regional_language" title="Regional language">regional language</a> by the British and Irish governments within the framework of the <a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Council" title="British–Irish Council">British–Irish Council</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Guernsey" title="BBC Radio Guernsey">BBC Radio Guernsey</a> and the <i>Guernsey Press</i> both feature occasional lessons.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A Guernésiais language development officer was appointed (with effect from January 2008).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>There is little broadcasting in the language, with <a href="/wiki/ITV_Channel_Television" title="ITV Channel Television">ITV Channel Television</a> more or less ignoring the language, and only the occasional short feature on <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Guernsey" title="BBC Radio Guernsey">BBC Radio Guernsey</a>, usually for learners. In 2021 BBC Radio Guernsey broadcast a 10 minute news bulletin once a week in Guernésiais.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2022 a documentary on the future of Guernsey French was produced for BBC radio.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The creation of a Guernsey Language Commission was announced on 7 February 2013<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as an initiative by government to preserve the linguistic culture. The Commission has operated since Liberation Day, 9 May 2013. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revitalization">Revitalization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guern%C3%A9siais&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Revitalization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While Guernesiais does not have status as an official language of the island, revitalization efforts are still being undertaken on a small scale.<sup id="cite_ref-Sallabank-2005-3_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sallabank-2005-3-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One group, <i>Le Coumité d'la Culture Guernesiaise</i>, organizes activities and events that celebrate Guernesiais.<sup id="cite_ref-Sallabank-2005-3_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sallabank-2005-3-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Eisteddfod" title="Eisteddfod">Eisteddfod</a> cultural festival is a public event where attendees can enjoy plays, poems, and music performed in Guernesiais.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a local choir on Guernsey called <i>La Guaine du Vouest</i> who conduct musical performances in Guernesiais to further promote the language and the cultural and linguistic heritage of Guernsey.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, efforts to revitalize Guernesiais were undertaken at an official level, when the government appointed a Language Support Officer (LSO), albeit with ambiguous direction.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson-2015_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-2015-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The position was only held until 2011; after that, there was no replacement and instead a Language Commission was formed in order to support efforts to revitalize Guernesiais by smaller groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson-2015_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-2015-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bible_translations">Bible translations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guern%C3%A9siais&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bible translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_M%C3%A9tivier" title="George Métivier">George Métivier</a> translated the Gospel of Matthew into Guernésiais and it was published in London in 1863. This is now online.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Thomas Martin translated the whole Bible into Guernésiais and this has never been published.<sup id="cite_ref-martin_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martin-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guern%C3%A9siais&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Guernésiais consonants<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post-<br />alveolar</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">affricate</a> </th> <th scope="row"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a></span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">kʲ</a></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced">voiced</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a></span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">ɡʲ</a></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <th scope="row"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced">voiced</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">Rhotic</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">plain</span> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">labial</a></span> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93palatal_approximant" title="Voiced labial–palatal approximant">ɥ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>/</span> may also be heard as a tap sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>]</span>.</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a></span>/</span> are heard by different dialects as well as older speakers as palatalized plosives <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">kʲ</a></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">ɡʲ</a></span>]</span>.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Guernésiais oral vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">  </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">unrounded</a></span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">rounded</a></span> </th></tr> <tr class="nounderlines"> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">yː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr class="nounderlines"> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">ø</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">øː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr class="nounderlines"> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">œ</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">œː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr class="nounderlines"> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑː</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Nasal vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">unrounded</a></span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">rounded</a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ẽ</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ẽː</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">õ</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">õː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɛ̃</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɛ̃ː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">œ̃</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">œ̃ː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɔ̃</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɔ̃ː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr class="nounderlines"> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ã</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ãː</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɑ̃</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɑ̃ː</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Vowel sounds <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ã</a></span>/;<span class="wrap"> </span>/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ãː</a></span>/</span> may also be heard as near open <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">æ̃</a></span>];<span class="wrap"> </span>[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æː</a></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">æ̃ː</a></span>]</span>.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Metathesis_(linguistics)" title="Metathesis (linguistics)">Metathesis</a> of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> is common in Guernésiais, by comparison with Sercquiais and Jèrriais. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Guernésiais </th> <th>Sercquiais </th> <th>Jèrriais </th> <th>French </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">kérouaïe</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Norman-language text"><span lang="nrf" style="font-style: normal;">krwee</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">crouaix</span></span> </td> <td><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">croix</span></span> </td> <td>cross </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">méquerdi</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Norman-language text"><span lang="nrf" style="font-style: normal;">mekrëdi</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Jèrriais-language text"><span lang="nrf-JE" style="font-style: normal;">Mêcrédi</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">mercredi</span></span> </td> <td>Wednesday </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Other examples are <span title="Guernésiais-language text"><i lang="nrf-GG">pourmenade</i></span> (promenade), <span title="Guernésiais-language text"><i lang="nrf-GG">persentaïr</i></span> (present), <span title="Guernésiais-language text"><i lang="nrf-GG">terpid</i></span> (tripod). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verbs">Verbs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guern%C3%A9siais&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><i lang="nrf-GG">aver</i></span>, have (auxiliary verb) </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>present </th> <th>preterite </th> <th>imperfect </th> <th>future </th> <th>conditional </th></tr> <tr> <th>1 sg. </th> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">j'ai</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">j'aëus</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">j'avais</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">j'érai</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">j'érais</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 sg. </th> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">t'as</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">t'aëus</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">t'avais</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">t'éras</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">t'érais</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 sg. (m) </th> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">il a</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">il aëut</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">il avait</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">il éra</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">il érait</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 sg. (f) </th> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">all' a</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">all' aeut</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">all' avait</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">all' éra</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">all' érait</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1 pl. </th> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">j'avaöns</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">j'eûnmes</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">j'avaëmes</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">j'éraöns</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">j'éraëmes</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 pl. </th> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">vous avaïz</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">vous aeutes</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">vous avaites</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">vous éraïz</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">vous éraites</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 pl. </th> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">il' aönt</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">il' aëurent</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">il' avaient</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">il' éraönt</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">il' éraient</span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><i lang="nrf-GG">oimaïr</i></span>, to love (regular conjugation) </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>present </th> <th>preterite </th> <th>imperfect </th> <th>future </th> <th>conditional </th></tr> <tr> <th>1 sg. </th> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">j'oime</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">j'oimis</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">j'oimais</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">j'oim'rai</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">j' oim'rais</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 sg. </th> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">t'oimes</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">t'oimis</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">t'oimais</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">t'oim'ras</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">t'oim'rais</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 sg. (m) </th> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">il oime</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">il oimit</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">il oimait</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">il oim'ra</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">il oim'rait</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 sg. (f) </th> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">all' oime</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">all' oimit</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">all' oimait</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">all' oim'ra</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">all' oim'rait</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1 pl. </th> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">j'oimaöns</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">j'oimaëmes</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">j'oimaëmes</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">j'oim'rons</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">j' oim'raëmes</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 pl. </th> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">vous oimaïz</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">vous oimites</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">vous oimaites</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">vous oim'raïz</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">vous oim'raites</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 pl. </th> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">il' oiment</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">il' oimirent</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">il' oimaient</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">il' oim'raönt</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">il' oim'raient</span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guern%C3%A9siais&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guern%C3%A9siais_BBC_sticker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Guern%C3%A9siais_BBC_sticker.jpg/220px-Guern%C3%A9siais_BBC_sticker.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Guern%C3%A9siais_BBC_sticker.jpg/330px-Guern%C3%A9siais_BBC_sticker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Guern%C3%A9siais_BBC_sticker.jpg/440px-Guern%C3%A9siais_BBC_sticker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1216" data-file-height="495" /></a><figcaption>"Learn Guernésiais with the BBC<br /><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Guernsey" title="BBC Radio Guernsey">BBC Guernsey</a><br />Your voice in the Islands"</figcaption></figure> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><b>Guernésiais</b><br /><i>(Pronunciation)</i> </td> <td><b>English</b> </td> <td><b>French</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">Quaï temps qu’i fait?</span></span> </td> <td>What's the weather like? </td> <td><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Quel temps fait-il ?</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">I' fait caoud ogniet</span></span> </td> <td>It's warm today </td> <td><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Il fait chaud aujourd'hui</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">Tchi qu’est vote naom?</span></span> </td> <td>What's your name? </td> <td>Formal: <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Comment vous appellez-vous ?</span></span><br />Colloquial: <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Comment t'appelles-tu ? / Comment tu t'appelles ?<br />Quel est votre nom ?</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">Coume tchi que l’affaire va?</span></span><br /><i>(kum chik la-fehr va)</i> </td> <td>How are you?<br />Lit. How's business going? </td> <td><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Comment vont les affaires ?</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">Quaï heure qu'il est?</span></span> </td> <td>What's the time? </td> <td><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Quelle heure est-il ?</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">À la perchoine</span></span><br /><i>(a la per-shoy-n)</i> </td> <td>See you next time </td> <td><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Au revoir<br />À la prochaine</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">Mercie bian</span></span> </td> <td>Thank you very much </td> <td><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Merci beaucoup<br />Coll: Merci bien</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">chén-chin</span></span> </td> <td>this </td> <td><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">ceci</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">ch'techin</span></span> </td> <td>this one </td> <td><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">celui-ci</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Guernésiais-language text"><span lang="nrf-GG" style="font-style: normal;">Lâtchiz-mé</span></span> </td> <td>Leave me </td> <td><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Laissez-moi</span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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style="width:1%">Channel Islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Guernésiais/Dgèrnésiais</a> (<a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais/Sèrtchais</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continental Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augeron" title="Augeron">Augeron</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pays_d%27Auge" title="Pays d'Auge">Pays d'Auge</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cauchois_dialect" title="Cauchois dialect">Cauchois</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pays_de_Caux" title="Pays de Caux">Pays de Caux</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotentinais" title="Cotentinais">Cotentinais</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cotentin_Peninsula" title="Cotentin Peninsula">Cotentin</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic and legal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Legal_French" title="Jersey Legal French">Jersey Legal French</a> (highly influenced by Jèrriais)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_French" title="Law French">Law French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norman" title="Old Norman">Old Norman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Norman_language_writers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Norman language writers">List of Norman language writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais_literature" title="Jèrriais literature">Jèrriais literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_literature" title="Anglo-Norman literature">Anglo-Norman literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romance_languages_(classification)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romance_languages" title="Template:Romance languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romance_languages" title="Template talk:Romance languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romance_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romance languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romance_languages_(classification)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Romance_languages" title="Classification of Romance languages">classification</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Western_languages" title="Italo-Western languages">Italo-Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-Dalmatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Romance_languages" title="Southern Romance languages">Southern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_language" title="Istro-Romanian language">Istro-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language" title="Megleno-Romanian language">Megleno-Romanian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Daco-Romanian</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_dialects" title="Romanian dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Romanian_dialect" title="Banat Romanian dialect">Banat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukovinian_Romanian_dialect" title="Bukovinian Romanian dialect">Bukovinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cri%C8%99ana_dialect" title="Crișana dialect">Crișana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99_dialect" title="Maramureș dialect">Maramureș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_dialect" title="Moldavian dialect">Moldavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oltenian_dialect" title="Oltenian dialect">Oltenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_varieties_of_Romanian" title="Transylvanian varieties of Romanian">Transylvanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallachian_dialect" title="Wallachian dialect">Wallachian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Common_Romanian" title="Common Romanian">Common Romanian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-<br />Dalmatian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Italian" title="Central Italian">Central Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Central Marchigiano</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect#Ancona_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Ancona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect#Fabriano_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Fabriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect#Macerata_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Macerata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central-Northern_Latian_dialect" title="Central-Northern Latian dialect">Central−Northern Latian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesco_dialect" title="Romanesco dialect">Romanesco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabino_dialect" title="Sabino dialect">Sabino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_language" title="Corsican language">Corsican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallurese" title="Gallurese">Gallurese</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Australian_dialect" title="Italo-Australian dialect">Italo-Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Italian" title="Maltese Italian">Maltese Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Italian" title="Swiss Italian">Swiss Italian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassarese_language" title="Sassarese language">Sassarese</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_dialect" title="Tuscan dialect">Tuscan</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_dialect" title="Florentine dialect">Florentine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_Southern_Italian" title="Extreme Southern Italian">Extreme Southern Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Calabria#Central-Southern_Calabrian" title="Languages of Calabria">Central−Southern Calabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salentino_dialect" title="Salentino dialect">Salentino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manduriano" title="Manduriano">Manduriano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantesco_dialect" title="Pantesco dialect">Pantesco</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b>Neapolitan–Calabrese</b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Neapolitan</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barese_dialect" title="Barese dialect">Barese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benevento_dialect" title="Benevento dialect">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castelmezzano_dialect" title="Castelmezzano dialect">Castelmezzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilentan_dialect" title="Cilentan dialect">Cilentan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irpinian_dialect" title="Irpinian dialect">Irpinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arianese_dialect" title="Arianese dialect">Arianese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molisan" title="Molisan">Molisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Latian_dialect" title="Southern Latian dialect">Southern Latian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarantino_dialect" title="Tarantino dialect">Tarantino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastese" title="Vastese">Vastese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Calabria#Northern_Calabrian_(Cosentian)" title="Languages of Calabria">Northern Calabrian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages#Dalmatian_Romance" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Dalmatian Romance</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_language" title="Dalmatian language">Dalmatian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istriot_language" title="Istriot language">Istriot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_languages" title="Gallo-Italic languages">Gallo-Italic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilian%E2%80%93Romagnol" title="Emilian–Romagnol">Emilian–Romagnol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian dialects">Emilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolognese_dialect" title="Bolognese dialect">Bolognese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmigiano_dialect" title="Parmigiano dialect">Parmigiano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romagnol" title="Romagnol">Romagnol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forlivese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Forlivese dialect">Forlivese</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Romagnol" title="Old Romagnol">Old Romagnol</a></i></li> <li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetto_sammarinese" class="extiw" title="it:Dialetto sammarinese">Sammarinese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Basilicata" title="Gallo-Italic of Basilicata">Gallo-Italic of Basilicata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Sicily" title="Gallo-Italic of Sicily">Gallo-Italic of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetto_gallo-piceno" class="extiw" title="it:Dialetto gallo-piceno">Gallo-Picene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_language" title="Ligurian language">Ligurian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigasc_dialect" title="Brigasc dialect">Brigasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese_dialect" title="Genoese dialect">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intemelio_dialect" title="Intemelio dialect">Intemelio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_dialect" title="Monégasque dialect">Monégasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royasc" title="Royasc">Royasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabarchino" title="Tabarchino">Tabarchino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lombard_dialects" title="Eastern Lombard dialects">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergamasque_dialect" title="Bergamasque dialect">Bergamasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremish_dialect" title="Cremish dialect">Cremish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Lombard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Lombard dialect">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brianz%C3%B6%C3%B6_dialect" title="Brianzöö dialect">Brianzöö</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canz%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Canzés dialect">Canzés</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bustocco_and_Legnanese_dialects" title="Bustocco and Legnanese dialects">Bustocco–Legnanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comasco-Lecchese_dialects" title="Comasco-Lecchese dialects">Comasco–Lecchese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comasco_dialect" title="Comasco dialect">Comasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagh%C3%A9e_dialect" title="Laghée dialect">Laghée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecchese_dialect" title="Lecchese dialect">Lecchese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallassinese_dialect" title="Vallassinese dialect">Vallassinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milanese_dialect" title="Milanese dialect">Milanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossolano" title="Ossolano">Ossolano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Lombard" title="Southwestern Lombard">Southwestern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cremun%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Cremunés dialect">Cremunés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novarese_Lombard" title="Novarese Lombard">Novarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavese_dialect" title="Pavese dialect">Pavese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticinese_dialect" title="Ticinese dialect">Ticinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varesino_dialect" title="Varesino dialect">Varesino</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Lombard_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Lombard language">Old Lombard</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Romagnol" title="Old Romagnol">Old Romagnol</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judeo-Piedmontese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-<br />Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Languesd&#039;oïl" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">Langues<br />d'oïl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_dialect" title="Angevin dialect">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berrichon_dialect" title="Berrichon dialect">Berrichon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbonnais_dialects" title="Bourbonnais dialects">Bourbonnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_language_(O%C3%AFl)" title="Burgundian language (Oïl)">Burgundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champenois_language" title="Champenois language">Champenois</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardennais_(dialecte)" class="extiw" title="fr:Ardennais (dialecte)">Ardennais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9mois_(dialecte)" class="extiw" title="fr:Rémois (dialecte)">Rémois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frainc-Comtou" title="Frainc-Comtou">Frainc-Comtou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo_language" title="Gallo language">Gallo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Legal_French" title="Jersey Legal French">Jersey Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridional_French" title="Meridional French">Meridional</a></li> <li>North American dialects <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_French" title="Acadian French">Acadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiac" title="Chiac">Chiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Marys_Bay_French" title="St. Marys Bay French">St. Marys Bay French</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brayon" title="Brayon">Brayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_French" title="Newfoundland French">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">Quebec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joual" title="Joual">Joual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magoua" title="Magoua">Magoua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Ontarians#Language" title="Franco-Ontarians">Franco-Ontarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_French" title="Métis French">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskrat_French" title="Muskrat French">Muskrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_French" title="New England French">New England</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frenchville_French" title="Frenchville French">Frenchville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French" title="Louisiana French">Louisiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houma_people#Modern_era" title="Houma people">Houma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_French" title="Missouri French">Missouri</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French-based_creole_languages" title="French-based creole languages">Creoles</a></b></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorrain_language" title="Lorrain language">Lorrain</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaumais" class="extiw" title="fr:Gaumais">Gaumais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vosgien" class="extiw" title="fr:Vosgien">Vosgien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welche" title="Welche">Welche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayennais" class="extiw" title="fr:Mayennais">Mayennais</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moselle_Romance" title="Moselle Romance">Moselle Romance</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Guernésiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Law_French" title="Law French">Law French</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augeron" title="Augeron">Augeron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cauchois_dialect" title="Cauchois dialect">Cauchois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotentinais" title="Cotentinais">Cotentinais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orleanais_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Orleanais dialect">Orléanais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paydret" class="extiw" title="fr:Paydret">Paydret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin%E2%80%93Saintongeais" title="Poitevin–Saintongeais">Poitevin–Saintongeais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin_dialect" title="Poitevin dialect">Poitevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saintongeais_dialect" title="Saintongeais dialect">Saintongeais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouest-wallon" class="extiw" title="fr:Ouest-wallon">West Walloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Walloon" title="Wisconsin Walloon">Wisconsin Walloon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Franco-Provençal">Franco-Provençal</a>/Arpitan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faetar_language" title="Faetar language">Faetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoyard_dialect" title="Savoyard dialect">Savoyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tain_dialect" title="Valdôtain dialect">Valdôtain</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Gallo-Romance_language" title="Old Gallo-Romance language">Old Gallo-Romance</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languages" title="Iberian Romance languages">Ibero-<br />Romance</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages" title="West Iberian languages">West<br />Iberian</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asturleonese_language" title="Asturleonese language">Asturleonese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_language" title="Asturian language">Asturian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Asturian" title="East Asturian">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Asturian" title="Western Asturian">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantabrian dialect">Cantabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonese_language" title="Leonese language">Leonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bercian_dialect" title="Bercian dialect">Bercian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%E1%B8%B7%E1%B8%B7uezu_dialect" title="Paḷḷuezu dialect">Paḷḷuezu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palra_d%27El_Rebollal" title="Palra d'El Rebollal">Palra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riberan_dialect" title="Riberan dialect">Riberan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riunorese_Leonese" title="Riunorese Leonese">Riunorese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirandese_language" title="Mirandese language">Mirandese</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Leonese_language" title="Old Leonese language">Old Leonese</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galician%E2%80%93Portuguese" title="Galician–Portuguese">Galician–Portuguese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fala_language" title="Fala language">Fala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician%E2%80%93Asturian" title="Galician–Asturian">Galician–Asturian</a>/Eonavian</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_dialects" title="Portuguese dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_Africa" title="Portuguese language in Africa">African</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_Asia" title="Portuguese language in Asia">Asian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese" title="Brazilian Portuguese">Brazilian</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mineiro" title="Mineiro">Mineiro</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/European_Portuguese" title="European Portuguese">European</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alentejan_Portuguese" title="Alentejan Portuguese">Alentejan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliventine_Portuguese" title="Oliventine Portuguese">Oliventine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estremenho_dialect" title="Estremenho dialect">Estremenho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minderico_language" title="Minderico language">Minderico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Portuguese" title="Northern Portuguese">Northern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Portuguese" title="Uruguayan Portuguese">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese-based_creole_languages" title="Portuguese-based creole languages">Creoles</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Portugis" title="Portugis">Portugis</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judeo-Portuguese</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages#Classification" title="West Iberian languages">Castilian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extremaduran_language" title="Extremaduran language">Extremaduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judeo-Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" title="Spanish dialects and varieties">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatoguinean_Spanish" title="Equatoguinean Spanish">Equatoguinean</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish language in the Americas">Latin American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Spanish" title="Chilean Spanish">Chilean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_Spanish" title="Chilote Spanish">Chilote</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Spanish" title="Peruvian Spanish">Peruvian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Ribere%C3%B1o_Spanish" title="Peruvian Ribereño Spanish">Peruvian Ribereño</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rioplatense_Spanish" title="Rioplatense Spanish">Rioplatense</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Spanish" title="Peninsular Spanish">Peninsular</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_Spanish" title="Andalusian Spanish">Andalusian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Llanito" title="Llanito">Llanito</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_Spanish" title="Castilian Spanish">Castilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castrapo" title="Castrapo">Castrapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast%C3%BAo" title="Castúo">Castúo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murcian_Spanish" title="Murcian Spanish">Murcian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saharan_Spanish" title="Saharan Spanish">Saharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish-based_creole_languages" title="Spanish-based creole languages">Creoles</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Spanish" title="Old Spanish">Old Spanish</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pyrenean–Mozarabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Andalusi_Romance" title="Andalusi Romance">Andalusi Romance</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarro-Aragonese" title="Navarro-Aragonese">Navarro-Aragonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Central_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Eastern_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribagor%C3%A7an" title="Ribagorçan">Ribagorçan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benasquese_dialect" title="Benasquese dialect">Benasquese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Aragonese" title="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judeo-Aragonese</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Southern_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Southern</a> <ul><li>Somontanés <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navalese_dialect" title="Navalese dialect">Navalese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Western_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aisinian_Aragonese" title="Aisinian Aragonese">Aisinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ans%C3%B3_Aragonese" title="Ansó Aragonese">Ansó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arag%C3%BC%C3%A9s_Aragonese" title="Aragüés Aragonese">Aragüés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecho_Aragonese" title="Hecho Aragonese">Hecho</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Navarrese_dialect" title="Navarrese dialect">Navarrese</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Navarrese" title="Old Navarrese">Old Navarrese</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barranquenho" title="Barranquenho">Barranquenho</a> (mixed Portuguese–Spanish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_language" title="Caló language">Caló</a> (mixed Romani–Ibero- and Occitano-Romance)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Occitano-Romance_languages" title="Occitano-Romance languages">Occitano-<br />Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_dialects" title="Catalan dialects">dialects</a></li> <li>Eastern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Algherese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Catalan" title="Balearic Catalan">Balearic</a> <ul><li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallorqu%C3%ADn" class="extiw" title="es:Mallorquín">Mallorcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorcan" title="Menorcan">Menorcan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Catalan" title="Central Catalan">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalan" title="Northern Catalan">Northern</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Judeo-Catalan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patuet" title="Patuet">Patuet</a></li> <li>Western <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribagor%C3%A7an" title="Ribagorçan">Ribagorçan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auvergnat" title="Auvergnat">Auvergnat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascon_dialect" title="Gascon dialect">Gascon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aranese_dialect" title="Aranese dialect">Aranese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9arnese_dialect" title="Béarnese dialect">Béarnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landese_dialect" title="Landese dialect">Landese</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Judeo-Provençal</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languedocien_dialect" title="Languedocien dialect">Languedocien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limousin_dialect" title="Limousin dialect">Limousin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proven%C3%A7al_dialect" title="Provençal dialect">Provençal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_dialect" title="Niçard dialect">Niçard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Vivaro-Alpine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Gardiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentonasc_dialect" title="Mentonasc dialect">Mentonasc</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Occitan" title="Old Occitan">Old Occitan</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Catalan" title="Old Catalan">Old Catalan</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rhaeto-Romance_languages" title="Rhaeto-Romance languages">Rhaeto-<br />Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fornes_dialects" title="Fornes dialects">Fornes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadorino_dialect" title="Cadorino dialect">Cadorino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nones_dialect" title="Nones dialect">Nones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jauer_dialect" title="Jauer dialect">Jauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Put%C3%A8r" title="Putèr">Putèr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surmiran_dialect" title="Surmiran dialect">Surmiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sursilvan" title="Sursilvan">Sursilvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallader_dialect" title="Vallader dialect">Vallader</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Franco-Italian" title="Franco-Italian">Franco-Italian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Lingua_Franca" title="Mediterranean Lingua Franca">Mediterranean Lingua Franca</a></i> (Western Romance-based pidgin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a> (unknown further classification) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chipilo_Venetian_dialect" title="Chipilo Venetian dialect">Chipilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiuman_dialect" title="Fiuman dialect">Fiuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talian_dialect" title="Talian dialect">Talian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triestine_dialect" title="Triestine dialect">Triestine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/African_Romance" title="African Romance">African Romance</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/British_Latin" title="British Latin">British Latin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Latin" title="Pannonian Latin">Pannonian Latin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campidanese_Sardinian" title="Campidanese Sardinian">Campidanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logudorese_Sardinian" title="Logudorese Sardinian">Logudorese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Romance_language" title="Proto-Romance language">Proto-Romance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li><b>Bold</b> indicates <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers">languages with more than 5 million speakers</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guern%C3%A9siais&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auregnais_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Auregnais dialect">Auregnais dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_in_the_other_languages_of_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature in the other languages of Britain">Literature in the other languages of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnia_Cherie" title="Sarnia Cherie">Sarnia Cherie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guern%C3%A9siais&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e18-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e18_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/nrf/">Guernésiais</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-glottoOil-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-glottoOil_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-glottoOil_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHammarströmForkelHaspelmathBank2022" class="citation web cs1">Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2022-05-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/oila1234">"Glottolog 4.8 - 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Tope Omoniyi, Goodith White. London: Continuum. 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-4127-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-4127-9"><bdi>978-1-4411-4127-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/457729388">457729388</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+sociolinguistics+of+identity&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F457729388&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-4127-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F457729388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuern%C3%A9siais" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/457729388"><i>The sociolinguistics of identity</i></a>. Tope Omoniyi, Goodith White. London: Continuum. 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-4127-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-4127-9"><bdi>978-1-4411-4127-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/457729388">457729388</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+sociolinguistics+of+identity&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F457729388&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-4127-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F457729388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuern%C3%A9siais" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sallabank-2005-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sallabank-2005_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sallabank-2005_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sallabank-2005_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSallabank2005" class="citation journal cs1">Sallabank, Julia (2005-02-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/14664200508668272">"Prestige From the Bottom Up: A Review of Language Planning in Guernsey"</a>. <i>Current Issues in Language Planning</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 44–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14664200508668272">10.1080/14664200508668272</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1466-4208">1466-4208</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144404229">144404229</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Issues+in+Language+Planning&rft.atitle=Prestige+From+the+Bottom+Up%3A+A+Review+of+Language+Planning+in+Guernsey&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=44-63&rft.date=2005-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144404229%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1466-4208&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14664200508668272&rft.aulast=Sallabank&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F14664200508668272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuern%C3%A9siais" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSallabank2010" class="citation journal cs1">Sallabank, Julia (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/17/article/421935">"The Role of Social Networks in Endangered Language Maintenance and Revitalization: The Case of Guernesiais in the Channel Islands"</a>. <i>Anthropological Linguistics</i>. <b>52</b> (2): 184–205. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fanl.2010.0011">10.1353/anl.2010.0011</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1944-6527">1944-6527</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144832850">144832850</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropological+Linguistics&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Social+Networks+in+Endangered+Language+Maintenance+and+Revitalization%3A+The+Case+of+Guernesiais+in+the+Channel+Islands&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=184-205&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144832850%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1944-6527&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fanl.2010.0011&rft.aulast=Sallabank&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fpub%2F17%2Farticle%2F421935&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuern%C3%A9siais" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Guernsey Norman French Translations of Thomas Martin: A Linguistic Study of an Unpublished Archive</i>, Mari C. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IFC+Feed.com+%E2%80%93+Guernsey&rft.atitle=Learn+Guernsey%27s+language+in+a+lunch+break&rft.date=2013-10-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifcfeed.com%2Fguernsey-articles%2FLearn-Guernsey%25E2%2580%2599s-language-in-a-lunch-break.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuern%C3%A9siais" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/guernsey/content/articles/2005/01/24/guernsey_french_learn_feature.shtml">"Learn a bit of Guernsey French"</a>. 2 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Learn+a+bit+of+Guernsey+French&rft.date=2008-05-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fguernsey%2Fcontent%2Farticles%2F2005%2F01%2F24%2Fguernsey_french_learn_feature.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuern%C3%A9siais" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/guernsey/7164246.stm">"Guernesiais promoter starts work"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 29 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+Guernsey+Documentary%3A+The+Future+of+Guernsey+French&rft.date=2022-04-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvickyecarter.com%2F2022%2F04%2F12%2Fbbc-documentary-the-future-of-guernsey-french%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuern%C3%A9siais" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180716140527/http://www.thisisguernsey.com/news/2013/02/08/language-commission-to-be-formed/">"Language commission to be formed"</a>. <i>Guernsey Press</i>. 8 February 2013. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Guernsey+Press&rft.atitle=Language+commission+to+be+formed&rft.date=2013-02-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thisisguernsey.com%2Fnews%2F2013%2F02%2F08%2Flanguage-commission-to-be-formed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuern%C3%A9siais" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sallabank-2005-3-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sallabank-2005-3_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sallabank-2005-3_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSallabank2005" class="citation journal cs1">Sallabank, Julia (2005-02-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/14664200508668272">"Prestige From the Bottom Up: A Review of Language Planning in Guernsey"</a>. <i>Current Issues in Language Planning</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 44–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14664200508668272">10.1080/14664200508668272</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1466-4208">1466-4208</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144404229">144404229</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Issues+in+Language+Planning&rft.atitle=Prestige+From+the+Bottom+Up%3A+A+Review+of+Language+Planning+in+Guernsey&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=44-63&rft.date=2005-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144404229%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1466-4208&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14664200508668272&rft.aulast=Sallabank&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F14664200508668272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuern%C3%A9siais" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilsonJohnsonSallabank2015" class="citation journal cs1">Wilson, Gary N.; Johnson, Henry; Sallabank, Julia (2015-07-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/14664208.2014.972535">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'I'm not dead yet': a comparative study of indigenous language revitalization in the Isle of Man, Jersey and Guernsey"</a>. <i>Current Issues in Language Planning</i>. <b>16</b> (3): 259–278. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14664208.2014.972535">10.1080/14664208.2014.972535</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1466-4208">1466-4208</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145626745">145626745</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Issues+in+Language+Planning&rft.atitle=%27I%27m+not+dead+yet%27%3A+a+comparative+study+of+indigenous+language+revitalization+in+the+Isle+of+Man%2C+Jersey+and+Guernsey&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=259-278&rft.date=2015-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145626745%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1466-4208&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14664208.2014.972535&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Gary+N.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Henry&rft.au=Sallabank%2C+Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F14664208.2014.972535&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuern%C3%A9siais" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2012" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, Henry (2012-12-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.imic.2012.11.006">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"The Group from the West": Song, endangered language and sonic activism on Guernsey"</a>. <i>Journal of Marine and Island Cultures</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 99–112. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.imic.2012.11.006">10.1016/j.imic.2012.11.006</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2212-6821">2212-6821</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Marine+and+Island+Cultures&rft.atitle=%22The+Group+from+the+West%22%3A+Song%2C+endangered+language+and+sonic+activism+on+Guernsey&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=99-112&rft.date=2012-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.imic.2012.11.006&rft.issn=2212-6821&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.imic.2012.11.006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuern%C3%A9siais" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson-2015-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson-2015_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson-2015_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilsonJohnsonSallabank2015" class="citation journal cs1">Wilson, Gary N.; Johnson, Henry; Sallabank, Julia (2015-07-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/14664208.2014.972535">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'I'm not dead yet': a comparative study of indigenous language revitalization in the Isle of Man, Jersey and Guernsey"</a>. <i>Current Issues in Language Planning</i>. <b>16</b> (3): 259–278. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14664208.2014.972535">10.1080/14664208.2014.972535</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1466-4208">1466-4208</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145626745">145626745</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Issues+in+Language+Planning&rft.atitle=%27I%27m+not+dead+yet%27%3A+a+comparative+study+of+indigenous+language+revitalization+in+the+Isle+of+Man%2C+Jersey+and+Guernsey&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=259-278&rft.date=2015-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145626745%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1466-4208&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14664208.2014.972535&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Gary+N.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Henry&rft.au=Sallabank%2C+Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F14664208.2014.972535&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuern%C3%A9siais" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bible.com/en-GB/bible/1641/mat.1.gue1863">"Sâint Makyu 1, L' Sâint Évàngile Siévant Sâint Makyu 1863 (GUE1863) - Chapter 1 - The Bible App - Bible.com"</a>. <i>www.bible.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bible.com&rft.atitle=S%C3%A2int+Makyu+1%2C+L%27+S%C3%A2int+%C3%89v%C3%A0ngile+Si%C3%A9vant+S%C3%A2int+Makyu+1863+%28GUE1863%29+-+Chapter+1+-+The+Bible+App+-+Bible.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bible.com%2Fen-GB%2Fbible%2F1641%2Fmat.1.gue1863&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuern%C3%A9siais" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-martin-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-martin_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2008" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Mari C. (2008). <i>The Guernsey Norman-French Translations of Thomas Martin: A Linguistic Study of an Unpublished Archive</i>. Leuven: Peeters. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-429-2113-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-429-2113-9"><bdi>978-90-429-2113-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Guernsey+Norman-French+Translations+of+Thomas+Martin%3A+A+Linguistic+Study+of+an+Unpublished+Archive&rft.place=Leuven&rft.pub=Peeters&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-429-2113-9&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Mari+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuern%C3%A9siais" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimmonds2012" class="citation book cs1">Simmonds, Helen Margaret (2012). <i>Channeling Change: Evolution in Guernsey Norman French Phonology</i>. University of Exeter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Channeling+Change%3A+Evolution+in+Guernsey+Norman+French+Phonology&rft.pub=University+of+Exeter&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Simmonds&rft.aufirst=Helen+Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuern%C3%A9siais" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2015" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Mari (2015). <i>Variation and Change in Mainland and Insular Norman: A Study of Superstrate Influence</i>. Brill: Leiden. pp. 34–99.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Variation+and+Change+in+Mainland+and+Insular+Norman%3A+A+Study+of+Superstrate+Influence&rft.pages=34-99&rft.pub=Brill%3A+Leiden&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Mari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuern%C3%A9siais" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guern%C3%A9siais&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Garis1982" class="citation book cs1">De Garis, Marie (5 November 1982). <i>Dictiounnaire Angllais-Guernésiais</i>. Phillimore & Co Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85033-462-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85033-462-3"><bdi>978-0-85033-462-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictiounnaire+Angllais-Guern%C3%A9siais&rft.pub=Phillimore+%26+Co+Ltd&rft.date=1982-11-05&rft.isbn=978-0-85033-462-3&rft.aulast=De+Garis&rft.aufirst=Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuern%C3%A9siais" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guern%C3%A9siais&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/voices/multilingual/guernesiais.shtml">Guernesiais today</a> by Julia Sallabank – from the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080417040733/http://www.societe-jersiaise.org/langsec/dgernesiais.html">Texts in Dgèrnésiais</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.societe.org.gg">La Societe Guernesiaise</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Poetry_of_different_cultures_and_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Poetry_of_different_cultures_and_languages" title="Template:Poetry of different cultures and languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Poetry_of_different_cultures_and_languages" title="Template talk:Poetry of different cultures and languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Poetry_of_different_cultures_and_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Poetry of different cultures and languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Poetry_of_different_cultures_and_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">Poetry</a> of <a href="/wiki/National_poetry" title="National poetry">different cultures and languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan poetry">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_epic_poetry" title="Albanian epic poetry">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_poetry" title="American poetry">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_poetry_in_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh poetry in English">Anglo-Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_poetry" title="Arabic poetry">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_poetry" title="Assamese poetry">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian poetry">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_poetry" title="Bengali poetry">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_poetry" title="Biblical poetry">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_poetry" title="British poetry">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniak_epic_poetry" title="Bosniak epic poetry">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian poetry">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine poetry">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_poetry" title="Canadian poetry">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_poetry" title="Chinese poetry">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_poetry" title="Cantonese poetry">Cantonese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornish poetry">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_poetry" title="English poetry">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_poetry" title="Estonian poetry">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_poetry" title="Finnish poetry">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_poetry" title="French poetry">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek poetry">Greek</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Guernésiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujarati poetry">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi poetry">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_poetry" title="Modern Hebrew poetry">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_poetry" title="Indian poetry">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_epic_poetry" title="Indian epic poetry">Indian epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_poetry" title="Irish poetry">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_poetry" title="Italian poetry">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_poetry" title="Japanese poetry">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_poetry" title="Javanese poetry">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Jèrriais poetry">Jèrriais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_poetry" title="Kannada poetry">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmiri poetry">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_poetry" title="Korean poetry">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_poetry" title="Latin poetry">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_poetry" title="Latin American poetry">Latin American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latino_poetry" title="Latino poetry">Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Manx poetry">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_poetry" title="Marathi poetry">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_poetry" title="Malayalam poetry">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepali poetry">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand poetry">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English poetry">Old English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_poetry" title="Old Norse poetry">Old Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_poetry" title="Ottoman poetry">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_poetry" title="Pakistani poetry">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashto poetry">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian poetry">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_poetry" title="Polish poetry">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_poetry" title="Portuguese poetry">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi poetry">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajasthani poetry">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian poetry">Russian</a></li> <li>Sanskrit <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_classical_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit classical poetry">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry_of_Scotland" title="Poetry of Scotland">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_poetry" title="Serbian poetry">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_epic_poetry" title="Serbian epic poetry">Serbian epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhi poetry">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak poetry">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_poetry" title="Spanish poetry">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil poetry">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Telugu poetry">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_poetry" title="Thai poetry">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish poetry">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_poetry" title="Urdu poetry">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_poetry" title="Vietnamese poetry">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_poetry" title="Welsh poetry">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quill_and_ink.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/16px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/24px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/32px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="152" data-file-height="152" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Poetry" title="Portal:Poetry">Poetry portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bailiwick_of_Guernsey_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bailiwick_of_Guernsey_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Bailiwick of Guernsey topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bailiwick_of_Guernsey_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Bailiwick of Guernsey topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bailiwick_of_Guernsey_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bailiwick of Guernsey topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bailiwick_of_Guernsey_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Guernsey" title="Geology of Guernsey">Geology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="Archaeology of the Channel Islands">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braye_du_Valle,_Guernsey" title="Braye du Valle, Guernsey">Braye du Valle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guernsey" title="History of the Jews in Guernsey">Jews in Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Guernsey_Light_Infantry" title="Royal Guernsey Light Infantry">Royal Guernsey Light Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Guernsey_Militia" title="Royal Guernsey Militia">Royal Guernsey Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="Maritime history of the Channel Islands">Maritime history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_windmills_in_Guernsey" title="List of windmills in Guernsey">Windmills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands_Witch_Trials" title="Channel Islands Witch Trials">Witch trials</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_Guernsey" title="Fortifications of Guernsey">Fortifications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A9hon_Tower" title="Bréhon Tower">Bréhon Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Cornet" title="Castle Cornet">Castle Cornet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chateau_des_Marais,_Guernsey" title="Chateau des Marais, Guernsey">Chateau des Marais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doyle_Monument" title="Doyle Monument">Doyle Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Grey" title="Fort Grey">Fort Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Hommet" title="Fort Hommet">Fort Hommet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vale_Castle,_Guernsey" title="Vale Castle, Guernsey">Vale Castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="German occupation of the Channel Islands">Occupation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_of_civilians_from_the_Channel_Islands_in_1940" title="Evacuation of civilians from the Channel Islands in 1940">Evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_German-occupied_Channel_Islands" title="Resistance in the German-occupied Channel Islands">Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilian_life_under_the_German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands#Collaboration" title="Civilian life under the German occupation of the Channel Islands">Collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilian_life_under_the_German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="Civilian life under the German occupation of the Channel Islands">Civilian life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportations_from_the_German-occupied_Channel_Islands" title="Deportations from the German-occupied Channel Islands">Deportations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Hommet_10.5_cm_Coastal_Defence_Gun_Casement_Bunker" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Hommet 10.5 cm Coastal Defence Gun Casement Bunker">Fort Hommet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_fortification_of_Guernsey" title="German fortification of Guernsey">German fortification of Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands_Occupation_Society" title="Channel Islands Occupation Society">Channel Islands Occupation Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Guernsey" title="Coat of arms of Guernsey"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Coat_of_arms_of_Guernsey.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Guernsey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Coat_of_arms_of_Guernsey.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Guernsey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Coat_of_arms_of_Guernsey.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_Guernsey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="264" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Guernsey">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of the Bailiwick of Guernsey">Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brecqhou" title="Brecqhou">Brecqhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herm" title="Herm">Herm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jethou" title="Jethou">Jethou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lihou" title="Lihou">Lihou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Parishes_of_Guernsey" title="Parishes of Guernsey">Parishes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castel,_Guernsey" title="Castel, Guernsey">Castel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest,_Guernsey" title="Forest, Guernsey">Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Andrew,_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="St Andrew, Guernsey">St Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Martin,_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="St Martin, Guernsey">St Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Peter_Port" class="mw-redirect" title="St Peter Port">St Peter Port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Peter%27s,_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="St Peter's, Guernsey">St Pierre du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Sampson,_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="St Sampson, Guernsey">St Sampson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Saviour,_Guernsey" title="Saint Saviour, Guernsey">St Saviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torteval,_Guernsey" title="Torteval, Guernsey">Torteval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vale,_Guernsey" title="Vale, Guernsey">Vale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Guernsey" title="Education in Guernsey">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">State schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey_Grammar_School_and_Sixth_Form_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Guernsey Grammar School and Sixth Form Centre">Guernsey Grammar School and Sixth Form Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Mare_de_Carteret_School" title="La Mare de Carteret School">La Mare de Carteret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Sampson%27s_High_School" title="St Sampson's High School">St Sampson's High</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Independent schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blanchelande_College" title="Blanchelande College">Blanchelande College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_College,_Guernsey" title="Elizabeth College, Guernsey">Elizabeth College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ladies%27_College,_Guernsey" title="The Ladies' College, Guernsey">The Ladies' College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiff_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiff of Guernsey">Bailiff of Guernsey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bailiffs_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Bailiffs of Guernsey">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courts_of_Guernsey" title="Courts of Guernsey">Courts of Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Normandy" title="Duke of Normandy">Duke of Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Guernsey" title="Elections in Guernsey">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greffier" title="Greffier">Greffier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_laws_of_Guernsey" title="List of laws of Guernsey">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Guernsey">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Guernsey" title="Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey">Lieutenant Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_%26_Resources_Committee" title="Policy & Resources Committee">Policy & Resources Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Policy_and_Resources_Committee_of_Guernsey" title="President of the Policy and Resources Committee of Guernsey">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Guernsey">Politics of Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_of_Election" title="States of Election">States of Election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_of_Guernsey" title="States of Guernsey">States Assembly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Guernsey" title="List of banks in Guernsey">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey_Post" title="Guernsey Post">Guernsey Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey_pound" title="Guernsey pound">Guernsey pound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coins_of_the_Guernsey_pound" class="mw-redirect" title="Coins of the Guernsey pound">coins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_International_Stock_Exchange" title="The International Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Guernsey" title="Telecommunications in Guernsey">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Guernsey" title="Transport in Guernsey">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey_Airport" title="Guernsey Airport">Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurigny" title="Aurigny">Aurigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Guernsey" title="Rail transport in Guernsey">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_Port_Harbour" title="Saint Peter Port Harbour">Harbour</a></li></ul></li> <li>Emergency Services <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey_Ambulance_and_Rescue_Service" title="Guernsey Ambulance and Rescue Service">Ambulance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey_Fire_and_Rescue_Service" title="Guernsey Fire and Rescue Service">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_Port_Lifeboat_Station" title="Saint Peter Port Lifeboat Station">Lifeboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_of_Guernsey_Police_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Guernsey Police Service">Police</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Guernsey" title="Catholic Church in Guernsey">Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Guernsey">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey_Bean_Jar" class="mw-redirect" title="Guernsey Bean Jar">Bean Jar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Guernsey">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Languages of the Bailiwick of Guernsey">Languages</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Guernésiais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Guernsey">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_James,_Guernsey" title="St James, Guernsey">St James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_churches,_chapels_and_meeting_halls_in_the_Channel_Islands" title="List of churches, chapels and meeting halls in the Channel Islands">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dean_of_Guernsey" title="Dean of Guernsey">Dean of Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_Church,_Guernsey" title="Town Church, Guernsey">Town Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Martin%27s_Parish_Church,_Guernsey" title="St Martin's Parish Church, Guernsey">St Martin's Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Vale_Church,_Guernsey" title="The Vale Church, Guernsey">Vale Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_St_Apolline,_Guernsey" title="Chapel of St Apolline, Guernsey">Chapel of St Apolline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Guernsey" title="Sport in Guernsey">Sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey_RFC" title="Guernsey RFC">Rugby club</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Television in Guernsey">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_United_Kingdom,_the_Channel_Islands_and_the_Isle_of_Man#Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of the United Kingdom, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarnia_Cherie" title="Sarnia Cherie">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Guernsey" title="Coat of arms of Guernsey">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Guernsey" title="Flag of Guernsey">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerine_sarniensis" title="Nerine sarniensis">Floral emblem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Category:Bailiwick of Guernsey">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Norman_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Norman_language" title="Template:Norman language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Norman_language" title="Template talk:Norman language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Norman_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Norman language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Norman_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Channel Islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Guernésiais/Dgèrnésiais</a> (<a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais/Sèrtchais</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continental Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augeron" title="Augeron">Augeron</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pays_d%27Auge" title="Pays d'Auge">Pays d'Auge</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cauchois_dialect" title="Cauchois dialect">Cauchois</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pays_de_Caux" title="Pays de Caux">Pays de Caux</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotentinais" title="Cotentinais">Cotentinais</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cotentin_Peninsula" title="Cotentin Peninsula">Cotentin</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic and legal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Legal_French" title="Jersey Legal French">Jersey Legal French</a> (highly influenced by Jèrriais)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_French" title="Law French">Law French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norman" title="Old Norman">Old Norman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Norman_language_writers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Norman language writers">List of Norman language writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais_literature" title="Jèrriais literature">Jèrriais literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_literature" title="Anglo-Norman literature">Anglo-Norman literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gallo-Romance_languages_and_dialects" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gallo-Romance_languages_and_dialects" title="Template:Gallo-Romance languages and dialects"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gallo-Romance_languages_and_dialects" title="Template talk:Gallo-Romance languages and dialects"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gallo-Romance_languages_and_dialects" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gallo-Romance languages and dialects"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gallo-Romance_languages_and_dialects" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance languages</a> and dialects</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areal groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian French</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">Langues d'oïl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antillean_Creole" title="Antillean Creole">Antillean Creole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Creole_French" title="Dominican Creole French">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadian_Creole_French" title="Grenadian Creole French">Grenadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucian_Creole" title="Saint Lucian Creole">Saint Lucian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bourbonnais_Creole" title="Bourbonnais Creole">Bourbonnais Creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agalega_creole" title="Agalega creole">Agalega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagossian_creole" title="Chagossian creole">Chagossian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_Creole" title="Mauritian Creole">Mauritian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union_Creole" title="Réunion Creole">Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodriguan_creole" title="Rodriguan creole">Rodriguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychellois_Creole" title="Seychellois Creole">Seychellois</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_French" title="Acadian French">Acadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiac" title="Chiac">Chiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Marys_Bay_French" title="St. Marys Bay French">St. Marys Bay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_French" title="African French">African</a>* <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_French#Abidjan_French_vocabulary" title="African French">Abidjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_French#Kinshasa_French_vocabulary" title="African French">Kinshasa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aostan_French" title="Aostan French">Aostan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_French" title="Belgian French">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_French" title="Métis French">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_French" title="New England French">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">Québécois</a>* <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joual" title="Joual">Joual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magoua" title="Magoua">Magoua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Cambodia" title="French language in Cambodia">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francien_language" title="Francien language">Francien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frenchville_French" title="Frenchville French">Frenchville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_French" title="Haitian French">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houma_people#Modern_era" title="Houma people">Houma French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_India#Indian_French" title="French people in India">Indian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Legal_French" title="Jersey Legal French">Jersey Legal</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Laos" title="French language in Laos">Laotian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_French" title="Middle French">Middle French</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridional_French" title="Meridional French">Meridional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_of_France" title="French of France">Metropolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_French" title="Missouri French">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskrat_French" title="Muskrat French">Muskrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_French" title="Newfoundland French">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontarian_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontarian French">Ontarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Barth%C3%A9lemy_French" title="Saint-Barthélemy French">Saint-Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_French" title="Standard French">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_French" title="Swiss French">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Vietnam" title="French language in Vietnam">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augeron" title="Augeron">Augeron</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cauchois_dialect" title="Cauchois dialect">Cauchois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotentinais" title="Cotentinais">Cotentinais</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Guernésiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Law_French" title="Law French">Law French</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Norman" title="Old Norman">Old Norman</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_dialect" title="Angevin dialect">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berrichon_dialect" title="Berrichon dialect">Berrichon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolze" title="Bolze">Bolze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbonnais_dialects" title="Bourbonnais dialects">Bourbonnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_language_(O%C3%AFl)" title="Burgundian language (Oïl)">Burgundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi_Pidgin_French" title="Burundi Pidgin French">Burundi Pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camfranglais" title="Camfranglais">Camfranglais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champenois_language" title="Champenois language">Champenois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frainc-Comtou" title="Frainc-Comtou">Frainc-Comtou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo_language" title="Gallo language">Gallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Guianese_Creole" title="French Guianese Creole">Guianese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karip%C3%BAna_French_Creole" title="Karipúna French Creole">Karipúna Creole</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Labrador_Inuit_Pidgin_French" title="Labrador Inuit Pidgin French">Labrador Inuit Pidgin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorrain_language" title="Lorrain language">Lorrain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welche" title="Welche">Welche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole" title="Louisiana Creole">Louisiana Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French" title="Louisiana French">Louisiana French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michif" title="Michif">Michif</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moselle_Romance" title="Moselle Romance">Moselle Romance</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nouchi">Nouchi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anais_dialect" title="Orléanais dialect">Orléanais</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ais_Tirailleur" title="Français Tirailleur">Petit nègre</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin-Saintongeais" class="mw-redirect" title="Poitevin-Saintongeais">Poitevin-Saintongeais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin_dialect" title="Poitevin dialect">Poitevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saintongeais_dialect" title="Saintongeais dialect">Saintongeais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayo_Creole" title="Tayo Creole">Tayo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_B%E1%BB%93i_Pidgin_French" title="Tây Bồi Pidgin French">Tây Bồi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Walloon" title="Wisconsin Walloon">Wisconsin Walloon</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Francoprovencalic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faetar_language" title="Faetar language">Faetar</a>/Faetar-Cigliàje</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Franco-Provençal">Franco-Provençal</a>/Arpitan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Savoyard_dialect" title="Savoyard dialect">Savoyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tain_dialect" title="Valdôtain dialect">Valdôtain</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a> or dialects</li> <li>A star (*) indicates <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers">varieties with more than 5 million speakers</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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