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id="toc-Modern_Orthodoxy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideological_spectrum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideological_spectrum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Ideological spectrum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ideological_spectrum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_behaviorally_modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_behaviorally_modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>The behaviorally modern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_behaviorally_modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Positioning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Positioning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Positioning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Positioning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Philosophy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Philosophy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Torah_im_Derech_Eretz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Torah_im_Derech_Eretz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span><i>Torah im Derech Eretz</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Torah_im_Derech_Eretz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pragmatism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pragmatism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Pragmatism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pragmatism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Torah_Umadda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Torah_Umadda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span><i>Torah Umadda</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Torah_Umadda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_Zionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_Zionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Religious Zionism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_Zionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_other_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_other_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Comparison with other movements</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Comparison_with_other_movements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Comparison with other movements subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_other_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Haredi_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haredi_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Haredi Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haredi_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neo-Orthodoxy/Torah_Im_Derech_Eretz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neo-Orthodoxy/Torah_Im_Derech_Eretz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Neo-Orthodoxy/Torah Im Derech Eretz</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neo-Orthodoxy/Torah_Im_Derech_Eretz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_Zionism_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_Zionism_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Religious Zionism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_Zionism_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservative_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservative_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Conservative Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservative_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Criticism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Standards_of_observance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standards_of_observance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Standards of observance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standards_of_observance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sociological_and_philosophical_dilemmas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sociological_and_philosophical_dilemmas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Sociological and philosophical dilemmas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sociological_and_philosophical_dilemmas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Important_figures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Important_figures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Important figures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Important_figures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Orthodox_advocacy_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Orthodox_advocacy_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Modern Orthodox advocacy groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Orthodox_advocacy_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Modern Orthodox Judaism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB%D8%A9" title="يهودية أرثوذكسية حديثة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يهودية أرثوذكسية حديثة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaisme_ortodox_modern" title="Judaisme ortodox modern – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Judaisme ortodox modern" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern%C3%AD_ortodoxn%C3%AD_judaismus" title="Moderní ortodoxní judaismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Moderní ortodoxní judaismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juda%C3%ADsmo_ortodoxo_moderno" title="Judaísmo ortodoxo moderno – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Judaísmo ortodoxo moderno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaismo_ortodoxo_moderno" title="Judaismo ortodoxo moderno – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Judaismo ortodoxo moderno" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%86" title="ارتدکس مدرن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ارتدکس مدرن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juda%C3%AFsme_orthodoxe_moderne" title="Judaïsme orthodoxe moderne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Judaïsme orthodoxe moderne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahudi_Ortodoks_Modern" title="Yahudi Ortodoks Modern – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yahudi Ortodoks Modern" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebraismo_ortodosso_moderno" title="Ebraismo ortodosso moderno – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ebraismo ortodosso moderno" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="אורתודוקסיה מודרנית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אורתודוקסיה מודרנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djudaismo_ortodokso_moderno" title="Djudaismo ortodokso moderno – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Djudaismo ortodokso moderno" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%87_%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB%D9%87" title="ارتودوكسيه يهوديه حديثه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ارتودوكسيه يهوديه حديثه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern-orthodox_jodendom" title="Modern-orthodox jodendom – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Modern-orthodox jodendom" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E6%AD%A3%E7%B5%B1%E6%B4%BE%E3%83%A6%E3%83%80%E3%83%A4%E6%95%99" title="現代正統派ユダヤ教 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="現代正統派ユダヤ教" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderne_ortodoks_j%C3%B8dedom" title="Moderne ortodoks jødedom – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Moderne ortodoks jødedom" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowoczesna_ortodoksja" title="Nowoczesna ortodoksja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nowoczesna ortodoksja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juda%C3%ADsmo_ortodoxo_moderno" title="Judaísmo ortodoxo moderno – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Judaísmo ortodoxo moderno" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Ортодоксальный модернизм в иудаизме – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ортодоксальный модернизм в иудаизме" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Modern Orthodox Judaism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern%C3%BD_ortodoxn%C3%BD_judaizmus" title="Moderný ortodoxný judaizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Moderný ortodoxný judaizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderno_ortodoksno_judovstvo" title="Moderno ortodoksno judovstvo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Moderno ortodoksno judovstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%98%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Савремени ортодоксни јудаизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Савремени ортодоксни јудаизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="தற்கால மரபுவழி யூதம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தற்கால மரபுவழி யூதம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Movement in Orthodox Judaism</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Star_of_David" title="Star of David"><img alt="Star of David" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/60px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/90px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/120px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments"><img alt="Ten Commandments" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lukhot_Habrit.svg/60px-Lukhot_Habrit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lukhot_Habrit.svg/90px-Lukhot_Habrit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lukhot_Habrit.svg/120px-Lukhot_Habrit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="205" data-file-height="243" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Temple_menorah" title="Menorah"><img alt="Menorah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/70px-Menora.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/105px-Menora.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/140px-Menora.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="621" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Movements</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Modern</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservadox" title="Conservadox">Conservadox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li></ul> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Principles of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Chosenness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Names</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musar_movement" title="Musar movement">Musar movement</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Texts</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chumash_(Judaism)" title="Chumash (Judaism)">Ḥumash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piyyut" title="Piyyut">Piyutim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Law</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27ah_Turim" title="Arba'ah Turim">Tur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah_Berurah" title="Mishnah Berurah">Mishnah Berurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruch_HaShulchan" title="Aruch HaShulchan">Aruch HaShulchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzniut" title="Tzniut">Tzniut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">Tzedakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">Niddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Laws_of_Noah" title="Seven Laws of Noah">Noahide laws</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Cities" title="Four Holy Cities">Holy cities</a>/<a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_holy_places" title="Category:Jewish holy places">places</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Safed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_midrash" title="Beth midrash">Beth midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikveh" title="Mikveh">Mikveh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukkah" title="Sukkah">Sukkah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevra_kadisha" title="Chevra kadisha">Chevra kadisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Holy Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">Tabernacle</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Important figures</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron" title="Aaron">Aaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarah" title="Sarah">Sarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca" title="Rebecca">Rebecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel" title="Rachel">Rachel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leah" title="Leah">Leah</a></li></ul> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_rabbis" title="List of rabbis">Rabbinic sages</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Chazal" title="Chazal">Chazal</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoraim" title="Amoraim">Amoraim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoraim" title="Savoraim">Savoraim</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geonim" title="Geonim">Geonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishonim" title="Rishonim">Rishonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acharonim" title="Acharonim">Acharonim</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_religious_occupations" title="Category:Jewish religious occupations">Religious roles</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">Rebbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posek" title="Posek">Posek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazzan" title="Hazzan">Hazzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_din" title="Beth din">Dayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosh_yeshiva" title="Rosh yeshiva">Rosh yeshiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohel" title="Mohel">Mohel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen">Kohen</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_education" title="Jewish education">education</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">Brit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeved_habat" title="Zeved habat">Zeved habat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidyon_haben" title="Pidyon haben">Pidyon haben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_and_bat_mitzvah" title="Bar and bat mitzvah">Bar and bat mitzvah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bereavement_in_Judaism" title="Bereavement in Judaism">Bereavement</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">Yeshiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollel" title="Kollel">Kollel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheder" title="Cheder">Cheder</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Ritual objects</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah_scroll" title="Torah scroll">Sefer Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallit" title="Tallit">Tallit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefillin" title="Tefillin">Tefillin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzitzit" title="Tzitzit">Tzitzit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kippah" title="Kippah">Kippah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezuzah" title="Mezuzah">Mezuzah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_menorah" title="Hanukkah menorah">Menorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shofar" title="Shofar">Shofar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_species" title="Four species">Four species</a><br /> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Etrog" title="Etrog">Etrog</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lulav" title="Lulav">Lulav</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hadass" title="Hadass">Hadass</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aravah_(Sukkot)" title="Aravah (Sukkot)">Arava</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kittel" title="Kittel">Kittel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gartel" title="Gartel">Gartel</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayers</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shema" title="Shema">Shema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amidah" title="Amidah">Amidah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleinu" title="Aleinu">Aleinu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaddish" title="Kaddish">Kaddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">Minyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birkat_Hamazon" title="Birkat Hamazon">Birkat Hamazon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shehecheyanu" title="Shehecheyanu">Shehecheyanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallel" title="Hallel">Hallel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havdalah" title="Havdalah">Havdalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachanun" title="Tachanun">Tachanun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kol_Nidre" title="Kol Nidre">Kol Nidre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selichot" title="Selichot">Selichot (S'lichot)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Major holidays</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah" title="Rosh Hashanah">Rosh Hashanah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukkot" title="Sukkot">Sukkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Pesach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Judaism_and_other_religions" title="Category:Judaism and other religions">Other religions</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Mormonism" title="Judaism and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian" title="Judeo-Christian">Judeo-Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_religious_pluralism" title="Jewish views on religious pluralism">Pluralism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilegesh" title="Pilegesh">Pilegesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Judaism" title="Criticism of Judaism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_theology" title="Holocaust theology">Holocaust theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Jewish_music" title="Religious Jewish music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_Jesus" title="Jewish views on Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_Muhammad" title="Jewish views on Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="font-weight:bold;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/14px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/21px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/28px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Judaism" title="Template:Judaism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Judaism" title="Template talk:Judaism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Judaism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Judaism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Modern Orthodox Judaism</b> (also <b>Modern Orthodox</b> or <b>Modern Orthodoxy</b>) is a movement within <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a> that attempts to <a href="/wiki/Torah_Umadda#Synthesis" title="Torah Umadda">synthesize</a> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Jewish values</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">observance of Jewish law</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Modern_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern world">modern world</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Modern Orthodox Judaism</a></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Rav_Mosheh_Lichtenstein.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Rav_Mosheh_Lichtenstein.jpg/220px-Rav_Mosheh_Lichtenstein.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Rav_Mosheh_Lichtenstein.jpg/330px-Rav_Mosheh_Lichtenstein.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Rav_Mosheh_Lichtenstein.jpg/440px-Rav_Mosheh_Lichtenstein.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="1232" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Mosheh_Lichtenstein" title="Mosheh Lichtenstein">Mosheh Lichtenstein</a>, a Modern Orthdox Rabbi at <a href="/wiki/Yeshivat_Har_Etzion" title="Yeshivat Har Etzion">Yeshivat Har Etzion</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Approx. 700,000 to 1 million globally</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Founder</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Samson_Raphael_Hirsch" title="Samson Raphael Hirsch">Samson Raphael Hirsch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azriel_Hildesheimer" title="Azriel Hildesheimer">Azriel Hildesheimer</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Worldwide</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Approx. 400,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Approx. 250,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Approx. 30,000</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Religions</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Star_of_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/17px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/26px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/34px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Scriptures</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Modern Orthodoxy draws on several teachings and philosophies, and thus assumes various forms. In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, and generally in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>, <i>Centrist Orthodoxy</i> underpinned by the philosophy of <i><a href="/wiki/Torah_Umadda" title="Torah Umadda">Torah Umadda</a></i> ("Torah and secular knowledge") is prevalent. In <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, Modern Orthodoxy is dominated by <a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a>; however, although not identical, these movements share many of the same values and many of the same adherents.<sup id="cite_ref-Liebman2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liebman2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_Orthodoxy">Modern Orthodoxy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Orthodox_Judaism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Modern Orthodoxy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern Orthodoxy comprises a fairly broad spectrum of movements; each movement draws upon several distinct, though related, philosophies, which (in some combination) provide the basis for all variations of the movement today. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Orthodox_Judaism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Torah_Umadda#Education" title="Torah Umadda">Torah Umadda § Education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torah_im_Derech_Eretz#Earning_a_livelihood" title="Torah im Derech Eretz">Torah im Derech Eretz § Earning a livelihood</a>, and <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Haredi_Judaism">Modern Orthodox Judaism § Haredi Judaism</a></div> <p>In general, Modern Orthodoxy's "overall approach ... is the belief that one can and should be a full member of modern society, accepting the risks to remaining observant, because the benefits outweigh those risks".<sup id="cite_ref-HelmreichShinnar_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HelmreichShinnar-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jews should engage constructively with the world that they are in to <a href="/wiki/Tikkun_olam" title="Tikkun olam">foster goodness and justice</a> within both themselves and the larger community, such as by avoiding <a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">sin</a> in their personal lives while also <a href="/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">caring for the unfortunate</a>. </p><p>Thus, Modern Orthodoxy holds that <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Jewish law</a> is <a href="/wiki/Norm_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Norm (sociology)">normative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">binding</a>, while simultaneously attaching a positive value to interaction with the modern world. In this view, as expressed by Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Saul_Berman" title="Saul Berman">Saul Berman</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Orthodox Judaism can "be enriched" by its intersection with modernity; further, "modern society creates opportunities to be productive citizens engaged in the Divine work of <a href="/wiki/Tikkun_olam" title="Tikkun olam">transforming the world to benefit humanity</a>". At the same time, in order to preserve the integrity of <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakha</a>, any area of "powerful inconsistency and conflict" between Torah and modern culture must be filtered out.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rav_Mosheh_Lichtenstein.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Rav_Mosheh_Lichtenstein.jpg/250px-Rav_Mosheh_Lichtenstein.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Rav_Mosheh_Lichtenstein.jpg/375px-Rav_Mosheh_Lichtenstein.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Rav_Mosheh_Lichtenstein.jpg/500px-Rav_Mosheh_Lichtenstein.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="1232" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>Modern Orthodoxy also assigns a central role to the "People of Israel".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here two characteristics are manifest: in general, Modern Orthodoxy places a high <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">national</a>, as well as religious, significance on the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Israel">State of Israel</a>, and institutions and individuals are, typically, <a href="/wiki/Zionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionist">Zionist</a> in orientation; relatedly, involvement with non-orthodox Jews will extend beyond "<a href="/wiki/Baal_teshuva#Orthodox_outreach_organizations" title="Baal teshuva">outreach</a>" to include institutional relations and cooperation; see <a href="/wiki/Torah_Umadda#Centrality_of_the_People_of_Israel" title="Torah Umadda">further</a> under <i>Torah Umadda</i>. </p><p>Other "core beliefs"<sup id="cite_ref-HelmreichShinnar_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HelmreichShinnar-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are a recognition of the value and importance of secular studies, a commitment to equality of education for both men and women, and a full acceptance of the importance of being able to financially support oneself and one's family. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ideological_spectrum">Ideological spectrum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Orthodox_Judaism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ideological spectrum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism#Diversity" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism § Diversity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Soloveitchik#Debate_over_world_view" title="Joseph B. Soloveitchik">Joseph B. Soloveitchik § Debate over world view</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Torah_im_Derech_Eretz#Interpretation" title="Torah im Derech Eretz">Torah im Derech Eretz § Interpretation</a></div> <p>The specific expression of Modern Orthodoxy, however, takes many forms, and particularly over the past 30–40 years, describes a <a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">political spectrum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HelmreichShinnar_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HelmreichShinnar-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the issues have been the extent to which Modern Orthodoxy should cooperate with the more liberal denominations, support secular academic pursuits combined with religious learning, and embrace efforts to give <a href="/wiki/Role_of_women_in_Judaism#Present_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Role of women in Judaism">women a larger role</a> in Jewish learning and worship;<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the acceptability of modern <a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">textual criticism</a> as a tool for <a href="/wiki/Torah_study" title="Torah study">Torah study</a> is also debated.<sup id="cite_ref-DavidBigman_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavidBigman-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To the <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">ideological right</a>, the line between <a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> and Modern Orthodox has blurred in recent years; some have referred to this trend as "haredization".<sup id="cite_ref-Kress_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kress-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to increasing stringency in adherence to <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a>, many Modern Orthodox Jews express a growing sense of distance from the larger, secular culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Kress_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kress-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Richlen_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richlen-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ("Western civilisation has moved from what was once called the <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian" title="Judeo-Christian">Judeo-Christian</a> ethic to a <a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">consumer-driven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom#Types" title="Freedom">choice-fixated</a> culture.... Such a world is not <i>chol</i>, but <i>chiloni</i>, not <a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">secular</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Secularism#Secularism_in_late_20th_century_political_philosophy" title="Secularism">secularist</a>. It is impermeable to the values of <i><a href="/wiki/Q-D-%C5%A0" title="Q-D-Š">kedushah</a></i>."<sup id="cite_ref-JonathanSacks_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JonathanSacks-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) Here, "the balance has tipped heavily in favor of Torah over madda (secular studies) ... [and many] have redefined 'madda' as support for making one's livelihood in the secular world, not culturally or intellectually engaging with it."<sup id="cite_ref-Kress_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kress-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although defining themselves as "centrist", institutions here include the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Union" title="Orthodox Union">Orthodox Union</a> (Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America), the <a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_Council_of_America" title="Rabbinical Council of America">Rabbinical Council of America</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Isaac_Elchanan_Theological_Seminary" title="Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary">Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary</a>. </p><p>Adherents on the <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">ideological left</a> have begun to develop new institutions that aim to be outward looking while maintaining a discourse between modernity and <a href="/wiki/Halakhah" class="mw-redirect" title="Halakhah">halakhah</a>. The resultant "<a href="/wiki/Open_Orthodoxy" title="Open Orthodoxy">Open Orthodoxy</a>" seeks to re-engage with secular studies, Jews of all denominations and global issues. Some within this movement have experimented with orthodox egalitarianism where gender equality solutions are found through <a href="/wiki/Halakhah" class="mw-redirect" title="Halakhah">halakhah</a>. This has led to <a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism#Modern_Orthodox_Judaism_and_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">women taking on more leadership roles</a>. Others in this movement are increasingly re-engaging with <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a> issues from a halakhic point of view. <i><a href="/wiki/Tikun_olam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tikun olam">Tikun Olam</a></i> ("repairing the world") is re-mapped onto the values of social justice and basic Judaism is increasingly abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/Yeshivat_Chovevei_Torah" title="Yeshivat Chovevei Torah">Yeshivat Chovevei Torah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shalom_Hartman_Institute" title="Shalom Hartman Institute">Shalom Hartman Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Institute_of_Riverdale" title="Hebrew Institute of Riverdale">Hebrew Institute of Riverdale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Partnership_minyan" title="Partnership minyan">Partnership minyan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shira_Hadasha" title="Shira Hadasha">Shira Hadasha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharat" title="Maharat">Maharat</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_behaviorally_modern">The behaviorally modern</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Orthodox_Judaism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The behaviorally modern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is also noted<sup id="cite_ref-Liebman2_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liebman2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Waxman_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waxman-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that many Modern Orthodox are "behaviorally modern" as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Modernity#Defining_modernity" title="Modernity">"ideologically modern"</a>, and, in truth, fall outside of "Modern" Orthodoxy, at least in the philosophical sense; see <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Standards_of_observance">below</a>. This phenomenon is sometimes termed "Social Orthodoxy".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The distinction is as follows: The ideologically modern are "meticulously observant of Halakha",<sup id="cite_ref-Waxman_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waxman-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and their interaction with the secular comprises a tangible expression of their ideology, wherever it may lie on the spectrum described. The "behaviorally modern", on the other hand, define themselves as "Modern Orthodox" only in the sense that they are neither Haredi ("Ultra-Orthodox") nor <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a>: these, in other words, are "not deeply concerned with philosophical ideas",<sup id="cite_ref-Waxman_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waxman-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, often, are not as careful in their observance. </p><p>This "Orthodoxy of convenience" has maintained a certain stability over time: as long as these don't seek to legitimize their behaviour in halakhic terms, the leadership of the (Modern) Orthodox world have no particular difficulty with them.<sup id="cite_ref-Liebman2_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liebman2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Positioning">Positioning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Orthodox_Judaism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Positioning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism#Modern_Orthodoxy" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism § Modern Orthodoxy</a></div> <p>Various highly differing views (or non views) – ranging from traditionalist to revisionist – are thus offered under the banner of "Modern Orthodoxy". In fact, even among its leadership, there is limited agreement "on the philosophical parameters of modern Orthodoxy".<sup id="cite_ref-HelmreichShinnar_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HelmreichShinnar-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The boundaries here, with respect to Haredi and Conservative Judaism, have therefore become increasingly indistinct. At the same time, some elements of <a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi Judaism</a> appear to be more receptive to messages that have traditionally been part of the Modern-Orthodox agenda. Similarly, at Modern Orthodoxy's left, many appear to align with more traditional elements of <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative Judaism</a>. In discussing "Modern Orthodoxy", it is thus also important to clarify its position with reference to other movements in Judaism: see <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Comparison_with_other_movements"> § Comparison with other movements</a> below. Further, given this wide range of views, some see the possibility that, in fact, "[t]here is no longer a cohesive, singular Modern Orthodoxy";<sup id="cite_ref-Hain_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hain-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> see further <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Sociological_and_philosophical_dilemmas">below</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Orthodox_Judaism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern Orthodoxy traces its roots to the works of <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbis</a> <a href="/wiki/Azriel_Hildesheimer" title="Azriel Hildesheimer">Azriel Hildesheimer</a> (1820–1899) and <a href="/wiki/Samson_Raphael_Hirsch" title="Samson Raphael Hirsch">Samson Raphael Hirsch</a> (1808–1888). While Hildesheimer's role is not disputed—comprising distinct <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">pragmatic</a> contributions—Hirsch's role is less clear, with some Hirsch scholars arguing that his "Torah im Derech Eretz" philosophy is in fact at odds with that of Modern Orthodoxy; see further <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Neo-Orthodoxy/Torah_Im_Derech_Eretz">below</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azriel_Hildesheimer#Comparison_with_Samson_Raphael_Hirsch" title="Azriel Hildesheimer">in the Hildesheimer article</a>. Today, the movement is additionally, and particularly, influenced by the philosophy of Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Soloveitchik" title="Joseph B. Soloveitchik">Joseph B. Soloveitchik</a> and the closely related <a href="/wiki/Torah_Umadda" title="Torah Umadda">Torah Umadda</a>, as well as by the writings of Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Isaac_Kook" title="Abraham Isaac Kook">Abraham Isaac Kook</a>. (<a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a>, strictly speaking a distinct philosophy, has an indirect influence.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Torah_im_Derech_Eretz"><i>Torah im Derech Eretz</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Orthodox_Judaism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Torah im Derech Eretz"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hirsch's <i><a href="/wiki/Torah_im_Derech_Eretz" title="Torah im Derech Eretz">Torah im Derech Eretz</a></i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">תורה עם דרך ארץ</span>‎ – "Torah with the 'Way of the World'/Society") is a philosophy of Orthodox Judaism that formalizes a relationship between halakhically observant Judaism and the modern world. Hirsch held that Judaism requires the application of Torah philosophy to all human endeavor and knowledge compatible with it. Thus, secular education becomes a positive religious duty. "Judaism is not a mere adjunct to life: It comprises all of life ... in the synagogue and the kitchen, in the field and the warehouse, in the office and the pulpit ... with the pen and the chisel."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hirsch's vision, although not unqualified, extended to the <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">sciences</a> as well as to (German) literature, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> and culture. Torah im Derech Eretz remains influential to this day in all branches of Orthodox Judaism. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Torah_im_Derech_Eretz#Neo-Orthodoxy:_The_"Breuer"_communities" title="Torah im Derech Eretz">Neo Orthodoxy</a>, the movement descended from Hirsch's <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a> community, regards itself as positioned, ideologically, outside of contemporary Modern Orthodoxy; see further <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Neo-Orthodoxy/Torah_Im_Derech_Eretz">below</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pragmatism">Pragmatism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Orthodox_Judaism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pragmatism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Azriel_Hildesheimer" title="Azriel Hildesheimer">Azriel Hildesheimer</a>, along with Rabbi Hirsch, was insistent that Orthodox Jews living in the west should not segregate themselves behind ghetto walls. On the contrary, modern Jewish education must teach Jews how best to confront and deal with modernity in all of its aspects.<sup id="cite_ref-Marc_B._Shapiro_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marc_B._Shapiro-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His approach, "Cultured Orthodoxy", was defined as representing "unconditional agreement with the culture of the present day; harmony between Judaism and science; but also unconditional steadfastness in the faith and traditions of Judaism".<sup id="cite_ref-Marc_B._Shapiro_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marc_B._Shapiro-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was, however, "the pragmatist rather than the philosopher", and it is his actions, rather than his philosophy, which have become institutionalized in Modern Orthodoxy,<sup id="cite_ref-Waxman_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waxman-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and through which his influence is still felt. </p> <ul><li>He established Jewish education for males and females, which included both religious and <a href="/wiki/Secular_education" title="Secular education">secular studies</a>.</li> <li>He established <a href="/wiki/Hildesheimer_Rabbinical_Seminary" title="Hildesheimer Rabbinical Seminary">Hildesheimer Rabbinical Seminary</a>, one of the first Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">yeshivot</a> incorporating <a href="/wiki/Jewish_studies" title="Jewish studies">modern Jewish studies</a>, secular studies, and academic scholarship in its curriculum.</li> <li>He was non-sectarian, and worked with communal leaders, even non-Orthodox ones, on issues that affected the community.</li> <li>He maintained traditional attachments to the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a>, and worked with the non-Orthodox on its behalf.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Torah_Umadda"><i>Torah Umadda</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Orthodox_Judaism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Torah Umadda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Torah_Umadda" title="Torah Umadda">Torah Umadda</a></i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">תורה ומדע</span>‎ – "Torah and secular knowledge") is a philosophy concerning the secular world and Judaism, and in particular secular knowledge and Jewish knowledge. It envisions a <a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">personal</a>—<i>as opposed to</i> <a href="/wiki/Philosophic" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophic">philosophic</a>—"<a href="/wiki/Torah_Umadda#Synthesis" title="Torah Umadda">synthesis</a>" between Torah scholarship and Western, secular scholarship, entailing, also, positive involvement with the broader community. Here, the "individual has absorbed the attitudes characteristic of science, democracy, and Jewish life, and responds appropriately in diverse relations and contexts".<sup id="cite_ref-Sol_Roth_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sol_Roth-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resultant mode of Orthodox Judaism is referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Torah_Umadda#Centrist_Orthodoxy" title="Torah Umadda">Centrist Orthodoxy</a>". </p><p>This philosophy, as formulated today, is to a large extent a product of the teachings and philosophy of Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Soloveitchik" title="Joseph B. Soloveitchik">Joseph B. Soloveitchik</a> (1903–1993), <a href="/wiki/Rosh_Yeshiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosh Yeshiva">Rosh Yeshiva</a> at <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_University" title="Yeshiva University">Yeshiva University</a>. In Rav Soloveitchik's thought, Judaism, which believes that the world is "very good",<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> enjoins man to engage in <i><a href="/wiki/Tikkun_olam" title="Tikkun olam">tikkun olam</a></i>. "<a href="/wiki/Joseph_Soloveitchik#Halakhic_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Soloveitchik">Halakhic Man</a>" must therefore attempt to bring the sanctity and purity of the transcendent realm into the material world.<sup id="cite_ref-Ziegler_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ziegler-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Centrist Orthodoxy is the dominant mode of Modern Orthodoxy in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, while <i>Torah Umadda</i> remains closely associated with Yeshiva University. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_Zionism">Religious Zionism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Orthodox_Judaism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Religious Zionism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern Orthodoxy draws on the teachings of Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Isaac_Kook" title="Abraham Isaac Kook">Abraham Isaac Kook</a> (1864–1935), as well as the writings and interpretations of his son Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Zvi_Yehuda_Kook" title="Zvi Yehuda Kook">Zvi Yehuda Kook</a> (1891–1982), both as regards their views on <a href="/wiki/Jewish_peoplehood" title="Jewish peoplehood">Jewish peoplehood</a> and as they regard the (related) interaction with the secular world. </p> <ul><li>"Rav Kook" saw <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> as a part of a divine scheme finally to result in the resettlement of the Jewish people in its homeland, bringing redemption ("Geula") to the Jewish people, and the entire world.</li> <li>In Rav Kook's thought <i>Kodesh</i> and <i>Chol</i> (sacred and profane) play an important role: <i>Kodesh</i> is the inner <i>taam</i> (lit: "flavor") of reality, while <i>Chol</i> is that which is detached from <i>Kodesh</i> and is without any meaning; Judaism, then, is the vehicle "whereby we sanctify our lives, and attach all the practical, secular elements of life to spiritual goals which reflect the absolute meaning of existence – G-d Himself".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a> of the <i>Dati Leumi</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">דתי לאומי</span>‎, "National Religious") dominates Modern Orthodoxy. Here too, the ideological basis is largely drawn from the teachings of Rav Kook,<sup id="cite_ref-Richlen_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richlen-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there is therefore much overlap; philosophical differences, as well as other "non-modern" forms of Religious Zionism, are discussed <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Religious_Zionism_2">below</a>. </p><p>See also <i><a href="/wiki/Mizrachi_(religious_Zionism)" title="Mizrachi (religious Zionism)">Mizrachi</a></i>; <i><a href="/wiki/Bnei_Akiva" title="Bnei Akiva">Bnei Akiva</a></i>; <i><a href="/wiki/National_Religious_Party" title="National Religious Party">National Religious Party</a></i>; <i><a href="/wiki/Hesder" title="Hesder">Hesder</a></i>; <i><a href="/wiki/Mechina" title="Mechina">Mechina</a></i>; <i><a href="/wiki/Gush_Emunim" title="Gush Emunim">Gush Emunim</a></i>; <i><a href="/wiki/Torat_Eretz_Yisrael" title="Torat Eretz Yisrael">Torat Eretz Yisrael</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_other_movements">Comparison with other movements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Orthodox_Judaism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Comparison with other movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As above, Modern Orthodoxy comprises various approaches, ranging from traditionalist to revisionist, and the movement apparently overlaps with Conservative Judaism and with Haredi Judaism at its respective boundaries. At its centre too, the movement appears to share practices and values with Neo Orthodoxy and with Religious Zionism. Therefore, in clarifying what Modern Orthodoxy in fact entails, its positioning must be discussed with reference to these movements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haredi_Judaism">Haredi Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Orthodox_Judaism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Haredi Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also under <a href="/wiki/Torah_Umadda#Centrist_Orthodoxy" title="Torah Umadda">Centrist Orthodoxy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Divine_providence_in_Judaism" title="Divine providence in Judaism">Divine Providence</a> for further elaboration of the differences discussed here.</div> <p>Although there is some question as how precisely to define the distinction between Modern Orthodoxy and <a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi Judaism</a>, there is basic agreement that they may be distinguished on the basis of three major characteristics:<sup id="cite_ref-Waxman_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waxman-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Modern Orthodoxy adopts a relatively inclusive stance toward society in general, and the larger Jewish community in particular.</li> <li>Modern Orthodoxy is, in comparison, accommodating, "if not welcoming", to <a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">modernity</a>, general scholarship, and <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>.</li> <li>Modern Orthodoxy is almost uniformly receptive toward Israel and <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a>, viewing the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Israel">State of Israel</a> (in addition to the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a>) as having inherent religious significance.</li></ol> <p>A fourth difference suggested, relates to the acceptability of moderation within <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Jewish law</a>. Both Modern Orthodoxy and Ultra Orthodoxy regard <i>Halakha</i> as divine in origin, and as such, no position is assumed without justification in the <a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Acharonim" title="Acharonim">Acharonim</a>. The movements differ, however, in their approach to strictures (<i><a href="/wiki/Khumra_(Judaism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Khumra (Judaism)">chumras</a></i>) and leniencies (<i>kulas</i>). Modern Orthodoxy holds that strictures are not <a href="/wiki/Norm_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Norm (sociology)">normative</a>, rather, these are a matter of personal choice;<sup id="cite_ref-Diverse_Orthodox_Attitudes_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diverse_Orthodox_Attitudes-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "severity and leniency are relevant only in circumstances of factual doubt, not in situations of debate or varied practice. In the latter situations, the conclusion should be based solely on the legal analysis." See <a href="/wiki/Torah_Umadda#Moderation" title="Torah Umadda">Torah Umadda § Moderation</a>. Note though, that in recent years, many Modern Orthodox Jews are described as "increasingly stringent in their adherence to Jewish law".<sup id="cite_ref-Kress_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kress-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As to the contention that Modern Orthodoxy's standards of observance of <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakha</a> are "relaxed", as opposed to moderate, see <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Standards_of_observance">below</a> under <i>Criticism</i>. In the Haredi view, on the other hand, "the most severe position ... is the most likely basis for unity and commonality of practice within Orthodox community, and is therefore to be preferred". Further, "such severity ... results in the greatest certainty that God's will is being performed".<sup id="cite_ref-Diverse_Orthodox_Attitudes_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diverse_Orthodox_Attitudes-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Haredi</i> Judaism thus tends to adopt <i>chumras</i> as a norm. </p><p>Related to this<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the acceptance of the concept of <a href="/wiki/Da%27as_Torah" class="mw-redirect" title="Da'as Torah">Da'as Torah</a> - the extent to which Orthodox Jews should seek the input of rabbinic scholars not just on matters of Jewish law, but on all important life matters. Most rabbinic leaders from <a href="/wiki/Haredi" class="mw-redirect" title="Haredi">Haredi</a> communities view the concept as inextricably linked to the centuries of Jewish tradition. Within Modern Orthodox Judaism, many rabbis and scholars view the matter as a modern development that can be traced to changes in Jewish communal life in the nineteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, while the notion of da'as Torah is viewed by <a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> rabbis as a long-established tradition within Judaism, Modern Orthodox scholars argue that the Haredi claim is a revisionist one. According to Modern Orthodox scholars, although the term "da'as Torah" has been used in the past, the connotations of absolute rabbinic authority under this banner occurs only in the decades that follow the establishment of the Agudas Yisrael party in Eastern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_authority#Orthodox_Judaism_and_da'as_Torah" title="Rabbinic authority">Rabbinic authority § Orthodox Judaism and da'as Torah</a> for further elaboration of these differences. </p><p>Modern Orthodoxy's efforts to encourage religious observance among non-Orthodox Jews has been likened to similar efforts by the <a href="/wiki/Chabad" title="Chabad">Chabad</a> movement. The similarity between the two groups in their relationships towards the non-Orthodox, and its adoption by some Haredi groups, has blurred the lines between the modern and Haredi segments of Orthodoxy.<sup id="cite_ref-chabadquestion3_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chabadquestion3-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neo-Orthodoxy/Torah_Im_Derech_Eretz"><span id="Neo-Orthodoxy.2FTorah_Im_Derech_Eretz"></span>Neo-Orthodoxy/Torah Im Derech Eretz</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Orthodox_Judaism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Neo-Orthodoxy/Torah Im Derech Eretz"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both Modern Orthodoxy and <a href="/wiki/Torah_im_Derech_Eretz#Neo-Orthodoxy:_the_"Breuer"_communities" title="Torah im Derech Eretz">Neo Orthodoxy</a>, the movement directly descended from Hirsch's Frankfurt community, have combined Torah and secular knowledge with participation in contemporary <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western life</a>, and thus some maintain that there is a degree of practical and philosophical overlap between the two. The movements are nevertheless distinct, and in general, Neo-Orthodoxy has taken a more qualified approach than Modern orthodoxy, emphasizing that followers must exercise caution in engagements with the secular world. </p><p>Differences between the movements may be more than a question of degree: some Hirsch scholars argue that Hirschian philosophy is at odds with that of Modern Orthodoxy,<sup id="cite_ref-Elias_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elias-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while some Modern Orthodox scholars maintain that Modern Orthodoxy accords with Hirsch's worldview.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These philosophical distinctions (though subtle), manifest in markedly divergent religious attitudes and perspectives. For example, <a href="/wiki/Shimon_Schwab" title="Shimon Schwab">Shimon Schwab</a>, second rabbi of the Torah Im Derech Eretz community in the United States, has been described as being "spiritually very distant" from Yeshiva University and Modern Orthodoxy.<sup id="cite_ref-Waxman_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waxman-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the viewpoint of Neo-Orthodoxy, that movement differs from Modern Orthodoxy (and particularly Centrist Orthodoxy) on three main counts.<sup id="cite_ref-Elias_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elias-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The role of secular life and culture: In the <a href="/wiki/Torah_im_Derech_Eretz#Secular_culture_and_education" title="Torah im Derech Eretz">Hirschian view</a>, interaction with the secular and the requisite acquisition of culture and knowledge is encouraged, only insofar as it facilitates the application of Torah to worldly matters. For Modern Orthodoxy, on the other hand, secular culture and knowledge are seen as a complement to Torah, and, to some extent, encouraged for their own sake. Some would suggest that in Modern Orthodoxy, Judaism is enriched by interaction with modernity, whereas in Neo-Orthodoxy human experience (and modernity) are enriched by the application of Torah outlook and practice.</li> <li>Priority of Torah versus Secular knowledge: In the Hirschian view, Torah is the "sole barometer of truth" by which to judge secular disciplines, as "there is only one truth, and only one body of knowledge that can serve as the standard.... Compared to it, all the other sciences are valid only provisionally." (Hirsch, commentary to <a href="/wiki/Leviticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Leviticus">Leviticus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/9919">18:4–5</a>; see also <a href="/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/9919/showrashi/true"><i>ad loc.</i></a>). By contrast, in the view of Modern Orthodoxy, although Torah is the "preeminent center", secular knowledge is considered to offer "a different perspective that may not agree at all with [Torah] ... [but] both together present the possibility of a larger truth". (<i>Torah Umadda</i>, p. 236).</li> <li>Broader communal involvement: Neo-Orthodoxy, influenced by Hirsch's philosophy on <i><a href="/wiki/Samson_Raphael_Hirsch#Frankfurt_am_Main" title="Samson Raphael Hirsch">Austritt</a></i> (secession), "could not countenance recognition of a non-believing body as a legitimate representative of the Jewish people", and is therefore opposed to the <i><a href="/wiki/Mizrachi_(religious_Zionism)" title="Mizrachi (religious Zionism)">Mizrachi</a></i> movement, which is affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/World_Zionist_Organization" title="World Zionist Organization">World Zionist Organization</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Agency">Jewish Agency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern Orthodoxy, on the other hand, is characterised by its <a href="/wiki/Torah_Umadda#Centrality_of_the_People_of_Israel" title="Torah Umadda">involvement with the broader Jewish Community</a> and by its <a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_Zionism_2">Religious Zionism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Orthodox_Judaism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Religious Zionism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Broadly defined, <a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a> is a movement that embraces the idea of Jewish national <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a>, often in connection with the belief in the ability of the Jewish people to bring about a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">redemptive state</a> through natural means, and often attributing religious significance to the modern <a href="/wiki/State_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Israel">State of Israel</a>. The spiritual thinkers who started this stream of thought include Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Zvi_Hirsch_Kalischer" title="Zvi Hirsch Kalischer">Zvi Hirsch Kalischer</a> (1795–1874) and Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Yitzchak_Yaacov_Reines" title="Yitzchak Yaacov Reines">Yitzchak Yaacov Reines</a> (1839–1915). Thus, in this sense, Religious Zionism in fact encompasses a wide spectrum of religious views including Modern Orthodoxy. </p><p>Note, however, that Modern Orthodoxy, in fact, overlaps to a large extent with <a href="/wiki/Mizrachi_(religious_Zionism)" title="Mizrachi (religious Zionism)">"Religious Zionism" in its narrower form</a> ("Throughout the world, a 'religious Zionist day school' is a synonym for a 'modern Orthodox day school'"<sup id="cite_ref-mizrachi.org_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mizrachi.org-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). At the least, the two are not in any direct conflict, and generally coexist,<sup id="cite_ref-Liebman2_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liebman2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sharing both values and adherents. Further, in practice, except at their extremes, the differences between Religious Zionism and Modern Orthodoxy in Israel are not pronounced, and they are often identical, especially in recent years and for the younger generation.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, the two movements are philosophically distinct on two broad counts. </p> <ul><li>Firstly, (<a href="/wiki/Chardal" class="mw-redirect" title="Chardal">the more conservative</a>) Religious Zionists differ with Modern Orthodoxy in its approach to secular knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here, engagement with the secular is permissible, and encouraged, but only insofar as this benefits the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Israel">State of Israel</a>; secular knowledge (or, at the least, an extensive secular education) is viewed as valuable for practical ends, though not in and of itself. See <a href="/wiki/Torah_Umadda#Religious_Zionism" title="Torah Umadda">further under <i>Torah Umadda</i></a>.</li> <li>Secondly, under Religious Zionism, a "nationalistic coloration" is given to traditional religious concepts, whereas, by contrast, Modern Orthodoxy includes "a greater balance which includes openness to the non-Jewish world";<sup id="cite_ref-mizrachi.org_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mizrachi.org-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus, under Religious Zionism, the Jewish nation is conceived of as an "organic unity", whereas Modern Orthodoxy emphasises the individual.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Applying the above distinction, in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> today, Modern Orthodoxy—as distinct from (right-wing) Religious Zionism—is represented by only a select group of institutions: the <a href="/wiki/Religious_Kibbutz_Movement" title="Religious Kibbutz Movement">Religious Kibbutz Movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ne%27emanei_Torah_Va%27Avodah" title="Ne'emanei Torah Va'Avodah">Ne'emanei Torah Va'Avodah</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Meimad" title="Meimad">Meimad</a> political party, and the <a href="/wiki/Shalom_Hartman_Institute" title="Shalom Hartman Institute">Shalom Hartman Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yeshivat_Har_Etzion" title="Yeshivat Har Etzion">Yeshivat Har Etzion</a> / <a href="/wiki/Migdal_Oz_(seminary)" title="Migdal Oz (seminary)">Migdal Oz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yeshivat_Hamivtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeshivat Hamivtar">Yeshivat Hamivtar</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ohr_Torah_Stone_Institutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohr Torah Stone Institutions">Ohr Torah Stone Institutions</a>/<a href="/wiki/Midreshet_Lindenbaum" title="Midreshet Lindenbaum">Midreshet Lindenbaum</a> (some would include <a href="/wiki/Yeshivat_Hesder_Petach_Tikva" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeshivat Hesder Petach Tikva">Yeshivat Hesder Petach Tikva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yeshivat_Ma%27ale_Gilboa" title="Yeshivat Ma'ale Gilboa">Yeshivat Ma'ale Gilboa</a>, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tzohar_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tzohar Foundation (page does not exist)">Tzohar Foundation</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conservative_Judaism">Conservative Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Orthodox_Judaism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Conservative Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some areas, Modern Orthodoxy's left wing appears to align with more traditional elements of <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative Judaism</a>, and in fact some on the left of Modern Orthodoxy have allied with the formerly Conservative <a href="/wiki/Union_for_Traditional_Judaism" title="Union for Traditional Judaism">Union for Traditional Judaism</a>. Nonetheless, the two movements are generally described as distinct. Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Avi_Weiss" title="Avi Weiss">Avi Weiss</a>, from the left of Modern Orthodoxy, stresses that Orthodox and Conservative Judaism are "so very different in ... three fundamental areas: <i>Torah mi-Sinai</i>, rabbinic interpretation, and rabbinic legislation".<sup id="cite_ref-Avraham_Weiss_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Avraham_Weiss-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weiss argues as follows: </p> <ul><li><i>Torah mi-Sinai</i> ("Torah From <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai</a>"): Modern Orthodoxy, in line with the rest of Orthodoxy, holds that Jewish law is Divine in origin, and as such, no underlying <i>principle</i> may be compromised in accounting for changing political, social or economic conditions,<sup id="cite_ref-Kaplan_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaplan-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas Conservative Judaism holds that <a href="/wiki/Posek" title="Posek">Poskim</a> should make use of literary and historical analysis in deciding Jewish law, and may reverse decisions of the <a href="/wiki/Acharonim" title="Acharonim">Acharonim</a> that are held to be inapplicable today.<sup id="cite_ref-Avraham_Weiss_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Avraham_Weiss-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Elliott_N_Dorff_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott_N_Dorff-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Rabbinic interpretation: (Modern) Orthodoxy contends that legal authority is cumulative, and that a contemporary <i><a href="/wiki/Posek" title="Posek">posek</a></i> (decisor) can only issue judgments based on a full history of Jewish legal precedent,<sup id="cite_ref-Kaplan_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaplan-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas the implicit argument of the Conservative movement is that precedent provides illustrations of possible positions rather than binding law. Conservatism, therefore, remains free to select whichever position within the prior history appeals to it.<sup id="cite_ref-Avraham_Weiss_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Avraham_Weiss-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Golinkin_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golinkin-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Rabbinic legislation: Since the (Modern) Orthodox community is ritually observant, rabbinic law legislated by (today's) Orthodox rabbis can meaningfully become binding if accepted by the community (see <a href="/wiki/Minhag" title="Minhag">minhag</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Kaplan_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaplan-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conservative Judaism, on the other hand, has a largely non-observant laity.<sup id="cite_ref-Avraham_Weiss_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Avraham_Weiss-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NJPS_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NJPS-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, although Conservatism similarly holds that "no law has authority unless it becomes part of the concern and practice of the community"<sup id="cite_ref-Elliott_N_Dorff_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott_N_Dorff-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> communal acceptance of a "permissive custom" is not "meaningful", and, as a result, related rabbinic legislation cannot assume the status of law.</li></ul> <p>In general, Modern Orthodoxy does not, therefore, view the process by which the Conservative movement decides <i>halakha</i> as legitimate—or with the non-normative weighting assigned to halakha by the Conservative movement. In particular, Modern Orthodoxy disagrees with many of Conservative Judaism's <i>halakhic</i> rulings, particularly as regards issues of <a href="/wiki/Egalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Egalitarian">egalitarianism</a>. See further on the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism#Beliefs_about_Jewish_law_and_tradition" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox view</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism#Jewish_law" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative view</a>. </p><p>Modern Orthodoxy clearly differs from the approach of <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic Judaism</a>, which do not consider <i>halakha</i> to be <a href="/wiki/Normative" class="mw-redirect" title="Normative">normative</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Orthodox_Judaism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This section deals with criticism relating to standards of observance and to social issues. See <a href="/wiki/Torah_Umadda#Criticism" title="Torah Umadda">"Criticism"</a> under <a href="/wiki/Torah_Umadda" title="Torah Umadda">Torah Umadda</a> for discussions of <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standards_of_observance">Standards of observance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Orthodox_Judaism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Standards of observance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See further under <a href="/wiki/Torah_im_Derech_Eretz#Jewish_law" title="Torah im Derech Eretz">Torah im Derech Eretz</a>; <a href="/wiki/Torah_Umadda#Centrist_Orthodoxy" title="Torah Umadda">Torah Umadda</a></div> <p>There is an often repeated contention that Modern Orthodoxy—beyond its approach to <i>chumrahs</i> ("strictures") <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Haredi_Judaism">described above</a>—has lower standards of observance of <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">traditional Jewish laws and customs</a> than other branches of <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This view is largely anecdotal, and is based on individual behaviour, as opposed to any formal, institutional position;<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> see <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#The_behaviorally_modern">above</a> re "the behaviorally modern": </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There are at least two distinct types of Modern Orthodox. ... One is philosophically or ideologically modern, while the other is more appropriately characterized as behaviorally modern. ... [The] philosophically Modern Orthodox would be those who are meticulously observant of Halakhah but are, nevertheless, philosophically modern. ... The behaviorally Modern Orthodox, on the other hand, are not deeply concerned with philosophical ideas ... by and large, they define themselves as Modern Orthodox [either] in the sense that they are not meticulously observant [or] in reference to ... right-wing Orthodoxy.<sup id="cite_ref-Liebman2_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liebman2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[This] group is appropriately described as "modern" in the sense that those who see themselves as part of it are committed to the tradition, in general, but feel free to pick and choose in their observance of rituals. In contrast to the more traditional Orthodox, they do not observe all of the rituals as deemed obligatory by the traditional community. Their sense of "freedom of choice", although never articulated theoretically, is as evident as it is among many other contemporary Americans who view themselves as religiously traditional, but, nevertheless, are selective in their religiosity.<sup id="cite_ref-Waxman_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waxman-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Additionally, whereas the Modern Orthodox position is (generally) presented as "unquestioned allegiance to the primacy of Torah, and that the apprehension of all other intellectual disciplines must be rooted and viewed through the prism of Torah",<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a></i> groups have sometimes compared Modern Orthodoxy with early <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>: Modern Orthodox rabbis have been criticised for attempting to modify <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Jewish law</a>, in adapting Judaism to the needs of the <a href="/wiki/Modern_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern world">modern world</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="No reliable source for such claims (March 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Note that claims of this nature have been commonplace within Orthodox Judaism since the first "reforms" of <a href="/wiki/Samson_Raphael_Hirsch" title="Samson Raphael Hirsch">Samson Raphael Hirsch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azriel_Hildesheimer" title="Azriel Hildesheimer">Azriel Hildesheimer</a>. Thus, in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> of the early 19th century, all of <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> that differed from the strictest forms present at the time was called "Reform". Then, as now, Modern Orthodoxy took pains to distance its "reforms", which were consistent with the <a href="/wiki/Shulkhan_Arukh" class="mw-redirect" title="Shulkhan Arukh">Shulkhan Arukh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poskim" class="mw-redirect" title="Poskim">poskim</a>, from those of the Reform movement (and the Conservative movement), which were not.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is foolish to believe that it is the wording of a prayer, the notes of a synagogue tune, or the order of a special service, which form the abyss between [Reform and Orthodoxy].... It is not the so-called Divine Service which separates us, [rather it] is the theory—the principle [of faithfulness to Jewish law] ... if the Torah is to you the Law of God how dare you place another law above it and go along with God and His Law only as long as you thereby "progress" in other respects at the same time? (<i>Religion Allied to Progress</i>, <a href="/wiki/Samson_Raphael_Hirsch" title="Samson Raphael Hirsch">Samson Raphael Hirsch</a>)</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sociological_and_philosophical_dilemmas">Sociological and philosophical dilemmas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Orthodox_Judaism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sociological and philosophical dilemmas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some observe<sup id="cite_ref-Waxman_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waxman-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that the ability of Modern Orthodoxy to attract a large following and maintain its strength as a movement is inhibited by the fact that it embraces <a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">modernity</a>—its <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/raison_d%27%C3%AAtre" class="extiw" title="wikt:raison d'être">raison d'être</a></i>—and that it is highly <a href="/wiki/Rationality" title="Rationality">rational</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">intellectual</a>. </p> <ul><li>Modern Orthodoxy is, almost by definition, inhibited from becoming a strong movement, because this would entail organization and authority to a degree "which goes against the very grain of modernity". A related difficulty is that Modern Orthodox rabbis who do adopt stringencies may, in the process, lose the support of precisely the "Modern" group they sought to lead. The logic: since one of the characteristics of <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">religious orthodoxy</a> is the submission to the authority of <a href="/wiki/Oral_law" title="Oral law">its tradition</a>, the individual is expected to conform to all of its dictates, whereas <a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">modernity</a>, by contrast, emphasizes a measure of personal autonomy as well as rationalist truth. The very term "Modern Orthodoxy" is thus, in some sense, an <a href="/wiki/Oxymoron" title="Oxymoron">oxymoron</a>.</li> <li>Modern Orthodoxy's "highly intellectual and rational stance" presents its own difficulties. Firstly, the ideology entails built-in tensions and frequently requires conscious living with inconsistency<sup id="cite_ref-Richlen_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richlen-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sol_Roth_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sol_Roth-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (even in the term itself: modernity vs. orthodoxy). Secondly, there are also those who question whether "the literature ... with its intellectually elitist bias fails to directly address the majority of its practitioners".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The suggestion here is that Modern Orthodoxy may not provide a directly applicable theology for the contemporary Modern Orthodox family; see <a href="/wiki/Torah_Umadda#Modern_Orthodoxy" title="Torah Umadda">further discussion</a> under <i>Torah Umadda</i>.</li> <li>As observed <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Positioning">above</a>, the (precise) "philosophical parameters of modern Orthodoxy" are not readily defined. It is posited then that "modern orthodoxy", as such, may be disappearing, "being sucked into <a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements#Trans-_and_post-denominational_Judaism" title="Jewish religious movements">pluralistic Judaism</a> on the left and <a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">yeshivish</a> on the right".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Modern orthodoxy", then, as opposed to constituting an <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Ideological_spectrum">ideological spectrum</a> centred on a common core of values, is, in fact, (tending towards) several entirely separate movements. In fact, "[m]any are making the argument that the time has come to state the inevitable or to admit that which already has occurred: There is no longer a cohesive, singular Modern Orthodoxy. Separate rabbinical schools and separate rabbinic organizations, the argument goes, reflect the reality of a community divided."<sup id="cite_ref-Hain_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hain-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism#Modern_Orthodoxy" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism § Modern Orthodoxy</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Important_figures">Important figures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Orthodox_Judaism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Important figures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many Orthodox Jews find the intellectual engagement with the modern world as a virtue. Examples of Orthodox rabbis who promote or have promoted this worldview include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Amital" title="Yehuda Amital">Yehuda Amital</a> – A <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_survivors" title="Holocaust survivors">survivor of the Holocaust</a>, he emigrated to <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> in 1944, and resumed his yeshiva studies in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931949_Palestine_war" class="mw-redirect" title="1947–1949 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a>, he served in the <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a> armored corps, taking part in the battle of <a href="/wiki/Latrun" title="Latrun">Latrun</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a>, Amital founded and led <a href="/wiki/Yeshivat_Har_Etzion" title="Yeshivat Har Etzion">Yeshivat Har Etzion</a>. He eventually founded the <a href="/wiki/Meimad" title="Meimad">Meimad</a> political party in Israel.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Apple_(rabbi)" title="Raymond Apple (rabbi)">Raymond Apple</a> – former senior rabbi of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Synagogue_(Sydney)" title="Great Synagogue (Sydney)">Great Synagogue</a>, Sydney, Australia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Belkin" title="Samuel Belkin">Samuel Belkin</a>, former President of Yeshiva University.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_Berkovits" title="Eliezer Berkovits">Eliezer Berkovits</a> – philosopher whose works include <i>Not In Heaven: The Nature and Function of Halakha</i> and <i>Faith after the Holocaust</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Berman" title="Saul Berman">Saul Berman</a> – director of the now defunct <a href="/wiki/Edah" title="Edah">Edah</a>, a Modern Orthodox advocacy organization.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._David_Bleich" title="J. David Bleich">J. David Bleich</a>, professor at Yeshiva University.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalom_Carmy" title="Shalom Carmy">Shalom Carmy</a> – professor of Jewish Studies and Philosophy at <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_University" title="Yeshiva University">Yeshiva University</a>; theologian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Davidson" title="Chuck Davidson">Chuck Davidson</a>, an activist against the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Rabbinate_of_Israel" title="Chief Rabbinate of Israel">Chief Rabbinate of Israel</a>, specifically in the areas of conversion and marriage, where he is creating alternatives to the official paths.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Freundel" title="Barry Freundel">Barry Freundel</a> – former rabbi of <a href="/wiki/Kesher_Israel_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Kesher Israel (Washington, D.C.)">Kesher Israel Congregation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, his specialties were Jewish medical ethics, <i>eruvim</i>, and conversion; he was fired in 2014 after being arrested and subsequently pleaded guilty to 52 counts of <a href="/wiki/Voyeurism" title="Voyeurism">voyeurism</a>. Because of his crimes he is no longer considered an authority within the community</li> <li>Efrem Goldberg – Senior Rabbi at <a href="/wiki/Boca_Raton_Synagogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Boca Raton Synagogue">Boca Raton Synagogue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, one of the largest Modern Orthodox congregations in the U.S.; speaker and writer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Greenberg" title="Irving Greenberg">Irving Greenberg</a> (Yitz) – theologian, lecturer, and author. A student of Joseph B. Soloveitchik, Greenberg espouses the philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Tikkun_Olam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tikkun Olam">Tikkun Olam</a> and has written extensively on the theological impact of the Holocaust and the creation of the state of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hartman_(rabbi)" title="David Hartman (rabbi)">David Hartman</a> – Rabbi and founder of <a href="/wiki/Shalom_Hartman_Institute" title="Shalom Hartman Institute">Shalom Hartman Institute</a> in Jerusalem, a prominent philosopher, lecturer, and author, and a student of Rabbi Joseph B. Soloveitchik</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Jung" title="Leo Jung">Leo Jung</a>, Rabbi at the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Center_(Manhattan,_New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Center (Manhattan, New York)">Jewish Center (Manhattan, New York)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hillel_Maresky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hillel Maresky (page does not exist)">Hillel Maresky</a>, thinker, radiologist, educator.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Lamm" title="Norman Lamm">Norman Lamm</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rosh_Yeshiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosh Yeshiva">Rosh Yeshiva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_University" title="Yeshiva University">Yeshiva University</a>; Orthodox Forum; author of <i>Torah U-Maddah</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aharon_Lichtenstein" title="Aharon Lichtenstein">Aharon Lichtenstein</a> – the son-in-law of Joseph Soloveitchik, in 1971 he joined <a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Amital" title="Yehuda Amital">Yehuda Amital</a> as leader of <a href="/wiki/Yeshivat_Har_Etzion" title="Yeshivat Har Etzion">Yeshivat Har Etzion</a>. Author of <i>Leaves of Faith: The World of Jewish Learning</i>, and <i>By His Light: Character and Values in the Service of God</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskel_Lookstein" title="Haskel Lookstein">Haskel Lookstein</a> – Rabbi of <a href="/wiki/Congregation_Kehilath_Jeshurun" title="Congregation Kehilath Jeshurun">Congregation Kehilath Jeshurun</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> and principal of the <a href="/wiki/Ramaz_School" title="Ramaz School">Ramaz School</a>. Voted by <i>Newsweek</i> magazine as the most influential orthodox rabbi in the United States in 2008. Rabbi Lookstein is best known for his strong political activism, which began with numerous visits to the former Soviet Union, numerous rallies on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Natan_Sharansky" title="Natan Sharansky">Natan Sharansky</a> and continues today with activism on behalf of the Jews of Israel and worldwide.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Riskin" title="Shlomo Riskin">Shlomo Riskin</a> – formerly rabbi of the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Square_Synagogue" title="Lincoln Square Synagogue">Lincoln Square Synagogue</a> in Manhattan, he emigrated to <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> to become the Chief Rabbi of <a href="/wiki/Efrat_(Israeli_settlement)" title="Efrat (Israeli settlement)">Efrat</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Rosensweig" title="Michael Rosensweig">Michael Rosensweig</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rosh_Yeshiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosh Yeshiva">Rosh Yeshiva</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Isaac_Elchanan_Theological_Seminary" title="Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary">Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary</a> of <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_University" title="Yeshiva University">Yeshiva University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rosh_Kollel" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosh Kollel">Rosh Kollel</a> of the Beren Kollel Elyon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Sacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Sacks">Jonathan Sacks</a>, philosopher and theologian, author of 25 books, and previous <a href="/wiki/Chief_Rabbi_of_the_United_Hebrew_Congregations_of_the_Commonwealth" title="Chief Rabbi of the United Hebrew Congregations of the Commonwealth">Chief Rabbi of the Commonwealth</a>; see esp. <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Sacks#Torah_v'Chokhma" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Sacks">#Torah v'Chokhma</a> there, re Modern Orthodoxy.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hershel_Schachter" title="Hershel Schachter">Hershel Schachter</a> – one of Joseph B. Soloveitchik's students, dean of the Katz Kollel at the Yeshiva University-affiliated <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Isaac_Elchanan_Theological_Seminary" title="Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary">Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary</a> (RIETS). Has published several works attempting to establish a definitive view of Soloveitchik's <i>Weltanschauung</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Soloveitchik" title="Joseph B. Soloveitchik">Joseph B. Soloveitchik</a> – known as "The Rav", he was an important figure in Modern Orthodoxy in mid-20th century America. He wrote <i>The Lonely Man of Faith</i> and <i>Halakhic Man</i>, and was an outspoken Zionist, an opponent of extending rabbinic authority into areas of secular expertise, and a proponent of some interdenominational cooperation, such as the <a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_Council_of_America" title="Rabbinical Council of America">Rabbinical Council of America</a>'s participation in the now-defunct <a href="/wiki/Synagogue_Council_of_America" title="Synagogue Council of America">Synagogue Council of America</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gedalia_Dov_Schwartz" title="Gedalia Dov Schwartz">Gedalia Dov Schwartz</a> – , scholar and <a href="/wiki/Posek" title="Posek">posek</a> in Chicago, Illinois. Since 1991, he has been the av beis din (head of the rabbinical court) of both the <a href="/wiki/Beth_Din_of_America" title="Beth Din of America">Beth Din of America</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Rabbinical_Council" title="Chicago Rabbinical Council">Chicago Rabbinical Council</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshe_David_Tendler" title="Moshe David Tendler">Moshe David Tendler</a> – Professor of Jewish Medical Ethics, and of Biology, as well as Rosh Yeshiva in Yeshivat Rav Yitzchak Elchanan (MYP/RIETS). Holding a Ph.D. in Microbiology, Rav Tendler was a student of rabbis Moshe Feinstein, (his father-in-law) and <a href="/wiki/Yosef_Dov_Soloveitchik" class="mw-redirect" title="Yosef Dov Soloveitchik">Yosef Dov Soloveitchik</a>. Tendler is an expert on <a href="/wiki/Jewish_medical_ethics" title="Jewish medical ethics">medical ethics</a> as it pertains to Jewish law. He is the author of <i>Practical Medical Halakhah</i>, a textbook of Jewish responsa to medical issues, and <i>Pardes Rimonim</i>, a book about the halakhot of <i>Taharat Mishpacha</i>, and is rabbi of the Community Synagogue in Monsey, New York, and the chairman of the Bioethical Commission, RCA, and of the Medical Ethics Task Force, <a href="/wiki/UJA" class="mw-redirect" title="UJA">UJA</a>-Federation of Greater New York.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Telushkin" title="Joseph Telushkin">Joseph Telushkin</a> – author, teacher, lecturer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_B._Shapiro" title="Marc B. Shapiro">Marc B. Shapiro</a> – author, lecturer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_M._Wagner" title="Stanley M. Wagner">Stanley M. Wagner</a> – American rabbi and academic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_B._Wolowelsky" title="Joel B. Wolowelsky">Joel B. Wolowelsky</a> – <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_of_Flatbush" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeshiva of Flatbush">Yeshiva of Flatbush</a>; Orthodox Forum; <a href="/wiki/Tradition_(journal)" title="Tradition (journal)">Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Wurzburger" title="Walter Wurzburger">Walter Wurzburger</a> – editor of <i>Tradition</i> magazine, and head of the <a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_Council_of_America" title="Rabbinical Council of America">Rabbinical Council of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinchas_Polonsky" title="Pinchas Polonsky">Pinchas Polonsky</a> – Jewish-religious philosopher, researcher, and educator active among the Russian-speaking Jewish community.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_Orthodox_advocacy_groups">Modern Orthodox advocacy groups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Orthodox_Judaism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Modern Orthodox advocacy groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a few organizations dedicated to furthering Modern Orthodoxy as a religious trend: </p> <ul><li>The largest and oldest are the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Union" title="Orthodox Union">Orthodox Union</a> (Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America), which sponsors youth groups, kashrut supervision, and many other activities, and its rabbinic counterpart, the <a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_Council_of_America" title="Rabbinical Council of America">Rabbinical Council of America</a> (RCA). Both have Israel and diaspora (outside the land of Israel) programs.</li></ul> <p>Others include: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Orthodox_Feminist_Alliance" title="Jewish Orthodox Feminist Alliance">Jewish Orthodox Feminist Alliance</a> (JOFA): a forum for enhancing the roles of Orthodox Jewish women within the Orthodox community, and reducing Orthodox religious disabilities against women.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ne%27emanei_Torah_Va%27Avodah" title="Ne'emanei Torah Va'Avodah">Ne'emanei Torah Va'Avodah</a> is a non-profit organization operating in Israel whose proposed goal is "To forge a more open and tolerant discourse in Religious Zionism, one that integrates a halachic lifestyle with active engagement in Israeli society, in order to strengthen tolerance, equality, and social responsibility".</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Orthodox_Judaism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bar-Ilan_University" title="Bar-Ilan University">Bar-Ilan University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Theological_College" title="Hebrew Theological College">Hebrew Theological College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_College_of_Technology" title="Jerusalem College of Technology">Jerusalem College of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touro_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Touro College">Touro College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_University" title="Yeshiva University">Yeshiva University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Israel">Young Israel</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Orthodox_Judaism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Liebman2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Liebman2_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liebman2_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liebman2_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liebman2_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liebman2_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles S. Liebman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051109070715/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0411/is_4_47/ai_54600118"><i>Modern orthodoxy in Israel</i></a> Judaism, Fall, 1998</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HelmreichShinnar-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HelmreichShinnar_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HelmreichShinnar_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HelmreichShinnar_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HelmreichShinnar_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">William B. Helmreich and Reuel Shinnar: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jcpa.org/cjc/jl-383-helmreich.htm">Modern Orthodoxy in America: Possibilities for a Movement under Siege</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080229025428/http://www.jcpa.org/cjc/jl-383-helmreich.htm">Archived</a> 2008-02-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rabbi Saul J. Berman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shma.com/2001/02/the-ideology-of-modern-orthodoxy/">The Ideology of Modern Orthodoxy</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This includes Modern Orthodox's unequivocal stance prohibiting its members from engaging in gay and Lesbian relationships. There is, however, a difference of opinion as to what stance to take with individuals who violate <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakha</a> in this regard. See <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://statementofprinciplesnya.blogspot.co.il/">"Statement of principles of the orthodox rabbis"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+of+principles+of+the+orthodox+rabbis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstatementofprinciplesnya.blogspot.co.il%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Orthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161007174857/http://www.edah.org/backend/coldfusion/search/document.cfm?title=Some%20Comments%20on%20Centrist%20Orthodoxy&hyperlink=lamm21%2Ehtml&type=Document&category=Orthodoxy%20and%20Modernity&authortitle=Rabbi%20Dr&firstname=Norman&lastname=Lamm&pubsource=Tradition%2C%2022%3A3&authorid=285">"Rabbi Norman Lamm: Some Comments on Centrist Orthodoxy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edah.org/backend/coldfusion/search/document.cfm?title=Some%20Comments%20on%20Centrist%20Orthodoxy&hyperlink=lamm21%2Ehtml&type=Document&category=Orthodoxy%20and%20Modernity&authortitle=Rabbi%20Dr&firstname=Norman&lastname=Lamm&pubsource=Tradition%2C%2022%3A3&authorid=285">the original</a> on 2016-10-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2004-10-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rabbi+Norman+Lamm%3A+Some+Comments+on+Centrist+Orthodoxy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edah.org%2Fbackend%2Fcoldfusion%2Fsearch%2Fdocument.cfm%3Ftitle%3DSome%2520Comments%2520on%2520Centrist%2520Orthodoxy%26hyperlink%3Dlamm21%252Ehtml%26type%3DDocument%26category%3DOrthodoxy%2520and%2520Modernity%26authortitle%3DRabbi%2520Dr%26firstname%3DNorman%26lastname%3DLamm%26pubsource%3DTradition%252C%252022%253A3%26authorid%3D285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Orthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulie_Weiner" class="citation news cs1">Julie Weiner. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/15314/yeshiva-u-confronts-fault-lines-of-modern-orthodoxy/">"Yeshiva U. confronts fault lines of modern Orthodoxy"</a>. <i>j Weekly</i>. 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Shattering the Idols: The Struggle for Holiness in a Secular Age, <i>Jewish Action</i>, Volume 62 No. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander_Goldberg2009" class="citation news cs1">Alexander Goldberg (2009-08-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/subdivisions/modernorthodoxy_1.shtml">"Modern Orthodoxy"</a>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Waxman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060219212642/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0411/is_n1_v42/ai_13796421/print">Dilemmas of modern orthodoxy: sociological and philosophical</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/jay-lefkowitz/the-rise-of-social-orthodoxy-a-personal-account/">"The Rise of Social Orthodoxy: A Personal Account"</a>. <i>Commentary Magazine</i>. 2014-04-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Commentary+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+Social+Orthodoxy%3A+A+Personal+Account&rft.date=2014-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commentarymagazine.com%2Farticles%2Fjay-lefkowitz%2Fthe-rise-of-social-orthodoxy-a-personal-account%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Orthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hain-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hain_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hain_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shmuel Hain: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jta.org/news/article/2010/02/07/1010497/op-ed-the-vital-center-and-modern-orthodoxy">Op-Ed: The vital center and Modern Orthodoxy</a>, jta.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://people.ucalgary.ca/~elsegal/363_Transp/Orthodoxy/SRHirsch.html">"S. R. Hirsch: "Religion Allied to Progress"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>people.ucalgary.ca</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=people.ucalgary.ca&rft.atitle=S.+R.+Hirsch%3A+%22Religion+Allied+to+Progress%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeople.ucalgary.ca%2F~elsegal%2F363_Transp%2FOrthodoxy%2FSRHirsch.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Orthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marc_B._Shapiro-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marc_B._Shapiro_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marc_B._Shapiro_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Marc B. Shapiro, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yutorah.org/_shiurim/%2FTU9%5FShapiro%2Epdf"><i>Rabbi Esriel Hildesheimer's Program of Torah u-Madda</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sol_Roth-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sol_Roth_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sol_Roth_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rabbi Sol Roth, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yutorah.org/_materials/ACF4B2B.pdf">The Jewish Idea of Community</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060209085843/http://www.lookstein.org/nechama_parasha1_bereshit.htm">"Jewish Education and Lookstein Center and Nechama Leibowitz"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lookstein.org/nechama_parasha1_bereshit.htm">the original</a> on 2006-02-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2005-10-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jewish+Education+and+Lookstein+Center+and+Nechama+Leibowitz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lookstein.org%2Fnechama_parasha1_bereshit.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Orthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ziegler-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ziegler_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rabbi Ronnie Ziegler: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vbm-torah.org/archive/rav/rav13.htm">Introduction To The Philosophy of Rav Soloveitchik: The Need for Action</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rabbi Hillel Rachmani: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vbm-torah.org/archive/rk1-kook.htm">Introduction to the Thought of Rav Kook</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Diverse_Orthodox_Attitudes-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Diverse_Orthodox_Attitudes_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diverse_Orthodox_Attitudes_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rabbi Saul Berman (edah.org): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edah.org/backend/coldfusion/search/diverse.cfm#Chumrah"><i>Diverse Orthodox Attitudes: Chumrah</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also, <i><a href="/wiki/Mesillat_Yesharim" title="Mesillat Yesharim">Mesillat Yesharim</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shechem.org/torah/mesyesh/14.htm">Ch 14</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100714155030/http://www.shechem.org/torah/mesyesh/14.htm">Archived</a> 2010-07-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Friedman, M. (2004). Halachic rabbinic authority in the modern open society. Jewish Religious Leadership, Image, and Reality, 2, 757–770.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan1992" class="citation book cs1">Kaplan, Lawrence (1992). "Daas Torah: A modern conception of rabbinic authority". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110124204625/http://www.balintlaw.com/DaasTorah.pdf"><i>Rabbinic Authority and Personal Autonomy</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Jason Aronson. pp. 1–60. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.balintlaw.com/DaasTorah.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-01-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Daas+Torah%3A+A+modern+conception+of+rabbinic+authority&rft.btitle=Rabbinic+Authority+and+Personal+Autonomy&rft.pages=1-60&rft.pub=Jason+Aronson&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.balintlaw.com%2FDaasTorah.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Orthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lawrence, Kaplan (1997). "Daat Torah: A modern view of rabbinic authority". <i>Between Authority and Autonomy in Jewish Tradition</i> (in Hebrew). Hakibbutz Hameuhad. pp. 105–145.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Daat+Torah%3A+A+modern+view+of+rabbinic+authority&rft.btitle=Between+Authority+and+Autonomy+in+Jewish+Tradition&rft.pages=105-145&rft.pub=Hakibbutz+Hameuhad&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=Kaplan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Orthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatz1994" class="citation web cs1">Katz, Jacob (30 November 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.harvard.edu/programs/Gruss/katz.html">"Da'at Torah: The unqualified authority claimed for Halachists"</a>. <i>The Harvard Law School Program in Jewish Studies (The Gruss Lectures – Jewish Law and Modernity: Five Interpretations)</i>. The President and Fellows of Harvard College. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100317193356/http://www.law.harvard.edu/programs/Gruss/katz.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-03-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Harvard+Law+School+Program+in+Jewish+Studies+%28The+Gruss+Lectures+%E2%80%93+Jewish+Law+and+Modernity%3A+Five+Interpretations%29&rft.atitle=Da%27at+Torah%3A+The+unqualified+authority+claimed+for+Halachists&rft.date=1994-11-30&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.harvard.edu%2Fprograms%2FGruss%2Fkatz.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Orthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chabadquestion3-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chabadquestion3_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferziger, Adam S. "Church/sect theory and American orthodoxy reconsidered". Ambivalent Jew – Charles S. Liebman in memoriam, ed. Stuart Cohen and Bernard Susser (2007): 107–124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elias-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elias_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elias_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example: Joseph Elias' introduction to <i>The Nineteen Letters</i>. Feldheim, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87306-696-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87306-696-0">0-87306-696-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example: Norman Lamm <i>Torah Umadda: The Encounter of Religious Learning and Worldly Knowledge in the Jewish Tradition</i>. Jason Aronson, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56821-231-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-56821-231-3">1-56821-231-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Others claim that these distinctions -save the last one – are unclear and/or unsubstantiated given the selective nature of the evidence.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ernst J. Bodenheimer and Nosson Scherman <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tzemachdovid.org/gedolim/jo/tworld/rbreuer.html"><i>Rabbi Joseph Breuer: The Rav of Frankfurt, U.S.A.</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051109103642/http://www.tzemachdovid.org/gedolim/jo/tworld/rbreuer.html">Archived</a> 2005-11-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mizrachi.org-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mizrachi.org_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mizrachi.org_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlau" class="citation cs2">Blau, Rav Yosef, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041216072651/http://www.mizrachi.org/ideas/view.asp?id=122"><i>Religious Zionism And Modern Orthodoxy</i></a>, Mizrachi, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mizrachi.org/ideas/view.asp?id=122">the original</a> on 2004-12-16</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Zionism+And+Modern+Orthodoxy&rft.pub=Mizrachi&rft.aulast=Blau&rft.aufirst=Rav+Yosef&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mizrachi.org%2Fideas%2Fview.asp%3Fid%3D122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Orthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer" class="citation cs2">Fischer, Shlomo, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926234137/http://www.vanleer.org.il/Data/UploadedFiles/Files/fundamentalis.doc"><i>Fundamentalist or Romantic Nationalist?: Israeli Modern Orthodoxy</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">IL</a>: Van Leer, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vanleer.org.il/Data/UploadedFiles/Files/fundamentalis.doc">the original</a> on 2007-09-26</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentalist+or+Romantic+Nationalist%3F%3A+Israeli+Modern+Orthodoxy&rft.place=IL&rft.pub=Van+Leer&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Shlomo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanleer.org.il%2FData%2FUploadedFiles%2FFiles%2Ffundamentalis.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Orthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsseroff" class="citation cs2">Isseroff, Ami, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zionism-israel.com/ezine/religious_zionism.htm"><i>Religious Zionism Revisits the State of Israel</i></a>, Zionism Israel</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Zionism+Revisits+the+State+of+Israel&rft.pub=Zionism+Israel&rft.aulast=Isseroff&rft.aufirst=Ami&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zionism-israel.com%2Fezine%2Freligious_zionism.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Orthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.toravoda.org.il/"><i>Tora Voda</i></a>, IL</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tora+Voda&rft.place=IL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.toravoda.org.il%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Orthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tzohar.org.il/english/"><i>Tzohar</i></a>, IL</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tzohar&rft.place=IL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tzohar.org.il%2Fenglish%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Orthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Avraham_Weiss-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Avraham_Weiss_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Avraham_Weiss_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Avraham_Weiss_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Avraham_Weiss_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Avraham Weiss: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050305235117/http://www.yctorah.org/downloads/articles/aw-open-orthodoxy.pdf">"Open Orthodoxy! A modern Orthodox rabbi's creed"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from the original on March 5, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-05-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Open+Orthodoxy%21+A+modern+Orthodox+rabbi%27s+creed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yctorah.org%2Fdownloads%2Farticles%2Faw-open-orthodoxy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Orthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span> <i>Judaism</i>; Fall 1997</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaplan-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kaplan_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaplan_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaplan_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">See for example, Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Aryeh_Kaplan" title="Aryeh Kaplan">Aryeh Kaplan</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aish.com/jl/m/pm/48932007.html"><i>The Rules of Halacha</i></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elliott_N_Dorff-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elliott_N_Dorff_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliott_N_Dorff_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Elliott N Dorff: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adath-shalom.ca/dorff158.htm">"How Conservative Judaism Makes Decisions in Jewish law halakha"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Golinkin-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Golinkin_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rabbi Professor David Golinkin: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.responsafortoday.com/about/about.htm"><i>The Hows and Whys of Conservative Halakhah</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NJPS-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NJPS_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to the 1990 <a href="/wiki/National_Jewish_Population_Survey" title="National Jewish Population Survey">National Jewish Population Survey</a>, 29% of Conservative congregants buy only <a href="/wiki/Kosher_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher meat">kosher meat</a> and 15% consider themselves <a href="/wiki/Shomer_Shabbat" title="Shomer Shabbat">Sabbath observant</a>. According to the 2001 survey, 30% keep Kosher at home and 50% Light Shabbat candles. See also: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jtsa.edu/x497.xml#6">Sacred Cluster #6</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111005151246/http://www.jtsa.edu/x497.xml">Archived</a> 2011-10-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, jtsa.edu and <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Halakha#Conservative_Jewish_observance_of_Halakhah" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Halakha">Conservative Halakha</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for example, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hashkafah.com/index.php?showtopic=1926&st=20">What is Modern Orthodox?-Hashkafah.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070818073228/http://www.hashkafah.com/index.php?showtopic=1926&st=20">Archived</a> 2007-08-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenchell" class="citation web cs1">Menchell, Dovid. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051110172630/http://yuweb.addr.com/v63i9/news/edah.shtml">"Edah Holds Conference"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yuweb.addr.com/v63i9/news/edah.shtml">the original</a> on November 10, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 2,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Edah+Holds+Conference&rft.aulast=Menchell&rft.aufirst=Dovid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyuweb.addr.com%2Fv63i9%2Fnews%2Fedah.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Orthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070308081945/http://yuweb.addr.com/v67i7/culture/toyou.html">"What Does Torah U'Madda Mean to You?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yuweb.addr.com/v67i7/culture/toyou.html">the original</a> on March 8, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Does+Torah+U%27Madda+Mean+to+You%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyuweb.addr.com%2Fv67i7%2Fculture%2Ftoyou.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Orthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rabbi Prof. Alan Brill, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edah.org/backend/JournalArticle/4_1_brill.pdf">Judaism in Culture: Beyond the Bifurcation of Torah and Madda</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This <a href="/wiki/Tongue_in_cheek" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongue in cheek">tongue in cheek</a> comment is from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frumsatire.net/2009/05/13/artscroll-may-soon-be-losing-its-siddur-monopoly/">frumsatire.net</a>; although see Shmuel Hain in note.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/magazine/conversion-in-israel-where-are-we-heading-513873">"Conversion in Israel: Where are we heading?"</a>. <i>The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post+%26%23124%3B+JPost.com&rft.atitle=Conversion+in+Israel%3A+Where+are+we+heading%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fmagazine%2Fconversion-in-israel-where-are-we-heading-513873&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Orthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Orthodox_Judaism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Etengoff, C. (2011). "An Exploration of religious gender differences amongst Jewish-American emerging adults of different socio-religious subgroups". <i>Archive for the Psychology of Religion</i>, 33, 371–391.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Heilman" title="Samuel Heilman">Heilman, Samuel C.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Steven_M._Cohen" title="Steven M. Cohen">Cohen, Steven M.</a> (1989). <i>Cosmopolitans and Parochials: Modern Orthodox Jews in America</i>. Chicago, Il: University of Chicago Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226324966" title="Special:BookSources/0226324966">0226324966</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoloveitchik2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Haym_Soloveitchik" title="Haym Soloveitchik">Soloveitchik, Haym</a> (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cG9vEAAAQBAJ"><i>Rupture and Reconstruction: The Transformation of Modern Orthodoxy</i></a>. London; Liverpool: Littman Library of Jewish Civilization; Liverpool University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906764-38-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906764-38-8"><bdi>978-1-906764-38-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rupture+and+Reconstruction%3A+The+Transformation+of+Modern+Orthodoxy&rft.place=London%3B+Liverpool&rft.pub=Littman+Library+of+Jewish+Civilization%3B+Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-906764-38-8&rft.aulast=Soloveitchik&rft.aufirst=Haym&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcG9vEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModern+Orthodox+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Orthodox_Judaism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishbookcouncil.org/book/modern-orthodox-judaism-a-documentary-history">Jewish Book Council: Modern Orthodox Judaism – A Documentary History</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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id="Articles_and_topics_related_to_Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles and topics related to Modern Orthodox Judaism</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jews_and_Judaism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Template:Jews and Judaism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Template talk:Jews and Judaism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jews and Judaism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jews_and_Judaism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">Outline of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Jewish_history-related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of Jewish history-related articles">Index of Jewish history-related articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Judaism" title="Origins of Judaism">Origins of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel and Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogal_Judaism" title="Synagogal Judaism">Synagogal Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country" title="Jewish population by country">Population</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_assimilation" title="Jewish assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Atheists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews" title="Lists of Jews">Lists of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta_Christianity" title="Xueta Christianity">Xueta Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism,_race_and_genetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionism, race and genetics">Zionism, race and genetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groups_claiming_affiliation_with_Israelites" title="Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites">Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Diaspora" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner-Jews" title="Afrikaner-Jews">Afrikaner-Jode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuts" title="Chuts">Chuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galitzianers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvaks" title="Litvaks">Lita'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberlander_Jews" title="Oberlander Jews">Oberlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Udmurtia_and_Tatarstan" title="History of the Jews in Udmurtia and Tatarstan">Udmurt and Tatar Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unterlander_Jews" title="Unterlander Jews">Unterlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekke" title="Yekke">Yekkes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Abraham" title="Beta Abraham">Beta Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falash_Mura" title="Falash Mura">Falash Mura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desi_Jews" title="Desi Jews">Desi Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Kochinim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzínim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinopolitan_Karaites" title="Constantinopolitan Karaites">Constantinopolitan Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdish Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Jews" title="Maghrebi Jews">Maghrebi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Alexandria" title="History of the Jews in Alexandria">Alexandrian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Jews" title="Baghdadi Jews">Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egyptian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Mountain Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Jews" title="Palestinian Jews">Palestinian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Persian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfalim" title="Urfalim">Urfalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adeni_Jews" title="Adeni Jews">Adeni Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habbani_Jews" title="Habbani Jews">Ḥabbanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hadramaut" title="History of the Jews in Hadramaut">Hadhrami Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saada" title="History of the Jews in Saada">Saada Jews</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musta%27arabi_Jews" title="Musta'arabi Jews">Mustaʿravim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Jewish tribes of Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Eastern Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Livorno" title="History of the Jews in Livorno">Livornese Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_African_Sephardim" title="North African Sephardim">North African Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradesi_Jews" title="Paradesi Jews">Paradesi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meshuchrarim" title="Meshuchrarim">Meshuchrarim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Sephardic Bnei Anusim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xuetes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_diaspora_languages" title="List of Jewish diaspora languages">Diasporic</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language#List_of_signed_languages" title="Manually coded language">Signed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Catalanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Amazigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">Judeo-Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Yahudic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Judeo-Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judaeo-Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum_(Aramaic_dialects)" title="Targum (Aramaic dialects)">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Barzani" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Barzani">Barzani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Betanure" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Betanure">Betanure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Trans-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Hulaulá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Zakho" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Zakho">Lishana Deni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Urmia" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Urmia">Lishán Didán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Lishanid Noshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic">Talmudic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Palestinian Aramaic">Palestinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galilean_dialect" title="Galilean dialect">Galilean</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Aragonese" title="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judeo-Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_English_varieties" title="Jewish English varieties">Jewish English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinglish" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinglish">Yinglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heblish" class="mw-redirect" title="Heblish">Heblish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Judaeo-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judaeo-Piedmontese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Latin" title="Judeo-Latin">Judeo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Marathi" title="Judeo-Marathi">Judeo-Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Judaeo-Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Persian" title="Judeo-Persian">Judeo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukhori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Borujerdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Borujerdi">Judeo-Borujerdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Golpaygani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Golpaygani">Judeo-Golpaygani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Hamedani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Hamedani">Judeo-Hamedani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Shirazi" title="Judeo-Shirazi">Judeo-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Juhuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judaeo-Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Urdu" title="Judeo-Urdu">Judeo-Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayla_dialect" title="Kayla dialect">Kayliñña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Kivruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Koiné Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotegorisch" title="Lotegorisch">Lotegorisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qwara_dialect" title="Qwara dialect">Qwareña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Shassagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Shuadit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects" title="Yiddish dialects">dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Yiddish">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galitzish" class="mw-redirect" title="Galitzish">Galitzish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Yiddish">Litvish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poylish" class="mw-redirect" title="Poylish">Poylish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klezmer-loshn" title="Klezmer-loshn">Klezmer-loshn</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Yiddish">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Alsatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Alsatian">Judeo-Alsatian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots-Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots-Yiddish">Scots-Yiddish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Beliefs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_authority" title="Rabbinic authority">Rabbinic authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Chosen people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Eschatology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_in_Judaism" title="Holiness in Judaism">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Names of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sefirot" title="Sefirot">Sefirot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches of Judaism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Religious movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvishe" class="mw-redirect" title="Litvishe">Litvaks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Hasidism" title="Neo-Hasidism">Neo-Hasidism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolog_Judaism" title="Neolog Judaism">Neolog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationships_between_Jewish_religious_movements" title="Relationships between Jewish religious movements">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Sifrei Kodesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a>/Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_texts_of_Kabbalah" title="Primary texts of Kabbalah">Kabbalah texts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hekhalot_literature" title="Hekhalot literature">Hekhalot literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_Rimonim" title="Pardes Rimonim">Pardes Rimonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_HaBahir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer HaBahir">Sefer HaBahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etz_Chaim_(book)" title="Etz Chaim (book)">Sefer HaEtz Chaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Raziel_HaMalakh" title="Sefer Raziel HaMalakh">Sefer Raziel HaMalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Yetzirah" title="Sefer Yetzirah">Sefer Yetzirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_astrology" title="Jewish astrology">Astrology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_astrology" title="Jewish views on astrology">perspectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monen" title="Monen">Monen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_astronomy" title="Hebrew astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_education" title="Jewish education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Leadership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">Rebbe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Divorce in Judaism">Divorce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_mythology" title="Jewish mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_name" title="Jewish name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazzan" title="Hazzan">Hazzan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_symbolism" title="Jewish symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_studies" title="Jewish studies">Studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Jewish_History" title="Center for Jewish History">Center for Jewish History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Historical_Society" title="American Jewish Historical Society">American Jewish Historical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sephardi_Federation" title="American Sephardi Federation">American Sephardi Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Baeck_Institute_New_York" title="Leo Baeck Institute New York">Leo Baeck Institute New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_University_Museum" title="Yeshiva University Museum">Yeshiva University Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YIVO" title="YIVO">YIVO Institute for Jewish Research</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_of_Contemporary_Jewish_Documentation" title="Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation">Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic studies on Jews">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jew_(word)" title="Jew (word)">Jew (word)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">National Library of Israel</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_YIVO_Encyclopedia_of_Jews_in_Eastern_Europe" title="The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe">YIVO Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Holocaust" title="Encyclopedia of the Holocaust">Encyclopedia of the Holocaust</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust Encyclopedia">Holocaust Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_other_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Anabaptist–Jewish relations">Anabaptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Mormonism" title="Judaism and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_and_Judaism" title="Protestantism and Judaism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Halloween" title="Jews and Halloween">Jews and Halloween</a></li></ul></li> <li>non-Christian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism and Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Hinduism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Category:Jews and Judaism">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/14px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/21px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/28px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></b></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religious_Zionism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religious_Zionism" title="Template:Religious Zionism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religious_Zionism" title="Template talk:Religious Zionism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religious_Zionism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religious Zionism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religious_Zionism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Ideas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Kibbutz_Movement" title="Religious Kibbutz Movement">Religious Kibbutz Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torat_Eretz_Yisrael" title="Torat Eretz Yisrael">Torat Eretz Yisrael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardal" title="Hardal">Hardal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Oaths" title="Three Oaths">Three Oaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Temple" title="Third Temple">Third Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Judea" title="State of Judea">State of Judea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Home" title="The Jewish Home">The Jewish Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionist_Party" title="Religious Zionist Party">Tkuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_(political_party)" title="Noam (political party)">Noam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otzma_Yehudit" title="Otzma Yehudit">Otzma Yehudit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meimad" title="Meimad">Meimad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrachi_(political_party)" title="Mizrachi (political party)">Mizrahi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Religious_Party" title="National Religious Party">National Religious Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapoel_HaMizrachi" title="Hapoel HaMizrachi">Hapoel HaMizrachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahi_(political_party)" title="Ahi (political party)">Ahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kach_(political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kach (political party)">Kach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arutz_Sheva" title="Arutz Sheva">Arutz Sheva</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/B%27Sheva" title="B'Sheva">B'Sheva</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_14_(Israel)" title="Channel 14 (Israel)">Channel 14</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/HaTzofe" title="HaTzofe">HaTzofe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iton_Meyuhad" title="Iton Meyuhad">Iton Meyuhad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Makor_Rishon" title="Makor Rishon">Makor Rishon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tehumin" title="Tehumin">Tehumin</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMIT" title="AMIT">AMIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bnei_Akiva" title="Bnei Akiva">Bnei Akiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar-Ilan_University" title="Bar-Ilan University">Bar-Ilan University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesder" title="Hesder">Hesder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migdal_Oz_(seminary)" title="Migdal Oz (seminary)">Migdal Oz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavneh_Olami" title="Yavneh Olami">Yavneh Olami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_University" title="Yeshiva University">Yeshiva University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religious_Zionist_yeshivot" title="Category:Religious Zionist yeshivot">Yeshivot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mizrachi_(religious_Zionism)" title="Mizrachi (religious Zionism)">Mizrachi movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionists_of_America" title="Religious Zionists of America">Religious Zionists of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzohar_(organization)" title="Tzohar (organization)">Tzohar Rabbinical Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zomet_Institute" title="Zomet Institute">Zomet Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gush_Emunim" title="Gush Emunim">Gush Emunim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religious_Kibbutz_Movement" title="Category:Religious Kibbutz Movement">Kibbutzim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hilltop_Youth" title="Hilltop Youth">Hilltop Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="15px_Orthodox_Judaism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orthodox_Judaism" title="Template:Orthodox Judaism"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orthodox_Judaism" title="Template talk:Orthodox Judaism"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orthodox_Judaism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orthodox Judaism"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="15px_Orthodox_Judaism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Star_of_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/15px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/23px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/30px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></a></span>  <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Orthodox Judaism</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Orthodox_Jews" title="Category:Orthodox Jews">Orthodox Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Orthodox_rabbis" title="Category:Orthodox rabbis">Rabbis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hasidic_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hasidic dynasties">Hasidic dynasties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah_study" title="Torah study">Torah study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiur" title="Shiur">Shiur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavrusa" title="Chavrusa">Chavrusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavurah" title="Chavurah">Chavurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">Yeshiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesivta" title="Mesivta">Mesivta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bais_Yaakov" title="Bais Yaakov">Bais Yaakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollel" title="Kollel">Kollel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah_Umesorah_%E2%80%93_National_Society_for_Hebrew_Day_Schools" title="Torah Umesorah – National Society for Hebrew Day Schools">Torah Umesorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinuch_Atzmai" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinuch Atzmai">Chinuch Atzmai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism_outreach" title="Orthodox Judaism outreach">Orthodox Jewish outreach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shas" title="Shas">Shas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Torah_Judaism" title="United Torah Judaism">United Torah Judaism (UTJ)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agudat_Yisrael" title="Agudat Yisrael">Agudat Yisrael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degel_HaTorah" title="Degel HaTorah">Degel HaTorah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Israel)" title="National Union (Israel)">National Union (NU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Home" title="The Jewish Home">The Jewish Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_(political_party)" title="Noam (political party)">Noam (political party)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Faction" title="Jerusalem Faction">Jerusalem Faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikrikim" title="Sikrikim">Sikrikim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">Rabbinates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Rabbinate_of_Israel" title="Chief Rabbinate of Israel">Rabbanut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edah_HaChareidis" title="Edah HaChareidis">Edah HaChareidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Rabbinical_Congress" title="Central Rabbinical Congress">Central Rabbinical Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iggud_HaRabbonim" class="mw-redirect" title="Iggud HaRabbonim">Iggud HaRabbonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moetzes_Gedolei_HaTorah" title="Moetzes Gedolei HaTorah">Moetzes Gedolei HaTorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moetzet_Chachmei_HaTorah" title="Moetzet Chachmei HaTorah">Moetzet Chachmei HaTorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_Council_of_America" title="Rabbinical Council of America">Rabbinical Council of America (RCA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Orthodox_Rabbis" title="Union of Orthodox Rabbis">Agudas HaRabbonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Synagogue" title="United Synagogue">United Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Orthodox_Hebrew_Congregations" title="Union of Orthodox Hebrew Congregations">Union of Orthodox Hebrew Congregations (UOHC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Rabbinic_Fellowship" title="International Rabbinic Fellowship">International Rabbinic Fellowship (IRF)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agudath_Israel_of_America" title="Agudath Israel of America">Agudath Israel of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirshu" title="Dirshu">Dirshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrachi_(religious_Zionism)" title="Mizrachi (religious Zionism)">Mizrachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Union" title="Orthodox Union">Orthodox Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel" title="World Agudath Israel">World Agudath Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Young_Israel" title="National Council of Young Israel">Young Israel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">Laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah_Berurah" title="Mishnah Berurah">Mishnah Berurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_responsa_in_Judaism" title="History of responsa in Judaism">Responsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">Philosophies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah_Judaism" title="Torah Judaism">Torah Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_philosophy" title="Hasidic philosophy">Hasidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah_im_Derech_Eretz" title="Torah im Derech Eretz">Torah im Derech Eretz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah_Umadda" title="Torah Umadda">Torah Umadda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_authority" title="Rabbinic authority">Rabbinic authority / Da'as Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_Orthodox_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism and Orthodox Judaism">Anarchism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" 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