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If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.</li> <li>You <b>must</b> provide <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia">copyright attribution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_summary" title="Help:Edit summary">edit summary</a> accompanying your translation by providing an <a href="/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">interlanguage link</a> to the source of your translation. 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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Fritz Wolffheim</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Friedrich_Wolffheim_-_Friedrich-Ebert-Damm_49_(Hamburg-Wandsbek).Stolperstein.nnw.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Friedrich_Wolffheim_-_Friedrich-Ebert-Damm_49_%28Hamburg-Wandsbek%29.Stolperstein.nnw.jpg/220px-Friedrich_Wolffheim_-_Friedrich-Ebert-Damm_49_%28Hamburg-Wandsbek%29.Stolperstein.nnw.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Friedrich_Wolffheim_-_Friedrich-Ebert-Damm_49_%28Hamburg-Wandsbek%29.Stolperstein.nnw.jpg/330px-Friedrich_Wolffheim_-_Friedrich-Ebert-Damm_49_%28Hamburg-Wandsbek%29.Stolperstein.nnw.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Friedrich_Wolffheim_-_Friedrich-Ebert-Damm_49_%28Hamburg-Wandsbek%29.Stolperstein.nnw.jpg/440px-Friedrich_Wolffheim_-_Friedrich-Ebert-Damm_49_%28Hamburg-Wandsbek%29.Stolperstein.nnw.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Friedrich Wilhelm Wolffheim</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1888-10-30</span>)</span>30 October 1888<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">17 March 1942<span style="display:none">(1942-03-17)</span> (aged 53)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck_concentration_camp" title="Ravensbrück concentration camp">Ravensbrück concentration camp</a>, <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCrstenberg/Havel" title="Fürstenberg/Havel">Fürstenberg/Havel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">Accountant</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Politician</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party of America</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">Communist Party of Germany</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Communist_Workers_Party_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Workers Party of Germany">Communist Workers Party of Germany</a><br /> <i>Gruppe Sozialrevolutionärer Nationalisten</i></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Fritz Wolffheim</b> (30 October 1888 – 17 March 1942) was a German Jewish <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist</a> politician and writer. He was a leading figure in the <a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">National Bolshevism</a> tendency that was briefly influential in Germany after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Wolffheim&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wolffheim, who came from a leading <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> family, trained as an accountant and first became active in politics in 1909 when he joined the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Weber_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weber-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1910 to 1913 he lived in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> where he was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party of America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Weber_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weber-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> he also became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a>, editing a paper for them.<sup id="cite_ref-Gerber_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerber-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also served as secretary of the movement in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, working alongside <a href="/wiki/Lala_Hardayal" class="mw-redirect" title="Lala Hardayal">Lala Hardayal</a> in this capacity.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Whilst involved with IWW Wolffheim became convinced of the need for a united revolutionary organisation instead of the distinct party and <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade union</a> model and would later use his theories in Germany where <a href="/wiki/Anton_Pannekoek" title="Anton Pannekoek">Anton Pannekoek</a> adopted them enthusiastically.<sup id="cite_ref-Gerber_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerber-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After arriving in <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> in 1913 Wolffheim won support for his ideas amongst the local party to the point where in early 1919 the Hamburg KPD declared that it was incompatible to be a member of both the Party and a traditional trade union.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_Bolshevism">National Bolshevism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Wolffheim&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: National Bolshevism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within the Hamburg party a power base had been built up by <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Laufenberg" title="Heinrich Laufenberg">Heinrich Laufenberg</a> with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Lindau_(KPD)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudolf Lindau (KPD) (page does not exist)">Rudolf Lindau</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_D%C3%BCwell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Düwell (page does not exist)">Wilhelm Düwell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Fr%C3%B6lich" title="Paul Frölich">Paul Frölich</a> amongst his closest lieutenants. Wolffheim became associated with this tendency and before long became Laufenberg's closest collaborator.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As leaders of the KPD in Hamburg the duo strongly attacked <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a> in Germany, publishing a joint pamphlet in 1915 in which both expansionism and the support that they felt was being given to it by the SPD were attacked.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer92_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer92-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1919 Wolffheim and Laufenberg brought their ideas, which were already known as "national Bolshevism" by that point, to Karl Radek arguing that they should unite behind a <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">dictatorship of the proletariat</a> which would harness German <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> in order to renew war on the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a> in an alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer92_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer92-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The policy emphasised a co-operative struggle for national liberation at the expense of <a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">class war</a> and thus broke from Marxist orthodoxy.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wolffheim even suggested that in order to bring about the desired revolution the <a href="/wiki/Far_left" class="mw-redirect" title="Far left">far left</a> combat units could be fused with elements of the <a href="/wiki/Far_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Far right">far right</a> <a href="/wiki/Freikorps" title="Freikorps">Freikorps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea was rejected as nonsense by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a><sup id="cite_ref-Lenin_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lenin-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whilst Radek also criticised the plan strongly.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before long Wolffheim was expelled from the KPD along with Laufenberg after the pair had tried to wrest control from <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Pieck" title="Wilhelm Pieck">Wilhelm Pieck</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Along with Laufenberg and <a href="/wiki/Jan_Appel" title="Jan Appel">Jan Appel</a>, Wolffheim attended the <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a> conference that saw the birth of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Workers_Party_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Workers Party of Germany">Communist Workers Party of Germany</a> (KAPD) and was a founder member of this group.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1920 however he had been expelled from the party, with his national Bolshevism the official reason for his departure.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individually Wolffheim was close to the rightist General <a href="/wiki/Paul_Emil_von_Lettow-Vorbeck" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck">Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck</a> whilst along with Laufenberg he had met with <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Graf_zu_Reventlow" title="Ernst Graf zu Reventlow">Ernst Graf zu Reventlow</a> immediately prior to the <a href="/wiki/Kapp_Putsch" title="Kapp Putsch">Kapp Putsch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_years">Later years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Wolffheim&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Later years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following his expulsion from the KAPD Wolffheim became a member of the League for the Study of German Communism, a pro-nationalist group that included representatives of business and army officers amongst its membership. Wolffheim's membership of this group brought him into contact with elements on the fringes of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However his involvement with <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> was never more than perfunctory (probably due to his Jewishness) and he instead became associated with the <i>Gruppe Sozialrevolutionärer Nationalisten</i>, a national revolutionary group founded by the journalist <a href="/wiki/Karl_Otto_Paetel" title="Karl Otto Paetel">Karl Otto Paetel</a> in 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-Weber_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weber-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arrested by the Nazis in 1936, he died in the <a href="/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck_concentration_camp" title="Ravensbrück concentration camp">Ravensbrück concentration camp</a> in 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-Weber_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weber-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Written_works">Written works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Wolffheim&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Written works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He wrote several texts with Laufenburg: </p> <ul><li><i>Democracy and Organisation</i> (1915)</li> <li><i>First Address to the German Proletariat</i> (1919)</li> <li><i>May Appeal to Proletarians</i> (1920)</li> <li><i>Communism Against Spartakism</i> (1920)</li> <li><i>Moscow and German Revolution</i> (1920)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Wolffheim&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Weber-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weber_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weber_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weber_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weber_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hermann Weber & Andreas Herbst, <i>Deutsche Kommunisten. Biographisches Handbuch 1918 bis 1945</i>, Karl Dietz Verlag, 2004, pp. 882–883</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gerber-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gerber_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gerber_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">John Paul Gerber, <i>Anton Pannekoek and the socialism of workers' self-emancipation, 1873–1960</i>, Springer, 1989, p. 120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Brou%C3%A9" title="Pierre Broué">Pierre Broué</a>, Ian Birchall, Eric D. Weitz, John Archer, <i>The German Revolution, 1917–1923</i>, Haymarket Books, 2006, pp. 314–315</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Broué, Birchall, Weitz, Archer, <i>The German Revolution, 1917–1923</i>, p. 66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer92-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer92_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer92_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruth Fischer, John C. Leggett, <i>Stalin and German Communism: A Study in the Origins of the State Party</i>, Transaction Publishers, 2006, p. 92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chris Harman, <i>The Lost Revolution: Germany 1918–1923</i>, Haymarket Books, 2008, p. 192</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph Nyomarkay, <i>Charisma and Factionalism in the Nazi Party</i>, U of Minnesota Press, 1967, p. 96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lenin-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lenin_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1920/lwc/ch05.htm#f2">Left-Wing Communism: an Infantile Disorder</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harman, <i>The Lost Revolution</i>, p. 251</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fischer & Leggett, <i>Stalin and German Communism</i>, p. 96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harman, <i>The Lost Revolution</i>, p. 193</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harman, <i>The Lost Revolution</i>, p. 313</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Broué, Birchall, Weitz, Archer, <i>The German Revolution, 1917–1923</i>, p. 418</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Broué, Birchall, Weitz, Archer, <i>The German Revolution, 1917–1923</i>, p. 556</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Wolffheim&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/wolffheim/">Fritz Wolffheim in the Marxists Internet Archive</a> (includes merely his 1919 pamphlet <i>Factory Organizations or Trade Unions?</i>)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q90289#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q90289#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/112906486">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2005079748">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=uk2013756104&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p190001429">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007282037105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div 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