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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Founding Conference, 4–5 April, 1920 Berlin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding_Conference,_4–5_April,_1920_Berlin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Ordinary_Party_Congress,_1–4_August_1920" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Ordinary_Party_Congress,_1–4_August_1920"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>First Ordinary Party Congress, 1–4 August 1920</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Ordinary_Party_Congress,_1–4_August_1920-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Affiliated_unionen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Affiliated_unionen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Affiliated <i>unionen</i></span> </div> </a> <ul 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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_the_(Italian)_Communist_Left"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Relations with the (Italian) Communist Left</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_the_(Italian)_Communist_Left-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newspapers_and_journals_related_to_the_KAPD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newspapers_and_journals_related_to_the_KAPD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Newspapers and journals related to the KAPD</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newspapers_and_journals_related_to_the_KAPD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prominent_members_of_the_KAPD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prominent_members_of_the_KAPD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Prominent members of the KAPD</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prominent_members_of_the_KAPD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommunistische_Arbeiterpartei_Deutschlands" title="Kommunistische Arbeiterpartei Deutschlands – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kommunistische Arbeiterpartei Deutschlands" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Comunista_Obrero_de_Alemania" title="Partido Comunista Obrero de Alemania – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Partido Comunista Obrero de Alemania" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_communiste_ouvrier_d%27Allemagne" title="Parti communiste ouvrier d'Allemagne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parti communiste ouvrier d'Allemagne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%85%EC%9D%BC%EA%B3%B5%EC%82%B0%EB%85%B8%EB%8F%99%EC%9E%90%EB%8B%B9" title="독일공산노동자당 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="독일공산노동자당" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partito_Comunista_Operaio_di_Germania" title="Partito Comunista Operaio di Germania – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Partito Comunista Operaio di Germania" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a 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hreflang="pt" data-title="Partido Comunista Operário da Alemanha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Коммунистическая рабочая партия Германии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Коммунистическая рабочая партия Германии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partia_e_Pun%C3%ABtor%C3%ABve_Komuniste_t%C3%AB_Gjermanis%C3%AB" title="Partia e Punëtorëve Komuniste të 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">Communist Party of Germany</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Political party in Germany</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid red; border-bottom:2px solid red; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">Communist Workers' Party of Germany</div> <div style="font-size: 0.8em; padding-top:0.3em;" class="nickname">Kommunistische Arbeiterpartei Deutschlands (KAPD)</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="padding-top:.4em;padding-bottom:.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Socialist_red_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/180px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/270px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/360px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">April 1920<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1920-04</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">March 1933<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">1933-03</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Split from</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">Communist Party of Germany</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Merged into</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Workers_Union_of_Germany" title="Communist Workers Union of Germany">Communist Workers Union of Germany</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Newspaper</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i>Kommunistische Arbeiter-Zeitung</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Membership <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(1921)</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">43,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">Left communism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary socialism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">Council communism</a><br /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Far-left" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-left">Far-left</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">International affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Workers%27_International" title="Communist Workers' International">Communist Workers' International</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Colours</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">Red</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.2em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Left_communism" title="Category:Left communism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="line-height:1.0em;font-size:175%;"><a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">Left communism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liste_1924_-_19.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Liste_1924_-_19.svg/160px-Liste_1924_-_19.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Liste_1924_-_19.svg/240px-Liste_1924_-_19.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Liste_1924_-_19.svg/320px-Liste_1924_-_19.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Leninism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Leninism">Anti-Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_left" title="Anti-Stalinist left">Anti-Stalinist left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">Class consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">Mass strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_centralism" title="Organic centralism">Organic centralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">World revolution</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bordigism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bordigism">Bordigism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_communism_in_China" title="Left communism in China">In China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communization" title="Communization">Communization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">Council communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Appel" title="Jan Appel">Jan Appel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Bordiga" title="Amadeo Bordiga">Amadeo Bordiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrigo_Cervetto" title="Arrigo Cervetto">Arrigo Cervetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Chirik" title="Marc Chirik">Marc Chirik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onorato_Damen" title="Onorato Damen">Onorato Damen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Fortichiari" title="Bruno Fortichiari">Bruno Fortichiari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Gorter" title="Herman Gorter">Herman Gorter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Mattick" title="Paul Mattick">Paul Mattick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandizo_Munis" title="Grandizo Munis">Grandizo Munis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavril_Myasnikov" title="Gavril Myasnikov">Gavril Myasnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Sylvia Pankhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Antonie Pannekoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Parodi" title="Lorenzo Parodi">Lorenzo Parodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_R%C3%BChle" title="Otto Rühle">Otto Rühle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Schr%C3%B6der_(German_politician)" title="Karl Schröder (German politician)">Karl Schröder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julien_Coupat" title="Julien Coupat">Julien Coupat</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><div class="plainlist"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_parties#Left_communist_organizations_by_country" title="List of communist parties">Extant</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lotta_Comunista" title="Lotta Comunista">Communist Struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Workers%27_Organisation_(UK)" title="Communist Workers' Organisation (UK)">Communist Workers' Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Communist_Current" title="International Communist Current">International Communist Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Communist_Party" title="International Communist Party">International Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalist_Communist_Party_(Italy)" title="Internationalist Communist Party (Italy)">Internationalist Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Invisible_Committee" title="The Invisible Committee">The Invisible Committee</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Parliamentary_Communist_Federation" title="Anti-Parliamentary Communist Federation">Anti-Parliamentary Communist Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Bulletin_Group" title="Communist Bulletin Group">Communist Bulletin Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_League_(UK,_1919)" title="Communist League (UK, 1919)">Communist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Workers%27_International" title="Communist Workers' International">Communist Workers' International</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Communist Workers' Party of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vpered" title="Vpered">Forward</a></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Shengwulian" title="Shengwulian">Hunan Provincial Proletarian Revolutionary Great Alliance Committee</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Socialists_of_Germany" title="International Socialists of Germany">International Socialists of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_for_Proletarian_Culture" title="League for Proletarian Culture">League for Proletarian Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_Communists_(Weimar_Republic)" title="Left Communists (Weimar Republic)">Left Communists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_Working_Group" title="Marxist Working Group">Marxist Working Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Socialist_Party_(Netherlands)" title="Revolutionary Socialist Party (Netherlands)">Revolutionary Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Left_communism_sidebar" title="Template:Left communism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Left_communism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Left communism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Left_communism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Left communism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Communist Workers' Party of Germany</b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Kommunistische Arbeiterpartei Deutschlands</i>; KAPD) was an anti-parliamentarian and <a href="/wiki/Left_communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Left communist">left communist</a> party that was active in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>. It was founded in 1920 in <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a> as a split from the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">Communist Party of Germany</a> (KPD).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally the party remained a sympathising member of <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Communist International</a>. In 1922, the KAPD split into two factions, both of whom kept the name, but are referred to as the KAPD Essen Faction and the KAPD Berlin Faction. </p><p>The KAPD Essen Faction was linked to the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Workers_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Workers International">Communist Workers International</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Entschiedene_Linke" title="Entschiedene Linke">Entschiedene Linke</a> joined the KAPD in 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Workers%27_Party_of_Germany&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The roots of the KAPD lie in the left-wing split from the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a> (SPD), calling itself the <a href="/wiki/International_Socialists_of_Germany" title="International Socialists of Germany">International Socialists of Germany</a> (ISD). The ISD consisted of elements which were to the left of the <a href="/wiki/Spartacus_League" title="Spartacus League">Spartacus League</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht">Karl Liebknecht</a>. The Spartacists and the ISD entered the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany">Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany</a> (USPD), the <a href="/wiki/Centrist_Marxism" title="Centrist Marxism">centrist</a> split from SPD, in 1915 as an autonomous tendency within the party. The left-wing of the USPD, consisting of Spartacists and ultra-left council communists went on to form the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">Communist Party of Germany</a> (KPD) in 1918. In 1920, the ultra-lefts of this party, mainly consisting of <a href="/wiki/Council_communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Council communist">council communist</a> members whose origins lay in the ISD, split from it to form the KAPD.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Founding_Conference,_4–5_April,_1920_Berlin"><span id="Founding_Conference.2C_4.E2.80.935_April.2C_1920_Berlin"></span>Founding Conference, 4–5 April, 1920 Berlin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Workers%27_Party_of_Germany&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Founding Conference, 4–5 April, 1920 Berlin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The KAPD was formed on 4 April 1920 by members of the left wing of the KPD who had been excluded at the Heidelberg Party Conference of the KPD (20–23 October 1919) by the central leadership under <a href="/wiki/Paul_Levi" title="Paul Levi">Paul Levi</a>. Their main goal was an immediate abolition of bourgeois democracy and the constitution of a <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">dictatorship of the proletariat</a>, although they decided against a one-party dictatorship in the Russian model. The KAPD especially rejected the Leninist form of organisation along with <a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">democratic centralism</a>, participation in elections, and activism within reformist trade unions, unlike the KPD. The Dutch communist theoreticians <a href="/wiki/Anton_Pannekoek" title="Anton Pannekoek">Anton Pannekoek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herman_Gorter" title="Herman Gorter">Herman Gorter</a> played an important role within the KAPD; they had, on the model of the KAPD, formed the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Workers%27_Party_of_the_Netherlands" title="Communist Workers' Party of the Netherlands">Communist Workers' Party of the Netherlands</a> (KAPN), which however never attained a similar status to that of the KAPD. </p><p>The conference was attended by 11 delegates from Berlin with 24 from further afield, who together represented about 38,000 members.<sup id="cite_ref-KAZ_90_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KAZ_90-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The origins of the KAPD's establishment lay in the <a href="/wiki/Kapp_Putsch" title="Kapp Putsch">Kapp Putsch</a>. In the view of KPD's left wing, this event had shown that the behaviour of the KPD party leadership was synonymous with giving up the revolutionary fight, as the KPD's position on the general strike had changed several times, and in the <a href="/wiki/Bielefeld_Agreement" title="Bielefeld Agreement">Bielefeld Agreement</a> of 24 March 1920 the KPD had consented to the disarmament of the <a href="/wiki/Ruhr_Red_Army" title="Ruhr Red Army">Ruhr Red Army</a>. The Berlin district group on 3 April 1920 called a congress of the left wing. There it was decided to form the KAPD. The delegates, according to estimates, represented 80,000 KPD members. The newly formed party advocated the ending of parliamentary activities, and the active fight against the bourgeois state. In the coming period it worked closely with the <a href="/wiki/General_Workers%27_Union_of_Germany" title="General Workers' Union of Germany">General Workers' Union of Germany</a> (AAUD). The main bastions of the party were in Berlin, Hamburg, Bremen and East Saxony, all places in which a large part of KPD members switched allegiance to the new party. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_Ordinary_Party_Congress,_1–4_August_1920"><span id="First_Ordinary_Party_Congress.2C_1.E2.80.934_August_1920"></span>First Ordinary Party Congress, 1–4 August 1920</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Workers%27_Party_of_Germany&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First Ordinary Party Congress, 1–4 August 1920"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berlin-Mitte_Postkarte_017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Berlin-Mitte_Postkarte_017.jpg/220px-Berlin-Mitte_Postkarte_017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Berlin-Mitte_Postkarte_017.jpg/330px-Berlin-Mitte_Postkarte_017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Berlin-Mitte_Postkarte_017.jpg/440px-Berlin-Mitte_Postkarte_017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2206" data-file-height="1414" /></a><figcaption>The Congress was held in the <i>Zum Prälaten</i> restaurant, <a href="/wiki/Alexanderplatz" title="Alexanderplatz">Alexanderplatz</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Congress was held in the <i>Zum Prälaten</i> restaurant, Berlin. In August 1920, the founding members of the Hamburg branch were expelled, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Laufenberg" title="Heinrich Laufenberg">Heinrich Laufenberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Wolffheim" title="Fritz Wolffheim">Fritz Wolffheim</a>, who had advocated <a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevist" class="mw-redirect" title="National Bolshevist">National Bolshevist</a> ideas. Two months later another founding member, <a href="/wiki/Otto_R%C3%BChle" title="Otto Rühle">Otto Rühle</a>, was expelled. From 1920 to 1921 the KAPD was a coopted member of the <a href="/wiki/Third_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Third International">Third International</a>. </p><p>In 1921 the KAPD cooperated again with the KPD during the <a href="/wiki/March_Action" title="March Action">March Action</a>. This was triggered by Weimar Republic troops marching into the industrial region of Central Germany, and the KAPD and KPD's fear that the military intended to occupy the factories. </p><p>In 1921 a further fragmentation occurred, when parts of the AAUD around Rühle, Franz Pfemfert and Oskar Kanehl broke off from the KAPD and formed the AAUE. </p><p>After 1921, when the KAPD still had over 43,000 members, the party's influence declined more and more, and it separated in 1922 into the Berlin Tendency and the Essen Tendency around <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Schwab" title="Alexander Schwab">Alexander Schwab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Goldstein" title="Arthur Goldstein">Arthur Goldstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Reichenbach" title="Bernhard Reichenbach">Bernhard Reichenbach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Schr%C3%B6der_(KAPD)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Schröder (KAPD)">Karl Schröder</a>. The main reason was the Essen Faction's rejection of participation in workers' struggles in factories, in a situation seen as revolutionary. The Essen Tendency founded the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Workers%27_International" title="Communist Workers' International">Communist Workers' International</a>, but dissolved in 1927. The Berlin Tendency was the larger and more enduring group, surviving until 1933, when it merged into the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Workers_Union_of_Germany" title="Communist Workers Union of Germany">Communist Workers' Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Affiliated_unionen">Affiliated <i>unionen</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Workers%27_Party_of_Germany&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Affiliated unionen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KAP-Plakat_(1919).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/KAP-Plakat_%281919%29.JPG/220px-KAP-Plakat_%281919%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/KAP-Plakat_%281919%29.JPG/330px-KAP-Plakat_%281919%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/KAP-Plakat_%281919%29.JPG/440px-KAP-Plakat_%281919%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2316" data-file-height="1507" /></a><figcaption>Poster issued by the KAPD/AAUD in 1919</figcaption></figure> <p>The AAUD, which was formed as factory organisations in opposition to the traditional trade unions, affiliated with the KAPD. The AAUD was formed by the German leftists who considered organising based on trades as being an outmoded form of organisation and instead advocated organising workers based on factories, thus forming the AAUD. The factory organisations in the AAUD consisted the basis for organising <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_councils" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers' councils">workers' councils</a>. </p><p>A section led by <a href="/wiki/Otto_R%C3%BChle" title="Otto Rühle">Otto Rühle</a>, based in <a href="/wiki/Essen" title="Essen">Essen</a>, split from the AAUD, forming the <a href="/wiki/Allgemeine_Arbeiter-Union_%E2%80%93_Einheitsorganisation" title="Allgemeine Arbeiter-Union – Einheitsorganisation">General Workers' Union of Germany – Unitary Organization</a> (AAUD-E).<sup id="cite_ref-auto_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kommunistische_Arbeiter_Jugend">Kommunistische Arbeiter Jugend</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Workers%27_Party_of_Germany&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Kommunistische Arbeiter Jugend"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The youth wing of the party was the Kommunistische Arbeiter Jugend (KAJ) or Communist Workers Youth. They published a "struggle-organ", <i>Rote Jugend</i>, or Red Youth.<sup id="cite_ref-AAAP_2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAAP_2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relations_with_the_Comintern">Relations with the Comintern</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Workers%27_Party_of_Germany&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Relations with the Comintern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The delegates of the KAPD to the <a href="/wiki/2nd_World_Congress_of_the_Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd World Congress of the Comintern">2nd World Congress of the Comintern</a> were scorned and their speeches were restricted to a mere ten minutes. This was following the publication of Lenin's <i><a href="/wiki/Left_Wing_Communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Left Wing Communism">Left Wing Communism</a></i>, which was written as a critique of the left-wing ideas of the KAPD, among other parties, the KAPN and related leftist parties. <i>Theses on the Role of the Communist Party in the Proletarian Revolution</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> adopted by the 2nd World Congress also explicitly criticize KAPD for their position about the role of the Communist Party. Following the exclusionary attitude shown towards them by the Comintern, the KAPD broke with the International in 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian E.H. Carr has argued that the 2nd World Congress—to some extent unintentionally and unconsciously—was the first to "establish Russian leadership of Comintern on an impregnable basis."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relations_with_the_(Italian)_Communist_Left"><span id="Relations_with_the_.28Italian.29_Communist_Left"></span>Relations with the (Italian) Communist Left</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Workers%27_Party_of_Germany&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Relations with the (Italian) Communist Left"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although German left-communists from KAPD are often understood as same opposition towards the Comintern as Italian Communist Left from then <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Italy">Communist Party of Italy</a>, PCd'I, a tendency also known as Sinistra Comunista, nowadays represented by <a href="/wiki/International_Communist_Party" title="International Communist Party">International Communist Party</a>, between these two <i>lefts</i> were fundamental political divergencies - party role, trade unions, class and party, anti-parliamentarism in principle, - Sinistra held same criticism towards KAPD as the Comintern on 2nd World Congress and these divergencies were not patched<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> up with progressive stalinization of the Comintern. Amadeo Bordiga, leader of Sinistra in that time, who met members of KAPD in person in Berlin on his route to Moscow, was in a later letter to Karl Korsch<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from 1926 even sceptical of possilibity of join activity between the two <i>lefts</i> because of fundamental political divergencies and stated: <i>(...) We agree with Lenin's theses at the 2nd Congress. (...)</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Newspapers_and_journals_related_to_the_KAPD">Newspapers and journals related to the KAPD</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Workers%27_Party_of_Germany&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Newspapers and journals related to the KAPD"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The party published a paper, <i>Kommunistische Arbeiter-Zeitung</i>. It also published a monthly theoretical magazine, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Der_Proletarier_(1920%E2%80%931927)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Der Proletarier (1920–1927) (page does not exist)">Der Proletarier</a></i>, between 1920 and 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prominent_members_of_the_KAPD">Prominent members of the KAPD</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Workers%27_Party_of_Germany&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Prominent members of the KAPD"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Appel" title="Jan Appel">Jan Appel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Dethmann" title="Adolf Dethmann">Adolf Dethmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Goldstein" title="Arthur Goldstein">Arthur Goldstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Gorter" title="Herman Gorter">Herman Gorter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Antonie Pannekoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Jung" title="Franz Jung">Franz Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Korsch" title="Karl Korsch">Karl Korsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Laufenberg" title="Heinrich Laufenberg">Heinrich Laufenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Mattick" title="Paul Mattick">Paul Mattick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Pfemfert" title="Franz Pfemfert">Franz Pfemfert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Reichenbach" title="Bernhard Reichenbach">Bernhard Reichenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_R%C3%BChle" title="Otto Rühle">Otto Rühle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Scharrer" title="Adam Scharrer">Adam Scharrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Schr%C3%B6der_(KAPD)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Schröder (KAPD)">Karl Schröder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Schwarz_(politician)" title="Ernst Schwarz (politician)">Ernst Schwarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Wolffheim" title="Fritz Wolffheim">Fritz Wolffheim</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Workers%27_Party_of_Germany&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">Council communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">Left communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Workers_Party_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Workers Party of Bulgaria">Communist Workers Party of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Workers%27_Party_of_the_Netherlands" title="Communist Workers' Party of the Netherlands">Communist Workers' Party of the Netherlands</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Workers%27_Party_of_Germany&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>La gauche allemande: Textes du KAPD, de L'AAUD, de L'AAUE et de la KAI (1920–1922)</i>, La Vecchia Talpa, <a href="/wiki/Invariance_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Invariance (journal)">Invariance</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Vieille_Taupe" title="La Vieille Taupe">La Vieille Taupe</a>, 1973, p2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.left-dis.nl/d/dhlinke3.pdf">Die Entstehung der GIK, 1927-1933</a>, accessed 13 July 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDauvéAuthier" class="citation web cs1">Dauvé, Gilles; Authier, Denis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/subject/germany-1918-23/dauve-authier/index.htm">"The Communist Left in Germany 1918-1921"</a>. <i>www.marxists.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.marxists.org&rft.atitle=The+Communist+Left+in+Germany+1918-1921&rft.aulast=Dauv%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Gilles&rft.au=Authier%2C+Denis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Fsubject%2Fgermany-1918-23%2Fdauve-authier%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Workers%27+Party+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KAZ_90-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KAZ_90_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aaap.be/Pdf/KAPD-Congresses/KAPD-Congress-0-Transcription.pdf">"BERICHT ÜBER DEN GRÜNDUNGSPARTEITAG DER KAPD AM 4. UND 5. APRIL 1920 IN BERLIN"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. No. 90. Kommunistischen Arbeiterpartei Deutschlands. 23 April 1920.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=BERICHT+%C3%9CBER+DEN+GR%C3%9CNDUNGSPARTEITAG+DER+KAPD+AM+4.+UND+5.+APRIL+1920+IN+BERLIN&rft.issue=90&rft.date=1920-04-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faaap.be%2FPdf%2FKAPD-Congresses%2FKAPD-Congress-0-Transcription.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Workers%27+Party+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philippe Bourrinet, <i>The Dutch and German Communist Left (1900–1968)</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAAP_2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AAAP_2_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aaap.be/Pdf/Rote-Jugend/Rote-Jugend-02-1922-xx.pdf">"Rote Jugend Jahr 2"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Association Archives Antonie Pannekoek<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rote+Jugend+Jahr+2&rft.pub=Association+Archives+Antonie+Pannekoek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaap.be%2FPdf%2FRote-Jugend%2FRote-Jugend-02-1922-xx.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Workers%27+Party+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quinterna.org/lingue/english/historical_en/theses_role_comparty.htm,"><i>Theses on the Role of the Communist Party in the Proletarian Revolution</i>, adopted by the Second Congress of the Communist International, 1920</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/reichenbach/1969/retrospect.htm">Bernhard Reichenbach, <i>The KAPD in Retrospect: An Interview with a Member of the Communist Workers Party of Germany</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carr, <i>A History of Soviet Russia,</i> vol. 3, pg. 197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://pcint.org/40_pdf/18_publication-pdf/EN/Tragedy-w.pdf">http://pcint.org/40_pdf/18_publication-pdf/EN/Tragedy-w.pdf</a>, <i>The Tragedy of the german Proletariat after the First World War</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.quinterna.org/lingue/english/historical_en/letter_to_korsch.htm">http://www.quinterna.org/lingue/english/historical_en/letter_to_korsch.htm</a>, <i>Letter from Amadeo Bordiga to Karl Korsh</i>, 1926</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Riddell2015" class="citation book cs1">John Riddell, ed. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004288034_038"><i>To the Masses. Proceedings of the Third Congress of the Communist International, 1921</i></a>. Vol. 91. Leiden; Boston: Brill. p. 1214. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004288034_038">10.1163/9789004288034_038</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004288034" title="Special:BookSources/9789004288034"><bdi>9789004288034</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+the+Masses.+Proceedings+of+the+Third+Congress+of+the+Communist+International%2C+1921&rft.place=Leiden%3B+Boston&rft.pages=1214&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004288034_038&rft.isbn=9789004288034&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%2F9789004288034_038&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunist+Workers%27+Party+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading 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id="Political_parties_in_Germany_in_the_Weimar_Republic_(1918–1933)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Weimar_political_parties" title="Weimar political parties">Political parties</a> in Germany in the Weimar Republic (1918–1933)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group plain list" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">Communist Party of Germany (KPD)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Communist Workers Party of Germany (KAPD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany_(Opposition)" title="Communist Party of Germany (Opposition)">Communist Party Opposition (KPO)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group plain list" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social Democratic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic Socialist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany">Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Majority Social Democratic Party of Germany">Majority Social Democratic Party of Germany (MSPD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Old Social Democratic Party of Germany">Old Social Democratic Party of Germany (ASPD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers%27_Party_of_Germany" title="Socialist Workers' Party of Germany">Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (SAPD)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group plain list" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Peasants%27_League" title="Bavarian Peasants' League">Bavarian Peasants' League (BB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_League" title="Agricultural League">Agricultural League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein_Farmers_and_Farmworkers_Democracy" title="Schleswig-Holstein Farmers and Farmworkers Democracy">Schleswig-Holstein Farmers and Farmworkers Democracy (SHBLD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian-National_Peasants%27_and_Farmers%27_Party" title="Christian-National Peasants' and Farmers' Party">Christian National Peasants' and Farmers' Party (CNBL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Farmers%27_Party" title="German Farmers' Party">German Farmers' Party (DBP)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group plain list" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political catholicism">Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_People%27s_Party" title="Bavarian People's Party">Bavarian People's Party (BVP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Centre Party (Zentrum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_People%27s_Party_(Germany,_1920)" title="Christian People's Party (Germany, 1920)">Christian People's Party (CVP)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group plain list" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Party" title="German Democratic Party">German Democratic Party (DDP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_People%27s_Party" title="German People's Party">German People's Party (DVP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_State_Party" title="German State Party">German State Party (DStP)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group plain list" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party" title="German National People's Party">German National People's Party (DnVp)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Party_(Germany)" title="Economic Party (Germany)">Economic Party (WP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Justice_Party_(Germany)" title="People's Justice Party (Germany)">People's Justice Party (VRP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_People%27s_Service" title="Christian Social People's Service">Christian Social People's Service (CSVD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_People%27s_Party_(Germany)" title="Conservative People's Party (Germany)">Conservative People's Party (KVP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German-Hanoverian_Party" title="German-Hanoverian Party">German-Hanoverian Party (DHP)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group plain list" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkische</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Workers%27_Party" title="German Workers' Party">German Workers' Party (DAP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Social_Party_(Weimar_Republic)" title="German Social Party (Weimar Republic)">German Social Party (DSP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Socialist_Party" title="German Socialist Party">German Socialist Party (DSP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_German_People%27s_Community" title="Greater German People's Community">Greater German People's Community (GVG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_V%C3%B6lkisch_Freedom_Party" title="German Völkisch Freedom Party">German Völkisch Freedom Party (DVFP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Freedom_Movement" title="National Socialist Freedom Movement">National Socialist Freedom Movement (NSFB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tannenbergbund" title="Tannenbergbund">Tannenberg Union (TB)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Related topics: <a href="/wiki/Weimar_paramilitary_groups" title="Weimar paramilitary groups">Weimar paramilitary groups</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q617603#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q617603#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q617603#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85182019">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11877093n">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11877093n">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Kommunistische Arbeiter-Partei Deutschlands"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=uk2013760590&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007592336205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td 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