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<span>Oligarchs versus commoners in Ancient Greece</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Oligarchs_versus_commoners_in_Ancient_Greece-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Oligarchs versus commoners in Ancient Greece subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Oligarchs_versus_commoners_in_Ancient_Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Thucydides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thucydides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Thucydides</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thucydides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aristotle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aristotle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Aristotle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aristotle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socrates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socrates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Socrates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socrates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plutarch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plutarch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Plutarch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plutarch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patricians_versus_plebeians_in_Ancient_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patricians_versus_plebeians_in_Ancient_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Patricians versus plebeians in Ancient Rome</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Patricians_versus_plebeians_in_Ancient_Rome-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Patricians versus plebeians in Ancient Rome subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Patricians_versus_plebeians_in_Ancient_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Camillus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Camillus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Camillus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Camillus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marius" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marius"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Marius</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marius-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tiberius_Gracchus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tiberius_Gracchus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Tiberius Gracchus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tiberius_Gracchus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Julius_Caesar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Julius_Caesar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Julius Caesar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Julius_Caesar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coriolanus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coriolanus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Coriolanus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coriolanus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landlessness_and_debt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landlessness_and_debt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Landlessness and debt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landlessness_and_debt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enlightenment_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enlightenment_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Enlightenment era</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Enlightenment_era-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Enlightenment era subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Enlightenment_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jean-Jacques_Rousseau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Jean-Jacques Rousseau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jean-Jacques_Rousseau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thomas_Jefferson" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thomas_Jefferson"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Thomas Jefferson</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thomas_Jefferson-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-James_Madison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#James_Madison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>James Madison</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-James_Madison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capitalist_societies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capitalist_societies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Capitalist societies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Capitalist_societies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Capitalist societies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Capitalist_societies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adam_Smith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adam_Smith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Adam Smith</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adam_Smith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inequality_in_the_distribution_of_wealth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inequality_in_the_distribution_of_wealth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Inequality in the distribution of wealth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inequality_in_the_distribution_of_wealth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Violence_against_commoners_by_feudal_lords" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Violence_against_commoners_by_feudal_lords"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Violence against commoners by feudal lords</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Violence_against_commoners_by_feudal_lords-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_of_incomes_into_wages,_profit_and_rent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_of_incomes_into_wages,_profit_and_rent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Distribution of incomes into wages, profit and rent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_of_incomes_into_wages,_profit_and_rent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wage_negotiations_and_trade_unions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wage_negotiations_and_trade_unions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span>Wage negotiations and trade unions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wage_negotiations_and_trade_unions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflict_between_classes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflict_between_classes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.5</span> <span>Conflict between classes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflict_between_classes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Karl_Marx" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karl_Marx"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Karl Marx</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karl_Marx-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-John_Stuart_Mill" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#John_Stuart_Mill"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>John Stuart Mill</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-John_Stuart_Mill-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Max_Weber" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Max_Weber"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Max Weber</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Max_Weber-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Charles_Comte_and_Charles_Dunoyer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charles_Comte_and_Charles_Dunoyer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Charles Comte and Charles Dunoyer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charles_Comte_and_Charles_Dunoyer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_perspectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_perspectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Other perspectives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_perspectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twentieth_and_twenty-first_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twentieth_and_twenty-first_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Twentieth and twenty-first centuries</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Twentieth_and_twenty-first_centuries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Twentieth and twenty-first centuries subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Twentieth_and_twenty-first_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Soviet_Union_and_similar_societies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_Union_and_similar_societies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Soviet Union and similar societies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_Union_and_similar_societies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-financial_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-financial_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Post-financial crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-financial_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arab_Spring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab_Spring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Arab Spring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arab_Spring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_to_race" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_to_race"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Relationship to race</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_to_race-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chronology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chronology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Chronology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chronology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Class conflict</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 68 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-68" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">68 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klassenkampf" title="Klassenkampf – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Klassenkampf" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%82%D9%8A" title="الصراع الطبقي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الصراع الطبقي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llucha_de_clases" title="Llucha de clases – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llucha de clases" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinfi_m%C3%BCbariz%C9%99" title="Sinfi mübarizə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sinfi mübarizə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Класавая барацьба – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Класавая барацьба" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Класова борба – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Класова борба" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emgann_ar_renkado%C3%B9" title="Emgann ar renkadoù – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Emgann ar renkadoù" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lluita_de_classes" title="Lluita de classes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lluita de classes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%C4%95%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%C4%95%D0%B2%C4%95" title="Классен кĕрешĕвĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Классен кĕрешĕвĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%99%C3%ADdn%C3%AD_boj" title="Třídní boj – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Třídní boj" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klassekamp" title="Klassekamp – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Klassekamp" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klassenkampf" title="Klassenkampf – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Klassenkampf" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klassiv%C3%B5itlus" title="Klassivõitlus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Klassivõitlus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B7_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BE%CE%B5%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Πάλη των τάξεων – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πάλη των τάξεων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucha_de_clases" title="Lucha de clases – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lucha de clases" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasbatalo" title="Klasbatalo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Klasbatalo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klase-borroka" title="Klase-borroka – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Klase-borroka" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="تضاد طبقاتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تضاد طبقاتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutte_des_classes" title="Lutte des classes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lutte des classes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loita_de_clases" title="Loita de clases – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Loita de clases" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%84%EA%B8%89%ED%88%AC%EC%9F%81" title="계급투쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="계급투쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Դասակարգային պայքար – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դասակարգային պայքար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7" title="वर्ग संघर्ष – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वर्ग संघर्ष" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasna_borba" title="Klasna borba – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Klasna borba" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perjuangan_kelas" title="Perjuangan kelas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perjuangan kelas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospettiva_del_conflitto" title="Prospettiva del conflitto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Prospettiva del conflitto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA" title="מלחמת מעמדות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמת מעמדות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%98_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="კლასობრივი ბრძოლა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კლასობრივი ბრძოლა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pugna_classium" title="Pugna classium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pugna classium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0%C4%B7iru_c%C4%AB%C5%86a" title="Šķiru cīņa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Šķiru cīņa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasi%C5%B3_kova" title="Klasių kova – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Klasių kova" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oszt%C3%A1lyharc" title="Osztályharc – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Osztályharc" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Класна борба – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Класна борба" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="വർഗ്ഗസമരം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വർഗ്ഗസമരം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perjuangan_kelas" title="Perjuangan kelas – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perjuangan kelas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klassenstrijd" title="Klassenstrijd – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Klassenstrijd" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7" title="वर्ग संघर्ष – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="वर्ग संघर्ष" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A%E9%97%98%E4%BA%89" title="階級闘争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="階級闘争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klassekamp" title="Klassekamp – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Klassekamp" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klassekamp" title="Klassekamp – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Klassekamp" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucha_de_las_classas" title="Lucha de las classas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lucha de las classas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinfiy_kurash" title="Sinfiy kurash – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sinfiy kurash" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%97_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%98%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC" title="ਵਰਗ ਸੰਘਰਸ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਰਗ ਸੰਘਰਸ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A_%D8%B4%D8%AE%DA%93%D9%87" title="طبقاتي شخړه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="طبقاتي شخړه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walka_klas" title="Walka klas – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Walka klas" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luta_de_classes" title="Luta de classes – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Luta de classes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupt%C4%83_de_clas%C4%83" title="Luptă de clasă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Luptă de clasă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Классовая борьба – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Классовая борьба" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B4" title="طبقاتی نظام دی کشمکش – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="طبقاتی نظام دی کشمکش" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufta_e_klasave" title="Lufta e klasave – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lufta e klasave" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_struggle" title="Class struggle – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Class struggle" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A_%DA%AA%D8%B4%D9%85%DA%AA%D8%B4" title="طبقاتي ڪشمڪش – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="طبقاتي ڪشمڪش" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triedny_boj" title="Triedny boj – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Triedny boj" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razredni_boj" title="Razredni boj – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Razredni boj" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8E%DB%8C_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="ململانێی چینایەتی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ململانێی چینایەتی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1" title="Класни сукоб – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Класни сукоб" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasna_borba" title="Klasna borba – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Klasna borba" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luokkataistelu" title="Luokkataistelu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Luokkataistelu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasskamp" title="Klasskamp – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Klasskamp" 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Class_war_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Class war (disambiguation)">Class war (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Class_Struggle_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Class Struggle (disambiguation)">Class Struggle (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Class_conflict&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pyramid_of_Capitalist_System.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Pyramid_of_Capitalist_System.jpg/300px-Pyramid_of_Capitalist_System.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="389" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Pyramid_of_Capitalist_System.jpg/450px-Pyramid_of_Capitalist_System.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Pyramid_of_Capitalist_System.jpg/600px-Pyramid_of_Capitalist_System.jpg 2x" data-file-width="763" data-file-height="990" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Capitalist_System" title="Pyramid of Capitalist System">Pyramid of Capitalist System</a> visualizes and explains class conflict.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Revolutions" title="Category:Revolutions">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Political revolution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Le_28_Juillet._La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="French Revolution"><img alt="French Revolution" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Le_28_Juillet._La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg/250px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Le_28_Juillet._La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Le_28_Juillet._La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg/375px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Le_28_Juillet._La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Le_28_Juillet._La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg/500px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Le_28_Juillet._La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5946" data-file-height="4771" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By class</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_revolution" title="Bourgeois revolution">Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_revolution" title="Communist revolution">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">Counter-revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_revolution" title="Democratic revolution">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">Proletarian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By other characteristic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colour_revolution" title="Colour revolution">Colour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_from_above" title="Revolution from above">From above</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_revolution" title="Nonviolent revolution">Nonviolent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_revolution" title="Passive revolution">Passive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_revolution" title="Permanent revolution">Permanent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_wave" title="Revolutionary wave">Wave</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Methods</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">Boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disorder" title="Civil disorder">Civil disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">Civil war</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contentious_politics" title="Contentious politics">Contentious politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">Coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">Demonstration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_chain_(politics)" title="Human chain (politics)">Human chain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">Insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_mobilization" title="Mass mobilization">Mass mobilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutiny" title="Mutiny">Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">Protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement" title="Resistance movement">Resistance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_resistance" title="Nonviolent resistance">Nonviolent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_resistance" title="Civil resistance">Civil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Disobedience</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riot" title="Riot">Riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samizdat" title="Samizdat">Samizdat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">Tax resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_terror" title="Revolutionary terror">Terror</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Examples</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Revolution" title="English Revolution">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Revolutions" title="Atlantic Revolutions">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brabant_Revolution" title="Brabant Revolution">Brabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge_Revolution" title="Liège Revolution">Liège</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Revolution" title="Serbian Revolution">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1820" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutions of 1820">1820</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1830" title="Revolutions of 1830">1830</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Revolution" title="Belgian Revolution">Belgian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">1848</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Italian_states" title="Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states">Italian states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutions of 1848 in Germany">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eureka_Rebellion" title="Eureka Rebellion">Eureka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_unification" title="Bulgarian unification">Bulgarian unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine</a></li> <li>Iranian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican</a></li> <li>Chinese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">Xinhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1917%E2%80%931923" title="Revolutions of 1917–1923">1917–1923</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_Revolution_of_1932" class="mw-redirect" title="Siamese Revolution of 1932">Siamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Revolution" title="August Revolution">August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Revolution" title="Guatemalan Revolution">Guatemalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian (1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Revolution" title="Rwandan Revolution">Rwandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">1989</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-bureaucratic_revolution" title="Anti-bureaucratic revolution">Yogurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Revolution">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Singing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Revolution" title="Bolivarian Revolution">Bolivarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević">Bulldozer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Revolution" title="Rose Revolution">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Revolution" title="Orange Revolution">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulip_Revolution" title="Tulip Revolution">Tulip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Revolution_of_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz Revolution of 2010">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_revolution" title="Tunisian revolution">Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_revolution_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian revolution of 2011">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_revolution" title="Yemeni revolution">Yemeni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">Euromaidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Arab_Spring" title="Second Arab Spring">Second Arab Spring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_revolution" title="Sudanese revolution">Sudanese</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Revolution_sidebar" title="Template:Revolution sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Revolution_sidebar" title="Template talk:Revolution sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Revolution_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Revolution sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a>, the term <b>class conflict</b>, or <b>class struggle</b>, refers to the economic antagonism and political tension that exist among <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social classes</a> because of clashing interests, competition for limited resources, and inequalities of power in the <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomics">socioeconomic</a> hierarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-Isaac_Harrison_Lipold_Class_Conflict_in_Capitalist_Society_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isaac_Harrison_Lipold_Class_Conflict_in_Capitalist_Society-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its simplest manifestation, class conflict refers to the ongoing battle between <a href="/wiki/Affluence" class="mw-redirect" title="Affluence">rich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the writings of several <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">leftist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">communist</a> theorists, notably those of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>, class struggle is a core tenet and a practical means for effecting radical sociopolitical transformations for the majority <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also a central concept within <a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">conflict theories</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a>. </p><p>Class conflict can reveal itself through: </p> <ul><li>Direct violence, such as assassinations, <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coups</a>, <a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">revolutions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">counterrevolutions</a>, and civil wars for control of government, natural resources, and labor;</li> <li>Indirect violence, such as deaths from poverty, malnutrition, illness, and unsafe workplaces;</li> <li>Economic coercion, such as <a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">boycotts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strikes</a>, the threat of unemployment and <a href="/wiki/Capital_flight" title="Capital flight">capital flight</a>, the withdrawal of <a href="/wiki/Investment" title="Investment">investment capital</a>;</li> <li>Political machinations through lobbying (legal and illegal), bribery of legislators, <a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">voter suppression</a> and <a href="/wiki/Disenfranchisement" class="mw-redirect" title="Disenfranchisement">disenfranchisement</a>;</li> <li>Ideological struggle by way of <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Political_literature" title="Category:Political literature">political literature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Isaac_Harrison_Lipold_Class_Conflict_in_Capitalist_Society_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isaac_Harrison_Lipold_Class_Conflict_in_Capitalist_Society-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In the economic sphere, class conflict is sometimes expressed overtly, such as owner <a href="/wiki/Lockout_(industry)" title="Lockout (industry)">lockouts</a> of their employees in an effort to weaken the <a href="/wiki/Bargaining_power" title="Bargaining power">bargaining power</a> of the employees' <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">union</a>; or covertly, such as a worker <a href="/wiki/Slowdown" title="Slowdown">slowdown</a> of production or the widespread, simultaneous use of sick leave (e.g., "<a href="/wiki/Blue_flu" title="Blue flu">blue flu</a>") to protest <a href="/wiki/Unfair_labor_practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfair labor practices">unfair labor practices</a>, low wages, poor <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_working_time_and_conditions" title="Outline of working time and conditions">work conditions</a>, or a perceived injustice to a fellow worker.<sup id="cite_ref-Parenti_citation_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parenti_citation-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Class_conflict&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_strike_1934.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Battle_strike_1934.jpg/220px-Battle_strike_1934.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Battle_strike_1934.jpg/330px-Battle_strike_1934.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Battle_strike_1934.jpg/440px-Battle_strike_1934.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1386" data-file-height="1106" /></a><figcaption>Truck drivers fight the police in the course of the <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_Teamsters_Strike_of_1934" class="mw-redirect" title="Minneapolis Teamsters Strike of 1934">Minneapolis Teamsters Strike of 1934</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Storming_the_bastille_4_-_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Storming_the_bastille_4_-_2.jpg/220px-Storming_the_bastille_4_-_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Storming_the_bastille_4_-_2.jpg/330px-Storming_the_bastille_4_-_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Storming_the_bastille_4_-_2.jpg/440px-Storming_the_bastille_4_-_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1905" data-file-height="1211" /></a><figcaption>Heads of aristocrats on pikes at the <a href="/wiki/Storming_of_the_Bastille" title="Storming of the Bastille">storming of the Bastille</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Choubapi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Choubapi.jpg/220px-Choubapi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Choubapi.jpg/330px-Choubapi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Choubapi.jpg/440px-Choubapi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="303" /></a><figcaption>Farmer confronting landlord during <a href="/wiki/Land_Reform_Movement_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Land Reform Movement (China)">China's Land Reform Movement</a></figcaption></figure> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Marxists" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxists">Marxists</a> speak of class struggle, they define a class primarily in economic terms, i.e., by its relationship to the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a>. When anarchists like Bakunin speak of class struggle, they have a broader definition of "social class" which encompasses "notions of domination and privilege" in the political and cultural spheres as well as the economic.<sup id="cite_ref-Bakunin_book_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bakunin_book-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bakunin believed the successful struggle of the dominated classes would achieve a revolution to depose the ruling elites and create a stateless or <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">libertarian socialism</a>, and that a prerequisite for successful revolution is class <a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">solidarity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Marx's theory of history">Marx's theory of history</a> asserts that in the history of economic systems such as <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a>, class struggle is "the central fact of social evolution."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, the first sentence of Chapter 1 of the <i><a href="/wiki/Communist_Manifesto" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Manifesto">Communist Manifesto</a></i> reads: "The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marxists view the struggle's resolution in favor of the working class to be inevitable under <a href="/wiki/Plutocratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Plutocratic">plutocratic</a> capitalism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oligarchs_versus_commoners_in_Ancient_Greece">Oligarchs versus commoners in Ancient Greece</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Class_conflict&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Oligarchs versus commoners in Ancient Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Where societies are socially divided based on status, wealth, or control of social production and distribution, class structures arise and are thus coeval with civilization itself. The rise of class structures eventually leads to class conflict. It is a pattern that has repeated since at least European <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a> as illustrated in the <a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_the_Orders" title="Conflict of the Orders">Conflict of the Orders</a> and the slave revolt led by <a href="/wiki/Spartacus" title="Spartacus">Spartacus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thucydides">Thucydides</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Class_conflict&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Thucydides"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War" title="History of the Peloponnesian War"><i>History</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a> describes a civil war in the city of <a href="/wiki/Korkyra_(polis)" title="Korkyra (polis)">Corcyra</a> between the pro-<a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> party of the common people and their pro-<a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Corinth</a> <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">oligarchic</a> opposition. Near the climax of the struggle, "the oligarchs in full rout, fearing that the victorious commons might assault and carry the arsenal and put them to the sword, fired the houses round the market-place and the lodging-houses, in order to bar their advance."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The historian <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> would later recount a similar class conflict in the city of <a href="/wiki/Seleucia" title="Seleucia">Seleucia</a>, in which disharmony between the oligarchs and the commoners would typically lead to each side calling on outside help to defeat the other.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thucydides believed that "as long as poverty gives men the courage of necessity, [...] so long will the impulse never be wanting to drive men into danger."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aristotle">Aristotle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Class_conflict&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aristotle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)"><i>Politics</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> describes the basic dimensions of class conflict: "Again, because the rich are generally few in number, while the poor are many, they appear to be antagonistic, and as the one or the other prevails they form the government.".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aristotle also commented that "poverty is the parent of revolution",<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but did not consider poverty to be the only cause of revolution. In a society where property is distributed equally throughout the community, "the nobles will be dissatisfied, because they think themselves worthy of more than an equal share of honors; and this is often found to be a cause of <a href="/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">sedition</a> and revolution."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, Aristotle said that it was wrong for the poor to seize the wealth of the rich and divide it among themselves, but he said that it is wrong for the rich to impoverish the multitude.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moreover, Aristotle further discussed a middle way, between laxity and cruelty, in the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slaves</a> by their masters, averring that "if not kept in hand, [slaves] are insolent, and think that they are as good as their masters, and, if harshly treated, they hate and conspire against them."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socrates">Socrates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Class_conflict&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Socrates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> was the first <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Greek philosopher</a> to describe class conflict. In the <a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)"><i>Republic</i></a>, by <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, Socrates said that "any city, however small, is in fact divided into two, one the city of the poor, the other [the city] of the rich; these [cities] are at war with one another."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Socrates disapproved of <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">oligarchies</a>, in which members of a small class of wealthy property owners take positions of political power in order to dominate the large social class of impoverished commoners; and used the analogy of a <a href="/wiki/Maritime_pilot" title="Maritime pilot">maritime pilot</a>, who, like the power-holder in a <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">polis</a>, ought to be chosen for political office for his skill, not for the amount of property he owns.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plutarch">Plutarch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Class_conflict&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Plutarch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amphora_olive-gathering_BM_B226.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Amphora_olive-gathering_BM_B226.jpg/170px-Amphora_olive-gathering_BM_B226.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Amphora_olive-gathering_BM_B226.jpg/255px-Amphora_olive-gathering_BM_B226.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Amphora_olive-gathering_BM_B226.jpg/340px-Amphora_olive-gathering_BM_B226.jpg 2x" data-file-width="579" data-file-height="893" /></a><figcaption>This 6th century Athenian black-figure urn, in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, depicts the olive harvest. Many farmers, enslaved for debt, would have worked on large estates for their creditors.</figcaption></figure> <p>The historian <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> recounts how the Greek people participated in the class conflict between the aristocrats and the common folk. Financially oppressed by their indebtedness to the aristocrats, the mass of Athenians chose <a href="/wiki/Solon" title="Solon">Solon</a> to be the lawgiver to lead them to freedom from their creditors.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The philosopher <a href="/wiki/Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegel">Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel</a> said that Solon's constitution of the Athenian <a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(ancient_Greece)" title="Ecclesia (ancient Greece)">popular assembly</a> created a political sphere that balanced the competing socio-economic interests of the social classes of Athens: </p> <ul><li>The wealthy aristocratic party of the plain</li> <li>The poor common party of the mountains</li> <li>The moderate party of the coast<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Participating in a war among the social classes of Ancient Greece was a dangerous political endeavour. In his book <i><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Lives" title="Parallel Lives">Parallel Lives</a></i>, Plutarch wrote of two Spartan kings, <a href="/wiki/Agis_IV" title="Agis IV">Agis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cleomenes_I" title="Cleomenes I">Cleomenes</a>, who "being desirous to raise the people, and to restore the noble and just form of government, now long fallen into disuse, [they] incurred the hatred of the rich and powerful, who could not endure to be deprived of the selfish enjoyment to which they were accustomed."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Patricians_versus_plebeians_in_Ancient_Rome">Patricians versus plebeians in Ancient Rome</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Class_conflict&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Patricians versus plebeians in Ancient Rome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It was similarly difficult for the Romans to maintain peace between the upper class, the <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">patricians</a>, and the lower class, the <a href="/wiki/Plebs" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebs">plebs</a>. French <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a> notes that this conflict intensified after the <a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy" title="Overthrow of the Roman monarchy">overthrow of the Roman monarchy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="The Spirit of Laws">The Spirit of Laws</a></i> he lists the four main grievances of the plebs, which were rectified in the years following the deposition of <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Superbus" title="Lucius Tarquinius Superbus">King Tarquin</a>: </p> <ul><li>The patricians had much too easy access to positions of public service.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman constitution">constitution</a> granted the <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consuls</a> far too much power.</li> <li>The plebs were constantly verbally slighted.</li> <li>The plebs had too little power in their assemblies.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Camillus">Camillus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Class_conflict&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Camillus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Senate had the ability to give a magistrate the power of <a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">dictatorship</a>, meaning he could bypass public law in the pursuit of a prescribed mandate. Montesquieu explains that the purpose of this institution was to tilt the balance of power in favour of the patricians.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in an attempt to resolve a conflict between the patricians and the plebs, the dictator <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Furius_Camillus" title="Marcus Furius Camillus">Camillus</a> used his power of dictatorship to coerce the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a> into giving the plebs the right to choose one of the two consuls.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marius">Marius</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Class_conflict&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Marius"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tacitus believed that the increase in Roman power spurred the patricians to expand their power over more and more cities. This process, he felt, exacerbated pre-existing class tensions with the plebs, and eventually culminated in a civil war between the patrician Sulla and the <a href="/wiki/Populist" class="mw-redirect" title="Populist">populist</a> reformer <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Marius" title="Gaius Marius">Marius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marius had taken the step of enlisting <i><a href="/wiki/Capite_censi" title="Capite censi">capite censi</a></i>, the very lowest class of citizens, into the army, for the first time allowing non-land owners into the <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">legions</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tiberius_Gracchus">Tiberius Gracchus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Class_conflict&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tiberius Gracchus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tiberius_Gracchus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Tiberius_Gracchus.jpg/170px-Tiberius_Gracchus.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Tiberius_Gracchus.jpg/255px-Tiberius_Gracchus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Tiberius_Gracchus.jpg/340px-Tiberius_Gracchus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="381" data-file-height="383" /></a><figcaption>Tiberius Gracchus</figcaption></figure> <p>Of all the notable figures discussed by Plutarch and Tacitus, <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_reform" title="Agrarian reform">agrarian reformer</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Gracchus" title="Tiberius Gracchus">Tiberius Gracchus</a> may have most challenged the upper classes and most championed the cause of the lower classes. In a speech to the common soldiery, he decried their lowly conditions: </p> <blockquote><p>"The savage beasts," said he, "in Italy, have their particular dens, they have their places of repose and refuge; but the men who bear arms, and expose their lives for the safety of their country, enjoy in the meantime nothing more in it but the air and light; and having no houses or settlements of their own, are constrained to wander from place to place with their wives and children."</p></blockquote> <p>Following this observation, he remarked that these men "fought indeed and were slain, but it was to maintain the luxury and the wealth of other men."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> believed that Tiberius Gracchus's reforming efforts saved Rome from tyranny, arguing: </p> <blockquote><p>Tiberius Gracchus (says Cicero) caused the <a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">free-men</a> to be admitted into the <a href="/wiki/Roman_tribe" title="Roman tribe">tribes</a>, not by the force of his eloquence, but by a word, by a gesture; which had he not effected, the republic, whose drooping head we are at present scarce able to uphold, would not even exist.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Tiberius Gracchus weakened the power of the Senate by changing the law so that judges were chosen from the ranks of the <a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">knights</a>, instead of their social superiors in the senatorial class.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Julius_Caesar">Julius Caesar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Class_conflict&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Julius Caesar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Contrary to Shakespeare's depiction of <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> in the tragedy <i><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar_(play)" title="Julius Caesar (play)">Julius Caesar</a></i>, historian <a href="/wiki/Michael_Parenti" title="Michael Parenti">Michael Parenti</a> has argued that Caesar was a populist, not a tyrant. In 2003 <a href="/wiki/The_New_Press" title="The New Press">The New Press</a> published Parenti's <i>The Assassination of Julius Caesar: A People's History of Ancient Rome.</i><sup id="cite_ref-Kirkus_Reviews;_June_1,_2003_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirkus_Reviews;_June_1,_2003-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Publishers Weekly</i> said "Parenti [...] narrates a provocative history of the late republic in Rome (100–33 BC) to demonstrate that Caesar's death was the culmination of growing class conflict, economic disparity and political corruption."<sup id="cite_ref-Publishers_Weekly;_The_Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Publishers_Weekly;_The_Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Kirkus Reviews</i> wrote: "Populist historian Parenti... views ancient Rome's most famous assassination not as a tyrannicide but as a sanguinary scene in the never-ending drama of class warfare."<sup id="cite_ref-Kirkus_Reviews;_June_1,_2003_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirkus_Reviews;_June_1,_2003-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coriolanus">Coriolanus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Class_conflict&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Coriolanus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gavin_Hamilton_-_Coriolanus_Act_V,_Scene_III_edit2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Gavin_Hamilton_-_Coriolanus_Act_V%2C_Scene_III_edit2.jpg/220px-Gavin_Hamilton_-_Coriolanus_Act_V%2C_Scene_III_edit2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Gavin_Hamilton_-_Coriolanus_Act_V%2C_Scene_III_edit2.jpg/330px-Gavin_Hamilton_-_Coriolanus_Act_V%2C_Scene_III_edit2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Gavin_Hamilton_-_Coriolanus_Act_V%2C_Scene_III_edit2.jpg/440px-Gavin_Hamilton_-_Coriolanus_Act_V%2C_Scene_III_edit2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7156" data-file-height="5672" /></a><figcaption><i>Coriolanus</i>, Act V, Scene III. Engraved by James Caldwell from a painting by <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Hamilton_(artist)" title="Gavin Hamilton (artist)">Gavin Hamilton</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The patrician <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Marcius_Coriolanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Marcius Coriolanus">Coriolanus</a>, whose life <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a> would later depict in the tragic play <i><a href="/wiki/Coriolanus" title="Coriolanus">Coriolanus</a></i>, fought on the other side of the class war, for the patricians and against the plebs. When grain arrived to relieve a serious shortage in the city of Rome, the plebs made it known that they felt it ought to be divided amongst them as a gift, but Coriolanus stood up in the Senate against this idea on the grounds that it would empower the plebs at the expense of the patricians.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This decision would eventually contribute to Coriolanus's undoing when he was impeached following a trial by the <a href="/wiki/Tribunes_of_the_plebs" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribunes of the plebs">tribunes of the plebs</a>. Montesquieu recounts how Coriolanus castigated the tribunes for trying a patrician, when in his mind no one but a consul had that right, although a law had been passed stipulating that all appeals affecting the life of a citizen had to be brought before the plebs.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the first scene of Shakespeare's <i>Coriolanus</i>, a crowd of angry plebs gathers in Rome to denounce Coriolanus as the "chief enemy to the people" and "a very dog to the commonalty" while the leader of the mob speaks out against the patricians thusly: </p> <blockquote><p>They ne'er cared for us yet: suffer us to famish, and their store-houses crammed with grain; make edicts for usury, to support usurers; repeal daily any wholesome act established against the rich, and provide more piercing statutes daily, to chain up and restrain the poor. If the wars eat us not up, they will; and there's all the love they bear us.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landlessness_and_debt">Landlessness and debt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Class_conflict&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Landlessness and debt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Secessio_plebis.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Secessio_plebis.JPG/220px-Secessio_plebis.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Secessio_plebis.JPG/330px-Secessio_plebis.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Secessio_plebis.JPG/440px-Secessio_plebis.JPG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="392" /></a><figcaption><i>The Secession of the People to the Mons Sacer</i>, engraving by B. Barloccini, 1849</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>-era historian <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Edward Gibbon</a> might have agreed with this narrative of Roman class conflict. In the third volume of <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_the_Decline_and_Fall_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire">The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</a></i>, he relates the origins of the struggle:</p><blockquote><p>[T]he plebeians of Rome [...] had been oppressed from the earliest times by the weight of debt and usury; and the husbandman, during the term of his military service, was obliged to abandon the cultivation of his farm. The lands of Italy which had been originally divided among the families of free and indigent proprietors, were insensibly purchased or usurped by the avarice of the nobles; and in the age which preceded the fall of the republic, it was computed that only two thousand citizens were possessed of an independent substance.</p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegel">Hegel</a> similarly states that the 'severity of the patricians their creditors, the debts due to whom they had to discharge by slave-work, drove the plebs to revolts.'<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gibbon also explains how <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> facilitated this class conflict by pacifying the plebs with actual <a href="/wiki/Bread_and_circuses" title="Bread and circuses">bread and circuses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The economist <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> noted that the poor freeman's lack of land provided a major impetus for Roman <a href="/wiki/Colonia_(Roman)" title="Colonia (Roman)">colonisation</a>, as a way to relieve class tensions at home between the rich and the landless poor.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegel">Hegel</a> described the same phenomenon happening in the impetus to <a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Greek colonisation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Enlightenment_era">Enlightenment era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Class_conflict&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Enlightenment era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Writing in pre-capitalist Europe, the Swiss <a href="/wiki/Philosophes" title="Philosophes"><i>philosophe</i></a> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist</a> statesman <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> across the Atlantic Ocean made significant remarks on the dynamics of class struggle. Later, <a href="/wiki/German_idealist" class="mw-redirect" title="German idealist">German idealist</a> <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel</a> would also contribute his perspective to the discussion around class conflict between employers and employees. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jean-Jacques_Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Class_conflict&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Jean-Jacques Rousseau"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-Jacques_Rousseau_(painted_portrait).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau_%28painted_portrait%29.jpg/170px-Jean-Jacques_Rousseau_%28painted_portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau_%28painted_portrait%29.jpg/255px-Jean-Jacques_Rousseau_%28painted_portrait%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau_%28painted_portrait%29.jpg/340px-Jean-Jacques_Rousseau_%28painted_portrait%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1448" data-file-height="2016" /></a><figcaption>Rousseau by <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Quentin_de_La_Tour" title="Maurice Quentin de La Tour">Maurice Quentin de La Tour</a>, 1753</figcaption></figure><p> It was with bitter sarcasm that <a href="/wiki/Rousseau" class="mw-redirect" title="Rousseau">Rousseau</a> outlined the class conflict prevailing in his day between masters and their workmen: </p><blockquote><p>You have need of me, because I am rich and you are poor. We will therefore come to an agreement. I will permit you to have the honour of serving me, on condition that you bestow on me the little you have left, in return for the pains I shall take to command you.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Rousseau argued that the most important task of any government is to fight in class warfare on the side of workmen against their masters, who he said engage in exploitation under the pretence of serving society.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, he believed that governments should actively intervene in the economy to abolish poverty and prevent the accrual of too much wealth in the hands of too few men.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thomas_Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Class_conflict&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Thomas Jefferson"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (1743–1826) led the U.S. as president from 1801 to 1809 and is considered one of America's <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a>. Regarding the interaction between social classes, he wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I am convinced that those societies (as the <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Indians</a>) which live without government enjoy in their general mass an infinitely greater degree of happiness than those who live under the European governments. Among the former, public opinion is in the place of law, & restrains morals as powerfully as laws ever did anywhere. Among the latter, under pretence of governing they have divided their nations into two classes, wolves & sheep. I do not exaggerate. This is a true picture of Europe. Cherish therefore the spirit of our people, and keep alive their attention. Do not be too severe upon their errors, but reclaim them by enlightening them. If once they become inattentive to the public affairs, you & I, & Congress & Assemblies, judges & governors shall all become wolves. It seems to be the law of our general nature, in spite of individual exceptions; and experience declares that man is the only animal which devours his own kind, for I can apply no milder term to the governments of Europe, and to the general prey of the rich on the poor.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>, <i>Letter to Edward Carrington – 16 January 1787</i></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="James_Madison">James Madison</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Class_conflict&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: James Madison"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his <a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._10" title="Federalist No. 10">Federalist No. 10</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> revealed an emphatic concern with the conflict between rich and poor, commenting that "the most common and durable source of factions has been the various and unequal distribution of property. Those who hold and those who are without property have ever formed distinct interests in society. Those who are creditors, and those who are debtors, fall under a like discrimination."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He welcomed class-based factions into political life as a necessary result of political liberty, stating that the most important task of government was to manage and adjust for 'the spirit of party'.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel">Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Class_conflict&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> In his <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_Right" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of Right">Philosophy of Right</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegel">Hegel</a> expressed concern that the standard of living of the poor might drop so far as to make it even easier for the rich to amass even more wealth.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hegel believed that, especially in a liberal country such as contemporary England, the poorest will politicise their situation, channelling their frustrations against the rich:</p><blockquote><p>Against nature man can claim no right, but once society is established, poverty immediately takes the form of a wrong done to one class by another.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Capitalist_societies">Capitalist societies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Class_conflict&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Capitalist societies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Class conflict is most commonly described as occurring within capitalist societies. The conflict manifests itself as clashes between the capitalist class and working class, and takes the form of disputes over hours of work, amount paid in wages, division of profits, culture in the workplace, cost of consumer goods, cost of rent, control over <a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">parliament</a> or government <a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucracy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">economic inequality</a>. Even a seemingly benign humanitarian program such as government-provided disaster relief can exacerbate class conflict if the relief is seen as being unequally distributed depending on the recipient's class.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adam_Smith">Adam Smith</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Class_conflict&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Adam Smith"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inequality_in_the_distribution_of_wealth">Inequality in the distribution of wealth</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Class_conflict&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Inequality in the distribution of wealth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Like Rousseau, the <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical liberal">classical liberal</a> <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> believed that the amassing of property in the hands of a minority naturally resulted in a disharmonious state of affairs. He said that "avarice and ambition in the rich, in the poor the hatred of labour and the love of present ease and enjoyment, are the passions which prompt to invade property", requiring a government to protect property rights:</p><blockquote><p>Wherever there is a great property, there is great inequality. For one very rich man, there must be at least five hundred poor, and the affluence of the few supposes the indigence of the many. The affluence of the rich excites the indignation of the poor, who are often both driven by want, and prompted by envy to invade his possessions. It is only under the shelter of the civil magistrate, that the owner of that valuable property, which is acquired by the labour of many years, or perhaps of many successive generations, can sleep a single night in security. He is at all times surrounded by unknown enemies, whom, though he never provoked, he can never appease, and from whose injustice he can be protected only by the powerful arm of the civil magistrate, continually held up to chastise it.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Writing <a href="/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Nations" title="The Wealth of Nations">The Wealth of Nations</a>, Smith's concern was the welfare of the ordinary workers who make up society and provide for it:</p><blockquote><p>No society can surely be flourishing and happy, of which the far greater part of the members are poor and miserable. It is but equity, besides, that they who feed, clothe, and lodge the whole body of the people, should have such a share of the produce of their own labour as to be themselves tolerably well fed, clothed, and lodged.<sup id="cite_ref-gutenberg.org_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gutenberg.org-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Regarding the extravagant consumption of the aristocracy, he remarked that:</p><blockquote><p>All for ourselves, and nothing for other people, seems, in every age of the world, to have been the vile maxim of the masters of mankind.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Violence_against_commoners_by_feudal_lords">Violence against commoners by feudal lords</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Class_conflict&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Violence against commoners by feudal lords"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> In the third book of <a href="/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Nations" title="The Wealth of Nations">The Wealth of Nations</a>, Smith explains that in the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval period">medieval period</a>, after the fall of the Roman Empire, governments were unable to protect commoners, and their property, from the "violence of the great lords"<sup id="cite_ref-:2_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>:</p><blockquote><p>In order to understand this, it must be remembered, that, in those days, the sovereign of perhaps no country in Europe was able to protect, through the whole extent of his dominions, the weaker part of his subjects from the oppression of the great lords. Those whom the law could not protect, and who were not strong enough to defend themselves, were obliged either to have recourse to the protection of some great lord, and in order to obtain it, to become either his slaves or vassals; or to enter into a league of mutual defence for the common protection of one another. The inhabitants of cities and burghs, considered as single individuals, had no power to defend themselves; but by entering into a league of mutual defence with their neighbours, they were capable of making no contemptible resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Residents of the cities were able to establish their freedom and security of property long before those of the country, which enabled a gradual increase in their prosperity:</p><blockquote><p>Order and good government, and along with them the liberty and security of individuals, were in this manner established in cities, at a time when the occupiers of land in the country, were exposed to every sort of violence. But men in this defenceless state naturally content themselves with their necessary subsistence; because, to acquire more, might only tempt the injustice of their oppressors. On the contrary, when they are secure of enjoying the fruits of their industry, they naturally exert it to better their condition, and to acquire not only the necessaries, but the conveniencies and elegancies of life.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Distribution_of_incomes_into_wages,_profit_and_rent"><span id="Distribution_of_incomes_into_wages.2C_profit_and_rent"></span>Distribution of incomes into wages, profit and rent</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Class_conflict&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Distribution of incomes into wages, profit and rent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> In Book I Chapter 6, Smith explained how income is distributed between workers and their employers:</p><blockquote><p>The value which the workmen add to the materials, therefore, resolves itself in this case into two parts, of which the one pays their wages, the other the profits of their employer upon the whole stock of materials and wages which he advanced. He could have no interest to employ them, unless he expected from the sale of their work something more than what was sufficient to replace his stock to him; and he could have no interest to employ a great stock rather than a small one, unless his profits were to bear some proportion to the extent of his stock.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Smith said that while a worker is paid wages in proportion to their "dexterity and ingenuity", as well as for "superior hardship and superior skill", this is not the case for the profit of their employers: </p><blockquote><p>The profits of stock <i>[capital]</i>, it may perhaps be thought, are only a different name for the wages of a particular sort of labour, the labour of inspection and direction. They are, however, altogether different, are regulated by quite different principles, and bear no proportion to the quantity, the hardship, or the ingenuity of this supposed labour of inspection and direction.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>He added that the work of management is often performed by other employees, rather than the business owner themselves:</p><blockquote><p>In many great works, almost the whole labour of this kind is committed to some principal <a href="/wiki/Clerk" title="Clerk">clerk</a>. His wages properly express the value of this labour of inspection and direction. Though in settling them some regard is had commonly, not only to his labour and skill, but to the trust which is reposed in him, yet they never bear any regular proportion to the capital of which he oversees the management; and the owner of this capital, though he is thus discharged of almost all labour, still expects that his profit should bear a regular proportion to his capital.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>In Chapter 9, Smith notes that: "The <a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">increase of stock</a>, which raises wages, tends to lower profit. When the stocks of many rich merchants are turned into the same trade, their mutual competition naturally <a href="/wiki/Perfect_competition#Normal_profit" title="Perfect competition">tends to lower its profit</a>". He says that "high profits tend much more to raise the price of work than high wages", because "the rise of wages operates in the same manner as simple interest", while "the rise of profit operates like <a href="/wiki/Compound_interest" title="Compound interest">compound interest</a>". He concludes the chapter:</p><blockquote><p>Our merchants and master manufacturers complain much of the bad effects of high wages in raising the price <i>[of commodities]</i>, and thereby lessening the sale of their goods, both at home and abroad. They say nothing concerning the bad effects of high profits; they are silent with regard to the pernicious effects of their own gains; they complain only of those of other people.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wage_negotiations_and_trade_unions">Wage negotiations and trade unions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Class_conflict&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Wage negotiations and trade unions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Concerning wages, he explained the conflicting class interests between the owners of capital and workers, who he said were often compelled to form <a href="/wiki/Trade_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions">trade unions</a> for fear of suffering starvation wages, as follows:</p><blockquote><p>What are the common wages of labour, depends everywhere upon the contract usually made between those two parties, whose interests are by no means the same. The workmen desire to get as much, the masters to give as little, as possible. The former are disposed to combine in order to raise, the latter in order to lower, the wages of labour. </p><p>It is not, however, difficult to foresee which of the two parties must, upon all ordinary occasions, have the advantage in the dispute, and force the other into a compliance with their terms. The masters, being fewer in number, can combine much more easily: and the law, besides, authorises, or at least does not prohibit, their combinations, while it prohibits those of the workmen. We have no acts of parliament against combining to lower the price of work, but many against combining to raise it.<sup id="cite_ref-gutenberg.org_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gutenberg.org-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Smith was aware of the main advantage of employers over workers, in addition to state protection:</p><blockquote><p>In all such disputes, the masters can hold out much longer. A landlord, a farmer, a master manufacturer, or merchant, though they did not employ a single workman, could generally live a year or two upon the stocks, which they have already acquired. Many workmen could not subsist a week, few could subsist a month, and scarce any a year, without employment. In the long run, the workman may be as necessary to his master as his master is to him; but the necessity is not so immediate.<sup id="cite_ref-gutenberg.org_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gutenberg.org-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conflict_between_classes">Conflict between classes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Class_conflict&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Conflict between classes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Smith observed that, outside of colonies where land is cheap and labour expensive, both the masters who subsist by profit and the masters who subsist by rents will work in tandem to subjugate the class of workmen, who subsist by wages.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, he warned against blindly legislating in favour of the class of merchants and manufacturers who subsist by profit, since, as he said, their intention is to gain as large a share of their respective markets as possible, which naturally results in <a href="/wiki/Monopoly_price" title="Monopoly price">monopoly prices</a> or close to them, a situation harmful to the other social classes.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In the conclusion of the first book of <a href="/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Nations" title="The Wealth of Nations">The Wealth of Nations</a>, Smith assessed the knowledge and interests of capitalists in comparison to that of the landed aristocracy:</p><blockquote><p>Merchants and master manufacturers are, in this order <i>[those who live by profit]</i>, the two classes of people who commonly employ the largest capitals, and who by their wealth draw to themselves the greatest share of the public consideration. As during their whole lives they are engaged in plans and projects, they have frequently more acuteness of understanding than the greater part of country gentlemen. As their thoughts, however, are commonly exercised rather about the interest of their own particular branch of business than about that of the society, their judgment, even when given with the greatest candour (which it has not been upon every occasion), is much more to be depended upon with regard to the former of those two objects, than with regard to the latter. Their superiority over the country gentleman is, not so much in their knowledge of the public interest, as in their having a better knowledge of their own interest than he has of his. It is by this superior knowledge of their own interest that they have frequently imposed upon his generosity, and persuaded him to give up both his own interest and that of the public, from a very simple but honest conviction, that their interest, and not his, was the interest of the public.</p></blockquote><p>In the final words of the first book, he suggested how the public should consider the political agenda of this class:</p><blockquote><p>The proposal of any new law or regulation of commerce which comes from this order, ought always to be listened to with great precaution, and ought never to be adopted till after having been long and carefully examined, not only with the most scrupulous, but with the most suspicious attention. It comes from an order of men, whose interest is never exactly the same with that of the public, who have generally an interest to deceive and even to oppress the public, and who accordingly have, upon many occasions, both deceived and oppressed it.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Karl_Marx">Karl Marx</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Class_conflict&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Karl Marx"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karl_Marx.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Karl_Marx.jpg/170px-Karl_Marx.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Karl_Marx.jpg/255px-Karl_Marx.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Karl_Marx.jpg/340px-Karl_Marx.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Karl Marx, 1875</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> (1818–1883) was a German born philosopher who lived the majority of his adult life in London, England. In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a></i>, Karl Marx argued that a <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">class</a> is formed due to changes in the <a href="/wiki/Mode_of_production" title="Mode of production">mode of production</a>. Members of a class may become aware of their position within it, achieving what is known as <a href="/wiki/Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">class consciousness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Blackwell_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackwell-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the working classes this happens when their members become aware of their <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">exploitation</a> at the hands of the ruling class. According to Marx, the working class then takes action against the ruling class, and vice versa. </p><p>What Marx points out is that members of each of the two main classes have interests in common. These class or collective interests are in conflict with those of the other class as a whole. This in turn leads to conflict between individual members of different classes. </p><p>Marxist analysis of society identifies two main social groups: </p> <ul><li><i>Labour</i> (the <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a> or workers) includes anyone who earns their livelihood by selling their <a href="/wiki/Labor_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor power">labor power</a> and being paid a wage or salary for their labor time. They have little choice but to work for capital, since they typically have no independent way to survive.</li> <li><i>Capital</i> (the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> or capitalists) includes anyone who gets their income not from labor as much as from the <a href="/wiki/Surplus_value" title="Surplus value">surplus value</a> they appropriate from the workers who create wealth. The income of the capitalists, therefore, is based on their <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_(Marxism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Exploitation (Marxism)">exploitation</a> of the workers (proletariat).</li></ul> <p>Not all class struggle is radical, violent or aggressive, as in the case of strikes, lockouts and workplace sabotage. Class antagonism can also surface in minor acts of pilferage, low worker morale, and individual worker resistance to petty authority and hoarding of information. On the employers' side, lobbying for anti-union laws and against minimum wage increases, and hiring union-busting legal firms are expressions of class antagonism.<sup id="cite_ref-Parenti_citation_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parenti_citation-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On a larger scale, workers engage in class struggle when they agitate for systemic change via <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> or <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populist</a> parties. </p><p>But not every instance of class struggle from below constitutes a grave threat to capitalism, or even to the authority of an individual capitalist. A narrow struggle for higher wages by a small sector of the working class, what is often called "economism", hardly threatens the status quo. In fact, by applying the craft-union tactics of excluding other workers from skilled trades, an economistic struggle may even weaken the working class as a whole by dividing it. Class struggle becomes more important in the historical process as it becomes more general, as industries are organized rather than crafts, as workers' class consciousness rises, and as they self-organize away from political parties. Marx referred to this as the progress of the proletariat from being a class "in itself", a position in the social structure, to being one "for itself", an active and conscious force that could change the world. </p><p>Marx focuses on the capital industrialist society as the source of <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">social stratification</a>, which ultimately results in class conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-Blackwell_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackwell-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He states that capitalism creates a division between classes which can most clearly be seen in factories. The proletariat is separated from the bourgeoisie because production becomes a social enterprise. Contributing to their separation is the technology that is in factories. Technological advances de-skill and alienate workers as they are no longer viewed as having a specialized skill.<sup id="cite_ref-Blackwell_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackwell-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another effect of technology is a homogenous <a href="/wiki/Workforce" title="Workforce">workforce</a> that can be easily replaceable. Marx believed that this class conflict would result in the overthrow of the bourgeoisie and that the private property would be communally owned.<sup id="cite_ref-Blackwell_58-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackwell-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mode of <a href="/wiki/Production_(economics)" title="Production (economics)">production</a> would remain, but <a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">communal ownership</a> would eliminate class conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-Blackwell_58-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackwell-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even after a revolution, the two classes would struggle, but eventually the struggle would recede and the classes dissolve. As class boundaries broke down, the state apparatus would wither away. According to Marx, the main task of any state apparatus is to uphold the power of the ruling class; but without any classes there would be no need for a state. That would lead to the <a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">classless</a>, stateless <a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">communist society</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="John_Stuart_Mill">John Stuart Mill</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Class_conflict&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: John Stuart Mill"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adam Smith was not the only classical liberal political economist concerned with class conflict. In his <i><a href="/wiki/Considerations_on_Representative_Government" title="Considerations on Representative Government">Considerations on Representative Government</a></i>, John Stuart Mill observed the complete marginalisation of workmen's voices in <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a>, rhetorically asking whether its members ever empathise with the position of workmen, instead of siding entirely with their masters, on issues such as the right to <a href="/wiki/Go_on_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Go on strike">go on strike</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in the book, he argues that an important function of truly <a href="/wiki/Representative_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Representative government">representative government</a> is to provide a relatively equal balance of power between workmen and masters, in order to prevent threats to the good of the whole of society.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> During Mill's discussion of the merits of <a href="/wiki/Progressive_taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive taxation">progressive taxation</a> in his essay <i><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism_(book)" title="Utilitarianism (book)">Utilitarianism</a></i>, he notes as an aside the power of the rich as independent of state support:</p><blockquote><p>People feel obliged to argue that the State does more for the rich than for the poor, as a justification for its taking more [in taxation] from them: though this is in reality not true, for the rich would be far better able to protect themselves, in the absence of law or government, than the poor, and indeed would probably be successful in converting the poor into their slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Max_Weber">Max Weber</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Class_conflict&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Max Weber"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a> (1864–1920) agreed with the fundamental ideas of Karl Marx about the economy causing class conflict, but claimed that class conflict can also stem from prestige and power.<sup id="cite_ref-Blackwell_58-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackwell-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weber argued that classes come from the different property locations. Different locations can largely affect one's class by their education and the people they associate with.<sup id="cite_ref-Blackwell_58-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackwell-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also stated that prestige results in different status groupings. This prestige is based upon the social status of one's parents. Prestige is an attributed value and many times cannot be changed. Weber stated that power differences led to the formation of <a href="/wiki/Political_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties">political parties</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Blackwell_58-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackwell-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weber disagreed with Marx about the formation of classes. While Marx believed that groups are similar due to their economic status, Weber argued that classes are largely formed by <a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">social status</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Blackwell_58-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackwell-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weber did not believe that communities are formed by economic standing, but by similar social prestige.<sup id="cite_ref-Blackwell_58-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackwell-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weber did recognize that there is a relationship between social status, social prestige and classes.<sup id="cite_ref-Blackwell_58-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackwell-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Charles_Comte_and_Charles_Dunoyer">Charles Comte and Charles Dunoyer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Class_conflict&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Charles Comte and Charles Dunoyer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Charles_Comte" title="Charles Comte">Charles Comte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dunoyer" title="Charles Dunoyer">Charles Dunoyer</a> argued that class struggle came from <a href="/wiki/Political_faction" title="Political faction">factions</a> that managed to gain control of the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> power. The <a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">ruling class</a> are the groups that seize the power of the state to carry out their political agenda, the <i>ruled</i> are then taxed and regulated by the state for the benefit of the ruling classes. Through <a href="/wiki/Taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxation">taxation</a>, state power, <a href="/wiki/Subsidies" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsidies">subsidies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tax_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax code">tax codes</a>, laws, and privileges the state creates class conflict by giving preferential treatment to some at the expense of others by force. In the <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a>, by contrast, exchanges are not carried out by force but by the <a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_principle" title="Non-aggression principle">non-aggression principle</a> of cooperation in a <a href="/wiki/Win-win_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Win-win game">win-win scenario</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_perspectives">Other perspectives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Class_conflict&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Other perspectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Class_conflict&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2010</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>One of the first writers to comment on class struggle in the modern sense of the term was the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French revolutionary</a> <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Boissel" class="extiw" title="fr:François Boissel">François Boissel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Guthrie1907_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guthrie1907-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other class struggle commentators include <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Henri de Saint-Simon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Blake1939_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blake1939-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Augustin_Thierry" title="Augustin Thierry">Augustin Thierry</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">François Guizot</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Blake1939_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blake1939-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Auguste_Mignet" class="mw-redirect" title="François-Auguste Mignet">François-Auguste Mignet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers" title="Adolphe Thiers">Adolphe Thiers</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Physiocrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiocrat">Physiocrats</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">David Ricardo</a>, and after Marx, <a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">Henry George</a> noted the inelastic supply of land and argued that this created certain privileges (<a href="/wiki/Economic_rent" title="Economic rent">economic rent</a>) for landowners. According to the historian <a href="/wiki/Arnold_J._Toynbee" title="Arnold J. Toynbee">Arnold J. Toynbee</a>, stratification along lines of class appears only within civilizations, and furthermore only appears during the process of a civilization's decline while not characterizing the growth phase of a civilization.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a>, in <i><a href="/wiki/What_is_Property%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="What is Property?">What is Property?</a></i> (1840) states that "certain classes do not relish investigation into the pretended titles to property, and its fabulous and perhaps scandalous history."<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Proudhon saw the solution as the lower classes forming an alternative, solidarity economy centered on cooperatives and self-managed workplaces, which would slowly undermine and replace capitalist class society, the anarchist <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a>, while influenced by Proudhon, insisted that a massive class struggle by the working class, peasantry and poor was essential to the creation of libertarian socialism. This would require a final showdown in the form of a social revolution. </p><p>One of the earliest analyses of the development of class as the development of conflicts between emergent classes is available in <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Mutual_Aid:_A_Factor_of_Evolution" title="Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution">Mutual Aid</a></i>. In this work, Kropotkin analyzes the disposal of goods after death in pre-class or <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherer</a> societies, and how inheritance produces early <a href="/wiki/Class_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Class division">class divisions</a> and conflict. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fascists" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascists">Fascists</a> have often opposed 'horizontal' class struggle in favour of vertical national struggle and instead have attempted to appeal to the working class while promising to preserve the existing social classes and have proposed an alternative concept known as <a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">class collaboration</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twentieth_and_twenty-first_centuries">Twentieth and twenty-first centuries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Class_conflict&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Twentieth and twenty-first centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Class_conflict&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_Union_and_similar_societies">Soviet Union and similar societies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Class_conflict&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Soviet Union and similar societies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A variety of thinkers, mostly <a href="/wiki/Trotskyist" class="mw-redirect" title="Trotskyist">Trotskyist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist">anarchist</a>, argue that class conflict existed in <a href="/wiki/Soviet-type_economic_planning" title="Soviet-type economic planning">Soviet-style societies</a>. Their arguments describe as a class the bureaucratic <a href="/wiki/Stratum" title="Stratum">stratum</a> formed by the ruling <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political party</a> (known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Nomenklatura" title="Nomenklatura">nomenklatura</a></i> in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>), sometimes termed a "<a href="/wiki/New_class" title="New class">new class</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that controls and guides the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a>. This ruling class is viewed to be in opposition to the remainder of society, generally considered the proletariat. This type of system is referred by them as <a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">state socialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">state capitalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bureaucratic_collectivism" title="Bureaucratic collectivism">bureaucratic collectivism</a> or <a href="/wiki/New_class" title="New class">new class</a> societies. Marxism was already a powerful ideological power in Russia before the Soviet Union was created in 1917, since a Marxist group known as the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Russian Social Democratic Labour Party</a> existed. This party soon divided into two main factions; the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a>, who were led by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mensheviks" title="Mensheviks">Mensheviks</a>, who were led by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Martov" title="Julius Martov">Julius Martov</a>. </p><p>However, many Marxists argue that unlike in capitalism, the Soviet elites did not own the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a>, or generate <a href="/wiki/Surplus_value" title="Surplus value">surplus value</a> for their personal wealth as the generated profit from the economy was equally distributed into Soviet society.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even some Trotskyists like <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Mandel" title="Ernest Mandel">Ernest Mandel</a> criticized the concept of a new ruling class as an <a href="/wiki/Oxymoron" title="Oxymoron">oxymoron</a>, saying: "The hypothesis of the bureaucracy's being a new ruling class leads to the conclusion that, for the first time in history, we are confronted with a 'ruling class' which does not exist as a class before it actually rules."<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Class_conflict&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Class conflict was present in the earliest days of the U.S. with the struggles between slaveowners and slaves. Since the abolition of slavery, class conflict is more often noted in labor-management disputes. As far back as 1933, representative Edward Hamilton of the <a href="/wiki/Air_Line_Pilots_Association_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Line Pilots Association International">Airline Pilot's Association</a> used the term "class warfare" to describe airline management's opposition at the <a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Board" title="National Labor Board">National Labor Board</a> hearings in October of that year.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from day-to-day forms of class conflict, there are also periods of crisis or revolution when class conflict takes on a violent nature and involves repression, assault, restriction of civil liberties, and assassinations or death squads.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The investor, <a href="/wiki/Billionaire" title="Billionaire">billionaire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philanthropist" class="mw-redirect" title="Philanthropist">philanthropist</a> <a href="/wiki/Warren_Buffett" title="Warren Buffett">Warren Buffett</a>, one of the wealthiest people in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> voiced in 2005 and once more in 2006 his view that his class, the "rich class", is waging class warfare on the rest of society. In 2005 Buffet said to CNN: "It's class warfare, my class is winning, but they shouldn't be."<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a November 2006 interview in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, Buffett stated that "[t]here’s class warfare all right, but it’s my class, the rich class, that’s making war, and we’re winning."<sup id="cite_ref-Buffett_warfare_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buffett_warfare-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Noam_Chomsky,_2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Noam_Chomsky%2C_2004.jpg/170px-Noam_Chomsky%2C_2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Noam_Chomsky%2C_2004.jpg/255px-Noam_Chomsky%2C_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Noam_Chomsky%2C_2004.jpg/340px-Noam_Chomsky%2C_2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2288" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>, 2004</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>, American <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosopher</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Political_activist" class="mw-redirect" title="Political activist">political activist</a>, has spoken out on the topic of class conflict in the United States:<sup id="cite_ref-Chomsky_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chomsky-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Well, there’s always a class war going on. The United States, to an unusual extent, is a business-run society, more so than others. The business classes are very class-conscious – they’re constantly fighting a bitter class war to improve their power and diminish opposition. Occasionally this is recognized... The enormous benefits given to the very wealthy, the privileges for the very wealthy here, are way beyond those of other comparable societies and are part of the ongoing class war. Take a look at CEO salaries....</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Noam Chomsky, <i>Occupy: Class War, Rebellion and Solidarity</i>, Second Edition (November 5, 2013)</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-financial_crisis">Post-financial crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Class_conflict&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Post-financial crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">Financial crisis of 2007–2008</a>, <a href="/wiki/We_are_the_99%25" title="We are the 99%">We are the 99%</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a></div> <p>Class conflict intensified in the period after the 2007/8 financial crisis, which led to a global wave of <a href="/wiki/Anti-austerity_movement" title="Anti-austerity movement">anti-austerity protests</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Anti-austerity_movement_in_Greece" title="Anti-austerity movement in Greece">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-austerity_movement_in_Spain" title="Anti-austerity movement in Spain">Spanish Indignados</a> movements and later the <a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a>, whose slogan was "<a href="/wiki/We_are_the_99%25" title="We are the 99%">We are the 99%</a>", signalling a more expansive class antagonist against the financial elite than that of the classical Marxist proletariat. </p><p>In the speech "The Great American Class War" (2013), the journalist <a href="/wiki/Bill_Moyers" title="Bill Moyers">Bill Moyers</a> asserted the existence of social-class conflict between democracy and <a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">plutocracy</a> in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chris_Hedges" title="Chris Hedges">Chris Hedges</a> wrote a column for <i><a href="/wiki/Truthdig" title="Truthdig">Truthdig</a></i> called "Let's Get This Class War Started", which was a play on <a href="/wiki/Pink_(singer)" title="Pink (singer)">Pink's</a> song "<a href="/wiki/Get_the_Party_Started" title="Get the Party Started">Let's Get This Party Started</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2022 piece "America's New Class War", Hedges argues that increased class struggle and <a href="/wiki/Striketober" title="Striketober">strikes</a> by organized workers, often in defiance of union leadership, is the "one last hope for the United States."<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian Steve Fraser, author of <i>The Age of Acquiescence: The Life and Death of American Resistance to Organized Wealth and Power</i>, asserted in 2014 that class conflict is an inevitability if current political and economic conditions continue, noting that "people are increasingly fed up [...] their voices are not being heard. And I think that can only go on for so long without there being more and more outbreaks of what used to be called class struggle, class warfare."<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arab_Spring">Arab Spring</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Class_conflict&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Arab Spring"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Often seen as part of the same "movement of squares" as the Indignado and Occupy movements, the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> was a wave of social protests starting in 2011. Numerous factors have culminated in the Arab Spring, including rejection of dictatorship or <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> violations, <a href="/wiki/Government_corruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Government corruption">government corruption</a> (demonstrated by <a href="/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak" title="United States diplomatic cables leak">Wikileaks diplomatic cables</a><sup id="cite_ref-Walker_2011_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker_2011-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), economic decline, unemployment, extreme poverty, and a number of demographic structural factors,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mason_2013_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mason_2013-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as a large percentage of educated but dissatisfied youth within the population.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but class conflict is also a key factor. The catalysts for the revolts in all <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">Northern African</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Gulf countries">Persian Gulf countries</a> have been the concentration of wealth in the hands of autocrats in power for decades, insufficient transparency of its redistribution, corruption, and especially the refusal of the youth to accept the status quo.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_to_race">Relationship to race</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Class_conflict&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Relationship to race"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NORTH_PHILADELPHIA_JOBLESS_BLACKS._MAN_STANDING_AT_RIGHT_IS_GERALD_%22HEAT_WAVE%22_JONES,_WHO_WORKS_FOR_%22THE_NETWORK%22,_A..._-_NARA_-_552754.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/NORTH_PHILADELPHIA_JOBLESS_BLACKS._MAN_STANDING_AT_RIGHT_IS_GERALD_%22HEAT_WAVE%22_JONES%2C_WHO_WORKS_FOR_%22THE_NETWORK%22%2C_A..._-_NARA_-_552754.jpg/220px-NORTH_PHILADELPHIA_JOBLESS_BLACKS._MAN_STANDING_AT_RIGHT_IS_GERALD_%22HEAT_WAVE%22_JONES%2C_WHO_WORKS_FOR_%22THE_NETWORK%22%2C_A..._-_NARA_-_552754.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/NORTH_PHILADELPHIA_JOBLESS_BLACKS._MAN_STANDING_AT_RIGHT_IS_GERALD_%22HEAT_WAVE%22_JONES%2C_WHO_WORKS_FOR_%22THE_NETWORK%22%2C_A..._-_NARA_-_552754.jpg/330px-NORTH_PHILADELPHIA_JOBLESS_BLACKS._MAN_STANDING_AT_RIGHT_IS_GERALD_%22HEAT_WAVE%22_JONES%2C_WHO_WORKS_FOR_%22THE_NETWORK%22%2C_A..._-_NARA_-_552754.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/NORTH_PHILADELPHIA_JOBLESS_BLACKS._MAN_STANDING_AT_RIGHT_IS_GERALD_%22HEAT_WAVE%22_JONES%2C_WHO_WORKS_FOR_%22THE_NETWORK%22%2C_A..._-_NARA_-_552754.jpg/440px-NORTH_PHILADELPHIA_JOBLESS_BLACKS._MAN_STANDING_AT_RIGHT_IS_GERALD_%22HEAT_WAVE%22_JONES%2C_WHO_WORKS_FOR_%22THE_NETWORK%22%2C_A..._-_NARA_-_552754.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2025" /></a><figcaption>Jobless black workers in the heat of the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> summer, 1973</figcaption></figure> <p>Some historical tendencies of Orthodox Marxism <a href="/wiki/No_War_but_the_Class_War" class="mw-redirect" title="No War but the Class War">reject</a> <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">sexism</a>, etc. as struggles that essentially <a href="/wiki/False_consciousness" title="False consciousness">distract</a> from class struggle, the real conflict.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> These divisions within the class prevent the purported antagonists from acting in their common class interest. However, many Marxist internationalists and anti-colonial revolutionaries believe that <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libcom.org/library/sex-race-class-james-selma">sex, race and class</a> are bound up together. Within Marxist scholarship there is an ongoing debate about these topics. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a>, in the 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/Essentialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Essentialist">essentialist</a> notion of the "<a href="/wiki/Race_(classification_of_human_beings)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (classification of human beings)">race</a>" was incorporated by <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biologist" title="Biologist">biologists</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenicists</a>, who gave it the modern sense of "biological race" which was then integrated into "<a href="/wiki/State_racism" class="mw-redirect" title="State racism">state racism</a>". On the other hand, Foucault claims that when <a href="/wiki/Marxists" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxists">Marxists</a> developed their concept of "class struggle", they were partly inspired by the older, non-biological notions of the "race" and the "race struggle". Quoting a non-existent 1882 letter from Marx to Friedrich Engels during a lecture, Foucault erroneously claimed Marx wrote: "You know very well where we found our idea of class struggle; we found it in the work of the <a href="/wiki/French_historians" class="mw-redirect" title="French historians">French historians</a> who talked about the race struggle."<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="original source not listed (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> For Foucault, the theme of social war provides the overriding principle that connects class and race struggle.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Moses_Hess" title="Moses Hess">Moses Hess</a>, an important theoretician and <a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">labor Zionist</a> of the early socialist movement, in his "Epilogue" to "<a href="/wiki/Rome_and_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Rome and Jerusalem">Rome and Jerusalem</a>" argued that "the race struggle is primary, the class struggle secondary. [...] With the cessation of race antagonism, the class struggle will also come to a standstill. The equalization of all classes of society will necessarily follow the <a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">emancipation</a> of all the races, for it will ultimately become a scientific question of social economics."<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a> theorized that the <a href="/wiki/Intersectional" class="mw-redirect" title="Intersectional">intersectional</a> paradigms of race, class, and nation might explain certain aspects of black political economy. <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Hill_Collins" title="Patricia Hill Collins">Patricia Hill Collins</a> writes: "Du Bois saw race, class, and nation not primarily as personal identity categories but as social hierarchies that shaped African-American access to status, poverty, and power."<sup id="cite_ref-Collins_2000_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins_2000-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 44">: 44 </span></sup> </p><p>In modern times, emerging schools of thought in the U.S. and other countries hold the opposite to be true.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They argue that the race struggle is less important, because the primary struggle is that of class since labor of all races face the same problems and injustices. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chronology">Chronology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Class_conflict&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Chronology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nationalist movements are not included. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;">Classical antiquity: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gracchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gracchi">Gracchi Tribuneship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_War_(91%E2%80%9388_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social War (91–88 BC)">Social War</a>, 91–88 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a> and the assassination of <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_the_Orders" title="Conflict of the Orders">Conflict of the Orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Servile_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Servile Wars">Roman Servile Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Turban_Rebellion" title="Yellow Turban Rebellion">Yellow Turban Rebellion</a>, 184–205 AD</li></ul> <p>Middle Ages: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popular_revolt_in_late_medieval_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular revolt in late medieval Europe">Popular revolt in late medieval Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciompi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciompi">Ciompi</a> in Florence, 1378</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_Revolt" title="Peasants' Revolt">Peasants' Revolt</a> in England, 1381</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacquerie" title="Jacquerie">Jacquerie</a> in 14th-century France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George%27s_Night_Uprising" title="Saint George's Night Uprising">Saint George's Night Uprising</a></li></ul> <p>Modern era: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Peasants%27_War" title="German Peasants' War">German Peasants' War</a> since 1524</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimabara_Rebellion" title="Shimabara Rebellion">Shimabara Rebellion</a>, 1637–1638</li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>, 1642–1651</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> since 1789<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Price_Riots" title="Old Price Riots">Old Price Riots</a>, 1809</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">July Revolution</a>, 1830</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canut_revolts" title="Canut revolts">Canut revolts</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a> since 1831, often considered as the beginning of the modern <a href="/wiki/Labor_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor movement">labor movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Rebellion" title="June Rebellion">June Rebellion</a>, 1832</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_slaughter" class="mw-redirect" title="Galician slaughter">Galician slaughter</a>, 1846</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a> in France and around Europe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newport_Rising" title="Newport Rising">Newport Rising</a>, political revolt in 1839 led by Chartists</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a>, 1871</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_County_War" title="Johnson County War">Johnson County War</a>, 1889–1893</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_Wars" title="Coal Wars">Coal Wars</a>, 1890–1930</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donghak_Peasant_Revolution" title="Donghak Peasant Revolution">Donghak Peasant Revolution</a> in Korea, 1893–94</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1905_Russian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1905 Russian Revolution">1905 Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_Romanian_Peasants%27_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt">1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a>, 1910-1920</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1917%E2%80%931923" title="Revolutions of 1917–1923">Revolutions of 1917–1923</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">1917 Russian Revolution</a> and the <a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limerick_Soviet" title="Limerick Soviet">Limerick Soviet</a> in Ireland, 1919</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seattle_General_Strike_of_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Seattle General Strike of 1919">Seattle General Strike of 1919</a> in <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain#General_Strike_of_1919" title="Anarchism in Spain">General Strike of 1919</a> in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winnipeg_General_Strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Winnipeg General Strike">Winnipeg General Strike</a>, 1919</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhr_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruhr Uprising">Ruhr Uprising</a> in Germany, 1920</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion" title="Kronstadt rebellion">Kronstadt rebellion</a>, 1921</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blair_Mountain" title="Battle of Blair Mountain">Battle of Blair Mountain</a>, 1921</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Uprising" title="Hamburg Uprising">Hamburg Uprising</a>, 1923</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_United_Kingdom_general_strike" title="1926 United Kingdom general strike">1926 United Kingdom general strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_West_Coast_waterfront_strike" title="1934 West Coast waterfront strike">1934 West Coast waterfront strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, 1936–1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Reform_Movement_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Land Reform Movement (China)">Land Reform Movement (China)</a>, 1947–1950</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist insurgency in Myanmar">Communist insurgency in Myanmar</a>, 1948–1988</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_1953_in_East_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Uprising of 1953 in East Germany">Uprising of 1953 in East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana_Rebellion" title="Telangana Rebellion">Telangana Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a>, 1953–1959</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_1956_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="Poznań 1956 protests">Poznań 1956 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite-Maoist_insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxalite-Maoist insurgency">Naxalite-Maoist insurgency</a>, 1967–present</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a>, including <a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a> in France and the <a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Autumn" title="Hot Autumn">Hot Autumn</a> in Italy, 1969–70</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_rebellion_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist rebellion in the Philippines">Communist rebellion in the Philippines</a>, 1969–present</li> <li>Several strikes by coal miners in the United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UK_miners%27_strike_(1969)" class="mw-redirect" title="UK miners' strike (1969)">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_miners%27_strike_(1972)" class="mw-redirect" title="UK miners' strike (1972)">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_miners%27_strike_(1974)" class="mw-redirect" title="UK miners' strike (1974)">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_miners%27_strike_(1984%E2%80%931985)" class="mw-redirect" title="UK miners' strike (1984–1985)">1984–85</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_of_Discontent" title="Winter of Discontent">Winter of Discontent</a> 1978–79</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Russian constitutional crisis">1993 Russian constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Seattle_WTO_protests" title="1999 Seattle WTO protests">1999 Seattle WTO protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Oaxaca_protests" title="2006 Oaxaca protests">2006 Oaxaca protests</a> in Mexico</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Revolution" title="Bolivarian Revolution">Bolivarian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Greek_riots" title="2008 Greek riots">2008 Greek riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Revolution_of_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz Revolution of 2010">Kyrgyz Revolution of 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revolution_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Revolution of 2011">Egyptian Revolution of 2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Social_Forum" title="World Social Forum">World Social Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_Wall_Street" title="Occupy Wall Street">Occupy Wall Street</a>, 2011, and the <a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasic_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Jasic Incident">Jasic Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rojava_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Rojava Revolution">Rojava Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Protests against Rodrigo Duterte">Protests against Rodrigo Duterte</a> in the Philippines, 2016-2022</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_Bongbong_Marcos" title="Protests against Bongbong Marcos">Protests against Bongbong Marcos</a> in the Philippines,2021-present</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_vests_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow vests movement">Yellow vests movement</a> in France, 2018–present</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Chilean_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2019–2020 Chilean protests">2019–2020 Chilean protests</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Class_conflict&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">Class consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classism" class="mw-redirect" title="Classism">Classism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_stratification" title="Economic stratification">Economic stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master%E2%80%93slave_dialectic" class="mw-redirect" title="Master–slave dialectic">Master-slave dialectic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicide" title="Classicide">Classicide</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Class_conflict&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Isaac_Harrison_Lipold_Class_Conflict_in_Capitalist_Society-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Isaac_Harrison_Lipold_Class_Conflict_in_Capitalist_Society_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Isaac_Harrison_Lipold_Class_Conflict_in_Capitalist_Society_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFIsaacHarrisonLipold2022" class="citation book cs1">Isaac, Larry W.; Harrison, Daniel M.; Lipold, Paul F. (2022). "Class Conflict in Capitalist Society". <i>Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace, & Conflict</i>. pp. 118–136. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-820195-4.00248-X">10.1016/B978-0-12-820195-4.00248-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-820312-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-820312-5"><bdi>978-0-12-820312-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Class+Conflict+in+Capitalist+Society&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Violence%2C+Peace%2C+%26+Conflict&rft.pages=118-136&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-12-820195-4.00248-X&rft.isbn=978-0-12-820312-5&rft.aulast=Isaac&rft.aufirst=Larry+W.&rft.au=Harrison%2C+Daniel+M.&rft.au=Lipold%2C+Paul+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClass+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTavernise2012" class="citation news cs1">Tavernise, Sabrina (11 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/12/us/more-conflict-seen-between-rich-and-poor-survey-finds.html">"Survey Finds Rising Perception of Class Tension"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Survey+Finds+Rising+Perception+of+Class+Tension&rft.date=2012-01-11&rft.aulast=Tavernise&rft.aufirst=Sabrina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F01%2F12%2Fus%2Fmore-conflict-seen-between-rich-and-poor-survey-finds.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClass+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullockTrombley1999" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bullock, Allan; Trombley, Stephen, eds. (1999). "class conflict". <i>The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought</i>. HarperCollins. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-255871-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-255871-6"><bdi>978-0-00-255871-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=class+conflict&rft.btitle=The+New+Fontana+Dictionary+of+Modern+Thought&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-00-255871-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClass+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parenti_citation-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parenti_citation_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parenti_citation_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParenti1993" class="citation book cs1">Parenti, Michael (1993). <i>Land of Idols: Political Mythology in America</i>. St. Martin's Press. pp. 66–67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-09841-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-09841-4"><bdi>978-0-312-09841-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+of+Idols%3A+Political+Mythology+in+America&rft.pages=66-67&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-312-09841-4&rft.aulast=Parenti&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClass+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bakunin_book-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bakunin_book_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorrêa2024" class="citation book cs1">Corrêa, Felipe (2024). <i>Freedom or Death: The Theory and Practice of Mikhail Bakunin</i>. Black Rose Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55164-812-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55164-812-5"><bdi>978-1-55164-812-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+or+Death%3A+The+Theory+and+Practice+of+Mikhail+Bakunin&rft.pub=Black+Rose+Books&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-55164-812-5&rft.aulast=Corr%C3%AAa&rft.aufirst=Felipe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClass+conflict" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakunin1873" class="citation web cs1">Bakunin, Mikhail (1873). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/bakunin/works/various/soc-anar.htm">"Stateless Socialism: Anarchism"</a> – via Mikhail Bakunin Reference Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stateless+Socialism%3A+Anarchism&rft.date=1873&rft.aulast=Bakunin&rft.aufirst=Mikhail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Freference%2Farchive%2Fbakunin%2Fworks%2Fvarious%2Fsoc-anar.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClass+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakunin1867" class="citation web cs1">Bakunin, Mikhail (1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/bakunin/works/writings/ch04.htm">"Solidarity in Liberty: The Workers' Path to Freedom"</a> – via Mikhail Bakunin Reference Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Solidarity+in+Liberty%3A+The+Workers%27+Path+to+Freedom&rft.date=1867&rft.aulast=Bakunin&rft.aufirst=Mikhail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Freference%2Farchive%2Fbakunin%2Fworks%2Fwritings%2Fch04.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClass+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLellanChambre2024" class="citation web cs1">McLellan, David T.; Chambre, Henri (30 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Marxism/Class-struggle">"Class struggle"</a>. Britannica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Class+struggle&rft.pub=Britannica&rft.date=2024-07-30&rft.aulast=McLellan&rft.aufirst=David+T.&rft.au=Chambre%2C+Henri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FMarxism%2FClass-struggle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClass+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarxEngels1848" class="citation web cs1">Marx, Karl; Engels, Friedrich (1848). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/ch01.htm">"Manifesto of the Communist Party"</a>. Chapter I. Bourgeois and Proletarians – via Marx-Engels Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manifesto+of+the+Communist+Party&rft.pages=Chapter+I.+Bourgeois+and+Proletarians&rft.date=1848&rft.aulast=Marx&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft.au=Engels%2C+Friedrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fmarx%2Fworks%2F1848%2Fcommunist-manifesto%2Fch01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClass+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Ste._Croix1989" class="citation book cs1">de Ste. Croix, Geoffrey Ernest Maurice (1989). <i>The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World: From the Archaic Age to the Arab Conquests</i>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-9597-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-9597-7"><bdi>978-0-8014-9597-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Class+Struggle+in+the+Ancient+Greek+World%3A+From+the+Archaic+Age+to+the+Arab+Conquests&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-9597-7&rft.aulast=de+Ste.+Croix&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+Ernest+Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClass+conflict" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thucydides. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Thucydides/pelopwar.3.third.html"><i>The History of the Peloponnesian War</i></a>. Book Three, Chapter X, Translated by Richard Crawley. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/">The Internet Classics Archive</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cornelius Tacitus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Tacitus/Annals/6B*.html"><i>Annals</i></a>, Book VI, Section 42, Translated by John Jackson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/home.html">LacusCurtius</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thucydides. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Thucydides/pelopwar.3.third.html"><i>The History of the Peloponnesian War</i></a>. Book Three, Chapter IX.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aristotle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/politics.2.two.html"><i>Politics</i></a>, Book Four, Part IV.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aristotle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/politics.2.two.html"><i>Politics</i></a>, Book Two, Part VI. Translated by Benjamin Jowett. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/">Internet Classics Archive</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aristotle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/politics.2.two.html"><i>Politics</i></a>, Book Two, Part VII.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aristotle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/politics.3.three.html"><i>Politics</i></a>, Book Three, Part X.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aristotle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/politics.2.two.html"><i>Politics</i></a>, Book Two, Part IX.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plato. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/1497/1497-h/1497-h.htm"><i>The Republic</i></a>, Book IV. Translated by Benjamin Jowett. <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plato. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/1497/1497-h/1497-h.htm"><i>The Republic</i></a>, Book VIII.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/674/674-h/674-h.htm"><i>Lives</i></a>, <i>Solon</i>. Translated by John Dryden. <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://socialsciences.mcmaster.ca/econ/ugcm/3ll3/hegel/history.pdf"><i>The Philosophy of History</i></a>, Part II: 'An antagonism had early arisen between ancient and wealthy families and such as were poorer. Three parties, whose distinction had been grounded on their local position and the mode of life which that position suggested, were then fully recognized. These were, the Pediaeans — inhabitants of the plain, the rich and aristocratic; the Diacrians — mountaineers, cultivators of the vine and olive, and herdsmen, who were the most numerous class; and between the two [in political status and sentiment] the Paralians — inhabitants of the coast, the moderate party. The polity of the state was wavering between Aristocracy and Democracy. Solon effected, by his division into four property-classes, a medium between these opposites.' McMaster University.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/674/674-h/674-h.htm"><i>Lives</i></a>, <i>Agis</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Louis_de_Secondat,_Baron_de_Montesquieu" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu">Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oll-resources.s3.amazonaws.com/titles/837/Montesquieu_0171-01_EBk_v6.0.pdf"><i>The Spirit of Laws</i>, Volume 1</a>, Book XI, Chapter 13. <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Fund" title="Liberty Fund">Liberty Fund</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Montesquieu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oll-resources.s3.amazonaws.com/titles/837/Montesquieu_0171-01_EBk_v6.0.pdf"><i>The Spirit of Laws</i>, Volume 1</a>, Book XI, Chapter 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Montesqueiu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oll-resources.s3.amazonaws.com/titles/837/Montesquieu_0171-01_EBk_v6.0.pdf"><i>The Spirit of Laws</i>, Volume 1</a>, Book XI, Chapter 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/674/674-h/674-h.htm"><i>Lives</i></a>, <i>Camillus</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cornelius Tacitus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Tacitus/Histories/2A*.html"><i>The Histories</i></a>, Book II, Section 38. Translated by C. H. Moore. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/home.html">LacusCurtius</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/674/674-h/674-h.htm"><i>Lives</i></a>, <i>Tiberius Gracchus</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Montesquieu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oll-resources.s3.amazonaws.com/titles/837/Montesquieu_0171-01_EBk_v6.0.pdf"><i>The Spirit of Laws</i>, Volume 1</a>, Book XI, Chapter 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Montesquieu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oll-resources.s3.amazonaws.com/titles/837/Montesquieu_0171-01_EBk_v6.0.pdf"><i>The Spirit of Laws</i>, Volume 1</a>, Book XI, Chapter 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kirkus_Reviews;_June_1,_2003-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kirkus_Reviews;_June_1,_2003_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kirkus_Reviews;_June_1,_2003_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/michael-parenti/the-assassination-of-julius-caesar/">"The Assassination of Julius Caesar: A People's History of Ancient Rome"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Kirkus_Reviews" title="Kirkus Reviews">Kirkus Reviews</a></i>. 1 June 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kirkus+Reviews&rft.atitle=The+Assassination+of+Julius+Caesar%3A+A+People%27s+History+of+Ancient+Rome&rft.date=2003-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kirkusreviews.com%2Fbook-reviews%2Fmichael-parenti%2Fthe-assassination-of-julius-caesar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClass+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Publishers_Weekly;_The_Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Publishers_Weekly;_The_Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-1-56584-797-2">"The Assassination of Julius Caesar: A People's History of Ancient Rome"</a>. <i>Publishers Weekly</i>. 26 May 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Publishers+Weekly&rft.atitle=The+Assassination+of+Julius+Caesar%3A+A+People%27s+History+of+Ancient+Rome&rft.date=2003-05-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.publishersweekly.com%2F978-1-56584-797-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClass+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/674/674-h/674-h.htm"><i>Lives</i></a>, <i>Coriolanus</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Montesquieu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oll-resources.s3.amazonaws.com/titles/837/Montesquieu_0171-01_EBk_v6.0.pdf"><i>The Spirit of Laws</i>, Volume 1</a>, Book XI, Chapter 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Shakespeare. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shakespeare.mit.edu/coriolanus/full.html"><i>Coriolanus</i></a>, Act I, Scene I. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shakespeare.mit.edu/">The Complete Works of William Shakespeare</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegel">Hegel</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://socialsciences.mcmaster.ca/econ/ugcm/3ll3/hegel/history.pdf"><i>The Philosophy of History</i></a>, Part III. <a href="/wiki/McMaster_University" title="McMaster University">McMaster University</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward Gibbon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/25717/25717-h/25717-h.htm"><i>History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</i></a>, Volume III, Chapter XXXI, Part 1. <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/3300/3300-h/3300-h.htm"><i>The Wealth of Nations</i></a>, Book IV, Chapter 7, Part 1. 'The citizens, therefore, who had no land, had scarce any other means of subsistence but the bounties of the candidates at the annual elections. The tribunes, when they had a mind to animate the people against the rich and the great, put them in mind of the ancient divisions of lands, and represented that law which restricted this sort of private property as the fundamental law of the republic. The people became clamorous to get land, and the rich and the great, we may believe, were perfectly determined not to give them any part of theirs. To satisfy them in some measure, therefore, they frequently proposed to send out a new colony.' <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://socialsciences.mcmaster.ca/econ/ugcm/3ll3/hegel/history.pdf"><i>The Philosophy of History</i></a>, Part II. 'Nevertheless a part of the poorer classes would not submit to the degradations of poverty, for everyone felt himself a free citizen. The only expedient, therefore, that remained, was colonization. In another country, those who suffered distress in their own, might seek a free soil, and gain a living as free citizens by its cultivation.' <a href="/wiki/McMaster_University" title="McMaster University">McMaster University</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Rousseau" class="mw-redirect" title="Rousseau">Rousseau</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/rousseau-the-social-contract-and-discourses#lf0132_head_069"><i>The Social Contract and Discourses</i></a>, <i>On Political Economy</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/rousseau-the-social-contract-and-discourses#lf0132_head_069"><i>The Social Contract and Discourses</i></a>, <i>On Political Economy</i>. 'The law, which they thus abuse, serves the powerful at once as a weapon of offence, and as a shield against the weak; and the pretext of the public good is always the most dangerous scourge of the people. What is most necessary, and perhaps most difficult, in government, is rigid integrity in doing strict justice to all, and above all in protecting the poor against the tyranny of the rich.' <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Fund" title="Liberty Fund">Liberty Fund</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Rousseau" class="mw-redirect" title="Rousseau">Rousseau</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/rousseau-the-social-contract-and-discourses#lf0132_head_069"><i>The Social Contract and Discourses</i></a>, <i>On Political Economy</i>. 'It is therefore one of the most important functions of government to prevent extreme inequality of fortunes; not by taking away wealth from its possessors, but by depriving all men of means to accumulate it; not by building hospitals for the poor, but by securing the citizens from becoming poor.'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJefferson1787" class="citation web cs1">Jefferson, Thomas (16 January 1787). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Letter_to_Edward_Carrington_-_January_16,_1787">"Letter to Edward Carrington"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116033458/http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Letter_to_Edward_Carrington_-_January_16,_1787">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Letter+to+Edward+Carrington&rft.date=1787-01-16&rft.aulast=Jefferson&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FLetter_to_Edward_Carrington_-_January_16%2C_1787&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClass+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guides.loc.gov/federalist-papers/text-1-10#s-lg-box-wrapper-25493273"><i>The Federalist Papers</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._10" title="Federalist No. 10">Federalist No. 10</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Madison. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guides.loc.gov/federalist-papers/text-1-10#s-lg-box-wrapper-25493273"><i>The Federalist Papers</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._10" title="Federalist No. 10">Federalist No. 10</a>. 'The regulation of these various and interfering interests forms the principal task of modern legislation, and involves the spirit of party and faction in the necessary and ordinary operations of the government.'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hegel/works/pr/philosophy-of-right.pdf"><i>Elements of the Philosophy of Right</i></a>, Part III, Paragraph 244. 'When a large number of people sink below the standard of living regarded as essential for the members of society, and lose that sense of right, rectitude, and honour which is derived from self-support, a pauper class arises, and wealth accumulates disproportionately in the hands of a few.' <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hegel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hegel/works/pr/philosophy-of-right.pdf"><i>The Philosophy of Right</i></a>, Addition 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalast2007" class="citation web cs1">Palast, Greg (26 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gregpalast.com/burn-baby-burnthe-california-celebrity-fires/">"Burn Baby Burn - The California Celebrity Fires"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Burn+Baby+Burn+-+The+California+Celebrity+Fires&rft.date=2007-10-26&rft.aulast=Palast&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gregpalast.com%2Fburn-baby-burnthe-california-celebrity-fires%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClass+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/3300/3300-h/3300-h.htm"><i>The Wealth of Nations</i></a>, Book V, Chapter 1, Part 2. <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gutenberg.org-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gutenberg.org_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gutenberg.org_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gutenberg.org_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/3300/3300-h/3300-h.htm"><i>An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations</i></a>, Book I, Chapter 8. <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Adam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/3300/3300-h/3300-h.htm#chap24">"An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></i>. Book III, Chapter IV<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Project+Gutenberg&rft.atitle=An+Inquiry+into+the+Nature+and+Causes+of+the+Wealth+of+Nations&rft.pages=Book+III%2C+Chapter+IV&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F3300%2F3300-h%2F3300-h.htm%23chap24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClass+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Adam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/3300/3300-h/3300-h.htm#chap23">"An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></i>. Book III, Chapter III<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Project+Gutenberg&rft.atitle=An+Inquiry+into+the+Nature+and+Causes+of+the+Wealth+of+Nations&rft.pages=Book+III%2C+Chapter+III&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F3300%2F3300-h%2F3300-h.htm%23chap23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClass+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Adam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/3300/3300-h/3300-h.htm#chap08">"An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></i>. Book I, Chapter VI<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Project+Gutenberg&rft.atitle=An+Inquiry+into+the+Nature+and+Causes+of+the+Wealth+of+Nations&rft.pages=Book+I%2C+Chapter+VI&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F3300%2F3300-h%2F3300-h.htm%23chap08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClass+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Adam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/3300/3300-h/3300-h.htm#chap11">"An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></i>. Book I, Chapter IX<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Project+Gutenberg&rft.atitle=An+Inquiry+into+the+Nature+and+Causes+of+the+Wealth+of+Nations&rft.pages=Book+I%2C+Chapter+IX&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F3300%2F3300-h%2F3300-h.htm%23chap11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClass+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/3300/3300-h/3300-h.htm#chap32"><i>The Wealth of Nations</i></a>, Book IV, Chapter 7, Part 2. 'In other countries, rent and profit eat up wages, and the two superior orders of people oppress the inferior one; but in new colonies, the interest of the two superior orders obliges them to treat the inferior one with more generosity and humanity, at least where that inferior one is not in a state of slavery. Waste lands, of the greatest natural fertility, are to be had for a trifle. The increase of revenue which the proprietor, who is always the undertaker, expects from their improvement, constitutes his profit, which, in these circumstances, is commonly very great; but this great profit cannot be made, without employing the labour of other people in clearing and cultivating the land; and the disproportion between the great extent of the land and the small number of the people, which commonly takes place in new colonies, makes it difficult for him to get this labour. He does not, therefore, dispute about wages, but is willing to employ labour at any price.'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/3300/3300-h/3300-h.htm"><i>The Wealth of Nations</i></a>, Book I, Chapter 11, Part 2. 'The interest of the dealers, however, in any particular branch of trade or manufactures, is always in some respects different from, and even opposite to, that of the public. To widen the market, and to narrow the competition, is always the interest of the dealers. To widen the market may frequently be agreeable enough to the interest of the public; but to narrow the competition must always be against it, and can only serve to enable the dealers, by raising their profits above what they naturally would be, to levy, for their own benefit, an absurd tax upon the rest of their fellow-citizens. The proposal of any new law or regulation of commerce which comes from this order, ought always to be listened to with great precaution, and ought never to be adopted till after having been long and carefully examined, not only with the most scrupulous, but with the most suspicious attention. It comes from an order of men, whose interest is never exactly the same with that of the public, who have generally an interest to deceive and even to oppress the public, and who accordingly have, upon many occasions, both deceived and oppressed it.'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blackwell-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blackwell_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blackwell_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blackwell_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blackwell_58-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blackwell_58-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blackwell_58-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blackwell_58-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blackwell_58-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blackwell_58-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blackwell_58-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blackwell_58-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Blackwell Reference Online.<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.blackwellreference.com./subscriber/uid=834/tocnode?id=g9781405124331_chunk_g97814051243319_ss1-50">[1]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></i>. Retrieved 24 November 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/5669/5669-h/5669-h.htm"><i>Representative Government</i></a>, Chapter 3. ' Yet does Parliament, or almost any of the members composing it, ever for an instant look at any question with the eyes of a working man? When a subject arises in which the laborers as such have an interest, is it regarded from any point of view but that of the employers of labor? I do not say that the working men's view of these questions is in general nearer to the truth than the other, but it is sometimes quite as near; and in any case it ought to be respectfully listened to, instead of being, as it is, not merely turned away from, but ignored. On the question of strikes, for instance, it is doubtful if there is so much as one among the leading members of either House who is not firmly convinced that the reason of the matter is unqualifiedly on the side of the masters, and that the men's view of it is simply absurd. Those who have studied the question know well how far this is from being the case, and in how different, and how infinitely less superficial a manner the point would have to be argued, if the classes who strike were able to make themselves heard in Parliament.' <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/5669/5669-h/5669-h.htm"><i>Representative Government</i></a>, Chapter 6. 'In a state of society thus composed, if the representative system could be made ideally perfect, and if it were possible to maintain it in that state, its organization must be such that these two classes, manual laborers and their affinities on one side, employers of labor and their affinities on the other, should be, in the arrangement of the representative system, equally balanced, each influencing about an equal number of votes in Parliament; since, assuming that the majority of each class, in any difference between them, would be mainly governed by their class interests, there would be a minority of each in whom that consideration would be subordinate to reason, justice, and the good of the whole; and this minority of either, joining with the whole of the other, would turn the scale against any demands of their own majority which were not such as ought to prevail.'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/11224/11224-h/11224-h.htm"><i>Utilitarianism</i></a>, Chapter 5. <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/library/james-mill-and-libertarian-class-analysis">"James Mill and Libertarian Class Analysis"</a>. 28 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=James+Mill+and+Libertarian+Class+Analysis&rft.date=2012-03-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmises.org%2Flibrary%2Fjames-mill-and-libertarian-class-analysis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClass+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guthrie1907-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guthrie1907_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Buck_Guthrie1907" class="citation book cs1">William Buck Guthrie (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4DJJAAAAIAAJ"><i>Socialism Before the French Revolution: A History</i></a>. Macmillan. p. 283.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Socialism+Before+the+French+Revolution%3A+A+History&rft.pages=283&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1907&rft.au=William+Buck+Guthrie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4DJJAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClass+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blake1939-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blake1939_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blake1939_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_James_Blake1939" class="citation book cs1">William James Blake (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iPnTAAAAMAAJ"><i>An American Looks at Karl Marx</i></a>. Cordon Company. p. 622.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+American+Looks+at+Karl+Marx&rft.pages=622&rft.pub=Cordon+Company&rft.date=1939&rft.au=William+James+Blake&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiPnTAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClass+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Augustin Thierry: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180501215641/https://books.google.com/books?id=c5A1lIZb5H8C&dq=Histoire+du+Tiers+%C3%89tat&source=gbs_navlinks_s">Recueil des monuments inédits de l'histoire du Tiers état</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToynbee1947" class="citation book cs1">Toynbee, Arnold (1947). "The Nature of Disintegration". In Dorothea Grace Somervell (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/A_Study_of_History" title="A Study of History">A Study of History</a>: Abridgment of Volumes I–VI</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 365. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505081-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505081-3"><bdi>978-0-19-505081-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Nature+of+Disintegration&rft.btitle=A+Study+of+History%3A+Abridgment+of+Volumes+I%E2%80%93VI&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=365&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1947&rft.isbn=978-0-19-505081-3&rft.aulast=Toynbee&rft.aufirst=Arnold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClass+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pierre Proudhon, <i>What is Property?</i>, chapter 2, remark 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFĐilas1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Milovan_%C4%90ilas" class="mw-redirect" title="Milovan Đilas">Đilas, Milovan</a> (1983) [1957]. <i>The New Class: An Analysis of the Communist System</i> (paperback ed.). San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-665489-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-665489-0"><bdi>978-0-15-665489-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Class%3A+An+Analysis+of+the+Communist+System&rft.place=San+Diego&rft.edition=paperback&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace+Jovanovich&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-15-665489-0&rft.aulast=%C4%90ilas&rft.aufirst=Milovan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClass+conflict" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarpal1993" class="citation book cs1">Harpal, Brar (1993). <i>Trotskyism or Leninism?</i>. London: H. Brar. p. 647. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-874613-03-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-874613-03-9"><bdi>978-1-874613-03-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trotskyism+or+Leninism%3F&rft.place=London&rft.pages=647&rft.pub=H.+Brar&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-874613-03-9&rft.aulast=Harpal&rft.aufirst=Brar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClass+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErnest" class="citation web cs1">Ernest, Mandel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ernestmandel.org/en/works/txt/1979/soviet_bureaucracy.htm">"Why The Soviet Bureaucracy is not a New Ruling Class (1979)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170522081826/http://www.ernestmandel.org/en/works/txt/1979/soviet_bureaucracy.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+The+Soviet+Bureaucracy+is+not+a+New+Ruling+Class+%281979%29&rft.aulast=Ernest&rft.aufirst=Mandel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ernestmandel.org%2Fen%2Fworks%2Ftxt%2F1979%2Fsoviet_bureaucracy.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClass+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaps1997" class="citation book cs1">Kaps, Robert W. (1997). <i>Air Transport Labor Relations (Southern Illinois University Press Series in Aviation Management)</i>. Carbondale: Southern Illinois Press. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8093-1776-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8093-1776-9"><bdi>978-0-8093-1776-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Air+Transport+Labor+Relations+%28Southern+Illinois+University+Press+Series+in+Aviation+Management%29&rft.place=Carbondale&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Southern+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8093-1776-9&rft.aulast=Kaps&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClass+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZinn2003" class="citation book cs1">Zinn, Howard (2003). <i>A People's History of the United States: 1492–2001</i>. New York: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-052842-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-052842-3"><bdi>978-0-06-052842-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50622172">50622172</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+People%27s+History+of+the+United+States%3A+1492%E2%80%932001&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50622172&rft.isbn=978-0-06-052842-3&rft.aulast=Zinn&rft.aufirst=Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClass+conflict" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/billionaires/list/">"The World's Billionaires"</a>. <i>forbes.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130403013841/http://www.forbes.com/billionaires/list/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Revista Interdisciplinar</i>. <b>13</b>: 139–165. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161020144003/https://www.academia.edu/29300010/Egyptian_Revolution_A_Demographic_Structural_Analysis">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Entelequia.+Revista+Interdisciplinar&rft.atitle=Egyptian+Revolution%3A+A+Demographic+Structural+Analysis&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=139-165&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Korotayev+A%2C+Zinkina+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F29300010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClass+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mason_2013-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mason_2013_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason2013" class="citation web cs1">Mason, Paul (5 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/feb/05/arab-spring-global-revolution">"From Arab Spring to global revolution"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Economics+of+the+Arab+Awakening&rft.pub=International+Food+Policy+Research+Institute&rft.aulast=Breisinger&rft.aufirst=Clemens&rft.au=Ecker%2C+Olivier&rft.au=Al-Riffai%2C+Perrihan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifpri.org%2Fpublication%2Feconomics-arab-awakening&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClass+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman2012" class="citation web cs1">Friedman, Thomas L. (7 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161129012246/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/08/opinion/sunday/friedman-the-other-arab-spring.html">"Opinion | The Other Arab Spring"</a>. 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"Gender, black feminism, and black political economy". <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_the_American_Academy_of_Political_and_Social_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science">Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science</a></i>. <b>568</b> (1): 41–53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F000271620056800105">10.1177/000271620056800105</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146255922">146255922</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+American+Academy+of+Political+and+Social+Science&rft.atitle=Gender%2C+black+feminism%2C+and+black+political+economy&rft.volume=568&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=41-53&rft.date=2000-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F000271620056800105&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146255922%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Patricia+Hill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClass+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEastwood1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_H._Eastwood" title="John H. Eastwood">Eastwood, John H.</a> (1995). "Ye Are the Salt of the Earth". <i>The Wonder of Grace</i>. Shippensburg, PA: Companion Press. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56043-572-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56043-572-3"><bdi>978-1-56043-572-3</bdi></a>. <q>The system that was supposed to treat all men equally actually created a class society.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ye+Are+the+Salt+of+the+Earth&rft.btitle=The+Wonder+of+Grace&rft.place=Shippensburg%2C+PA&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Companion+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-56043-572-3&rft.aulast=Eastwood&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClass+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see Daniel Guérin, <i>Class Struggle in the First French Republic</i>, Pluto Press, 1977</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Class_conflict&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbidor2016" class="citation book cs1">Abidor, Mitchell, ed. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pmpress.org/index.php?l=product_detail&p=732"><i>Death to Bourgeois Society: The Propagandists of the Deed</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/PM_Press" title="PM Press">PM Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1629631127" title="Special:BookSources/978-1629631127"><bdi>978-1629631127</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+to+Bourgeois+Society%3A+The+Propagandists+of+the+Deed&rft.pub=PM+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1629631127&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpmpress.org%2Findex.php%3Fl%3Dproduct_detail%26p%3D732&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClass+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamic1934" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Adamic" title="Louis Adamic">Adamic, Louis</a> (1934). <i><a href="/wiki/Dynamite:_The_Story_of_Class_Violence_in_America" title="Dynamite: The Story of Class Violence in America">Dynamite: The Story of Class Violence in America</a></i> (Revised ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dynamite%3A+The+Story+of+Class+Violence+in+America&rft.edition=Revised&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Adamic&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClass+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntellHarris2007" class="citation book cs1">Antell, Gerson; Harris, Walter (2007). <i>Economics For Everybody</i>. Amsco School Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56765-640-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56765-640-4"><bdi>978-1-56765-640-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economics+For+Everybody&rft.pub=Amsco+School+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-56765-640-4&rft.aulast=Antell&rft.aufirst=Gerson&rft.au=Harris%2C+Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClass+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahrendorf1959" class="citation book cs1">Dahrendorf, Ralf (1959). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/classclassconfli0000dahr"><i>Class & Class Conflict in Industrial Society</i></a></span>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0804705615" title="Special:BookSources/0804705615"><bdi>0804705615</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Class+%26+Class+Conflict+in+Industrial+Society&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=0804705615&rft.aulast=Dahrendorf&rft.aufirst=Ralf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclassclassconfli0000dahr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClass+conflict" class="Z3988"></span> (also available in hardback as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0804705607" title="Special:BookSources/0804705607">0804705607</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1131155734" title="Special:BookSources/1131155734">1131155734</a>).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaux2006" class="citation book cs1">Faux, Jeff (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/globalclasswarho0000faux"><i>The Global Class War: How America's Bipartisan Elite Lost Our Future and What It Will Take to Win It Back</i></a></span>. John Wiley and Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0471697619" title="Special:BookSources/978-0471697619"><bdi>978-0471697619</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Global+Class+War%3A+How+America%27s+Bipartisan+Elite+Lost+Our+Future+and+What+It+Will+Take+to+Win+It+Back&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0471697619&rft.aulast=Faux&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fglobalclasswarho0000faux&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClass+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinPettis2020" class="citation book cs1">Klein, Matthew C.; Pettis, Michael (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300244175/trade-wars-are-class-wars"><i>Trade Wars Are Class Wars: How Rising Inequality Distorts the Global Economy and Threatens International Peace</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300244175" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300244175"><bdi>978-0300244175</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trade+Wars+Are+Class+Wars%3A+How+Rising+Inequality+Distorts+the+Global+Economy+and+Threatens+International+Peace&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0300244175&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Matthew+C.&rft.au=Pettis%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyalebooks.yale.edu%2Fbook%2F9780300244175%2Ftrade-wars-are-class-wars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClass+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi_Yi2005" class="citation book cs1">Li Yi (2005). <i>The Structure and Evolution of Chinese Social Stratification</i>. University Press of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-3331-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-3331-4"><bdi>978-0-7618-3331-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Structure+and+Evolution+of+Chinese+Social+Stratification&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7618-3331-4&rft.au=Li+Yi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClass+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaavak2012" class="citation journal cs1">Maavak, Mathew (December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jfsdigital.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/172-A02.pdf">"Class Warfare, Anarchy and the Future Society"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Futures Studies</i>. <b>17</b> (2): 15–36. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2226762">2226762</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Futures+Studies&rft.atitle=Class+Warfare%2C+Anarchy+and+the+Future+Society&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=15-36&rft.date=2012-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D2226762%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Maavak&rft.aufirst=Mathew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjfsdigital.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F10%2F172-A02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClass+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNess2009" class="citation book cs1">Ness, Immanuel, ed. (2009). <i>The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest: 1500 to the Present</i>. Malden, MA: Wiley & Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+International+Encyclopedia+of+Revolution+and+Protest%3A+1500+to+the+Present&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pub=Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClass+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNess2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Ness" title="Immanuel Ness">Ness, Immanuel</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190329025349/https://secure.pmpress.org/index.php?l=product_detail&p=628"><i>New Forms of Worker Organization: The Syndicalist and Autonomist Restoration of Class-Struggle Unionism</i></a>. PM Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1604869569" title="Special:BookSources/978-1604869569"><bdi>978-1604869569</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://secure.pmpress.org/index.php?l=product_detail&p=628">the original</a> on 29 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Forms+of+Worker+Organization%3A+The+Syndicalist+and+Autonomist+Restoration+of+Class-Struggle+Unionism&rft.pub=PM+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1604869569&rft.aulast=Ness&rft.aufirst=Immanuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsecure.pmpress.org%2Findex.php%3Fl%3Dproduct_detail%26p%3D628&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClass+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTranjan2023" class="citation book cs1">Tranjan, Ricardo (2023). <i>The Tenant Class</i>. Between the Lines. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1771136228" title="Special:BookSources/978-1771136228"><bdi>978-1771136228</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tenant+Class&rft.pub=Between+the+Lines&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1771136228&rft.aulast=Tranjan&rft.aufirst=Ricardo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClass+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasudevan2019" class="citation journal cs1">Vasudevan, Ramaa (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalyst-journal.com/2019/07/the-global-class-war/">"The Global Class War"</a>. <i>Catalyst</i>. <b>3</b> (1): 110–139.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Catalyst&rft.atitle=The+Global+Class+War&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=110-139&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Vasudevan&rft.aufirst=Ramaa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalyst-journal.com%2F2019%2F07%2Fthe-global-class-war%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClass+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeilig2002" class="citation book cs1">Zeilig, Leo, ed. (2002). <i>Class Struggle and Resistance in Africa</i>. New Clarion Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Class+Struggle+and+Resistance+in+Africa&rft.pub=New+Clarion+Press&rft.date=2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClass+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Class_conflict&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 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href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Class_conflict" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Class conflict">Class conflict</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracynow.org/2010/9/3/study_ceos_who_fired_most_workers">2008-2010 Study: CEOs Who Fired Most Workers Earned Highest Pay</a> – video report by <i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Now!" title="Democracy Now!">Democracy Now!</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/d3qqpk/how-a-real-class-war-like-with-guns-could-actually-happen">How a Real Class War, Like with Guns, Could Actually Happen</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Vice_Media" title="Vice Media">Vice</a></i>, 26 November 2018.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px 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navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anarchism" title="Template:Anarchism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anarchism" title="Template talk:Anarchism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anarchism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_theory" title="Category:Anarchist theory">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Black_Cross" title="Anarchist Black Cross">Anarchist Black Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_criminology" title="Anarchist criminology">Anarchist criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anationalism">Anationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Anti-militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_group" title="Affinity group">Affinity group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_social_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous social center">Autonomous social center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_bloc" title="Black bloc">Black bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li>Class struggle</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_decision-making" title="Consensus decision-making">Consensus decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freethought" title="Freethought">Freethought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontalidad" title="Horizontalidad">Horizontalidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_law" title="Anarchist law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">Mutual aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Participatory politics">Participatory politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_autonomous_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent autonomous zone">Permanent autonomous zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefigurative_politics" title="Prefigurative politics">Prefigurative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rewilding_(anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rewilding (anarchism)">Rewilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">Sabotage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_culture" title="Security culture">Security culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocracy" title="Sociocracy">Sociocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatherapy">Somatherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Autonomous_Zone" title="Temporary Autonomous Zone">Temporary autonomous zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_egoists" title="Union of egoists">Union of egoists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' council</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Issues_in_anarchism" title="Category:Issues in anarchism">Issues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_animal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism and animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_capitalism" title="Anarchism and capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_education" title="Anarchism and education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_issues_related_to_love_and_sex" title="Anarchism and issues related to love and sex">Love and sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_nationalism" title="Anarchism and nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion" title="Anarchism and religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_violence" title="Anarchism and violence">Violence</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_schools_of_thought" title="Category:Anarchist schools of thought">Schools of thought</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical anarchism">Classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egoist_anarchism" title="Egoist anarchism">Egoist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegalism" title="Illegalism">Illegalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-naturism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-naturism">Naturist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anarchism" title="Philosophical anarchism">Philosophical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Communist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magonism" title="Magonism">Magonist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-classical anarchism">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Primitivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence anarchism">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">Insurrectionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-pacifism" title="Anarcho-pacifism">Pacifist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion#Religious_anarchism_and_anarchist_themes_in_religions" title="Anarchism and religion">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion#Buddhism" title="Anarchism and religion">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_without_adjectives" title="Anarchism without adjectives">Without adjectives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_anarchism" title="Contemporary anarchism">Contemporary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Free-market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_anarchism" title="Postcolonial anarchism">Postcolonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-anarchism">Post-anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-left_anarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-left anarchy">Post-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">Queer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of federation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_group" title="Affinity group">Affinity group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Anarcho-syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platformism" title="Platformism">Platformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesis_anarchism" title="Synthesis anarchism">Synthesis anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_egoists" title="Union of egoists">Union of egoists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_economics" title="Category:Anarchist economics">Economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communization" title="Communization">Communization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_the_limit_of_price" title="Cost the limit of price">Cost the limit of price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Decentralized_planning" title="Planned economy">Decentralized planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">General strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Give-away_shop" title="Give-away shop">Give-away shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_voucher" title="Labour voucher">Labour voucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_bank" title="Mutual bank">Mutual bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_credit" title="Mutual credit">Mutual credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Social ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_culture" title="Category:Anarchist culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_las_Barricadas" title="A las Barricadas">A las Barricadas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_bookfair" title="Anarchist bookfair">Anarchist bookfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">Anarcho-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_the_arts" title="Anarchism and the arts">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">DIY ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escuela_Moderna" class="mw-redirect" title="Escuela Moderna">Escuela Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism" title="List of films dealing with anarchism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeganism" title="Freeganism">Freeganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infoshop" title="Infoshop">Infoshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Media_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Media Center">Independent Media Center</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifestyle anarchism">Lifestylism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">May Day</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/No_gods,_no_masters" class="mw-redirect" title="No gods, no masters">No gods, no masters</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_education" title="Popular education">Popular education</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft!" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft!">Property is theft!</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_cheerleading" title="Radical cheerleading">Radical cheerleading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_environmentalism" title="Radical environmentalism">Radical environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-managed_social_center" title="Self-managed social center">Self-managed social center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_symbolism" title="Anarchist symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Anarchism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Regional_Federation_of_the_IWA" title="Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA">Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Congress_(1872)" title="Hague Congress (1872)">Hague Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonal_rebellion" title="Cantonal rebellion">Cantonal rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Thirty" title="Trial of the Thirty">Trial of the Thirty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrer_movement" title="Ferrer movement">Ferrer movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strandza_Commune" class="mw-redirect" title="Strandza Commune">Strandza Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Anarchist_Congress_of_Amsterdam" title="International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam">Congress of Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Spain)" title="Tragic Week (Spain)">Tragic Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Treason_Incident" title="High Treason Incident">High Treason Incident</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Sixteen" title="Manifesto of the Sixteen">Manifesto of the Sixteen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">Bavarian Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_United_States_anarchist_bombings" title="1919 United States anarchist bombings">1919 United States bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biennio_Rosso" title="Biennio Rosso">Biennio Rosso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion" title="Kronstadt rebellion">Kronstadt rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amakasu_Incident" title="Amakasu Incident">Amakasu Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish Revolution of 1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_May_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Barcelona May Days">Barcelona May Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_inverted_triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Red inverted triangle">Red inverted triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labadie_Collection" title="Labadie Collection">Labadie Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provo_(movement)" title="Provo (movement)">Provo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LIP_(company)" title="LIP (company)">LIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Sharpley_Library" title="Kate Sharpley Library">Kate Sharpley Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Anarchist_Centenary_Celebrations" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Anarchist Centenary Celebrations">Australian Anarchist Centenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_Against_Capital" title="Carnival Against Capital">Carnival Against Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Seattle_WTO_protests" title="1999 Seattle WTO protests">1999 Seattle WTO protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Really_Really_Free_Market" title="Really Really Free Market">Really Really Free Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchists" title="Category:Anarchists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Alston" title="Ashanti Alston">Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Armand" title="Émile Armand">Armand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_Jin" title="Ba Jin">Ba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Berkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Bonanno" title="Alfredo Bonanno">Bonanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_Bourdin" title="Martial Bourdin">Bourdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">Cleyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenaventura_Durruti" title="Buenaventura Durruti">Durruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" title="Jacques Ellul">Ellul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Kom%27boa_Ervin" title="Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin">Ervin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Faure" title="Sébastien Faure">Faure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fauset_MacDonald" title="Thomas Fauset MacDonald">Fauset MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ferrer" title="Francisco Ferrer">Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Feyerabend" title="Paul Feyerabend">Feyerabend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severino_Di_Giovanni" title="Severino Di Giovanni">Giovanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Prada" title="Manuel González Prada">González Prada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Guillaume" title="James Guillaume">Guillaume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Zhen_(anarchist)" title="He Zhen (anarchist)">He-Yin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanno_Sugako" title="Kanno Sugako">Kanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dtoku_Sh%C5%ABsui" title="Kōtoku Shūsui">Kōtoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Landauer" title="Gustav Landauer">Landauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shifu" title="Liu Shifu">Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Flores_Mag%C3%B3n" title="Ricardo Flores Magón">Magón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigorii_Maksimov" title="Grigorii Maksimov">Maksimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Mett" title="Ida Mett">Mett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Most" title="Johann Most">Most</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Parsons" title="Lucy Parsons">Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesc_Pi_i_Margall" title="Francesc Pi i Margall">Pi i Margall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Pouget" title="Émile Pouget">Pouget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiratsuka_Raich%C5%8D" title="Hiratsuka Raichō">Raichō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lis%C3%A9e_Reclus" title="Élisée Reclus">Reclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Abad_de_Santill%C3%A1n" title="Diego Abad de Santillán">Santillán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volin" title="Volin">Volin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Ward" title="Colin Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efim_Yarchuk" title="Efim Yarchuk">Yarchuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zerzan" title="John Zerzan">Zerzan</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarcho-punk_bands" title="List of anarcho-punk bands">Anarcho-punk bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_anarchism" title="List of books about anarchism">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_anarchists" title="List of fictional anarchists">Fictional characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism" title="List of films dealing with anarchism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_anarchists" title="List of Jewish anarchists">Jewish anarchists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_musicians" title="List of anarchist musicians">Musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_periodicals" title="List of anarchist periodicals">Periodicals</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchism_by_region" title="Category:Anarchism by region">By region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Africa" title="Anarchism in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Albania" title="Anarchism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Algeria" title="Anarchism in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Andorra" title="Anarchism in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Argentina" title="Anarchism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Armenia" title="Anarchism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Australia" title="Anarchism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Austria" title="Anarchism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Anarchism in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bangladesh" title="Anarchism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belarus" title="Anarchism in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belgium" title="Anarchism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bolivia" title="Anarchism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Anarchism in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Brazil" title="Anarchism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bulgaria" title="Anarchism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Canada" title="Anarchism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Chile" title="Anarchism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_China" title="Anarchism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Colombia" title="Anarchism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Anarchism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Croatia" title="Anarchism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cuba" title="Anarchism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cyprus" title="Anarchism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Denmark" title="Anarchism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_East_Timor" title="Anarchism in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ecuador" title="Anarchism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Egypt" title="Anarchism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_El_Salvador" title="Anarchism in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Estonia" title="Anarchism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Finland" title="Anarchism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_France" title="Anarchism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_French_Guiana" title="Anarchism in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Georgia" title="Anarchism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Germany" title="Anarchism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Greece" title="Anarchism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Guatemala" title="Anarchism in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Anarchism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hungary" title="Anarchism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iceland" title="Anarchism in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_India" title="Anarchism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Indonesia" title="Anarchism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iran" title="Anarchism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ireland" title="Anarchism in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Israel" title="Anarchism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Italy" title="Anarchism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Japan" title="Anarchism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Korea" title="Anarchism in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Latvia" title="Anarchism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Malaysia" title="Anarchism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mexico" title="Anarchism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Monaco" title="Anarchism in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mongolia" title="Anarchism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Morocco" title="Anarchism in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Anarchism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_New_Zealand" title="Anarchism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nicaragua" title="Anarchism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nigeria" title="Anarchism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Norway" title="Anarchism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Panama" title="Anarchism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Paraguay" title="Anarchism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Peru" title="Anarchism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Philippines" title="Anarchism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Poland" title="Anarchism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Portugal" title="Anarchism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Anarchism in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Romania" title="Anarchism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Serbia" title="Anarchism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Singapore" title="Anarchism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_South_Africa" title="Anarchism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Sweden" title="Anarchism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Switzerland" title="Anarchism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Syria" title="Anarchism in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Taiwan" title="Anarchism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Tunisia" title="Anarchism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Turkey" title="Anarchism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ukraine" title="Anarchism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anarchism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Anarchism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Uruguay" title="Anarchism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Venezuela" title="Anarchism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Vietnam" title="Anarchism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Related topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corporate_activism" title="Anti-corporate activism">Anti-corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">Anti-statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autarchism" title="Autarchism">Autarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_anarchism_and_libertarianism" title="Definition of anarchism and libertarianism">Definition of anarchism and libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual Power">Dual Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">Left communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_Friedrich_Nietzsche_and_Max_Stirner" title="Relationship between Friedrich Nietzsche and Max Stirner">Relationship between Friedrich<br />Nietzsche and Max Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/28px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/42px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/56px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="456" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Anarchism" title="Portal:Anarchism">Anarchism portal</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchism" title="Category:Anarchism">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Outline</a></b></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Marxist_phraseology_and_terminology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist 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hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barracks_communism" title="Barracks communism">Barracks communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Base_and_superstructure" title="Base and superstructure">Base and superstructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">Bourgeoisie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Bourgeois democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_nationalism" title="Bourgeois nationalism">Bourgeois nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_revolution" title="Bourgeois revolution">Bourgeois revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_socialism" title="Bourgeois socialism">Bourgeois socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">Capitalist mode of production</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodification" title="Commodification">Commodification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectics" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialectics">Dialectics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">Dictatorship of the proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">Historical materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquidationism" title="Liquidationism">Liquidationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumpenproletariat" title="Lumpenproletariat">Lumpenproletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Means_of_labor" title="Means of labor">Means of labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolic_rift" title="Metabolic rift">Metabolic rift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petite_bourgeoisie" title="Petite bourgeoisie">Petite bourgeoisie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_accumulation_of_capital" title="Primitive accumulation of capital">Primitive accumulation of capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">Proletarian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Pure communism">Pure communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">Revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_spontaneity" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary spontaneity">Revolutionary spontaneity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_wave" title="Revolutionary wave">Revolutionary wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">Scientific socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">Socialist mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-imperialism" title="Super-imperialism">Super-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretician_(Marxism)" title="Theoretician (Marxism)">Theoretician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-stage_theory" title="Two-stage theory">Two-stage theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_of_the_world,_unite!" title="Workers of the world, unite!">Workers of the world, unite!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_control" title="Workers' control">Workers' control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_communism" title="World communism">World communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">World revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.25em;">Sociology and economics<br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Marxian_critique_of_political_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxian critique of political economy">Marxian</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism#Capital_accumulation" title="Capitalism">Accumulation of capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">Capitalist mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_theory" title="Crisis theory">Crisis of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanding_heights_of_the_economy" title="Commanding heights of the economy">Commanding heights of the economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_(Marxism)" title="Commodity (Marxism)">Commodity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">Commodity production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominant_ideology" title="Dominant ideology">Dominant ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_value" title="Exchange value">Exchange value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(communism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (communism and anarchism)">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_value" title="Law of value">Law of value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">Means of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_of_production" title="Mode of production">Mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productive_forces" title="Productive forces">Productive forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_for_use" title="Production for use">Production for use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relations_of_production" title="Relations of production">Relations of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_commodity_production" title="Simple commodity production">Simple commodity production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">Socialist mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_necessary_labour_time" title="Socially necessary labour time">Socially necessary labour time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialization_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialization (economics)">Socialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_murder" title="Social murder">Social murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subject_of_labor" title="Subject of labor">Subject of labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surplus_value" title="Surplus value">Surplus value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_value" title="Use value">Use value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(economics)" title="Value (economics)">Value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">Worker cooperative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxist–Leninist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-revisionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-revisionism">Anti-revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_revolutionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional revolutionaries">Cadre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Committee">Central Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">Democratic centralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_power" title="Dual power">Dual power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foco" title="Foco">Foco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_line_of_the_party" title="General line of the party">General line of the party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_liberation_(Marxism)" title="National liberation (Marxism)">National liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_class" title="New class">New class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_democracy_(Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism)" title="People's democracy (Marxism–Leninism)">People's democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo" title="Politburo">Politburo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_rehabilitation" title="Political rehabilitation">Political rehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_front" title="Popular front">Popular front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_socialism" title="Real socialism">Real socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">Revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_terror" title="Revolutionary terror">Revolutionary terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_(administrative_office)" title="Secretariat (administrative office)">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-criticism_(Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-criticism (Marxism–Leninism)">Self-criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_accumulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist accumulation">Socialist accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">Socialism in one country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_fascism" title="Social fascism">Social fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_imperialism" title="Social imperialism">Social imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_democracy" title="Soviet democracy">Soviet democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Marxism" title="Democracy in Marxism">Democracy in Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_front" title="United front">United front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguardism" title="Vanguardism">Vanguardism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deformed_workers%27_state" title="Deformed workers' state">Deformed workers' state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degenerated_workers%27_state" title="Degenerated workers' state">Degenerated workers' state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Turn" title="French Turn">French Turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_revolution" title="Permanent revolution">Permanent revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">Social revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_demand" title="Transitional demand">Transitional demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uneven_and_combined_development" title="Uneven and combined development">Uneven and combined development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_front" title="United front">United front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">World revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antagonistic_contradiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Antagonistic contradiction">Antagonistic contradiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-revisionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-revisionism">Anti-revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_roader" title="Capitalist roader">Capitalist roader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_revolution_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuous revolution theory">Continuous revolution theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_East_wind_prevails_over_the_West_wind" title="The East wind prevails over the West wind">The East wind prevails over the West wind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Olds" title="Four Olds">Four Olds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_line" title="Mass line">Mass line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democracy" title="New Democracy">New Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole-process_people%27s_democracy" title="Whole-process people's democracy">Whole-process people's democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Divides_Into_Two" class="mw-redirect" title="One Divides Into Two">One Divides Into Two</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_war" title="People's war">People's war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_power_grows_out_of_the_barrel_of_a_gun" title="Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun">Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">Revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_base_area" title="Revolutionary base area">Revolutionary base area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_is_not_a_dinner_party" title="Revolution is not a dinner party">Revolution is not a dinner party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_imperialism" title="Social imperialism">Social imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struggle_session" title="Struggle session">Struggle session</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.25em;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Multiparty_Democracy" title="People's Multiparty Democracy">People's Multiparty Democracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Communism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Communism" title="Template:Communism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communism" title="Template talk:Communism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Communism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">Class consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">Communist party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_revolution" title="Communist revolution">Communist revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">Communist society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/From_each_according_to_his_ability,_to_each_according_to_his_needs" title="From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs">"From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_abolitionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market abolitionism">Market abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">Social revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_communism" title="World communism">World communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">World revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">Dictatorship of the proletariat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">Planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialization_(Marxism)" title="Socialization (Marxism)">Socialization (Marxism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_value" title="Use value">Use value</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_ideologies" title="List of communist ideologies">Variants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Marxism">Libertarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Marxist_communism" title="Pre-Marxist communism">Pre-Marxist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_communism" title="Primitive communism">Primitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_communism" title="Religious communism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_communism" title="History of communism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_League" title="Communist League">Communist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association" title="International Workingmen's Association">First International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_International" title="Second International">Second International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Third International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_International" title="Fourth International">Fourth International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_parties" title="List of communist parties">Communist Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Peace_Council" title="World Peace Council">WPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="World Federation of Trade Unions">WFTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Democratic_Youth" title="World Federation of Democratic Youth">WFDY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Students" title="International Union of Students">IUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_International_Democratic_Federation" title="Women's International Democratic Federation">WIDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Scientific_Workers" title="World Federation of Scientific Workers">WFSW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organisation_of_Journalists" class="mw-redirect" title="International Organisation of Journalists">IOR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Communists" title="Category:Communists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Meslier" title="Jean Meslier">Meslier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">Babeuf</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Pannekoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Kollontai" title="Alexandra Kollontai">Kollontai</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Th%C3%A4lmann" title="Ernst Thälmann">Thälmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Bukharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Tito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Togliatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Khrushchev</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._L._R._James" title="C. L. R. James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Padmore" title="George Padmore">Padmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Nkrumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Hobsbawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Althusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulo_Freire" title="Paulo Freire">Freire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pier_Paolo_Pasolini" title="Pier Paolo Pasolini">Pasolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Mandel" title="Ernest Mandel">Mandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Raja" title="D. Raja">Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Berger" title="John Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Guattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Amin" title="Samir Amin">Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Berlinguer" title="Enrico Berlinguer">Berlinguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abimael_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Abimael Guzmán">Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Maria_Sison" title="Jose Maria Sison">Sison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Holloway_(sociologist)" title="John Holloway (sociologist)">Holloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_Zizek" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavoj Zizek">Zizek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Sankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Öcalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_S%C3%A1nchez_Gordillo" title="Juan Manuel Sánchez Gordillo">Gordillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Wilson_Gilmore" title="Ruth Wilson Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcomandante_Marcos" title="Subcomandante Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hardt" title="Michael Hardt">Hardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodi_Dean" title="Jodi Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Lordon" title="Frédéric Lordon">Lordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Kelley" title="Robin Kelley">Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fisher" title="Mark Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijay_Prashad" title="Vijay Prashad">Prashad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Zyuganov" title="Gennady Zyuganov">Zyuganov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Hatherley" title="Owen Hatherley">Hatherley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Moufawad-Paul" title="J. Moufawad-Paul">Moufawad-Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohei_Saito" title="Kohei Saito">Saito</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Far-left politics in the United Kingdom">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Colombia" title="Communism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_France" title="Communism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_India" title="Communism in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Kerala" title="Communism in Kerala">Kerala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Korea" title="Communism in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Nepal" title="Communism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Peru" title="Communism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_the_Philippines" title="Communism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Poland" title="Communism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_communism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of communism in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Sumatra" title="Communism in Sumatra">Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Vietnam" title="Communism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communist_symbolism" title="Communist symbolism">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle" title="Hammer and sickle">Hammer and sickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_flag_(politics)" title="Red flag (politics)">Red flag (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_star" title="Red star">Red star</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Workers_of_the_world,_unite!" title="Workers of the world, unite!">Workers of the world, unite!</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Criticism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_propaganda" title="Communist propaganda">Communist propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_communist_party_rule" title="Criticism of communist party rule">Criticism of communist party rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Marxism" title="Criticism of Marxism">Criticism of Marxism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_communist_theorists" title="21st-century communist theorists">21st-century communist theorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti_anti-communism" title="Anti anti-communism">Anti anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_mass_killings" title="Anti-communist mass killings">Anti-communist mass killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_killings_under_communist_regimes" title="Mass killings under communist regimes">Mass killings under communist regimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Left" title="Old Left">Old Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_and_LGBTQ_rights" title="Communism and LGBTQ rights">LGBTQ rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_alienation" title="Marx's theory of alienation">Marx's theory of alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_communism" title="National communism">National communism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_communism_in_Romania" title="National communism in Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">Socialist mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_communism" title="War communism">War communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">Worker cooperative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/16px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/24px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/32px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/16px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/24px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Socialism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Socialism" title="Template:Socialism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Socialism" title="Template talk:Socialism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Socialism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">History</a> - <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_socialism" title="Outline of socialism">Outline</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_socialism" title="Types of socialism">Schools of<br />thought</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">21st century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_socialism" title="Agrarian socialism">Agrarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_socialism" title="Ethical socialism">Ethical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_feminism" title="Socialist feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">Scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourierism" title="Fourierism">Fourierism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icarians" title="Icarians">Icarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owenism" title="Owenism">Owenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Simonianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Simonianism">Saint-Simonianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Hal_Draper" title="Hal Draper">from below</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Free-market</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire#Socialism" title="Laissez-faire">Left-wing laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_market_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing market anarchism">Left-wing market</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">Insurrectionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magonism" title="Magonism">Magonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neozapatismo" title="Neozapatismo">Neozapatismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platformism" title="Platformism">Platformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Syndicalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Marxism">Libertarian Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">Left communism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">Council communism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg#Thought" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_spontaneity#Mao-Spontex" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary spontaneity">Mao-Spontex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Pablo" title="Michel Pablo">Pabloism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_International_Posadist" title="Fourth International Posadist">Posadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Trotskyism" title="Orthodox Trotskyism">Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_camp" title="Third camp">Third camp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialism" title="Authoritarian socialism">Authoritarian</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialism#Socialism_from_above" title="Authoritarian socialism">from above</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barracks_communism" title="Barracks communism">Barracks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Nechayev" title="Sergey Nechayev">Nechayevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanquism" title="Blanquism">Blanquism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolshevism" title="Bolshevism">Bolshevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu#Ceaușescu's_policies" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Ceaușism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husakism" title="Husakism">Husakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Kadarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrushchevism" class="mw-redirect" title="Khrushchevism">Khrushchevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping_Theory" title="Deng Xiaoping Theory">Dengism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism_(Third_Worldism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maoism (Third Worldism)">Maoism–Third Worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Thought" title="Gonzalo Thought">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Gonzalo Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism%E2%80%93Prachanda_Path" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Prachanda Path">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Prachanda Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought" title="Xi Jinping Thought">Xi Jinping Thought</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Stalinism" title="Neo-Stalinism">Neo-Stalinism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Tkachev" title="Pyotr Tkachev">Tkachevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lassallism" title="Lassallism">Lassallism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_socialism" title="Religious socialism">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">communism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Jewish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Caribbean_leftism" title="Afro-Caribbean leftism">African-Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarianism" title="Bolivarianism">Bolivarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Principles_of_the_People" title="Three Principles of the People">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_ideology_of_the_Kuomintang" title="Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang">Nationalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhian_socialism" title="Gandhian socialism">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marhaenism" title="Marhaenism">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_socialism" title="Melanesian socialism">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neozapatismo" title="Neozapatismo">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Soviet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">In one country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_socialism" title="Real socialism">Real</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Socialism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_World_socialism" title="Third World socialism">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Yugoslav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key topics<br />and issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist economics">Anarchist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-revisionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-revisionism">Anti-revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_socialism" title="Criticism of socialism">Criticism of socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">Dictatorship of the proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_equal_liberty#Equal_liberty" title="Law of equal liberty">Equal liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Equality of opportunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_of_outcome" title="Equality of outcome">Equality of outcome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anarchism" title="History of anarchism">History of anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_communism" title="History of communism">History of communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">History of socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_social_democracy" title="History of social democracy">History of social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impossibilism" title="Impossibilism">Impossibilism</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">State-owned enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">Land reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_of_production" title="Mode of production">Mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanosocialism" title="Nanosocialism">Nanosocialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">Planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-capitalism" title="Post-capitalism">Post-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">Proletarian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">Revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Socialisation of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_market_economy" title="Socialist market economy">Socialist market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">Socialist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhocracy" title="Adhocracy">Adhocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist economics">Anarchist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income" title="Universal basic income">Basic income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calculation_in_kind" title="Calculation in kind">Calculation in kind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Decentralized_planning" title="Planned economy">Decentralized planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">Economic planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Equal opportunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association of producers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_democracy" title="Industrial democracy">Industrial democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor-time_calculation" title="Labor-time calculation">Labor-time calculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_voucher" title="Labour voucher">Labour voucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Organizational self-management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_for_use" title="Production for use">Production for use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">Public ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_dividend" title="Social dividend">Social dividend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">Socialist mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">Workplace democracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialists" title="Category:Socialists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Tommaso Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">Gracchus Babeuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_d%27Hupay" title="Victor d'Hupay">Victor d'Hupay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Bonnot_de_Mably" title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably">Gabriel Bonnot de Mably</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Sylvain Maréchal">Sylvain Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Gabriel_Morelly" title="Étienne-Gabriel Morelly">Étienne-Gabriel Morelly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Stephen Pearl Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Goodwyn_Barmby" title="John Goodwyn Barmby">John Goodwyn Barmby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Barone" title="Enrico Barone">Enrico Barone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Bebel" title="August Bebel">August Bebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bellamy" title="Edward Bellamy">Edward Bellamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Eduard Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc">Louis Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Blanqui" title="Louis Auguste Blanqui">Louis Auguste Blanqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Buchez" title="Philippe Buchez">Philippe Buchez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_B%C3%BCchner" title="Georg Büchner">Georg Büchner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Buonarroti" title="Philippe Buonarroti">Philippe Buonarroti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Largo_Caballero" title="Francisco Largo Caballero">Francisco Largo Caballero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Cabet" title="Étienne Cabet">Étienne Cabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Carpenter" title="Edward Carpenter">Edward Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Chernyshevsky" title="Nikolay Chernyshevsky">Nikolay Chernyshevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">James Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Prosper_Considerant" title="Victor Prosper Considerant">Victor Prosper Considerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_D%C3%A9mar" title="Claire Démar">Claire Démar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_D%C3%A9zamy" title="Théodore Dézamy">Théodore Dézamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy-Prosper_Enfantin" title="Barthélemy-Prosper Enfantin">Prosper Enfantin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Charles Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Emma Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Batchelder_Greene" title="William Batchelder Greene">William Batchelder Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hall_(economist)" title="Charles Hall (economist)">Charles Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Herzen" title="Alexander Herzen">Alexander Herzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hodgskin" title="Thomas Hodgskin">Thomas Hodgskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès">Jean Jaurès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones" title="Mother Jones">Mother Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Karl Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lafargue" title="Paul Lafargue">Paul Lafargue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle">Ferdinand Lassalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Lavrov" title="Pyotr Lavrov">Pyotr Lavrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Auguste_Ledru-Rollin" title="Alexandre Auguste Ledru-Rollin">Alexandre Ledru-Rollin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Leroux" title="Pierre Leroux">Pierre Leroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Macfarlane" title="Helen Macfarlane">Helen Macfarlane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Errico Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Louise Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Mikhaylovsky" title="Nikolay Mikhaylovsky">Nikolay Mikhaylovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Robert Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Antonie Pannekoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pascoli" title="Giovanni Pascoli">Giovanni Pascoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Pecqueur" title="Constantin Pecqueur">Constantin Pecqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Plekhanov" title="Georgi Plekhanov">Georgi Plekhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Emilio_Recabarren" title="Luis Emilio Recabarren">Luis Emilio Recabarren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Henri de Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Saltykov-Shchedrin" title="Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin">Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sand" title="George Sand">George Sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Schulz" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Schulz">Friedrich Wilhelm Schulz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Sue" title="Eugène Sue">Eugène Sue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Lysander Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_M._Taylor" title="Fred M. Taylor">Fred M. Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Thompson_(philosopher)" title="William Thompson (philosopher)">William Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Tkachev" title="Pyotr Tkachev">Pyotr Tkachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Benjamin Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Voilquin" title="Suzanne Voilquin">Suzanne Voilquin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Josiah Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Weitling" title="Wilhelm Weitling">Wilhelm Weitling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Tariq Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">Salvador Allende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inejir%C5%8D_Asanuma" title="Inejirō Asanuma">Inejirō Asanuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aung_San" title="Aung San">Aung San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Barbusse" title="Henri Barbusse">Henri Barbusse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyoti_Basu" title="Jyoti Basu">Jyoti Basu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Walter Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Tony Benn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Léon Blum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Lee_Boggs" title="Grace Lee Boggs">Grace Lee Boggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Cornelius Castoriadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy" title="M. N. Roy">M. N. Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._D._H._Cole" title="G. D. H. Cole">G. D. H. Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Jeremy Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_D%C3%A9at" title="Marcel Déat">Marcel Déat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Guy Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dub%C4%8Dek" title="Alexander Dubček">Alexander Dubček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faiz_Ahmad_Faiz" title="Faiz Ahmad Faiz">Faiz Ahmad Faiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einar_Gerhardsen" title="Einar Gerhardsen">Einar Gerhardsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxim_Gorky" title="Maxim Gorky">Maxim Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safdar_Hashmi" title="Safdar Hashmi">Safdar Hashmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Eric Hobsbawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolores_Ib%C3%A1rruri" title="Dolores Ibárruri">Dolores Ibárruri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Iglesias_Posse" title="Pablo Iglesias Posse">Pablo Iglesias Posse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayaprakash_Narayan" title="Jayaprakash Narayan">Jayaprakash Narayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Jacoby" title="Russell Jacoby">Russell Jacoby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Jong-il">Kim Jong-il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Kollontai" title="Alexandra Kollontai">Alexandra Kollontai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Larkin" title="James Larkin">James Larkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._M._S._Namboodiripad" title="E. M. S. Namboodiripad">E. M. S. Namboodiripad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Layton" title="Jack Layton">Jack Layton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Lefebvre" title="Henri Lefebvre">Henri Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Lefort" title="Claude Lefort">Claude Lefort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">György Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun">Lu Xun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">Alasdair MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Nestor Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Carlos_Mari%C3%A1tegui" title="José Carlos Mariátegui">José Carlos Mariátegui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_Marquet" title="Adrien Marquet">Adrien Marquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Dun" title="Mao Dun">Mao Dun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salama_Moussa" title="Salama Moussa">Salama Moussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Nagy" title="Imre Nagy">Imre Nagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Niekisch" title="Ernst Niekisch">Ernst Niekisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ne_Win" title="Ne Win">Ne Win</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Sylvia Pankhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Paterson" title="Fred Paterson">Fred Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Karl Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Renaudel" title="Pierre Renaudel">Pierre Renaudel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._T._Ranadive" title="B. T. Ranadive">B. T. Ranadive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Salvemini" title="Gaetano Salvemini">Gaetano Salvemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Scargill" title="Arthur Scargill">Arthur Scargill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Léopold Sédar Senghor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._H._Tawney" title="R. H. Tawney">R. H. Tawney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._P._Thompson" title="E. P. Thompson">E. P. Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Toller" title="Ernst Toller">Ernst Toller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Manohar_Lohia" title="Ram Manohar Lohia">Ram Manohar Lohia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">Cornel West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Zetkin" title="Clara Zetkin">Clara Zetkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Howard Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Posadas" title="J. Posadas">J. Posadas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Castillo" title="Pedro Castillo">Pedro Castillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Crow" title="Bob Crow">Bob Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemal_K%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C3%A7daro%C4%9Flu" title="Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu">Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong Un</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lula_da_Silva" class="mw-redirect" title="Lula da Silva">Lula da Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evo_Morales" title="Evo Morales">Evo Morales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanis_Varoufakis" title="Yanis Varoufakis">Yanis Varoufakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaush" title="Vaush">Vaush</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialist_organizations" title="Category:Socialist organizations">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:International_socialist_organizations" title="Category:International socialist organizations">International socialist organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialist_parties" title="Category:Socialist parties">Socialist parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_calculation_problem" title="Economic calculation problem">Economic calculation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Marxist philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Left" title="Old Left">Old Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Socialism_by_state" title="Template:Socialism by state">Socialism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_calculation_debate" title="Socialist calculation debate">Socialist calculation debate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialism" title="Category:Socialism">Categories</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Socialism" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Socialism">Socialism WikiProject</a></b></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/16px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/24px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/16px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/24px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/32px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syndicalism.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/16px-Syndicalism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/24px-Syndicalism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/32px-Syndicalism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="530" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Organized_Labour" title="Portal:Organized Labour">Organized Labour portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_class" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_class" title="Template:Social class"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_class" title="Template talk:Social class"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_class" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social class"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_class" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">Social class</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">Status</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Stratum</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Economic_classes" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic classes">Economic classes</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_model" title="Gilbert model">Gilbert model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxian_class_theory" title="Marxian class theory">Marxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudsill_theory" title="Mudsill theory">Mudsill theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_class" title="New class">New class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoon_class_theory" title="Spoon class theory">Spoon class theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-component_theory_of_stratification" title="Three-component theory of stratification">Weberian (three-component)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Related<wbr /> topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattering_classes" title="Chattering classes">Chattering classes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Class society">Class society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_traitor" title="Class traitor">Class traitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicide" title="Classicide">Classicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthenics" title="Euthenics">Euthenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_society" title="High society">High society</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_riche" title="Nouveau riche">Nouveau riche</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Parvenu" title="Parvenu">Parvenu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranked_society" title="Ranked society">Ranked society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cleansing" title="Social cleansing">Social cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_mobility" title="Social mobility">Social mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_orphan" title="Social orphan">Social orphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_position" title="Social position">Social position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subaltern_(postcolonialism)" title="Subaltern (postcolonialism)">Subaltern</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Status_Anxiety" title="Status Anxiety">Status Anxiety</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_demographic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div title="demographic">By demographic</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_detention" title="Administrative detention">Administrative detainee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_(law)" title="Alien (law)">Alien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">illegal immigrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_citizenship" title="Multiple citizenship">dual or multiple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jus_soli" title="Jus soli">native-born</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">naturalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-class_citizen" title="Second-class citizen">second-class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clique" title="Clique">Clique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_clique" title="Adolescent clique">adolescent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_of_rights_due_to_conviction_for_criminal_offense" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of rights due to conviction for criminal offense">Convicted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrant_worker" title="Migrant worker">Migrant worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">Political prisoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_status" title="Socioeconomic status">Socioeconomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statelessness" title="Statelessness">Stateless</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By "<a href="/wiki/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color" title="Designation of workers by collar color">collar</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue-collar_worker" title="Blue-collar worker">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-collar_worker" title="Green-collar worker">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-collar" title="Grey-collar">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New-collar_worker" title="New-collar worker">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink-collar_worker" title="Pink-collar worker">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">Aristocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristoi" title="Aristoi">Aristoi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanseaten_(class)" title="Hanseaten (class)">Hanseaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnate" title="Magnate">Magnate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_oligarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian oligarch">Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li>Patrician <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(post-Roman_Europe)" title="Patrician (post-Roman Europe)">Post-Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_class" title="Political class">Political</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_family" title="Political family">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_families" title="List of political families">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_politicians" title="Hereditary politicians">Hereditary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_family" title="Royal family">Royal family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">Intellectual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_worker" title="Knowledge worker">Knowledge worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">Professor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholar" title="Scholar">Scholar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhetri" title="Chhetri">Chhetri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_warrior" title="Eagle warrior">Cuāuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harii" title="Harii">Harii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Hashashin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nair_castes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nair castes">Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaguar_warrior" title="Jaguar warrior">Ocēlōtl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendekar" title="Pendekar">Pendekar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">Samurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartiate" title="Spartiate">Spartiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanniyar" title="Vanniyar">Vanniyar</a>/<a href="/wiki/Vanniar_(Chieftain)" title="Vanniar (Chieftain)">Vanniar (Chieftain)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upper_class" title="Upper class">Upper</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_magnate" title="Business magnate">Business magnate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentry" title="Gentry">Gentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord" title="Lord">Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">Nobility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landed_nobility" title="Landed nobility">Landed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petty_nobility" title="Petty nobility">Petty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_money" title="Old money">Old money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overclass" title="Overclass">Overclass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robber_baron_(industrialist)" title="Robber baron (industrialist)">Robber baron</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Seigneur" title="Seigneur">Seigneur</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Superclass_(book)" title="Superclass (book)">Superclass</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Creative_class" title="Creative class">Creative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">Middle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">Bourgeoisie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petite_bourgeoisie" title="Petite bourgeoisie">Petite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgher_(social_class)" title="Burgher (social class)">Burgher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_middle_class" title="Lower middle class">Lower middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_middle_class" title="Upper middle class">Upper middle class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">Working</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commoner" title="Commoner">Commoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazzaroni_(Naples)" title="Lazzaroni (Naples)">Lazzaroni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumpenproletariat" title="Lumpenproletariat">Lumpenproletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pea-pickers" title="Pea-pickers">Pea-pickers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">Peasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precariat" title="Precariat">Precariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">Proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_poor" title="Working poor">Working poor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Underclass" title="Underclass">Under</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ant_tribe" title="Ant tribe">Ant tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outcast_(person)" title="Outcast (person)">Outcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw" title="Outlaw">Outlaw</a> / <a href="/wiki/Prisoner" title="Prisoner">Prisoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">Plebeian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rat_tribe" title="Rat tribe">Rat tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slave</a> / <a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">Freedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_country_or_region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div title="country">By country or region</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="United_States" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_American_history" title="Social class in American history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_mobility_in_the_United_States" title="Socioeconomic mobility in the United States">Mobility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Social class in the United States">Classes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_upper_class" title="American upper class">Upper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_Class" class="mw-redirect" title="Donor Class">Donor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_gentry" title="American gentry">Gentry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican-American_middle_class" title="Mexican-American middle class">Mexican-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_middle_class_in_the_United_States" title="Upper middle class in the United States">Upper Middle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Underprivileged</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_lower_class" title="American lower class">Lower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Under</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Income_in_the_United_States" title="Income in the United States">Income</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home-ownership_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Home-ownership in the United States">Home-ownership</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Other regions<wbr /> or countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste_systems_in_Africa" title="Caste systems in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_society" title="Belizean society">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Cambodia" title="Social class in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_China" title="Social structure of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Colombia" title="Social class in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_France" title="Social class in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Haiti" title="Social class in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Iran" title="Social class in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy" title="Social class in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Luxembourg" title="Social class in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_Nepal" title="Caste system in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_New_Zealand" title="Social class in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Nigeria" title="Social class in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_Romania" title="Social structure of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Social class in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Tibet" title="Social class in Tibet">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social class in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Historic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_18th-century_Spain" title="Social class in 18th-century Spain">18th-century Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_classes_in_ancient_Greece" title="Category:Social classes in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_ancient_Rome" title="Social class in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Aztec_society" title="Social class in Aztec society">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Social class in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_occupations" title="Four occupations">Pre-industrial East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm" title="Estates of the realm">Pre-industrial Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_working_class" title="Soviet working class">Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td 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