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data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="個人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">個人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="使用者選單" lang="zh-Hant-HK" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=zh.wikipedia.org&uselang=zh-hk"><span>資助維基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=User%3AC44986054%2F%E6%B2%99%E7%9B%92&returntoquery=variant%3Dzh-hk" title="我們建議您建立賬號並登入，但並非必要"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>建立帳號</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=User%3AC44986054%2F%E6%B2%99%E7%9B%92&returntoquery=variant%3Dzh-hk" title="建議您登入，儘管並非必須。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登入</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" lang="zh-Hant-HK" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 用於已登出編輯者的頁面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%96%80" aria-label="了解更多有關編輯"><span>了解更多</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="由此 IP 位址編輯的清單[y]" accesskey="y"><span>貢獻</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="對於來自此IP地址編輯的討論[n]" accesskey="n"><span>討論</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站台"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目次" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目次</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至側邊欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隱藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-定義" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#定義"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>定義</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-定義-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-正确性证明" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#正确性证明"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>正確性證明</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-正确性证明-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目次" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" lang="zh-Hant-HK" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="切換目次" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">切換目次</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading" lang="zh-Hant-HK" dir="ltr"><span class="mw-page-title-namespace">用戶</span><span class="mw-page-title-separator">:</span><span class="mw-page-title-main">C44986054/沙盒</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" lang="zh-Hant-HK" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="這篇條目只存在於此語言中。添加其他語言的條目" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">添加語言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空間"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" lang="zh-Hant-HK" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-user" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/User:C44986054/%E6%B2%99%E7%9B%92" title="查看用戶頁[c]" accesskey="c"><span>用戶頁面</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=User_talk:C44986054/%E6%B2%99%E7%9B%92&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="關於此頁面的討論 (頁面不存在)[t]" accesskey="t"><span>討論</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " lang="zh-Hant-HK" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="變更語言變體" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">香港繁體</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" lang="zh-Hant-HK" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/User:C44986054/%E6%B2%99%E7%9B%92" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/User:C44986054/%E6%B2%99%E7%9B%92" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/User:C44986054/%E6%B2%99%E7%9B%92" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/User:C44986054/%E6%B2%99%E7%9B%92" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="selected ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/User:C44986054/%E6%B2%99%E7%9B%92" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/User:C44986054/%E6%B2%99%E7%9B%92" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/User:C44986054/%E6%B2%99%E7%9B%92" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/User:C44986054/%E6%B2%99%E7%9B%92" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/User:C44986054/%E6%B2%99%E7%9B%92" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="視圖"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" lang="zh-Hant-HK" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/User:C44986054/%E6%B2%99%E7%9B%92"><span>閱讀</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:C44986054/%E6%B2%99%E7%9B%92&action=edit" title="編輯此頁[e]" accesskey="e"><span>編輯</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:C44986054/%E6%B2%99%E7%9B%92&action=history" title="本頁面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h"><span>檢視歷史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="頁面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" lang="zh-Hant-HK" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至側邊欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隱藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多選項" lang="zh-Hant-HK" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/User:C44986054/%E6%B2%99%E7%9B%92"><span>閱讀</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:C44986054/%E6%B2%99%E7%9B%92&action=edit" title="編輯此頁[e]" accesskey="e"><span>編輯</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:C44986054/%E6%B2%99%E7%9B%92&action=history"><span>檢視歷史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" lang="zh-Hant-HK" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 一般 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/User:C44986054/%E6%B2%99%E7%9B%92" title="列出所有與本頁相連的頁面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>連結至此的頁面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/User:C44986054/%E6%B2%99%E7%9B%92" rel="nofollow" title="頁面連出所有頁面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相關變更</span></a></li><li id="t-contributions" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE/C44986054" title="查看該用戶的貢獻列表"><span>用戶貢獻</span></a></li><li id="t-log" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%97%A5%E5%BF%97/C44986054"><span>日誌</span></a></li><li id="t-userrights" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E6%9D%83%E9%99%90/C44986054"><span>檢視使用者群組</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上傳圖像或多媒體檔[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上載檔案</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊頁面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊頁面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:C44986054/%E6%B2%99%E7%9B%92&oldid=85055957" title="此頁面修訂的固定連結"><span>靜態連結</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:C44986054/%E6%B2%99%E7%9B%92&action=info" title="更多關於此頁面的資訊"><span>頁面資訊</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fzh-hk%2FUser%3AC44986054%2F%25E6%25B2%2599%25E7%259B%2592"><span>取得短網址</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fzh-hk%2FUser%3AC44986054%2F%25E6%25B2%2599%25E7%259B%2592"><span>下載QR碼</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" lang="zh-Hant-HK" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 列印/匯出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=User%3AC44986054%2F%E6%B2%99%E7%9B%92&action=show-download-screen"><span>下載為PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="此頁面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>可列印版</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects emptyPortlet" lang="zh-Hant-HK" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 其他專案 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="頁面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外觀"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外觀</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至側邊欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隱藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">維基百科，自由的百科全書</div> </div> <div id="contentSub" lang="zh-Hant-HK" dir="ltr"><div id="mw-content-subtitle" lang="zh-Hant-HK" dir="ltr"><div class="subpages">< <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/User:C44986054" title="User:C44986054">User:C44986054</a></bdi></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh-Hant-HK" dir="ltr"><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4"><b><span lang="ja">学校文法</span></b> </th> <th rowspan="2"><b><span lang="ja">教育文法</span></b> </th></tr> <tr> <th>語意上可獨立使用 </th> <th>活用 </th> <th colspan="2">品詞 </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="10">是＝<span lang="ja"><b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r81921555">.mw-parser-output ruby>rt,.mw-parser-output ruby>rtc{font-variant-east-asian:ruby;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output ruby.large{font-size:250%}.mw-parser-output ruby.larger{font-size:300%}.mw-parser-output ruby.large>rt,.mw-parser-output ruby.large>rtc{font-size:.3em}.mw-parser-output ruby.larger>rt,.mw-parser-output ruby.larger>rtc{font-size:.25em}</style><ruby><rb>自</rb><rp>（</rp><rt>じ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r81921555"><ruby><rb>立</rb><rp>（</rp><rt>りつ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r81921555"><ruby><rb>語</rb><rp>（</rp><rt>ご</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby></b></span> </td> <td rowspan="3">有＝<b><span lang="ja"></span></b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r81921555"><ruby><rb>用</rb><rp>（</rp><rt>よう</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r81921555"><ruby><rb>言</rb><rp>（</rp><rt>げん</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby><b></b> </td> <td colspan="3">動詞（終止形以<span lang="ja">ウ</span>段結尾） </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">形容詞（終止形以<span lang="ja">い</span>結尾） </td> <td><span lang="ja">イ形容詞</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">形容動詞（終止形以<span lang="ja">だ</span>結尾） </td> <td><span lang="ja">ナ形容詞</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7">無 </td> <td rowspan="3">體言（可做為主詞） </td> <td colspan="2">名詞 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">代名詞 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">數詞 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">副詞（主要修飾用言） </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">連體詞（主要修飾體言） </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">接続詞（接續） </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">感動詞（感嘆） </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">否＝<b><span lang="ja"></span></b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r81921555"><ruby><rb>付</rb><rp>（</rp><rt>ふ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r81921555"><ruby><rb>属</rb><rp>（</rp><rt>ぞく</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r81921555"><ruby><rb>語</rb><rp>（</rp><rt>ご</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby><b></b> </td> <td>有 </td> <td colspan="2">助動詞 </td> <td>（語尾變化） </td></tr> <tr> <td>無 </td> <td colspan="3"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E9%9F%B3" title="唇音">唇音</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%BF%E9%9F%B3" title="齒音">齒音</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E9%9F%B3" title="齒齦音">齒齦音</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E9%A1%8E%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="軟顎音">軟顎音</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E9%96%80%E9%9F%B3" title="聲門音">聲門音</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="塞音">塞音</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3" title="清濁音">清</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" title="送氣">送氣</a> </th> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Phi_03.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Greek_Phi_03.svg/13px-Greek_Phi_03.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Greek_Phi_03.svg/19px-Greek_Phi_03.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Greek_Phi_03.svg/26px-Greek_Phi_03.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>(<span lang="grc">φ</span>) <p><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209503">.mw-parser-output .IPA{font-family:"Charis SIL","Doulos SIL","Linux Libertine","Segoe UI","Lucida Sans Unicode","Code2000","Gentium","Gentium Alternative","TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Arial Unicode MS","IPAPANNEW","Chrysanthi Unicode","GentiumAlt","Bitstream Vera","Bitstream Cyberbit","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro","Lucida Grande",sans-serif;text-decoration:none!important}.mw-parser-output .IPA a:link,.mw-parser-output .IPA a:visited{text-decoration:none!important}</style><span title="國際音標" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" title="送氣">pʰ</a></span> </p> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Theta_archaic_dot.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Greek_Theta_archaic_dot.svg/13px-Greek_Theta_archaic_dot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Greek_Theta_archaic_dot.svg/19px-Greek_Theta_archaic_dot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Greek_Theta_archaic_dot.svg/26px-Greek_Theta_archaic_dot.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>(<span lang="grc">θ</span>) <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="國際音標" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" title="送氣">tʰ</a></span> </p> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Chi_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Chi_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Chi_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Chi_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Chi_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Chi_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Chi_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>(<span lang="grc">χ</span>) <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="國際音標" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" title="送氣">kʰ</a></span> </p> </td> <td bgcolor="#dddddd"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" title="不送氣">不送氣</a> </th> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Pi_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Pi_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Pi_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Pi_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Pi_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Pi_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Pi_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>(<span lang="grc">π</span>) <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="國際音標" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清雙唇塞音">p</a></span> </p> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Tau_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Greek_Tau_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Tau_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Greek_Tau_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Tau_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Greek_Tau_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Tau_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>(<span lang="grc">τ</span>) <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="國際音標" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒齦塞音">t</a></span> </p> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Kappa_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Greek_Kappa_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Kappa_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Greek_Kappa_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Kappa_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Greek_Kappa_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Kappa_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>(<span lang="grc">κ</span>) <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="國際音標" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清軟齶塞音">k</a></span> </p> </td> <td bgcolor="#dddddd"> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3" title="清濁音">濁</a> </th> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Beta_15.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Greek_Beta_15.svg/13px-Greek_Beta_15.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Greek_Beta_15.svg/19px-Greek_Beta_15.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Greek_Beta_15.svg/26px-Greek_Beta_15.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>(<span lang="grc">β</span>) <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="國際音標" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="濁雙唇塞音">b</a></span> </p> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Delta_05.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Greek_Delta_05.svg/13px-Greek_Delta_05.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Greek_Delta_05.svg/19px-Greek_Delta_05.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Greek_Delta_05.svg/26px-Greek_Delta_05.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>(<span lang="grc">δ</span>) <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="國際音標" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="濁齒齦塞音">d</a></span> </p> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Gamma_06.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Greek_Gamma_06.svg/13px-Greek_Gamma_06.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Greek_Gamma_06.svg/19px-Greek_Gamma_06.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Greek_Gamma_06.svg/26px-Greek_Gamma_06.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>(<span lang="grc">γ</span>) <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="國際音標" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="濁軟齶塞音">ɡ</a></span> </p> </td> <td bgcolor="#dddddd"> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3_(%E8%BE%85%E9%9F%B3)" title="鼻音 (輔音)">鼻音</a> </th> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Mu_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Greek_Mu_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Mu_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Greek_Mu_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Mu_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Greek_Mu_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Mu_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>(<span lang="grc">μ</span>) <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="國際音標" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="雙唇鼻音">m</a></span> </p> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Nu_05.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Greek_Nu_05.svg/13px-Greek_Nu_05.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Greek_Nu_05.svg/19px-Greek_Nu_05.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Greek_Nu_05.svg/26px-Greek_Nu_05.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>(<span lang="grc">ν</span>) <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="國際音標" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="齒齦鼻音">n</a></span> </p> </td> <td>(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="國際音標" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="軟齶鼻音">ŋ</a></span>) </td> <td bgcolor="#dddddd"> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="擦音">擦音</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3" title="清濁音">清</a> </th> <td bgcolor="#dddddd"> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg/13px-Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg/19px-Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg/26px-Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>, <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Sigma_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Greek_Sigma_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Sigma_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Greek_Sigma_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Sigma_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Greek_Sigma_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Sigma_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>(<span lang="grc">σ</span>) <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="國際音標" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒齦擦音">s</a></span> </p> </td> <td bgcolor="#dddddd"> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Eta_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Greek_Eta_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Eta_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Greek_Eta_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Eta_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Greek_Eta_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Eta_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>(<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%97%E6%B0%94%E7%AC%A6" title="粗氣符">ʽ</a>) <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="國際音標" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%A3%B0%E9%97%A8%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清聲門擦音">h</a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3" title="清濁音">濁</a> </th> <td bgcolor="#dddddd"> </td> <td>(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="國際音標" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁齒齦擦音">z</a></span>) </td> <td bgcolor="#dddddd"> </td> <td bgcolor="#dddddd"> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%A4%E9%9F%B3_(%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%A6)" title="顫音 (語音學)">顫音</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3" title="清濁音">清</a> </th> <td bgcolor="#dddddd"> </td> <td>(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="國際音標" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E9%A2%A4%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="清齒齦顫音">r̥</a></span>) </td> <td bgcolor="#dddddd"> </td> <td bgcolor="#dddddd"> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3" title="清濁音">濁</a> </th> <td bgcolor="#dddddd"> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Rho_pointed.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Greek_Rho_pointed.svg/13px-Greek_Rho_pointed.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Greek_Rho_pointed.svg/19px-Greek_Rho_pointed.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Greek_Rho_pointed.svg/26px-Greek_Rho_pointed.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>(<span lang="grc">ρ</span>) <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="國際音標" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%A1%AB%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="齒齦顫音">r</a></span> </p> </td> <td bgcolor="#dddddd"> </td> <td bgcolor="#dddddd"> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="近音">近音</a> </th> <td bgcolor="#dddddd"> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Lambda_Athenian.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Greek_Lambda_Athenian.svg/13px-Greek_Lambda_Athenian.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Greek_Lambda_Athenian.svg/19px-Greek_Lambda_Athenian.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Greek_Lambda_Athenian.svg/26px-Greek_Lambda_Athenian.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>(<span lang="grc">λ</span>) <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="國際音標" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E8%BE%B9%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="齒齦邊近音">l</a></span> </p> </td> <td bgcolor="#dddddd"> </td> <td bgcolor="#dddddd"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2">第一時態 </th> <th colspan="2">第二時態 </th></tr> <tr> <th>主動 </th> <th>中間態 </th> <th>主動 </th> <th>中間態 </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">單數 </th> <th>第一人稱 </th> <td>-<span lang="grc">ω</span> </td> <td>-<span lang="grc">μαι</span> </td> <td>-<span lang="grc">ν</span> </td> <td>-<span lang="grc">μην</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>第二人稱 </th> <td>-<span lang="grc">εις</span> </td> <td>-<span lang="grc">σαι</span> </td> <td>-<span lang="grc">ς</span> </td> <td>-<span lang="grc">σο</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>第三人稱 </th> <td>-<span lang="grc">ει(ν)</span> </td> <td>-<span lang="grc">ται</span> </td> <td>(空) </td> <td>-<span lang="grc">το</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">雙數 </th> <th>第二人稱 </th> <td rowspan="2">-<span lang="grc">τον</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">-<span lang="grc">σθον</span> </td> <td>-<span lang="grc">τον</span> </td> <td>-<span lang="grc">σθον</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>第三人稱 </th> <td>-<span lang="grc">την</span> </td> <td>-<span lang="grc">σθην</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">複數 </th> <th>第一人稱 </th> <td>-<span lang="grc">μεν</span> </td> <td>-<span lang="grc">μεθα</span> </td> <td>-<span lang="grc">μεν</span> </td> <td>-<span lang="grc">μεθα</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>第二人稱 </th> <td>-<span lang="grc">τε</span> </td> <td>-<span lang="grc">σθε</span> </td> <td>-<span lang="grc">τε</span> </td> <td>-<span lang="grc">σθε</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>第三人稱 </th> <td>-<span lang="grc">ουσι</span> </td> <td>-<span lang="grc">νται</span> </td> <td>-<span lang="grc">ν</span> </td> <td>-<span lang="grc">ντο</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="定義"><span id=".E5.AE.9A.E7.BE.A9"></span>定義</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:C44986054/%E6%B2%99%E7%9B%92&action=edit&section=1" title="編輯章節：定義"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r76704522">.mw-parser-output .math_theorem{margin:1em 2em;padding:0.5em 1em 0.4em;border:1px solid #aaa;overflow:hidden}@media(max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .math_theorem{margin:1em 0em;padding:0.5em 0.5em 0.4em}}</style><div class="math_theorem" style=""> <p><strong class="theorem-name">定義</strong><span class="theoreme-tiret"> — </span><br /> </p> </div> <p>若 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>X</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}"></span> 上的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%83%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="二元關係">二元關係</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>F</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/545fd099af8541605f7ee55f08225526be88ce57" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.741ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F}"></span> 若滿足： </p> <ul><li>反對稱性（antisymmetric）：<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (\forall a\in X)(\forall b\in X)\{[(aFb)\wedge (bFa)]\Rightarrow (a=b)\}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">∀</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">∀</mi> <mi>b</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mi>F</mi> <mi>b</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>∧</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>b</mi> <mi>F</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mo stretchy="false">⇒</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>b</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (\forall a\in X)(\forall b\in X)\{[(aFb)\wedge (bFa)]\Rightarrow (a=b)\}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e312eafa0d662805f2832b9f186e7335a35a6804" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:46.578ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (\forall a\in X)(\forall b\in X)\{[(aFb)\wedge (bFa)]\Rightarrow (a=b)\}}"></span></li> <li>傳遞性（transitive）：<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (\forall a\in X)(\forall b\in X)(\forall c\in X)\{[(aFb)\wedge (bFc)]\Rightarrow (aFc)\}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">∀</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">∀</mi> <mi>b</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">∀</mi> <mi>c</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mi>F</mi> <mi>b</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>∧</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>b</mi> <mi>F</mi> <mi>c</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mo stretchy="false">⇒</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mi>F</mi> <mi>c</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (\forall a\in X)(\forall b\in X)(\forall c\in X)\{[(aFb)\wedge (bFc)]\Rightarrow (aFc)\}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8bb4c42295103854492b5ffcf4e66a210a39e5eb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:53.936ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (\forall a\in X)(\forall b\in X)(\forall c\in X)\{[(aFb)\wedge (bFc)]\Rightarrow (aFc)\}}"></span></li> <li>完全性（total）：<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (\forall a\in X)(\forall b\in X)\{(aFb)\lor (bFa)\}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">∀</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">∀</mi> <mi>b</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mi>F</mi> <mi>b</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>∨</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>b</mi> <mi>F</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (\forall a\in X)(\forall b\in X)\{(aFb)\lor (bFa)\}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8c4a4ae6d82b72cf2942864b2da2f854477805e3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:34.535ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (\forall a\in X)(\forall b\in X)\{(aFb)\lor (bFa)\}}"></span></li></ul> <p>則 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>F</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/545fd099af8541605f7ee55f08225526be88ce57" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.741ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F}"></span> 被稱為 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>X</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}"></span> 上的<b>全序關係</b>（total order），此時 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>X</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}"></span> 可稱為<b>全序集合</b>、<b>線性序集合</b>、<b>簡單序集合</b>或<b>鏈</b>。 </p><p>在不引起混淆的前提下，一般會模仿<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E7%AD%89" title="不等">不等</a>式，將全序關係直觀的表記為 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \leq }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>≤</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \leq }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/440568a09c3bfdf0e1278bfa79eb137c04e94035" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:1.808ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \leq }"></span> ，這種狀況下，也可以把 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a\leq b}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>a</mi> <mo>≤</mo> <mi>b</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a\leq b}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/41558abc50886fdf38817495b243958d7b3dd39b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:5.326ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a\leq b}"></span> 記為 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b\geq a}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>b</mi> <mo>≥</mo> <mi>a</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b\geq a}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a2db6581643a6d21f1efd54d284cfcc99b850531" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:5.326ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b\geq a}"></span> 。 </p><p>將完全性定義裏的 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>b</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f11423fbb2e967f986e36804a8ae4271734917c3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.998ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b}"></span> （以<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E9%98%B6%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91#量词公理" title="一階邏輯">量詞公理A4</a>）「代換」成 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>b</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f11423fbb2e967f986e36804a8ae4271734917c3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.998ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b}"></span> 有： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (\forall a\in X)[(aFa)\lor (aFa)]}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">∀</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mi>F</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>∨</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mi>F</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (\forall a\in X)[(aFa)\lor (aFa)]}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6b4b8dd3a86a1578e587ae47a73de1bc2b7f850b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:25.048ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (\forall a\in X)[(aFa)\lor (aFa)]}"></span></dd></dl> <p>換句話說： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (\forall a\in X)(aFa)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">∀</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mi>F</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (\forall a\in X)(aFa)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/11076db0a1cf6b2d20a28a8acb96281519872c73" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.162ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (\forall a\in X)(aFa)}"></span></dd></dl> <p>所以從完全性可以推出<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%8F%8D%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="自反關係">自反性</a>，因此全序關係也是個<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%8F%E5%BA%8F%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="偏序關係">偏序關係</a>。 </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="正确性证明"><span id=".E6.AD.A3.E7.A1.AE.E6.80.A7.E8.AF.81.E6.98.8E"></span>正確性證明</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:C44986054/%E6%B2%99%E7%9B%92&action=edit&section=2" title="編輯章節：正確性證明"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>首選取兩個互質數 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>a</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}"></span> 和 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>b</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f11423fbb2e967f986e36804a8ae4271734917c3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.998ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b}"></span>，並設 </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N=ab}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>N</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mi>b</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N=ab}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/17b610b4f2580890a9cc05db6797ede7676a0dcf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.389ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N=ab}"></span></dd></dl> <p>由於<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>a</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}"></span>和<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>b</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f11423fbb2e967f986e36804a8ae4271734917c3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.998ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b}"></span>都是質數，與比<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>N</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}"></span>小又與之不<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%B3%AA" title="互質">互質</a>的數有兩種: </p> <dl><dd>(1) <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>a</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}"></span>的倍數，總共<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b-1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>b</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b-1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1bf4269308d5f8175c0de6c3d7d9dc177e4f1cae" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:5ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b-1}"></span>個</dd> <dd>(2) <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>b</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f11423fbb2e967f986e36804a8ae4271734917c3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.998ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b}"></span>的倍數，總共<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a-1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>a</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a-1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/240dcbc0ddbf5932d0ea301ef5576b46ba12d26d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:5.233ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a-1}"></span>個</dd></dl> <p>故<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>N</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}"></span>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%8B%89%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0" title="歐拉函數">歐拉函數</a><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Phi (N)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Φ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>N</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Phi (N)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8d6956c8cb48ff058bf28ea7e46610d36ac9997f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.551ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Phi (N)}"></span>，也就是比<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>N</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}"></span>小又與之<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%B3%AA" title="互質">互質</a>的數，其總數為: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Phi (N)=ab-(b-1)-(a-1)-1=(a-1)(b-1)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Φ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>N</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mi>b</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>b</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>=</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>b</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Phi (N)=ab-(b-1)-(a-1)-1=(a-1)(b-1)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/40c194adb131ebf7250aba103dd3fa1959b8d09b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:51.362ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Phi (N)=ab-(b-1)-(a-1)-1=(a-1)(b-1)}"></span></dd></dl> <p>若取某個與<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Phi (N)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Φ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>N</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Phi (N)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8d6956c8cb48ff058bf28ea7e46610d36ac9997f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.551ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Phi (N)}"></span> 互質的整數<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k_{pub}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> <mi>u</mi> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k_{pub}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/dee6aae38784de0f86754741198fdb7c971d35ba" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.916ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k_{pub}}"></span>，並要求<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1<k_{pub}<\Phi (N)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>1</mn> <mo><</mo> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> <mi>u</mi> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo><</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Φ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>N</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1<k_{pub}<\Phi (N)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/209494f0396a2f2a16306725185c0c36a38e1291" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:16.826ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1<k_{pub}<\Phi (N)}"></span>，這樣根據<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%A9%E5%B1%95%E6%AC%A7%E5%87%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%97%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95" title="擴展歐幾里得算法">擴展歐幾里得算法</a>，可以找到整數<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}"></span>和<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n^{\prime }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">′</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n^{\prime }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f73986734d9b956f6e04e64ef8cb3e073ea75a95" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.079ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n^{\prime }}"></span>滿足： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle nk_{pub}+n^{\prime }\Phi (N)=1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> <mi>u</mi> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">′</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">Φ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>N</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle nk_{pub}+n^{\prime }\Phi (N)=1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/27b949b6e11d507d003fc3934d499062416de526" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:20.042ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle nk_{pub}+n^{\prime }\Phi (N)=1}"></span></dd></dl> <p>整數<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}"></span>有時被稱為<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>e</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cd253103f0876afc68ebead27a5aa9867d927467" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.083ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e}"></span>關於<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Phi (N)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Φ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>N</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Phi (N)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8d6956c8cb48ff058bf28ea7e46610d36ac9997f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.551ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Phi (N)}"></span>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%A1%E5%8F%8D%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="模反元素">模反元素</a> </p> <hr /><p>此時，RSA的公鑰就是<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k_{pub}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> <mi>u</mi> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k_{pub}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/dee6aae38784de0f86754741198fdb7c971d35ba" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.916ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k_{pub}}"></span>，私鑰則設為<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k_{pri}=n}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> <mi>r</mi> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>n</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k_{pri}=n}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a2df759ac91c4e59fe35153a07a1490576a2e806" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:8.073ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k_{pri}=n}"></span>。 </p><p>設原文是正整數<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>d</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e85ff03cbe0c7341af6b982e47e9f90d235c66ab" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.216ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d}"></span>，取加密後的整數<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>c</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/86a67b81c2de995bd608d5b2df50cd8cd7d92455" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.007ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c}"></span>為 </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c=d^{k_{pub}}\%N}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>c</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> <mi>u</mi> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">%</mi> <mi>N</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c=d^{k_{pub}}\%N}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/05b57211d68e16575eb2b6ee3d8d9d79a290feea" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:12.583ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c=d^{k_{pub}}\%N}"></span></dd></dl> <p>那會有 </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d=c^{k_{pri}}\%N}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>d</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> <mi>r</mi> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">%</mi> <mi>N</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d=c^{k_{pri}}\%N}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/04d676b0eb2cb515cbf7739d715b3a7c6d01029d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:12.308ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d=c^{k_{pri}}\%N}"></span></dd></dl> <p>這是因為 </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c^{k_{pri}}\%N-d}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> <mi>r</mi> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">%</mi> <mi>N</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>d</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c^{k_{pri}}\%N-d}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b5d5922da0ee96a0802354aa73fe82be294d71f7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:12.05ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c^{k_{pri}}\%N-d}"></span> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle =\left[{(d^{k_{pub}}\%N)}^{k_{pri}}\right]\%N-d}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>=</mo> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> <mi>u</mi> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">%</mi> <mi>N</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> <mi>r</mi> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msup> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">%</mi> <mi>N</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>d</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle =\left[{(d^{k_{pub}}\%N)}^{k_{pri}}\right]\%N-d}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a65e282c8f18452db23355b7239566dc8eca65f7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:26.365ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle =\left[{(d^{k_{pub}}\%N)}^{k_{pri}}\right]\%N-d}"></span> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle =(d^{k_{pub}k_{pri}})\%N-d}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>=</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> <mi>u</mi> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> <mi>r</mi> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">%</mi> <mi>N</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>d</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle =(d^{k_{pub}k_{pri}})\%N-d}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/19ddf09040b473eb28d258abde10b535f710fff4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:19.551ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle =(d^{k_{pub}k_{pri}})\%N-d}"></span> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle =m^{k(p-1)(q-1)+1}\%N-m}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>k</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>q</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">%</mi> <mi>N</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>m</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle =m^{k(p-1)(q-1)+1}\%N-m}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/82a71130620b73f093d2c16cd078e8e35743978e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:24.906ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle =m^{k(p-1)(q-1)+1}\%N-m}"></span> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle =m*(m^{k(p-1)(q-1)}-1)\%N}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>=</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mo>∗</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>k</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>q</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">%</mi> <mi>N</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle =m*(m^{k(p-1)(q-1)}-1)\%N}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cf94472e0294946b07c08a48e9aa27d021d18cec" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:27.972ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle =m*(m^{k(p-1)(q-1)}-1)\%N}"></span> </p><p>當m與N互質時，根據<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%8F%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86" title="費馬小定理">費馬小定理</a>公式 </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a^{p-1}\equiv 1(mod\ p)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>≡</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mi>o</mi> <mi>d</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>p</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a^{p-1}\equiv 1(mod\ p)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/849e6e634fdcb7dcac89264e8e528cda0a6c4366" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.594ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a^{p-1}\equiv 1(mod\ p)}"></span> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow (m^{k(q-1)})^{p-1}\equiv 1(mod\ p)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">⇒</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>k</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>q</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>≡</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mi>o</mi> <mi>d</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>p</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Rightarrow (m^{k(q-1)})^{p-1}\equiv 1(mod\ p)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f33cfd5132ee8496cf1a81c82d99106325ee3d6c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:27.407ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow (m^{k(q-1)})^{p-1}\equiv 1(mod\ p)}"></span> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow (m^{k(p-1)})^{q-1}\equiv 1(mod\ q)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">⇒</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>k</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>q</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>≡</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mi>o</mi> <mi>d</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>q</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Rightarrow (m^{k(p-1)})^{q-1}\equiv 1(mod\ q)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/01e5d16a7f9663224e8a8e6d3896f7e2d36d595e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:27.308ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow (m^{k(p-1)})^{q-1}\equiv 1(mod\ q)}"></span> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow m^{k(p-1)(q-1)}\equiv 1(mod\ pq)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">⇒</mo> <msup> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>k</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>q</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>≡</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mi>o</mi> <mi>d</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>p</mi> <mi>q</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Rightarrow m^{k(p-1)(q-1)}\equiv 1(mod\ pq)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e8ee2e8c4251cd3fedb6449f251a7d809d90df8e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:27.715ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow m^{k(p-1)(q-1)}\equiv 1(mod\ pq)}"></span> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow m^{k(p-1)(q-1)}\equiv 1(mod\ N)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">⇒</mo> <msup> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>k</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>q</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>≡</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mi>o</mi> <mi>d</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>N</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Rightarrow m^{k(p-1)(q-1)}\equiv 1(mod\ N)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0e063a8c7b7adaffaceebb85b7fa4811620a4f92" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:27.539ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow m^{k(p-1)(q-1)}\equiv 1(mod\ N)}"></span> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow m*(m^{k(p-1)(q-1)}-1)\%N=0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">⇒</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mo>∗</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>k</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>q</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">%</mi> <mi>N</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Rightarrow m*(m^{k(p-1)(q-1)}-1)\%N=0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6ebec1ea65cea3d41b272232798d5fff8f5bd089" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:32.749ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow m*(m^{k(p-1)(q-1)}-1)\%N=0}"></span> </p><p>當m與N不互質時，不妨設公因子為p，即<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m=ph_{1}(h_{1}<q)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>m</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>p</mi> <msub> <mi>h</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>h</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo><</mo> <mi>q</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m=ph_{1}(h_{1}<q)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5e02a151c3f10ca909f4b13cf64dacdf0fad09bc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:17.072ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m=ph_{1}(h_{1}<q)}"></span> </p><p>假設q整除m。因此<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q\mid ph_{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>q</mi> <mo>∣</mo> <mi>p</mi> <msub> <mi>h</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q\mid ph_{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0fa925cf1f4f10ba026d1f4fcd56872e6372d946" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.569ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q\mid ph_{1}}"></span>，因為q與p互質，根據<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E5%B9%BE%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E5%BC%95%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="歐幾里德引理">歐幾里德引理</a>，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q\mid h_{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>q</mi> <mo>∣</mo> <msub> <mi>h</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q\mid h_{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/758b7f776f420c19f4642b6aa4d05a41c901bec2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.4ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q\mid h_{1}}"></span>。所以<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q\leq h_{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>q</mi> <mo>≤</mo> <msub> <mi>h</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q\leq h_{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/92475a00132a7b0c934e34d0606cef14a1759de6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.561ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q\leq h_{1}}"></span>，而這與<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h_{1}<q}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>h</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo><</mo> <mi>q</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h_{1}<q}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7c536faceb3c3d4f205f7245fe099f957b688cbc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.561ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h_{1}<q}"></span>矛盾，所以q不整除m。 </p><p>此時m與q互質，根據費馬小定理公式 </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a^{p-1}\equiv 1(mod\ p)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>≡</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mi>o</mi> <mi>d</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>p</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a^{p-1}\equiv 1(mod\ p)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/849e6e634fdcb7dcac89264e8e528cda0a6c4366" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.594ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a^{p-1}\equiv 1(mod\ p)}"></span> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow m^{q-1}\equiv 1(mod\ q)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">⇒</mo> <msup> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>q</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>≡</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mi>o</mi> <mi>d</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>q</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Rightarrow m^{q-1}\equiv 1(mod\ q)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f37b946211910fef6ef8c8dc1acde006dc84fbe2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:20.203ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow m^{q-1}\equiv 1(mod\ q)}"></span> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow m^{k(p-1)(q-1)}\equiv 1(mod\ q)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">⇒</mo> <msup> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>k</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>q</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>≡</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mi>o</mi> <mi>d</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>q</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Rightarrow m^{k(p-1)(q-1)}\equiv 1(mod\ q)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d95abb9fe54fea90182e334748c112d3831876d7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:26.545ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow m^{k(p-1)(q-1)}\equiv 1(mod\ q)}"></span> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow m^{k(p-1)(q-1)}-1=qh_{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">⇒</mo> <msup> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>k</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>q</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>=</mo> <mi>q</mi> <msub> <mi>h</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Rightarrow m^{k(p-1)(q-1)}-1=qh_{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3a9cbd04f1b7511c1b5268b9060d40c89af5fef8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:25.005ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow m^{k(p-1)(q-1)}-1=qh_{2}}"></span> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow m*(m^{k(p-1)(q-1)}-1)\%N=ph_{1}*qh_{2}\%N=Nh_{1}h_{2}\%N=0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">⇒</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mo>∗</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>k</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>q</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">%</mi> <mi>N</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>p</mi> <msub> <mi>h</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>∗</mo> <mi>q</mi> <msub> <mi>h</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">%</mi> <mi>N</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>N</mi> <msub> <mi>h</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>h</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">%</mi> <mi>N</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Rightarrow m*(m^{k(p-1)(q-1)}-1)\%N=ph_{1}*qh_{2}\%N=Nh_{1}h_{2}\%N=0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5563b26c3a76b70b5ef68ef45eeb336496b19e94" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:63.015ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow m*(m^{k(p-1)(q-1)}-1)\%N=ph_{1}*qh_{2}\%N=Nh_{1}h_{2}\%N=0}"></span>,證明完成。 </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>老雅典字母 <p>(五世紀前半) </p> </th> <th>伊奧尼亞字母 <p>(五世紀後半) </p> </th> <th>發音 </th> <th>西希臘字母 <p>(<span lang="grc">Λακωνική</span>) </p> </th> <th>拉丁字母 </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Alpha_classical.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Greek_Alpha_classical.svg/14px-Greek_Alpha_classical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Greek_Alpha_classical.svg/21px-Greek_Alpha_classical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Greek_Alpha_classical.svg/28px-Greek_Alpha_classical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="70" data-file-height="80" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="開前不圓唇元音">a</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="開前不圓唇元音">aː</a>/</span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Alpha_09.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Greek_Alpha_09.svg/13px-Greek_Alpha_09.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Greek_Alpha_09.svg/19px-Greek_Alpha_09.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Greek_Alpha_09.svg/26px-Greek_Alpha_09.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td><span lang="la"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r58909830">.mw-parser-output .smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output .nocaps{text-transform:lowercase}</style><span class="smallcaps">a</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Beta_16.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Greek_Beta_16.svg/13px-Greek_Beta_16.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Greek_Beta_16.svg/19px-Greek_Beta_16.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Greek_Beta_16.svg/26px-Greek_Beta_16.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>, <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Beta_15.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Greek_Beta_15.svg/13px-Greek_Beta_15.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Greek_Beta_15.svg/19px-Greek_Beta_15.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Greek_Beta_15.svg/26px-Greek_Beta_15.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="濁雙唇塞音">b</a>/</span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Beta_15.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Greek_Beta_15.svg/13px-Greek_Beta_15.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Greek_Beta_15.svg/19px-Greek_Beta_15.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Greek_Beta_15.svg/26px-Greek_Beta_15.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">b</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Gamma_06.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Greek_Gamma_06.svg/13px-Greek_Gamma_06.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Greek_Gamma_06.svg/19px-Greek_Gamma_06.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Greek_Gamma_06.svg/26px-Greek_Gamma_06.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Gamma_02.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Greek_Gamma_02.svg/13px-Greek_Gamma_02.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Greek_Gamma_02.svg/19px-Greek_Gamma_02.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Greek_Gamma_02.svg/26px-Greek_Gamma_02.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="濁軟齶塞音">g</a>/</span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Gamma_02.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Greek_Gamma_02.svg/13px-Greek_Gamma_02.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Greek_Gamma_02.svg/19px-Greek_Gamma_02.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Greek_Gamma_02.svg/26px-Greek_Gamma_02.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> <p>(*<span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Gamma_09.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Greek_Gamma_09.svg/13px-Greek_Gamma_09.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Greek_Gamma_09.svg/19px-Greek_Gamma_09.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Greek_Gamma_09.svg/26px-Greek_Gamma_09.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>) </p> </td> <td><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">c</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Delta_05.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Greek_Delta_05.svg/13px-Greek_Delta_05.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Greek_Delta_05.svg/19px-Greek_Delta_05.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Greek_Delta_05.svg/26px-Greek_Delta_05.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8A%E9%BD%BF%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="濁齒塞音">d̪</a>/</span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Delta_03.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Greek_Delta_03.svg/13px-Greek_Delta_03.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Greek_Delta_03.svg/19px-Greek_Delta_03.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Greek_Delta_03.svg/26px-Greek_Delta_03.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">d</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Epsilon_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Epsilon_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Epsilon_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Epsilon_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Epsilon_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Epsilon_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Epsilon_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>, <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Epsilon_04.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Greek_Epsilon_04.svg/13px-Greek_Epsilon_04.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Greek_Epsilon_04.svg/19px-Greek_Epsilon_04.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Greek_Epsilon_04.svg/26px-Greek_Epsilon_04.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%96%89%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半閉前不圓唇元音">e</a>/</span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Epsilon_04.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Greek_Epsilon_04.svg/13px-Greek_Epsilon_04.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Greek_Epsilon_04.svg/19px-Greek_Epsilon_04.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Greek_Epsilon_04.svg/26px-Greek_Epsilon_04.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">e</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="國際音標" class="IPA">/zd/</span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">z</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Eta_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Eta_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Eta_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Eta_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Eta_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Eta_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Eta_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>, <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Eta_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Greek_Eta_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Eta_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Greek_Eta_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Eta_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Greek_Eta_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Eta_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td>– </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%A3%B0%E9%97%A8%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清聲門擦音">h</a>/</span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Eta_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Eta_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Eta_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Eta_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Eta_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Eta_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Eta_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">h</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Eta_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Eta_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Eta_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Eta_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Eta_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Eta_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Eta_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>, <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Eta_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Greek_Eta_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Eta_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Greek_Eta_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Eta_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Greek_Eta_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Eta_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%96%8B%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半開前不圓唇元音">ɛː</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Theta_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Greek_Theta_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Theta_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Greek_Theta_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Theta_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Greek_Theta_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Theta_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>, <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Theta_archaic_dot.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Greek_Theta_archaic_dot.svg/13px-Greek_Theta_archaic_dot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Greek_Theta_archaic_dot.svg/19px-Greek_Theta_archaic_dot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Greek_Theta_archaic_dot.svg/26px-Greek_Theta_archaic_dot.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="齒音">t̪ʰ</a>/</span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Theta_archaic_straight.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Greek_Theta_archaic_straight.svg/13px-Greek_Theta_archaic_straight.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Greek_Theta_archaic_straight.svg/19px-Greek_Theta_archaic_straight.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Greek_Theta_archaic_straight.svg/26px-Greek_Theta_archaic_straight.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Iota_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Greek_Iota_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Iota_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Greek_Iota_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Iota_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Greek_Iota_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Iota_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%89%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="閉前不圓唇元音">i</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%89%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="閉前不圓唇元音">iː</a>/</span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Iota_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Greek_Iota_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Iota_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Greek_Iota_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Iota_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Greek_Iota_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Iota_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">i</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Kappa_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Greek_Kappa_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Kappa_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Greek_Kappa_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Kappa_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Greek_Kappa_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Kappa_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清軟齶塞音">k</a>/</span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Kappa_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Greek_Kappa_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Kappa_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Greek_Kappa_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Kappa_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Greek_Kappa_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Kappa_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">k</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Lambda_Athenian.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Greek_Lambda_Athenian.svg/13px-Greek_Lambda_Athenian.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Greek_Lambda_Athenian.svg/19px-Greek_Lambda_Athenian.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Greek_Lambda_Athenian.svg/26px-Greek_Lambda_Athenian.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Lambda_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Greek_Lambda_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Lambda_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Greek_Lambda_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Lambda_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Greek_Lambda_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Lambda_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E8%BE%B9%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="齒齦邊近音">l</a>/</span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Lambda_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Greek_Lambda_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Lambda_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Greek_Lambda_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Lambda_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Greek_Lambda_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Lambda_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> <p>(*<span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Lambda_Athenian.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Greek_Lambda_Athenian.svg/13px-Greek_Lambda_Athenian.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Greek_Lambda_Athenian.svg/19px-Greek_Lambda_Athenian.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Greek_Lambda_Athenian.svg/26px-Greek_Lambda_Athenian.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>) </p> </td> <td><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">l</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Mu_02.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Greek_Mu_02.svg/13px-Greek_Mu_02.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Greek_Mu_02.svg/19px-Greek_Mu_02.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Greek_Mu_02.svg/26px-Greek_Mu_02.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>, <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Mu_04.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Greek_Mu_04.svg/13px-Greek_Mu_04.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Greek_Mu_04.svg/19px-Greek_Mu_04.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Greek_Mu_04.svg/26px-Greek_Mu_04.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="雙唇鼻音">m</a>/</span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Mu_02.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Greek_Mu_02.svg/13px-Greek_Mu_02.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Greek_Mu_02.svg/19px-Greek_Mu_02.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Greek_Mu_02.svg/26px-Greek_Mu_02.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">m</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Nu_05.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Greek_Nu_05.svg/13px-Greek_Nu_05.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Greek_Nu_05.svg/19px-Greek_Nu_05.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Greek_Nu_05.svg/26px-Greek_Nu_05.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>, <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Nu_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Greek_Nu_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Nu_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Greek_Nu_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Nu_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Greek_Nu_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Nu_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="齒齦鼻音">n</a>/</span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Nu_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Greek_Nu_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Nu_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Greek_Nu_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Nu_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Greek_Nu_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Nu_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">n</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Xi_05.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Greek_Xi_05.svg/13px-Greek_Xi_05.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Greek_Xi_05.svg/19px-Greek_Xi_05.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Greek_Xi_05.svg/26px-Greek_Xi_05.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>, <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Xi_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Greek_Xi_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Xi_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Greek_Xi_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Xi_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Greek_Xi_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Xi_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="國際音標" class="IPA">/ks/</span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Chi_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Chi_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Chi_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Chi_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Chi_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Chi_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Chi_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">x</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Omicron_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Greek_Omicron_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Omicron_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Greek_Omicron_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Omicron_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Greek_Omicron_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Omicron_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%96%89%E5%BE%8C%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半閉後圓唇元音">o</a>/</span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Omicron_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Greek_Omicron_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Omicron_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Greek_Omicron_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Omicron_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Greek_Omicron_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Omicron_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">o</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Pi_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Pi_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Pi_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Pi_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Pi_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Pi_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Pi_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Pi_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Greek_Pi_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Pi_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Greek_Pi_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Pi_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Greek_Pi_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Pi_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清雙唇塞音">p</a>/</span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Pi_rounded.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Greek_Pi_rounded.svg/13px-Greek_Pi_rounded.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Greek_Pi_rounded.svg/19px-Greek_Pi_rounded.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Greek_Pi_rounded.svg/26px-Greek_Pi_rounded.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">p</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Rho_pointed.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Greek_Rho_pointed.svg/13px-Greek_Rho_pointed.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Greek_Rho_pointed.svg/19px-Greek_Rho_pointed.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Greek_Rho_pointed.svg/26px-Greek_Rho_pointed.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>, <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Rho_01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Greek_Rho_01.svg/13px-Greek_Rho_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Greek_Rho_01.svg/19px-Greek_Rho_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Greek_Rho_01.svg/26px-Greek_Rho_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%A1%AB%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="齒齦顫音">r</a>/</span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Rho_01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Greek_Rho_01.svg/13px-Greek_Rho_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Greek_Rho_01.svg/19px-Greek_Rho_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Greek_Rho_01.svg/26px-Greek_Rho_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Rho_03.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Greek_Rho_03.svg/13px-Greek_Rho_03.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Greek_Rho_03.svg/19px-Greek_Rho_03.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Greek_Rho_03.svg/26px-Greek_Rho_03.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">r</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg/13px-Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg/19px-Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg/26px-Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Sigma_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Greek_Sigma_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Sigma_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Greek_Sigma_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Sigma_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Greek_Sigma_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Sigma_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒齦擦音">s</a>/</span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg/13px-Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg/19px-Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg/26px-Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Iota_04.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Greek_Iota_04.svg/13px-Greek_Iota_04.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Greek_Iota_04.svg/19px-Greek_Iota_04.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Greek_Iota_04.svg/26px-Greek_Iota_04.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">s</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Tau_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Greek_Tau_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Tau_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Greek_Tau_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Tau_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Greek_Tau_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Tau_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%BF%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒塞音">t̪</a>/</span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Tau_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Greek_Tau_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Tau_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Greek_Tau_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Tau_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Greek_Tau_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Tau_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">t</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%89%E5%89%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="閉前圓唇元音">y</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%89%E5%89%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="閉前圓唇元音">yː</a>/</span> <p>(<small>更早為<span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%89%E5%BE%8C%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="閉後圓唇元音">u</a>/</span></small>, <span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%89%E5%BE%8C%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="閉後圓唇元音">uː</a>/</span>) </p> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Upsilon_Twig-shaped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Upsilon_Twig-shaped.svg/13px-Greek_Upsilon_Twig-shaped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Upsilon_Twig-shaped.svg/19px-Greek_Upsilon_Twig-shaped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Upsilon_Twig-shaped.svg/26px-Greek_Upsilon_Twig-shaped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td><span lang="la"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><span class="smallcaps">v</span></span> <p>(現代的u/w) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Phi_03.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Greek_Phi_03.svg/13px-Greek_Phi_03.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Greek_Phi_03.svg/19px-Greek_Phi_03.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Greek_Phi_03.svg/26px-Greek_Phi_03.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" title="送氣">pʰ</a>/</span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Phi_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Greek_Phi_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Phi_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Greek_Phi_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Phi_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Greek_Phi_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Phi_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Chi_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Chi_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Chi_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Chi_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Chi_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Chi_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Chi_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" title="送氣">kʰ</a>/</span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Psi_straight.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Greek_Psi_straight.svg/13px-Greek_Psi_straight.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Greek_Psi_straight.svg/19px-Greek_Psi_straight.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Greek_Psi_straight.svg/26px-Greek_Psi_straight.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Chi_05.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Greek_Chi_05.svg/13px-Greek_Chi_05.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Greek_Chi_05.svg/19px-Greek_Chi_05.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Greek_Chi_05.svg/26px-Greek_Chi_05.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>(<span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Phi_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Greek_Phi_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Phi_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Greek_Phi_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Phi_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Greek_Phi_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Phi_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg/13px-Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg/19px-Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg/26px-Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span></span>) </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Psi_straight.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Greek_Psi_straight.svg/13px-Greek_Psi_straight.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Greek_Psi_straight.svg/19px-Greek_Psi_straight.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Greek_Psi_straight.svg/26px-Greek_Psi_straight.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>, <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Psi_V-shaped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Greek_Psi_V-shaped.svg/13px-Greek_Psi_V-shaped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Greek_Psi_V-shaped.svg/19px-Greek_Psi_V-shaped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Greek_Psi_V-shaped.svg/26px-Greek_Psi_V-shaped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="國際音標" class="IPA">/ps/</span> </td> <td>(<span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Phi_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Greek_Phi_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Phi_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Greek_Phi_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Phi_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Greek_Phi_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Phi_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg/13px-Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg/19px-Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg/26px-Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span></span>) </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>(<span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Omicron_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Greek_Omicron_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Omicron_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Greek_Omicron_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Omicron_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Greek_Omicron_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Omicron_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>) </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Omega_04.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Greek_Omega_04.svg/13px-Greek_Omega_04.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Greek_Omega_04.svg/19px-Greek_Omega_04.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Greek_Omega_04.svg/26px-Greek_Omega_04.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%96%8B%E5%BE%8C%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半開後圓唇元音">ɔː</a>/</span> </td> <td>(<span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Omicron_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Greek_Omicron_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Omicron_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Greek_Omicron_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Omicron_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Greek_Omicron_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Omicron_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>?) </td> <td>– </td></tr></tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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