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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hallucinations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hallucinations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Hallucinations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hallucinations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Déjà_vu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Déjà_vu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Déjà vu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Déjà_vu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Global policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eponyms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eponyms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Eponyms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eponyms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honorary_degrees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honorary_degrees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Honorary degrees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honorary_degrees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-College_football_coaching_record" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#College_football_coaching_record"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>College football coaching record</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-College_football_coaching_record-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_books_and_publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_books_and_publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Selected books and publications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Selected_books_and_publications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Selected books and publications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Selected_books_and_publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Wilder Penfield</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%AF" title="ويلدر بنفيلد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ويلدر بنفيلد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="ওয়াইল্ডার পেনফিল্ড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ওয়াইল্ডার পেনফিল্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Уайлдър Пенфийлд – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Уайлдър Пенфийлд" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilder_Penfield" title="Wilder Penfield – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wilder Penfield" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilder_Penfield" title="Wilder Penfield – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Wilder Penfield" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D9%86%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AF" title="وایلدر پنفیلد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وایلدر پنفیلد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilder_Penfield" title="Wilder Penfield – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Wilder Penfield" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilder_Penfield" title="Wilder Penfield – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Wilder Penfield" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%99%80%EC%9D%BC%EB%8D%94_%ED%8E%9C%ED%95%84%EB%93%9C" title="와일더 펜필드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="와일더 펜필드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AC%D5%A4%D5%A5%D6%80_%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%BE%D5%BD_%D5%93%D5%A5%D5%B6%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%A4" title="Ուայլդեր Գրեյվս Փենֆիլդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուայլդեր Գրեյվս Փենֆիլդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilder_Penfield" title="Wilder Penfield – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Wilder Penfield" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilder_Penfield" title="Wilder Penfield – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wilder Penfield" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilder_Penfield" title="Wilder Penfield – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Wilder Penfield" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%A8_%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%93" title="וילדר פנפילד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וילדר פנפילד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilder_Penfield" title="Wilder Penfield – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wilder Penfield" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9A%E3%83%B3%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89" title="ワイルダー・ペンフィールド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ワイルダー・ペンフィールド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilder_Penfield" title="Wilder Penfield – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wilder Penfield" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilder_Penfield" title="Wilder Penfield – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Wilder Penfield" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4,_%D0%A3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B2%D1%81" title="Пенфилд, Уайлдер Грейвс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пенфилд, Уайлдер Грейвс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilder_Penfield" title="Wilder Penfield – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Wilder Penfield" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilder_Penfield" title="Wilder Penfield – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Wilder Penfield" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Вайлдер Пенфілд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вайлдер Пенфілд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%87%B7%E7%88%BE%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%BD%98%E8%8F%B2%E7%88%BE%E5%BE%B7" title="懷爾德·潘菲爾德 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="懷爾德·潘菲爾德" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q711394#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wilder_Penfield" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Canadian neurosurgeon</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Wilder Penfield</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_Merit" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of Merit">OM</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada">CC</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George">CMG</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilder_Graves_Penfield.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Wilder_Graves_Penfield.jpg/220px-Wilder_Graves_Penfield.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Wilder_Graves_Penfield.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="366" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Penfield in 1958</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Wilder Graves Penfield</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1891-01-26</span>)</span>January 26, 1891<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Spokane,_Washington" title="Spokane, Washington">Spokane, Washington</a>, United States</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">April 5, 1976<span style="display:none">(1976-04-05)</span> (aged 85)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, Quebec, Canada</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merton_College,_Oxford" title="Merton College, Oxford">Merton College, Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_School_of_Medicine" title="Johns Hopkins School of Medicine">Johns Hopkins School of Medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Prompting memory recall during surgery via <a href="/wiki/Temporal_lobe" title="Temporal lobe">temporal lobe</a> stimulation</div></li><li><span class="nowrap">Treatment of <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a> by surgery</span></li><li>Montreal procedure</li><li>Penfield dissector</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1943)</span><sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavelle_Medal" title="Flavelle Medal">Flavelle Medal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lister_Medal" title="Lister Medal">Lister Medal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1960)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Neurosurgery" title="Neurosurgery">Neurosurgery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_Neurological_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Montreal Neurological Institute">Montreal Neurological Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Levy" title="Laurence Levy">Laurence Levy</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Wilder Graves Penfield</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_Merit" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of Merit">OM</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada">CC</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George">CMG</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (January 26, 1891 – April 5, 1976) was an <a href="/wiki/American_Canadians" title="American Canadians">American</a>-<a href="/wiki/Physicians_in_Canada" title="Physicians in Canada">Canadian</a> <a href="/wiki/Neurosurgeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurosurgeon">neurosurgeon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pbs_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbs-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He expanded <a href="/wiki/Brain_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain surgery">brain surgery</a>'s methods and techniques, including mapping the functions of various regions of the brain such as the <a href="/wiki/Cortical_homunculus" title="Cortical homunculus">cortical homunculus</a>. His scientific contributions on neural stimulation expand across a variety of topics including <a href="/wiki/Hallucination" title="Hallucination">hallucinations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illusion" title="Illusion">illusions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dissociation_(psychology)" title="Dissociation (psychology)">dissociation</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9j%C3%A0_vu" title="Déjà vu">déjà vu</a></i>. Penfield devoted much of his thinking to <a href="/wiki/Mental_processes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental processes">mental processes</a>, including contemplation of whether there was any scientific basis for the existence of the human <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pbs_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbs-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_career">Life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilder_Penfield&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilder_Penfield&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Penfield_2162928575_d9b28de2df_o.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Penfield_2162928575_d9b28de2df_o.jpg/330px-Penfield_2162928575_d9b28de2df_o.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Penfield_2162928575_d9b28de2df_o.jpg/495px-Penfield_2162928575_d9b28de2df_o.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Penfield_2162928575_d9b28de2df_o.jpg/660px-Penfield_2162928575_d9b28de2df_o.jpg 2x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="651" /></a><figcaption>Penfield at Princeton University in 1913</figcaption></figure> <p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Spokane,_Washington" title="Spokane, Washington">Spokane, Washington</a>, on January 26, 1891, Penfield spent most of his early life in <a href="/wiki/Hudson,_Wisconsin" title="Hudson, Wisconsin">Hudson, Wisconsin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pbs_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbs-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He studied at <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>, where he was a member of <a href="/wiki/Cap_and_Gown_Club" title="Cap and Gown Club">Cap and Gown Club</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and played on the <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Tigers_football" title="Princeton Tigers football">football team</a>. After graduation in 1913, he was hired briefly as the team coach. In 1915 he obtained a <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_Scholarship" title="Rhodes Scholarship">Rhodes Scholarship</a> to <a href="/wiki/Merton_College,_Oxford" title="Merton College, Oxford">Merton College, Oxford</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-MCreg_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCreg-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he studied <a href="/wiki/Neuropathology" title="Neuropathology">neuropathology</a> under Sir <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington">Charles Scott Sherrington</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After one term at Merton, Penfield went to France where he served as a dresser in a military hospital in the suburbs of Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-MCreg_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCreg-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was wounded in 1916 when the ferry he was aboard, the <a href="/wiki/SS_Sussex" title="SS Sussex">SS <i>Sussex</i></a>, was torpedoed.<sup id="cite_ref-MCreg_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCreg-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year, he married Helen Kermott, and began studying at the <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_School_of_Medicine" title="Johns Hopkins School of Medicine">Johns Hopkins School of Medicine</a>, attaining his medical degree in 1918; this was followed by a short period as a house surgeon at the <a href="/wiki/Brigham_and_Women%27s_Hospital" title="Brigham and Women's Hospital">Peter Bent Brigham Hospital</a> in Boston.<sup id="cite_ref-MCreg_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCreg-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Returning to Merton College in 1919,<sup id="cite_ref-MCreg_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCreg-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penfield spent the next two years completing his studies; during this time he met Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Osler" title="William Osler">William Osler</a>. In 1924, he worked for five months with <a href="/wiki/P%C3%ADo_del_R%C3%ADo_Hortega" title="Pío del Río Hortega">Pío del Río Hortega</a> characterising the type of <a href="/wiki/Neuroglia" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuroglia">glial cells</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Oligodendroglia" class="mw-redirect" title="Oligodendroglia">oligodendroglia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gill_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gill-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also studied in Germany with <a href="/wiki/Fedor_Krause" title="Fedor Krause">Fedor Krause</a> and <a href="/wiki/Otfrid_Foerster" title="Otfrid Foerster">Otfrid Foerster</a>, as well as in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1928, during the 6 months he spent in Germany with Foerster, he learned how to use local anesthesia to keep brain surgery patients awake.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical_career">Medical career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilder_Penfield&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Medical career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After taking a surgical apprenticeship under <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Cushing" title="Harvey Cushing">Harvey Cushing</a>, he obtained a position at the <a href="/wiki/Neurological_Institute_of_New_York" title="Neurological Institute of New York">Neurological Institute of New York</a>, where he carried out his first solo operations to treat <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Téllez2018_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Téllez2018-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in New York, he met <a href="/wiki/David_Rockefeller" title="David Rockefeller">David Rockefeller</a>, who wished to endow an institute where Penfield could further study the surgical treatment of epilepsy. Academic politics amongst the New York neurologists, however, prevented its establishment in New York, so, in 1928, Penfield accepted an invitation from Sir <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Meredith" title="Vincent Meredith">Vincent Meredith</a> to move to <a href="/wiki/Montreal,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Montreal, Quebec">Montreal, Quebec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. There, Penfield taught at <a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Victoria_Hospital_(Montreal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Victoria Hospital (Montreal)">Royal Victoria Hospital</a>, becoming the city's first neurosurgeon. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilder_Penfield.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Wilder_Penfield.jpg/220px-Wilder_Penfield.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Wilder_Penfield.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="236" data-file-height="359" /></a><figcaption>Penfield at Montreal Neurological Institute in 1934</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1934, Penfield, along with William Cone,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> founded and became the first director of the <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Neurological_Institute_and_Hospital" title="Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital">Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital</a><sup id="cite_ref-MCreg_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCreg-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at McGill University, established with the <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Foundation" title="Rockefeller Foundation">Rockefeller</a> funding. That year, he also became a <a href="/wiki/British_subject" title="British subject">British subject</a> (as part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, there was <a href="/wiki/Canadian_nationality_law" title="Canadian nationality law">no distinct Canadian citizenship until 1947</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-MCreg_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCreg-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Penfield was unable to save his only sister, Ruth, who died from brain cancer, though complex surgery he performed added years to her life.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Penfield was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> in 1950<sup id="cite_ref-AAAS_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAAS-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and retired ten years later in 1960. He was a member of the United States <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was appointed to the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit" title="Order of Merit">Order of Merit</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1953_New_Year_Honours" title="1953 New Year Honours">1953 New Year Honours list</a>. He turned his attention to writing, producing a novel as well as his autobiography <i>No Man Alone.</i> A later biography, <i>Something Hidden</i>, was written by his grandson <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Lewis" title="Jefferson Lewis">Jefferson Lewis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1960, the year he retired, Penfield was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Lister_Medal" title="Lister Medal">Lister Medal</a> for his contributions to surgical science.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He delivered the corresponding Lister Oration, "Activation of the Record of Human Experience", at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Surgeons_of_England" title="Royal College of Surgeons of England">Royal College of Surgeons of England</a> on April 27, 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1967, he was made a Companion of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada">Order of Canada</a> and, in 1994, was posthumously inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Medical_Hall_of_Fame" title="Canadian Medical Hall of Fame">Canadian Medical Hall of Fame</a>. Much of his archival material is housed in the <a href="/wiki/Osler_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Osler Library">Osler Library</a> at McGill University.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_life">Later life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilder_Penfield&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his later years, Penfield dedicated himself to the public interest, particularly in support of university education. With his friends <a href="/wiki/Governor-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor-General">Governor-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Georges_Vanier" title="Georges Vanier">Georges Vanier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Vanier" title="Pauline Vanier">Pauline Vanier</a>, he co-founded the <a href="/wiki/Vanier_Institute_of_the_Family" title="Vanier Institute of the Family">Vanier Institute of the Family</a> "to promote and guide education in the home – man's first classroom."<sup id="cite_ref-ArchivesCanada_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArchivesCanada-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also an early proponent of <a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_bilingualism" title="Simultaneous bilingualism">childhood bilingualism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Penfield died on April 5, 1976, of <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdominal cancer">abdominal cancer</a> at <a href="/wiki/Royal_Victoria_Hospital,_Montreal" title="Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal">Royal Victoria Hospital</a> in Montreal.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He and his wife, Helen, had their ashes buried on the family property in East Bolton (Bolton-Est), <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> on Sargent's Bay, Lake Memphremagog.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_contributions">Scientific contributions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilder_Penfield&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Scientific contributions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilder_Penfield_Pavilion_Montreal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Wilder_Penfield_Pavilion_Montreal.jpg/220px-Wilder_Penfield_Pavilion_Montreal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Wilder_Penfield_Pavilion_Montreal.jpg/330px-Wilder_Penfield_Pavilion_Montreal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Wilder_Penfield_Pavilion_Montreal.jpg/440px-Wilder_Penfield_Pavilion_Montreal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a><figcaption>The Wilder Penfield Pavilion at McGill University</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neural_stimulation">Neural stimulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilder_Penfield&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Neural stimulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Penfield was a groundbreaking researcher and original surgeon. His development of a neurosurgical technique using an instrument known as the Penfield dissector, which produced the least injurious <a href="/wiki/Meninges" title="Meninges">meningo-cerebral</a> scar, became widely accepted in the field of neurosurgery and remains in regular use. With his colleague <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Jasper" title="Herbert Jasper">Herbert Jasper</a>, he invented the "Montréal Procedure" in which he treated patients with severe <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a> by destroying nerve cells in the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a> where the seizures originated. Before operating, he stimulated the brain with electrical probes while the patients were conscious on the operating table (under only <a href="/wiki/Local_anesthesia" title="Local anesthesia">local anesthesia</a>), and observed their responses. In this way he could more accurately target the areas of the brain responsible, reducing the <a href="/wiki/Adverse_effect_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adverse effect (medicine)">side-effects</a> of the surgery. </p><p>This technique also allowed him to create maps of the <a href="/wiki/Sensory_cortex" title="Sensory cortex">sensory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Motor_cortex" title="Motor cortex">motor cortices</a> of the brain (see <a href="/wiki/Cortical_homunculus" title="Cortical homunculus">cortical homunculus</a>) showing their connections to the various limbs and organs of the body. These maps are still used today, practically unaltered. Along with <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Jasper" title="Herbert Jasper">Herbert Jasper</a>, he published this work in 1951 (2nd ed., 1954) as the landmark <i>Epilepsy and the Functional Anatomy of the Human Brain</i>. This work contributed a great deal to understanding the <a href="/wiki/Functional_specialization_(brain)" title="Functional specialization (brain)">localization of brain function</a>. Penfield's maps showed considerable overlap between regions (e.g. the motor region controlling muscles in the hand sometimes also controlled muscles in the upper arm and shoulder) a feature which he put down to individual variation in brain size and localisation: it has since been established that this is due to the fractured <a href="/wiki/Somatotopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatotopy">somatotopy</a> of the motor cortex. From these results he developed his cortical homunculus map, which is how the brain sees the body from an inside perspective. </p><p>Penfield reported<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that stimulation of the <a href="/wiki/Temporal_lobe" title="Temporal lobe">temporal lobes</a> could lead to vivid recall of memories. Oversimplified in popular psychology publications, including the best-selling <i><a href="/wiki/I%27m_OK_%E2%80%93_You%27re_OK" title="I'm OK – You're OK">I'm OK – You're OK</a></i>, this seeded the common misconception that the brain continuously "records" experiences in perfect detail, although these memories are not available to conscious recall. Reported episodes of recall occurred in less than five percent of his patients, though these results have been replicated by modern surgeons.<sup id="cite_ref-Vignal_stimulation_meories_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vignal_stimulation_meories-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Electrical_stimulation_elicits_memories_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Electrical_stimulation_elicits_memories-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penfield's hypothesis on this subject was revised in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-Revision_of_Penfield_hypothesis_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Revision_of_Penfield_hypothesis-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hallucinations">Hallucinations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilder_Penfield&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hallucinations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Penfield's scientific contributions go past the <a href="/wiki/Somatosensory_cortex" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatosensory cortex">somatosensory</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Motor_cortex" title="Motor cortex">motor cortices</a>; his extensive work of the functions of the brain also included charting the functions of the <a href="/wiki/Parietal_cortex" class="mw-redirect" title="Parietal cortex">parietal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Temporal_cortex" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporal cortex">temporal cortices</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of his 520 patients, 40 reported that while their temporal lobe was stimulated with an electrode they would recall dreams, smells, <a href="/wiki/Hallucination" title="Hallucination">visual</a> and <a href="/wiki/Auditory_hallucination" title="Auditory hallucination">auditory hallucinations</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Out-of-body_experience" title="Out-of-body experience">out-of-body experiences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Penfield_OBE_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Penfield_OBE-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his studies, Penfield found that when the <a href="/wiki/Temporal_lobe" title="Temporal lobe">temporal lobe</a> was stimulated it produced a combination of hallucinations, dream, and memory recollection.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These experiences would only last as long as the electrode stimulations were present on the cortex, and in some cases when patient experienced hallucinatory experiences that evoked certain smells, sensations of flashing light, stroking the back of their hand, and many others. Other stimulations had patients experiencing <i>déjà vu</i>, fear, loneliness, and strangeness. Certain areas of patients' temporal lobes were stimulated with an electrode in order to experience memories. Penfield called these perceptual illusions (physical hallucinations) interpretive responses. According to Penfield, when the temporal lobe was stimulated there were two types of perceptions experienced by patients:<sup id="cite_ref-primal-page.com_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-primal-page.com-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Experential experience – where the patient recorded hearing a song, or seeing a flash of light.</li> <li>Strip experience – The recall seems familiar to the patient and comes from the patient's past even though the patient may not be able to pinpoint the exact occasion. The recall of a memory or memories could reinforce the emotion tied to the experience.</li></ol> <p>Penfield stressed that the "things that have been recorded are the things which once came within the spot-light of attention".<sup id="cite_ref-primal-page.com_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-primal-page.com-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penfield had over 25 years of research using <a href="/wiki/Electrical_brain_stimulation" title="Electrical brain stimulation">electrical stimulation</a> to produce experiential hallucinations. His conclusions show that patients experience a range of hallucinations from simple to complex. They also show that hallucinations can be stimulated.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Déjà_vu"><span id="D.C3.A9j.C3.A0_vu"></span>Déjà vu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilder_Penfield&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Déjà vu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Penfield's expansion of the interpretive cortex includes the phenomenon of <i><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9j%C3%A0_vu" title="Déjà vu">déjà vu</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Penfield_dreamy_state_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Penfield_dreamy_state-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Déjà vu</i> is the sensation that an experience a person is having has previously been experienced. <i>Déjà vu</i> is typically experienced by people between the ages of 15 and 25, and affects approximately 60-70% of the population. It is thought to be a mismatch of the sensory input people receive and the system in which the brain recalls memory. Another thought on the cause of <i>déjà vu</i> is that there is a malfunction in the brain's short- and long-term memory systems where memories become stored in incorrect systems.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are several ways one can recognize familiar experiences – by mentally retrieving memories of a previous experience, or by having a feeling that an experience has occurred when it actually has not. <i>Déjà vu</i> is having that feeling of familiarity in a situation that is completely new. Memory is good at being familiar with objects, however it does not do well with the configuration or organization of objects. <i>Déjà vu</i> is an extreme reaction to the mind telling an individual that they are having a familiar experience.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Déjà vu</i> is thought to be a consistent phenomenon. However, it has been associated with <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a>, and with multiple <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">psychiatric</a> disorders such as <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-en.wikipedia.org_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-en.wikipedia.org-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but there has not been a clear, frequent diagnostic correlation between <i>déjà vu</i> and neurological or psychiatric disorders, except with patients that have a possibility of being epileptic.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Temporal lobe epilepsy affects the hippocampus. Patients that have this medical diagnosis are said to have a misfiring of the brain's neurons. The neurons transmit at random which results in the false sense of experiencing a familiar situation that had previously been experienced.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different types of <i>déjà vu</i> are difficult to pinpoint because researchers who have studied <i>déjà vu</i> have developed their own categories and differentiations. On a broad perspective of research that is available, <i>déjà vu</i> can be divided into two categories: associative <i>déjà vu</i> and biological déjà vu. Associative <i>déjà vu</i> is typically experienced by normal, healthy individuals who experience things with the senses that can be associated to other experiences or past events. Biological <i>déjà vu</i> occurs in individuals who have <a href="/wiki/Temporal_lobe_epilepsy" title="Temporal lobe epilepsy">temporal lobe epilepsy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DejaVu_left_hippocampus_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DejaVu_left_hippocampus-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their experience of <i>déjà vu</i> occurs usually just before they experience a seizure.<sup id="cite_ref-science.howstuffworks.com_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-science.howstuffworks.com-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent research is looking at the new occurrence of chronic <i>déjà vu</i>. Chronic <i>déjà vu</i> is when an individual is experiencing a constant state of <i>déjà vu</i>. Failure of the temporal lobe is thought to be the cause of this phenomenon because the circuits that connect to memories get stuck in an active state, and create memories that never happened.<sup id="cite_ref-science.howstuffworks.com_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-science.howstuffworks.com-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Global_policy">Global policy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilder_Penfield&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Global policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He was one of the signatories of the agreement to convene a convention for drafting a <a href="/wiki/World_constitution" title="World constitution">world constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, for the first time in human history, a <a href="/wiki/World_Constituent_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="World Constituent Assembly">World Constituent Assembly</a> convened to draft and adopt the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_for_the_Federation_of_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution for the Federation of Earth">Constitution for the Federation of Earth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilder_Penfield&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilder_Penfield_plaque_Montreal.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Wilder_Penfield_plaque_Montreal.JPG/220px-Wilder_Penfield_plaque_Montreal.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Wilder_Penfield_plaque_Montreal.JPG/330px-Wilder_Penfield_plaque_Montreal.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Wilder_Penfield_plaque_Montreal.JPG/440px-Wilder_Penfield_plaque_Montreal.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a><figcaption>Federal marker to Penfield at the McGill University building that bears his name</figcaption></figure> <p>Penfield was designated a <a href="/wiki/Persons_of_National_Historic_Significance" title="Persons of National Historic Significance">National Historic Person</a> in 1988 by the government of Canada. As such, a federal historical marker from the national Historic Sites & Monuments Board and <a href="/wiki/Parks_Canada" title="Parks Canada">Parks Canada</a> was erected, located at a building that bears his name on University Street, part of the McGill University campus in Montreal. </p><p>A postage stamp honouring Penfield was issued by <a href="/wiki/Canada_Post" title="Canada Post">Canada Post</a> on March 15, 1991. </p><p><i>Avenue du Docteur-Penfield</i> (<span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wilder_Penfield&params=45.500342_N_73.583103_W_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°30′01″N</span> <span class="longitude">73°34′59″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.500342°N 73.583103°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.500342; -73.583103</span></span></span></a></span></span>), on the slope of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Royal" title="Mount Royal">Mount Royal</a> in Montreal, was named in Penfield's honour on October 5, 1978. Part of this avenue borders McGill University's campus and intersects with Promenade Sir-William-Osler – meaning medical historians and the like may amuse themselves by arranging to "meet at Osler and Penfield". </p><p>A portrait of Wilder Penfield hangs in <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_House" title="Rhodes House">Rhodes House</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>, England. Penfield was elected a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1943" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1943">Fellow of the Royal Society</a> (FRS) of the United Kingdom in 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In honour of Wilder Graves Penfield's contribution to the public sector in Montreal, notably alongside his interest in further developing education, Wilder Penfield Elementary School was also established as part of the <a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson_School_Board" title="Lester B. Pearson School Board">Lester B. Pearson School Board</a>. </p><p>Penfield building, one of <a href="/wiki/John_Abbott_College" title="John Abbott College">John Abbott College</a>'s ten buildings, also bears the name of the famous neurosurgeon. </p><p>Penfield was the subject of a <a href="/wiki/Google_doodle" class="mw-redirect" title="Google doodle">Google doodle</a> on January 26, 2018, marking the 127th anniversary of his birth. The doodle appeared on the Google homepage in selected countries on five continents.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Penfield Children's Center In <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a>, Wisconsin, is named for Dr. Penfield for his advocacy of early intervention for children with developmental delays and disabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eponyms">Eponyms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilder_Penfield&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Eponyms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Penfield's homunculus (<a href="/wiki/Neuroanatomy" title="Neuroanatomy">neuroanatomic</a> feature first characterized by Penfield in 1937)<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Penfield syndrome (a form of <a href="/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_system" title="Autonomic nervous system">autonomic</a> <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epileptic seizure</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Penfield dissector (a type of <a href="/wiki/Surgical_instrument" title="Surgical instrument">surgical instrument</a> used in neurosurgery and other disciplines)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honorary_degrees">Honorary degrees</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilder_Penfield&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Honorary degrees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Penfield was awarded many <a href="/wiki/Honorary_degree" title="Honorary degree">honorary degrees</a> in recognition of his medical career. These include: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:20%;">State/Province </th> <th style="width:20%;">Date </th> <th style="width:40%;">School </th> <th style="width:20%;">Degree </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="308" /></span></span> </span>New Jersey</td> <td><b>1939</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Science" title="Doctor of Science">Doctor of Science</a> (D.Sc.)<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg/46px-Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>British Columbia</td> <td><b>30 October 1946</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia" title="University of British Columbia">University of British Columbia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Science" title="Doctor of Science">Doctor of Science</a> (D.Sc.)<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="496" /></span></span> </span>Saskatchewan</td> <td><b>29 September 1959</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Saskatchewan" title="University of Saskatchewan">University of Saskatchewan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a> (LL.D)<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1200" /></span></span> </span>Ontario</td> <td><b>1953</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Science" title="Doctor of Science">Doctor of Science</a> (D.Sc.)<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span>England</td> <td><b>1953</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>--- </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Manitoba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Manitoba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Manitoba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Manitoba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Manitoba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Manitoba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span>Manitoba</td> <td><b>1955</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Manitoba" title="University of Manitoba">University of Manitoba</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Science" title="Doctor of Science">Doctor of Science</a> (D.Sc.)<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1200" /></span></span> </span>Ontario</td> <td><b>1957</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston" title="Queen's University at Kingston">Queen's University</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a> (LL.D)<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/23px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/35px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/45px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span>Quebec</td> <td><b>6 October 1960</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Science" title="Doctor of Science">Doctor of Science</a> (D.Sc.)<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/23px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/35px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/45px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span>Quebec</td> <td><b>/</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bishop%27s_University" title="Bishop's University">Bishop's University</a></td> <td>Honorary Graduate <sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1200" /></span></span> </span>Ontario</td> <td><b>May 1962</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/McMaster_University" title="McMaster University">McMaster University</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Science" title="Doctor of Science">Doctor of Science</a> (D.Sc.)<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/46px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span>Alberta</td> <td><b>29 March 1967</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Calgary" title="University of Calgary">University of Calgary</a><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>--- </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1200" /></span></span> </span>Ontario</td> <td><b>16 May 1970</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_College_of_Canada" title="Royal Military College of Canada">Royal Military College of Canada</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Science" title="Doctor of Science">Doctor of Science</a> (D.Sc.)<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1200" /></span></span> </span>Ontario</td> <td><b>21 September 1972</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Western_Ontario" title="University of Western Ontario">University of Western Ontario</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Science" title="Doctor of Science">Doctor of Science</a> (D.Sc.)<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilder_Penfield&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Wilder Penfield was the subject of a <i><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Minute" class="mw-redirect" title="Heritage Minute">Heritage Minute</a></i>, dramatizing his development of the Montreal procedure. When Dr. Penfield stimulates the seizure-producing part of her brain, an epileptic patient exclaims: "I can smell burnt toast!" This <i>Heritage Minute</i> was widely shown and again made Penfield a household name in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-Heritage_Minutes:_Wilder_Penfield_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heritage_Minutes:_Wilder_Penfield-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Sawyer" title="Robert J. Sawyer">Robert J. Sawyer</a>'s 2012 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Triggers_(novel)" title="Triggers (novel)">Triggers</a></i>, it is revealed that the major character of Dr. Ranjip Singh, a Canadian, was inspired to pursue his career in neuroscience by having seen the "I can smell burnt toast" Heritage Minute about Penfield.<sup id="cite_ref-Heritage_Minutes:_Wilder_Penfield_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heritage_Minutes:_Wilder_Penfield-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> author <a href="/wiki/Philip_K._Dick" title="Philip K. Dick">Philip K. Dick</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Do_Androids_Dream_of_Electric_Sheep%3F" title="Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?">Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?</a></i>, characters use a household device called a <a href="/wiki/Penfield_Mood_Organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Penfield Mood Organ">Penfield Mood Organ</a> to dial up emotions on demand.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirow_Masamune" class="mw-redirect" title="Shirow Masamune">Shirow Masamune</a>'s anime series <i><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Hound" title="Ghost Hound">Ghost Hound</a></i> makes several references to Penfield and his studies.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The song "Wilder Penfield" by the Dead Sea Apes, a UK-based <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_rock" title="Psychedelic rock">psychedelic rock</a> group, from <i>The Sun Behind The Sun</i>, a collaboration with Black Tempest released in February 2013 on Cardinal Fuzz records.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Ray_Loriga" title="Ray Loriga">Ray Loriga</a>'s 1999 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Tokio_ya_no_nos_quiere" title="Tokio ya no nos quiere">Tokio ya no nos quiere</a></i>, Penfield's method of stimulating the temporal lobes is described and modified to treat the main character who has issues with memory recollection.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the video game <i><a href="/wiki/Xenosaga_Episode_I:_Der_Wille_zur_Macht" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenosaga Episode I: Der Wille zur Macht">Xenosaga Episode I: Der Wille zur Macht</a></i>, "Penfield Mapping" is seemingly the process of drawing a <a href="/wiki/Cortical_homunculus" title="Cortical homunculus">cortical homunculus</a>, necessary for one to enter a virtual environment.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Wilder Penfield's, Sensory & Motor Homunculus 3D figures have been on permanent exhibition in the <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London" title="Natural History Museum, London">National History Museum, London</a>. Penfield's Homunculi have become popular exhibits.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="College_football_coaching_record">College football coaching record</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilder_Penfield&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: College football coaching record"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between his graduation from Princeton and his studies at Oxford, Penfield served as Princeton's head football coach for one season. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Team </th> <th>Overall </th> <th>Conference</th> <th>Standing </th> <th>Bowl/playoffs </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#dddddd; border-bottom: 2px solid #aaaaaa;text-align:center;" colspan="9"><b><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Tigers_football" title="Princeton Tigers football">Princeton Tigers</a></b> <i>(Independent)</i> <small>(1914)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1914_college_football_season" title="1914 college football season">1914</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1914_Princeton_Tigers_football_team" title="1914 Princeton Tigers football team">Princeton</a> </td> <td>5–2–1</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fafafa; border-top: 2px solid #aaaaaa;"> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" scope="row"><b>Princeton:</b> </td> <td>5–2–1</td> <td></td> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#dddddd"> <td colspan="2" scope="row" style="text-align:center"><b>Total:</b></td> <td>5–2–1</td> <td colspan="7"> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilder_Penfield&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-frs-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEcclesFeindel1978" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Eccles_(neurophysiologist)" title="John Eccles (neurophysiologist)">Eccles, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/William_Feindel" title="William Feindel">Feindel, William</a> (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1978.0015">"Wilder Graves Penfield 26 January 1891-5 April 1976"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Memoirs_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society">Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society</a></i>. <b>24</b>: <span class="nowrap">472–</span>513. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1978.0015">10.1098/rsbm.1978.0015</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11615742">11615742</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Memoirs+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Wilder+Graves+Penfield+26+January+1891-5+April+1976&rft.volume=24&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E472-%3C%2Fspan%3E513&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.1978.0015&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11615742&rft.aulast=Eccles&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Feindel%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frsbm.1978.0015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilder+Penfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk/client/en_GB/lives/search/detailnonmodal/ent:$002f$002fSD_ASSET$002f0$002fSD_ASSET:373316/one?qu=%22rcs:+E001133%22&rt=false%7C%7C%7CIDENTIFIER%7C%7C%7CResource+Identifier">"Levy, Laurence Fraser (1921 - 2007)"</a>. <i>livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Oxford: Basil Blackwell. pp. <span class="nowrap">102–</span>103.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merton+College+Register+1900%E2%80%931964&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E102-%3C%2Fspan%3E103&rft.pub=Basil+Blackwell&rft.date=1964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilder+Penfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeindel1977" class="citation journal cs1">Feindel, William (1 September 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1227%2F00006123-197709000-00001">"Wilder Penfield (1891–1976)The Man and His Work"</a>. <i>Neurosurgery</i>. <b>1</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">93–</span>100. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1227%2F00006123-197709000-00001">10.1227/00006123-197709000-00001</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0148-396X">0148-396X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/355918">355918</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44912089">44912089</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neurosurgery&rft.atitle=Wilder+Penfield+%281891%E2%80%931976%29The+Man+and+His+Work&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E93-%3C%2Fspan%3E100&rft.date=1977-09-01&rft.issn=0148-396X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A44912089%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F355918&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1227%2F00006123-197709000-00001&rft.aulast=Feindel&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1227%252F00006123-197709000-00001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilder+Penfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gill-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gill_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillDK_Binder2007" class="citation journal cs1">Gill, AS; DK Binder (May 2007). "Wilder Penfield, Pío del Río-Hortega, and the discovery of oligodendroglia". <i>Neurosurgery</i>. <b>60</b> (5): discussion 940–948. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1227%2F01.NEU.0000255448.97730.34">10.1227/01.NEU.0000255448.97730.34</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17460531">17460531</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6282005">6282005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neurosurgery&rft.atitle=Wilder+Penfield%2C+P%C3%ADo+del+R%C3%ADo-Hortega%2C+and+the+discovery+of+oligodendroglia&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=discussion+940-948&rft.date=2007-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6282005%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17460531&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1227%2F01.NEU.0000255448.97730.34&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=AS&rft.au=DK+Binder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilder+Penfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etcweb.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/penfield_wilder.html">"Wilder Penfield"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wilder+Penfield&rft.pub=Princeton+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetcweb.princeton.edu%2FCampusWWW%2FCompanion%2Fpenfield_wilder.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilder+Penfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlum2011" class="citation journal cs1">Blum, Alan (19 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3080520">"A bedside conversation with Wilder Penfield"</a>. <i>CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal</i>. <b>183</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">745–</span>746. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1503%2Fcmaj.110202">10.1503/cmaj.110202</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0820-3946">0820-3946</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3080520">3080520</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21482658">21482658</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CMAJ%3A+Canadian+Medical+Association+Journal&rft.atitle=A+bedside+conversation+with+Wilder+Penfield&rft.volume=183&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E745-%3C%2Fspan%3E746&rft.date=2011-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3080520%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0820-3946&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21482658&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1503%2Fcmaj.110202&rft.aulast=Blum&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3080520&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilder+Penfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeindelPreul1991" class="citation journal cs1">Feindel, William; Preul, Mark C. (1 November 1991). "Origins of Wilder Penfield's surgical technique: The role of the "Cushing ritual" and influences from the European experience". <i>Journal of Neurosurgery</i>. <b>75</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">812–</span>820. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3171%2Fjns.1991.75.5.0812">10.3171/jns.1991.75.5.0812</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1919711">1919711</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Neurosurgery&rft.atitle=Origins+of+Wilder+Penfield%27s+surgical+technique%3A+The+role+of+the+%22Cushing+ritual%22+and+influences+from+the+European+experience&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E812-%3C%2Fspan%3E820&rft.date=1991-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3171%2Fjns.1991.75.5.0812&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1919711&rft.aulast=Feindel&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Preul%2C+Mark+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilder+Penfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCompston2017" class="citation journal cs1">Compston, Alastair (February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbrain%2Faww354">"The structural basis of traumatic epilepsy and results of radical operation. By O. Foerster, Breslau, and Wilder Penfield, Montreal"</a>. <i>Brain</i>. <b>140</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">508–</span>513. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbrain%2Faww354">10.1093/brain/aww354</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-8950">0006-8950</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brain&rft.atitle=The+structural+basis+of+traumatic+epilepsy+and+results+of+radical+operation.+By+O.+Foerster%2C+Breslau%2C+and+Wilder+Penfield%2C+Montreal&rft.volume=140&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E508-%3C%2Fspan%3E513&rft.date=2017-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbrain%2Faww354&rft.issn=0006-8950&rft.aulast=Compston&rft.aufirst=Alastair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fbrain%252Faww354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilder+Penfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>See his biography "No Man Alone" (references below) : Ch.8</i> Interlude in Germany <i>; p167-168 and p257</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Impressions of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Neurohistology in Central Europe" unpublished report by Penfield to the Rockefeller Foundation – 1928 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.mcgill.ca/penfieldfonds/fullrecord.php?ID=9647&d=1">read online</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Téllez2018-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Téllez2018_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTéllez-ZentenoLadino2018" class="citation journal cs1">Téllez-Zenteno, José Francisco; Ladino, Lady Diana (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medicine.usask.ca/documents/surgery/humanities/JSH_Summer2018.pdf">"Wilder Penfield of Montreal"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of the Surgical Humanities</i>. University of Saskatchewan: <span class="nowrap">6–</span>9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Surgical+Humanities&rft.atitle=Wilder+Penfield+of+Montreal&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=T%C3%A9llez-Zenteno&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Francisco&rft.au=Ladino%2C+Lady+Diana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedicine.usask.ca%2Fdocuments%2Fsurgery%2Fhumanities%2FJSH_Summer2018.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilder+Penfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew-Gee2022" class="citation web cs1">Andrew-Gee, Eric (15 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-pioneering-neurosurgeon-explored-the-minds-mysteries-and-left-behind/">"Pioneering neurosurgeon explored the mind's mysteries – and left behind secrets"</a>. <i>The Globe and Mail</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Pioneering+neurosurgeon+explored+the+mind%27s+mysteries+%E2%80%93+and+left+behind+secrets&rft.date=2022-01-15&rft.aulast=Andrew-Gee&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fcanada%2Farticle-pioneering-neurosurgeon-explored-the-minds-mysteries-and-left-behind%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilder+Penfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/01/wilder-penfield-google-honours-today-180126071943388.html">"Wilder Penfield: Why Google honours him today"</a>. <i>www.aljazeera.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Wilder+Penfield%3A+Why+Google+honours+him+today&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2018%2F01%2Fwilder-penfield-google-honours-today-180126071943388.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilder+Penfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAAS-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AAAS_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterP.pdf">"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter P"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. American Academy of Arts and Sciences<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Book+of+Members%2C+1780%E2%80%932010%3A+Chapter+P&rft.pub=American+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amacad.org%2Fpublications%2FBookofMembers%2FChapterP.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilder+Penfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/20001882.html">"Wilder Penfield"</a>. <i>www.nasonline.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nasonline.org&rft.atitle=Wilder+Penfield&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fmember-directory%2Fdeceased-members%2F20001882.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilder+Penfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Wilder+Penfield&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DWilder%2BPenfield%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilder+Penfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Godfrey, "With Bible reading, hard work and obeying the Golden Rule, Penfield could do anything". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a></i>, October 31, 1981.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2414022">"Lister Medal"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_the_Royal_College_of_Surgeons_of_England" title="Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England">Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England</a></i>. <b>28</b> (1): 15. January 1961. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2414022">2414022</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19310274">19310274</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+Royal+College+of+Surgeons+of+England&rft.atitle=Lister+Medal&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=15&rft.date=1961-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2414022%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19310274&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2414022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilder+Penfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenfield1961" class="citation journal cs1">Penfield, Wilder (August 1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2414108">"Activation of the Record of Human Experience"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_the_Royal_College_of_Surgeons_of_England" title="Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England">Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England</a></i>. <b>29</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">77–</span>84. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2414108">2414108</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19310299">19310299</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+Royal+College+of+Surgeons+of+England&rft.atitle=Activation+of+the+Record+of+Human+Experience&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E77-%3C%2Fspan%3E84&rft.date=1961-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2414108%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19310299&rft.aulast=Penfield&rft.aufirst=Wilder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2414108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilder+Penfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF(see_also_"External_links"_below)" class="citation web cs1">(see also "External links" below). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.mcgill.ca/penfield/">"Wilder Penfield Archive"</a>. <i>digital.library.mcgill.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=digital.library.mcgill.ca&rft.atitle=Wilder+Penfield+Archive&rft.au=%28see+also+%22External+links%22+below%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.mcgill.ca%2Fpenfield%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilder+Penfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ArchivesCanada-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ArchivesCanada_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/physicians/030002-2400-e.html">"Famous Canadian Physicians: Dr. Wilder Penfield"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada" title="Library and Archives Canada">Library and Archives Canada</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+and+Archives+Canada&rft.atitle=Famous+Canadian+Physicians%3A+Dr.+Wilder+Penfield&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2Fphysicians%2F030002-2400-e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilder+Penfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLebrun,_Yvan1971" class="citation journal cs1">Lebrun, Yvan (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00437956.1971.11435622">"The Neurology of Bilingualism="</a>. <i>Word</i>. <b>27</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>3): <span class="nowrap">179–</span>186. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00437956.1971.11435622">10.1080/00437956.1971.11435622</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Word&rft.atitle=The+Neurology+of+Bilingualism%3D&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E179-%3C%2Fspan%3E186&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00437956.1971.11435622&rft.au=Lebrun%2C+Yvan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F00437956.1971.11435622&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilder+Penfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1976/04/06/archives/wg-penfield-neurologistdies-refined-techniques-to-treat-epilepsy.html">"W. G. Penfield, Neurologist, Dies"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. 5 April 1976<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=W.+G.+Penfield%2C+Neurologist%2C+Dies.&rft.date=1976-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1976%2F04%2F06%2Farchives%2Fwg-penfield-neurologistdies-refined-techniques-to-treat-epilepsy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilder+Penfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsPenfield" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Kate; Penfield, Wilder G. III. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151223082823/http://www.municipalite.austin.qc.ca/uploaddir/files/Penfield_Austin_EN-WEB.pdf">"Wilder Graves Penfield"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Municipality of Austin, Québec, Canada</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.municipalite.austin.qc.ca/uploaddir/files/Penfield_Austin_EN-WEB.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Memory Mechanisms". <i>Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry</i>. <b>67</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">178–</span>198. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchneurpsyc.1952.02320140046005">10.1001/archneurpsyc.1952.02320140046005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14893992">14893992</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Neurology+and+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Memory+Mechanisms&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E178-%3C%2Fspan%3E198&rft.date=1952&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Farchneurpsyc.1952.02320140046005&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14893992&rft.aulast=Penfield&rft.aufirst=Wilder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilder+Penfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vignal_stimulation_meories-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vignal_stimulation_meories_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaillardMcGonigalChauvelVignal2006" class="citation journal cs1">Maillard, Louis; McGonigal, Aileen; Chauvel, Patrick; Vignal, Jean-Pierre (30 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/content/130/1/88.article-info">"The dreamy state: hallucinations of autobiographic memory evoked by temporal lobe stimulations and seizures"</a>. <i>Brain</i>. <b>130</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">88–</span>89. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbrain%2Fawl329">10.1093/brain/awl329</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17142246">17142246</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brain&rft.atitle=The+dreamy+state%3A+hallucinations+of+autobiographic+memory+evoked+by+temporal+lobe+stimulations+and+seizures&rft.volume=130&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E88-%3C%2Fspan%3E89&rft.date=2006-11-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbrain%2Fawl329&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17142246&rft.aulast=Maillard&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft.au=McGonigal%2C+Aileen&rft.au=Chauvel%2C+Patrick&rft.au=Vignal%2C+Jean-Pierre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbrain.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcontent%2F130%2F1%2F88.article-info&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilder+Penfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Electrical_stimulation_elicits_memories-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Electrical_stimulation_elicits_memories_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartolomeiBarbeauGavaretGuye2004" class="citation journal cs1">Bartolomei, F.; Barbeau, E.; Gavaret, M.; Guye, M.; McGonigal, J. 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(1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wabwBwAAQBAJ">"Hallucinations on Brain Stimulation: Evidence for Revision of The Penfield Hypothesis."</a>. <i>Origin and mechanism of Hallucinations</i>. Plenum Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">13–</span>22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4615-8645-6">10.1007/978-1-4615-8645-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4615-8647-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4615-8647-0"><bdi>978-1-4615-8647-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Western+University+of+Canada&rft.atitle=The+University+of+Western+Ontario%2C+Honorary+Degrees+Awarded%2C+1881-Present&rft.date=2017-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uwo.ca%2Funivsec%2Fpdf%2Fsenate%2Fhonorary%2Fhonorary_degrees_by_year.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilder+Penfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heritage_Minutes:_Wilder_Penfield-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heritage_Minutes:_Wilder_Penfield_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heritage_Minutes:_Wilder_Penfield_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historicacanada.ca/content/heritage-minutes/wilder-penfield-0">"Heritage Minutes: Wilder Penfield"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heritage+Minutes%3A+Wilder+Penfield&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historicacanada.ca%2Fcontent%2Fheritage-minutes%2Fwilder-penfield-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilder+Penfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.stanford.edu/2012/11/01/lawandbiosciences-2012-11-01-biosci-fi-do-androids-dream-of-electric-sheep-philip-k-dick-1968/">"Stanford Law BioSci-Fi: Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?"</a>. November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stanford+Law+BioSci-Fi%3A+Do+Androids+Dream+of+Electric+Sheep%3F&rft.date=2012-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaw.stanford.edu%2F2012%2F11%2F01%2Flawandbiosciences-2012-11-01-biosci-fi-do-androids-dream-of-electric-sheep-philip-k-dick-1968%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilder+Penfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://randomc.net/2007/12/01/ghost-hound-07/">"Ghost Hound 07"</a>. December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ghost+Hound+07&rft.date=2007-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frandomc.net%2F2007%2F12%2F01%2Fghost-hound-07%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilder+Penfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDead_Sea_ApesBlack_Tempest" class="citation web cs1">Dead Sea Apes; Black Tempest. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://soundcloud.com/dead-sea-apes/wilder-penfield">"Wilder Penfield (Penfield's Mood Organ mix)"</a>. <i>SoundCloud</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SoundCloud&rft.atitle=Wilder+Penfield+%28Penfield%27s+Mood+Organ+mix%29&rft.au=Dead+Sea+Apes&rft.au=Black+Tempest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsoundcloud.com%2Fdead-sea-apes%2Fwilder-penfield&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilder+Penfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2004" class="citation magazine cs1">Marshall, Richard (30 January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.3ammagazine.com/litarchives/2004/jan/interview_ray_loriga.html">"Freedom and Memory: The Ray Loriga Interview"</a>. <i>3:AM Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=3%3AAM+Magazine&rft.atitle=Freedom+and+Memory%3A+The+Ray+Loriga+Interview&rft.date=2004-01-30&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.3ammagazine.com%2Flitarchives%2F2004%2Fjan%2Finterview_ray_loriga.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilder+Penfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gamefaqs.gamespot.com/ps2/519264-xenosaga-episode-i-der-wille-zur-macht/faqs/24989">"Xenosaga Episode I: Der Wille Zur Macht References Guidedate=30 January 2004"</a>. 2 August 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Xenosaga+Episode+I%3A+Der+Wille+Zur+Macht+References+Guidedate%3D30+January+2004&rft.date=2003-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgamefaqs.gamespot.com%2Fps2%2F519264-xenosaga-episode-i-der-wille-zur-macht%2Ffaqs%2F24989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilder+Penfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFResnick2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Resnick, Brian (26 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2018/1/26/16932476/wilder-penfield-brain-surgery-epilepsy-google-doodle">"Wilder Penfield redrew the map of the brain - by opening the heads of living patients"</a>. <i>Vox</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=Wilder+Penfield+redrew+the+map+of+the+brain+-+by+opening+the+heads+of+living+patients&rft.date=2018-01-26&rft.aulast=Resnick&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2Fscience-and-health%2F2018%2F1%2F26%2F16932476%2Fwilder-penfield-brain-surgery-epilepsy-google-doodle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilder+Penfield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_books_and_publications">Selected books and publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilder_Penfield&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Selected books and publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilder_Penfield&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Cytology and Cellular Pathology of the Nervous System</i>. By various authors. Edited by W. Penfield. Three volumes, 1280 pages, 1932 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001553054">read online</a>)</li> <li>"<i>Epilepsy and Cerebral Localization: A Study of the Mechanism, Treatment and Prevention of Epileptic Seizures</i>". By Wilder Penfield and Theodore C. Erickson. Chapter XIV by Herbert H. Jasper. Chapter XX by M. R. Harrower-Erickson. Charles C. Thomas, 1941. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/716544137">716544137</a></li> <li>Penfield, Wilder (1941). <i>Canadian Army of Military Neurosurgery</i>. Ottawa: Government Distribution Office. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.mcgill.ca/penfieldfonds/fullrecord.php?ID=10461&d=1">read online</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenfield,_W._with_Rasmussen,_T._B.1950" class="citation book cs1">Penfield, W. with Rasmussen, T. B. (1950). <i>The Cerebral Cortex of Man</i>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/645750713">645750713</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cerebral+Cortex+of+Man&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F645750713&rft.au=Penfield%2C+W.+with+Rasmussen%2C+T.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilder+Penfield" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li>Penfield, Wilder; Kristiansen, Kristian (1951). <i>Epileptic seizure patterns; a study of the localizing value of initial phenomena in focal cortical seizures,</i>. Springfield, Ill.: Thomas. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3385089">3385089</a>.</li> <li><i>Epilepsy and the Functional Anatomy of the Human Brain.</i> 2nd edition. Jasper, H., and Penfield, W. Little, Brown and Co., 1954. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-316-69833-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-316-69833-4">0-316-69833-4</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenfield,_W.1958" class="citation book cs1">Penfield, W. (1958). <i>The Excitable Cortex in Conscious Man</i>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1055881925">1055881925</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Excitable+Cortex+in+Conscious+Man&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1055881925&rft.au=Penfield%2C+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilder+Penfield" class="Z3988"></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL5295194W">read online</a>)</li> <li><i>Speech and Brain Mechanisms</i>, Penfield, Wilder and Roberts, Lamar, Princeton University Press, 1959. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL5295191W">read online</a>)</li> <li><i>The Torch, a story of Hippocrates.</i> Penfield, W. Little, Brown and Co.; 1960. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-299-80119-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-299-80119-6">1-299-80119-6</a>. (Historical novel) "A story of love, treachery, and the battle for truth in ancient Greece." (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL5295197W">read online</a>)</li> <li><i>The Mystery of the Mind : A Critical Study of Consciousness and the Human Brain</i>. Penfield, Wilder. Princeton University Press, 1975. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-02360-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-02360-3">0-691-02360-3</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL5295187W">read online</a>)</li> <li><i>No Man Alone: A Neurosurgeon's Life</i>, Little, Brown and Co., 1977. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-316-69839-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-316-69839-3">0-316-69839-3</a>. Penfield's autobiography. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL17999424W">read online</a>)</li> <li><i>Something hidden : a biography of Wilder Penfield.</i> <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Lewis" title="Jefferson Lewis">Jefferson Lewis</a>, Doubleday and Co., 1981. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-17696-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-17696-1">0-385-17696-1</a>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL21541784M/Something_hidden">read online</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilder_Penfield&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoerster_O.,_Penfield_Wilder1930" class="citation journal cs1">Foerster O., Penfield Wilder (1930). "The Structural Basis of Traumatic Epilepsy and Results of Radical Operation". <i>Brain</i>. <b>53</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">99–</span>119. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbrain%2F53.2.99">10.1093/brain/53.2.99</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11858%2F00-001M-0000-002B-0D28-A">11858/00-001M-0000-002B-0D28-A</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brain&rft.atitle=The+Structural+Basis+of+Traumatic+Epilepsy+and+Results+of+Radical+Operation&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E99-%3C%2Fspan%3E119&rft.date=1930&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11858%2F00-001M-0000-002B-0D28-A&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbrain%2F53.2.99&rft.au=Foerster+O.%2C+Penfield+Wilder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilder+Penfield" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenfield_W1930" class="citation journal cs1">Penfield W (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC381999">"The Radical Treatment of Traumatic Epilepsy and ITS Rationale"</a>. <i>Can Med Assoc J</i>. <b>23</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">189–</span>197. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC381999">381999</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20317931">20317931</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Can+Med+Assoc+J&rft.atitle=The+Radical+Treatment+of+Traumatic+Epilepsy+and+ITS+Rationale&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E189-%3C%2Fspan%3E197&rft.date=1930&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC381999%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20317931&rft.au=Penfield+W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC381999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilder+Penfield" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div 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title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:33%;">Source</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archivalcollections.library.mcgill.ca/index.php/wilder-penfield-fonds">Wilder Penfield fonds</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.4em; padding-bottom:0.4em; border-top:1px solid #E0E0E0;"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Archival_material" title="Help:Archival material">How to use archival material</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>1958 <i>Gateways To The Mind</i> - Note: Starting at 46 minutes there is a 3 minutes video talk by Wilder Penfield (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pX4mlgwSKd4">watch online</a>)</li> <li>1981 <i>Something Hidden : A Portrait of Wilder Penfield</i> by Bob Lower and Jefferson Lewis, National Film Board of Canada and Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39355175">VHS and DVD</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://images.nfb.ca/images/pages/en/search.html?clipIndex=27&resultsClipId=35482&nbpage=50&pageStr=1&newSearch=true&limitSearch=501&keyword=Something+Hidden%3A+A+Portrait+of+Wilder+Penfield&termsList=&geo=&year_from=&year_until=&collection=&duration_from=&duration_until=&number=&__son=&highDef=&clipAvailable=true&aspectRatio=&resolution=&sourceFormat=&uvcount=&avcount=&parentTopic=&searchTopic=">watch video dailies online</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.gg.ca/honours/search-recherche/honours-desc.asp?lang=e&TypeID=orc&id=2239">Penfield's Order of Canada citation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archivalcollections.library.mcgill.ca/index.php/wilder-penfield-fonds">Wilder Penfield Fonds</a> at the Osler Library of the History of Medicine, McGill University. <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.mcgill.ca/penfield/">Searchable database of the Penfield Fonds</a> from the Osler Library of the History of Medicine</li> <li>A selection of items from the fonds have been digitized: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.mcgill.ca/penfieldfonds/">Wilder Penfield Digital Collection</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archivalcollections.library.mcgill.ca/index.php/jefferson-lewis-collection">Jefferson Lewis Fonds</a> at the Osler Library of the History of Medicine, McGill University, contains materials assembled by Jefferson Lewis for the purpose of writing his biography of Penfield, Something Hidden</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psych.ualberta.ca/~gcpws/Penfield/Penfield.html">Penfield biography</a> at the "Great Canadian Psychology" website (University of Alberta).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.municipalite.austin.qc.ca/uploaddir/files/Penfield_Austin_EN-WEB.pdf">Wilder Graves Penfield, MD, OM, CC, FRS, 1891-1976 / text by Kate Williams and Wilder G. 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class="nowrap"><i>No coach</i> (1897–1900)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Langdon_Lea" title="Langdon Lea">Langdon Lea</a> (1901)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Garrett_Cochran" title="Garrett Cochran">Garrett Cochran</a> (1902)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Art_Hillebrand" title="Art Hillebrand">Art Hillebrand</a> (1903–1905)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Roper_(American_football)" title="Bill Roper (American football)">Bill Roper</a> (1906–1908)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jim_McCormick_(American_football)" title="Jim McCormick (American football)">Jim McCormick</a> (1909)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Roper_(American_football)" title="Bill Roper (American football)">Bill Roper</a> (1910–1911)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Logan_Cunningham_(coach)" title="Logan Cunningham (coach)">Logan Cunningham</a> (1912)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walter_G._Andrews" title="Walter G. Andrews">Walter G. Andrews</a> (1913)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wilder Penfield</a> (1914)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_H._Rush" title="John H. Rush">John H. Rush</a> (1915–1916)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Keene_Fitzpatrick" title="Keene Fitzpatrick">Keene Fitzpatrick</a> (1917–1918)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Roper_(American_football)" title="Bill Roper (American football)">Bill Roper</a> (1919–1930)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Wittmer" title="Albert Wittmer">Albert Wittmer</a> (1931)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Crisler" title="Fritz Crisler">Fritz Crisler</a> (1932–1937)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tad_Wieman" title="Tad Wieman">Tad Wieman</a> (1938–1942)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Mahnken" title="Harry Mahnken">Harry Mahnken</a> (1943–1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Caldwell" title="Charlie Caldwell">Charlie Caldwell</a> (1945–1956)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dick_Colman" title="Dick Colman">Dick Colman</a> (1957–1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jake_McCandless" title="Jake McCandless">Jake McCandless</a> (1969–1972)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Casciola" title="Robert Casciola">Robert Casciola</a> (1973–1977)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Navarro" title="Frank Navarro">Frank Navarro</a> (1978–1984)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ron_Rogerson" title="Ron Rogerson">Ron Rogerson</a> (1985–1986)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Tosches" title="Steve Tosches">Steve Tosches</a> (1987–1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Hughes" title="Roger Hughes">Roger Hughes</a> (2000–2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Surace" title="Bob Surace">Bob Surace</a> (2010–2019)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i>No team</i> (2020)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Surace" title="Bob Surace">Bob Surace</a> (2021– )</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Inductees_into_the_Canadian_Medical_Hall_of_Fame52" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_Medical_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template:Canadian Medical Hall of Fame"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_Medical_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template talk:Canadian Medical Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_Medical_Hall_of_Fame" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian Medical Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Inductees_into_the_Canadian_Medical_Hall_of_Fame52" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Inductees into the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Medical_Hall_of_Fame" title="Canadian Medical Hall of Fame">Canadian Medical Hall of Fame</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>A</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maude_Abbott" title="Maude Abbott">Maude Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Avery" title="Oswald Avery">Oswald Avery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Aguayo" title="Albert Aguayo">Albert Aguayo</a> <b>B</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Bagshaw" title="Elizabeth Bagshaw">Elizabeth Bagshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Banting" title="Frederick Banting">Frederick Banting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_J._M._Barnett" title="Henry J. M. Barnett">Henry J. M. Barnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Barr" title="Murray Barr">Murray Barr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomas_Beer" title="Charles Thomas Beer">Charles Thomas Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(physician)" title="John Bell (physician)">John Bel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Belleau" title="Bernard Belleau">Bernard Belleau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_B._Berger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philip B. Berger (page does not exist)">Philip B. Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_G._Bergeron" title="Michel G. Bergeron">Michel G. Bergeron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Bernstein" title="Alan Bernstein">Alan Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Best_(medical_scientist)" title="Charles Best (medical scientist)">Charles Best</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Bethune" title="Norman Bethune">Norman Bethune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bienenstock" title="John Bienenstock">John Bienenstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Gordon_Bigelow" title="Wilfred Gordon Bigelow">Wilfred Gordon Bigelow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bliss" title="Michael Bliss">Michael Bliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Blizzard" title="Stephen Blizzard">Stephen Blizzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolfo_J._de_Bold" title="Adolfo J. de Bold">Adolfo J. de Bold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberta_Bondar" title="Roberta Bondar">Roberta Bondar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bradley_(doctor)" title="John Bradley (doctor)">John Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Breault" title="Henri Breault">Henri Breault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Malcolm_Brown" title="G. Malcolm Brown">G. Malcolm Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Browne_(scientist)" title="John Browne (scientist)">John Browne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_C._Burton" title="Alan C. Burton">Alan C. Burton</a> <b>C</b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elaine_A._Carty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elaine A. Carty (page does not exist)">Elaine A. Carty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brock_Chisholm" title="Brock Chisholm">Brock Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Max_Chochinov" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvey Max Chochinov">Harvey Max Chochinov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Chown" title="Bruce Chown">Bruce Chown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Michel Chrétien">Michel Chrétien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Arthur_Cochrane" title="William Arthur Cochrane">William Arthur Cochrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Cohen" title="May Cohen">May Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Collip" title="James Collip">James Collip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Harold_Copp" title="Douglas Harold Copp">Douglas Harold Copp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Cynader" title="Max Cynader">Max Cynader</a> <b>D</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_David_(cardiologist)" title="Paul David (cardiologist)">Paul David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naranjan_Dhalla" title="Naranjan Dhalla">Naranjan Dhalla</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_A._Dignan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas A. Dignan (page does not exist)">Thomas A. Dignan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dirks_(physician)" title="John Dirks (physician)">John Dirks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dosman" title="James Dosman">James Dosman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Douglas" title="Tommy Douglas">Tommy Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_George_Drake" title="Charles George Drake">Charles George Drake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Drucker" title="Daniel J. Drucker">Daniel J. Drucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacalyn_Duffin" title="Jacalyn Duffin">Jacalyn Duffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Dussault" title="Jean Dussault">Jean Dussault</a> <b>E</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connie_Eaves" title="Connie Eaves">Connie Eaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Evans" title="John Robert Evans">John Robert Evans</a> <b>F</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Farquharson" title="Ray Farquharson">Ray Farquharson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Fedoruk" title="Sylvia Fedoruk">Sylvia Fedoruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Feindel" title="William Feindel">William Feindel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Finlay" title="Brett Finlay">Brett Finlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Miller_Fisher" title="C. Miller Fisher">C. Miller Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._FitzGerald" title="John G. FitzGerald">John G. FitzGerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Fortier" title="Claude Fortier">Claude Fortier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Fox" title="Terry Fox">Terry Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand_Frappier" title="Armand Frappier">Armand Frappier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarke_Fraser" title="Clarke Fraser">Clarke Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Friesen" title="Henry Friesen">Henry Friesen</a> <b>G</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gallie" title="William Gallie">William Gallie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Genest" title="Jacques Genest">Jacques Genest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Gingras" title="Gustave Gingras">Gustave Gingras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Gold" title="Phil Gold">Phil Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Goldbloom" title="Richard Goldbloom">Richard Goldbloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Gray_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Gray (academic)">Jean Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Grenfell" title="Wilfred Grenfell">Wilfred Grenfell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Guyatt" title="Gordon Guyatt">Gordon Guyatt</a> <b>H</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Hachinski" title="Vladimir Hachinski">Vladimir Hachinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Hakim" title="Antoine Hakim">Antoine Hakim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Matthew_Hall" title="Emmett Matthew Hall">Emmett Matthew Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Goslin_Hall" title="Judith Goslin Hall">Judith Goslin Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_R._Hayden" title="Michael R. Hayden">Michael R. Hayden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Olding_Hebb" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Olding Hebb">Donald Olding Hebb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Pearl_Herbert" title="Carol Pearl Herbert">Carol Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_d%27Herelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Félix d'Herelle">Félix d'Herelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Hirsh" title="Jack Hirsh">Jack Hirsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hollenberg" title="Charles Hollenberg">Charles Hollenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Hogg" title="James C. Hogg">James C. Hogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hubel" class="mw-redirect" title="David Hubel">David Hubel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_B._Huggins" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles B. Huggins">Charles B. Huggins</a> <b>J</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Jasper" title="Herbert Jasper">Herbert Jasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_J._Jenkins" title="David J. Jenkins">David J. Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_E._Johns" title="Harold E. Johns">Harold E. Johns</a> <b>K</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilbert_Keon" title="Wilbert Keon">Wilbert Keon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonora_King" title="Leonora King">Leonora King</a> <b>L</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Lalonde" title="Marc Lalonde">Marc Lalonde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Langer_(surgeon)" title="Bernard Langer (surgeon)">Bernard Langer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Philippe_Leblond" title="Charles Philippe Leblond">Charles Philippe Leblond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_LeClair" title="Maurice LeClair">Maurice LeClair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Lehmann" title="Heinz Lehmann">Heinz Lehmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lougheed" title="Peter Lougheed">Peter Lougheed</a> <b>M</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Mance" title="Jeanne Mance">Jeanne Mance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_McCulloch" title="Ernest McCulloch">Ernest McCulloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McEachern" title="John McEachern">John McEachern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mackenzie" title="Walter Mackenzie">Walter Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Macklem" title="Peter Macklem">Peter Macklem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_MacLennan" title="David MacLennan">David MacLennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Macleod_(physiologist)" title="John Macleod (physiologist)">John Macleod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCrae" title="John McCrae">John McCrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_McWhinney" title="Ian McWhinney">Ian McWhinney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tak_Wah_Mak" title="Tak Wah Mak">Tak Wah Mak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Marra" title="Marco Marra">Marco Marra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Martin" title="Joseph B. Martin">Joseph B. Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Masson" title="Pierre Masson">Pierre Masson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Campbell_Meakins" title="Jonathan Campbell Meakins">Jonathan Campbell Meakins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maud_Menten" title="Maud Menten">Maud Menten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Melzack" title="Ronald Melzack">Ronald Melzack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenda_Milner" title="Brenda Milner">Brenda Milner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julio_Montaner" title="Julio Montaner">Julio Montaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Montizambert" title="Frederick Montizambert">Frederick Montizambert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balfour_Mount" title="Balfour Mount">Balfour Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_John_Murray" title="Thomas John Murray">Thomas John Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_Mustard" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraser Mustard">Fraser Mustard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Thornton_Mustard" title="William Thornton Mustard">William Thornton Mustard</a> <b>N</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Naimark" title="Arnold Naimark">Arnold Naimark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Naylor" title="David Naylor">David Naylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Noble_(physician)" title="Robert Noble (physician)">Robert Noble</a> <b>O</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annette_O%27Connor" title="Annette O'Connor">Annette O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Osler" title="William Osler">William Osler</a> <b>P</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Pawson" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony Pawson">Anthony Pawson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wilder Penfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vera_Peters" title="Vera Peters">Vera Peters</a> <b>Q</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9mi_Quirion" title="Rémi Quirion">Rémi Quirion</a> <b>R</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheryl_Rockman-Greenberg" title="Cheryl Rockman-Greenberg">Cheryl Rockman-Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Ronald" title="Allan Ronald">Allan Ronald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noralou_P._Roos" title="Noralou P. Roos">Noralou P. Roos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Lucien_Rouleau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Lucien Rouleau (page does not exist)">Jean-Lucien Rouleau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Roy_(physician)" title="Claude Roy (physician)">Claude Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Rusted" title="Ian Rusted">Ian Rusted</a> <b>S</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Sackett" title="David Sackett">David Sackett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Salter" title="Robert B. Salter">Robert B. Salter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Scriver" title="Charles Scriver">Charles Scriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Selye" title="Hans Selye">Hans Selye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Siminovitch" title="Louis Siminovitch">Louis Siminovitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._Estelle_R._Simons" title="F. Estelle R. Simons">F. Estelle R. Simons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_G._Sinclair" title="Duncan G. Sinclair">Duncan G. Sinclair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Smith_(chemist)" title="Michael Smith (chemist)">Michael Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahum_Sonenberg" title="Nahum Sonenberg">Nahum Sonenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bette_Stephenson" title="Bette Stephenson">Bette Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Stiller" title="Calvin Stiller">Calvin Stiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Stowe" title="Emily Stowe">Emily Stowe</a> <b>T</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tator" title="Charles Tator">Charles Tator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucille_Teasdale-Corti" title="Lucille Teasdale-Corti">Lucille Teasdale-Corti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Till" title="James Till">James Till</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lap-Chee_Tsui" title="Lap-Chee Tsui">Lap-Chee Tsui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endel_Tulving" title="Endel Tulving">Endel Tulving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Tupper" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Charles Tupper">Sir Charles Tupper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Lorne_Tyrrell" title="D. Lorne Tyrrell">D. Lorne Tyrrell</a> <b>V</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mladen_Vranic" title="Mladen Vranic">Mladen Vranic</a> <b>W</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Wainberg" title="Mark Wainberg">Mark Wainberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Weiss_(neurobiologist)" title="Samuel Weiss (neurobiologist)">Samuel Weiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Worton" title="Ronald Worton">Ronald Worton</a> <b>Y</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Marguerite_d%27Youville" title="Marie-Marguerite d'Youville">Marie-Marguerite d'Youville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salim_Yusuf" title="Salim Yusuf">Salim Yusuf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1943151" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:FRS_1943" title="Template:FRS 1943"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:FRS_1943" title="Template talk:FRS 1943"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:FRS_1943" title="Special:EditPage/Template:FRS 1943"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1943151" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellows</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> elected <a href="/wiki/List_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1943" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1943">in 1943</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fellows</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shanti_Swaroop_Bhatnagar" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar">Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_De_Burgh_Daly" title="Ivan De Burgh Daly">Ivan De Burgh Daly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._A._Buxton" title="P. A. Buxton">Patrick Alfred Buxton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Augustine_Edgell" title="John Augustine Edgell">John Augustine Edgell</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18575937" class="extiw" title="d:Q18575937">Arthur James Ewins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Felix" title="Arthur Felix">Arthur Felix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Alexander Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19043128" class="extiw" title="d:Q19043128">John Jacob Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Michael_Herbert_Greaves" title="William Michael Herbert Greaves">William Michael Herbert Greaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Harland" title="Sydney Harland">Sydney Harland</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21166467" class="extiw" title="d:Q21166467">George Armand Robert Kon</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18534124" class="extiw" title="d:Q18534124">Andrew McCance</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wilder Penfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Ellcock_Pilgrim" title="Guy Ellcock Pilgrim">Guy Ellcock Pilgrim</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18821832" class="extiw" title="d:Q18821832">Reginald Stradling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sykes_(metallurgist)" title="Charles Sykes (metallurgist)">Charles Sykes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lighton_Synge" title="John Lighton Synge">John Lighton Synge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Frederick_James_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="George Frederick James Temple">George Frederick James Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_du_Toit" title="Alexander du Toit">Alexander du Toit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solly_Zuckerman,_Baron_Zuckerman" title="Solly Zuckerman, Baron Zuckerman">Solly Zuckerman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Goldschmidt" title="Victor Goldschmidt">Victor Goldschmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Houssay" title="Bernardo Houssay">Bernardo Houssay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Constitutional_Convention_call_signatories1029" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Constitutional_Convention_call_signatories" title="Template:World Constitutional Convention call signatories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Constitutional_Convention_call_signatories" title="Template talk:World Constitutional Convention call signatories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Constitutional_Convention_call_signatories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Constitutional Convention call signatories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Constitutional_Convention_call_signatories1029" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_Constitutional_Convention" title="World Constitutional Convention">World Constitutional Convention</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Constitutional_Convention_call" class="mw-redirect" title="World Constitutional Convention call">call</a> signatories</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <b><a href="/wiki/Constitution_for_the_Federation_of_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution for the Federation of Earth">Constitution for the Federation of Earth</a></b> </span></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Constitution_Coordinating_Committee" title="World Constitution Coordinating Committee">World Constitution Coordinating Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thane_Read" title="Thane Read">Thane Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Isely" title="Philip Isely">Philip Isely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Isely" title="Margaret Isely">Margaret Isely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Lloyd" title="Georgia Lloyd">Georgia Lloyd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">Head of governments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_presidents" title="Lists of presidents">Presidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Faure" title="Edgar Faure">Edgar Faure</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica"><img alt="Costa Rica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Orlich_Bolmarcich" title="Francisco Orlich Bolmarcich">Francisco Orlich Bolmarcich</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica"><img alt="Costa Rica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Figueres_Ferrer" title="José Figueres Ferrer">José Figueres Ferrer</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania"><img alt="Tanzania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Julius_Nyerere" title="Julius Nyerere">Julius Nyerere</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal"><img alt="Senegal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Léopold Sédar Senghor</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan" title="Ayub Khan">Muhammad Ayub Khan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica"><img alt="Costa Rica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Otilio_Ulate_Blanco" title="Otilio Ulate Blanco">Otilio Ulate Blanco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vice-presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya"><img alt="Kenya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jaramogi_Oginga_Odinga" title="Jaramogi Oginga Odinga">Jaramogi Oginga Odinga</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Ministers">Prime Ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone"><img alt="Sierra Leone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Milton_Margai" title="Milton Margai">Milton Margai</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tetsu_Katayama" title="Tetsu Katayama">Tetsu Katayama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Governors" class="mw-redirect" title="Governors">Governors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/California" title="California"><img alt="California" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/23px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/35px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/45px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Culbert_Olson" title="Culbert Olson">Culbert Olson</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_Prefecture" title="Hiroshima Prefecture"><img alt="Hiroshima Prefecture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hiroo_%C5%8Chara" title="Hiroo Ōhara">Hiroo Ōhara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mayors" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayors">Mayors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Accra_Region" title="Greater Accra Region"><img alt="Greater Accra Region" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Greater_Accra_Region.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greater_Accra_Region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Greater_Accra_Region.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greater_Accra_Region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Greater_Accra_Region.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greater_Accra_Region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="202" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/E.C._Quaye" class="mw-redirect" title="E.C. Quaye">E.C. Quaye</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_Prefecture" title="Hiroshima Prefecture"><img alt="Hiroshima Prefecture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Setsuo_Yamada" title="Setsuo Yamada">Setsuo Yamada</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_Prefecture" title="Hiroshima Prefecture"><img alt="Hiroshima Prefecture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Hamai" title="Shinzo Hamai">Shinzo Hamai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Politicians">Politicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_Berkhouwer" title="Cornelis Berkhouwer">Cornelis Berkhouwer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ebrahim_Haroon_Jaffer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Ebrahim Haroon Jaffer">Ahmed Ebrahim Haroon Jaffer</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Akira_Kazami" title="Akira Kazami">Akira Kazami</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/B._Satya_Narayan_Reddy" title="B. Satya Narayan Reddy">B. Satya Narayan Reddy</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Chiyo_Sakakibara" title="Chiyo Sakakibara">Chiyo Sakakibara</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Diwan_Chaman_Lall" title="Diwan Chaman Lall">Diwan Chaman Lall</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ezequiel_Padilla_Pe%C3%B1aloza" title="Ezequiel Padilla Peñaloza">Ezequiel Padilla Peñaloza</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Jahn" title="Gerhard Jahn">Gerhard Jahn</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hisato_Ichimada" title="Hisato Ichimada">Hisato Ichimada</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Usborne" title="Henry Usborne">Henry Usborne</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ichir%C5%8D_Kiyose" title="Ichirō Kiyose">Ichirō Kiyose</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Inder_Kumar_Gujral" title="Inder Kumar Gujral">Inder Kumar Gujral</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_de_Lipkowski" title="Irène de Lipkowski">Irène de Lipkowski</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/John_Foster_(MP_for_Northwich)" title="John Foster (MP for Northwich)">John Foster</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kanaiyalal_Maneklal_Munshi" title="Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi">Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kenz%C5%8D_Matsumura" title="Kenzō Matsumura">Kenzō Matsumura</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana"><img alt="Ghana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Komla_Agbeli_Gbedemah" title="Komla Agbeli Gbedemah">Komla Agbeli Gbedemah</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Silkin,_1st_Baron_Silkin" title="Lewis Silkin, 1st Baron Silkin">Lewis Silkin</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/N._G._Ranga" title="N. G. Ranga">N. G. Ranga</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pascoal_Ranieri_Mazzilli" title="Pascoal Ranieri Mazzilli">Pascoal Ranieri Mazzilli</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland"><img alt="Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Wolrige-Gordon" title="Patrick Wolrige-Gordon">Patrick Wolrige-Gordon</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/William_Beveridge" title="William Beveridge">William Beveridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_leader" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious leader">Religious leaders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abb%C3%A9_Pierre" title="Abbé Pierre">Abbé Pierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dana_McLean_Greeley" title="Dana McLean Greeley">Dana McLean Greeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_MacLeod" title="George MacLeod">George MacLeod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Collins_(priest)" title="John Collins (priest)">John Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller" title="Martin Niemöller">Martin Niemöller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Scott_(priest)" title="Michael Scott (priest)">Michael Scott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel laureates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Alfred Kastler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._F._Powell" title="C. F. Powell">C. F. Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Hideki Yukawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Max Born</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chemistry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Frederick Sanger</a> <small>(twice)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physiology or Medicine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Szent-Gy%C3%B6rgyi" title="Albert Szent-Györgyi">Albert Szent-Györgyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dickinson_W._Richards" title="Dickinson W. Richards">Dickinson W. Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller" title="Hermann Joseph Muller">Hermann Joseph Muller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macfarlane_Burnet" title="Macfarlane Burnet">Macfarlane Burnet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvatore_Quasimodo" title="Salvatore Quasimodo">Salvatore Quasimodo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peace</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Boyd_Orr" title="John Boyd Orr">John Boyd Orr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rotblat" title="Joseph Rotblat">Joseph Rotblat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multiple</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> <small>(Chemistry & Peace)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scientists" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientists">Scientists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_C._Price" title="Charles C. Price">Charles C. Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Condon" title="Edward Condon">Edward Condon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edris_Rice-Wray_Carson" title="Edris Rice-Wray Carson">Edris Rice-Wray Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlow_Shapley" title="Harlow Shapley">Harlow Shapley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Orcel" title="Jean Orcel">Jean Orcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitirim_Sorokin" title="Pitirim Sorokin">Pitirim Sorokin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priyadaranjan_Ray" title="Priyadaranjan Ray">Priyadaranjan Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Dumont" title="René Dumont">René Dumont</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wilder Penfield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_activists" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights activists">Human rights activists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Humanitarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanitarians">Humanitarians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_and_Magda_Trocm%C3%A9" title="André and Magda Trocmé">André and Magda Trocmé</a> <small>(Righteous Among the Nations)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brock_Chisholm" title="Brock Chisholm">Brock Chisholm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Veterans" class="mw-redirect" title="Veterans">Veterans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_B._Hester" title="Hugh B. Hester">Hugh B. Hester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Varied Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ernest_Bishop" title="Arthur Ernest Bishop">Arthur Ernest Bishop</a> <small>(inventor)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Alfaro_Siqueiros" title="David Alfaro Siqueiros">David Alfaro Siqueiros</a> <small>(Social realist)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._M._L._Odjidja" title="E. M. L. Odjidja">E. M. L. Odjidja</a> <small>(teacher)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Sparling" title="Edward J. Sparling">Edward J. Sparling</a> <small>(educator)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Kahler" title="Erich Kahler">Erich Kahler</a> <small>(scholar)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Bermann" title="Gregorio Bermann">Gregorio Bermann</a> <small>(humanist)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Piel" title="Gerard Piel">Gerard Piel</a> <small>(science editor)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Laugier" title="Henri Laugier">Henri Laugier</a> <small>(scholar)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_J._Schonfield" title="Hugh J. Schonfield">Hugh J. Schonfield</a> <small>(scholar & pacifist)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaoru_%C5%8Cta" title="Kaoru Ōta">Kaoru Ōta</a> <small>(union leader)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Boyle" title="Kay Boyle">Kay Boyle</a> <small>(writer)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Morain" title="Lloyd Morain">Lloyd Morain</a> <small>(humanist)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Van_Doren" title="Mark Van Doren">Mark Van Doren</a> <small>(writer & scholar)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maur%C3%ADcio_Campos_de_Medeiros" title="Maurício Campos de Medeiros">Maurício Campos de Medeiros</a> <small>(teacher)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer">Oscar Niemeyer</a> <small>(architect)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cuchi_Hy%C5%8Dei" title="Ōuchi Hyōei">Ōuchi Hyōei</a> <small>(economist)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rameshwari_Nehru" title="Rameshwari Nehru">Rameshwari Nehru</a> <small>(social worker)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satish_Gujral" title="Satish Gujral">Satish Gujral</a> <small>(artist)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigeri_Yamataka" title="Shigeri Yamataka">Shigeri Yamataka</a> <small>(feminist)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Wadia" title="Sophia Wadia">Sophia Wadia</a> <small>(theosophist)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Slotkin" title="Stanley Slotkin">Stanley Slotkin</a> <small>(businessman)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Hall_(cultural_theorist)" title="Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)">Stuart Hall</a> <small>(cultural theorist)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamaki_Uemura" title="Tamaki Uemura">Tamaki Uemura</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/YWCA" title="YWCA">YWCA</a> executive)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tano_J%C5%8Ddai" title="Tano Jōdai">Tano Jōdai</a> <small>(teacher & pacifist)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyohiko_Kagawa" title="Toyohiko Kagawa">Toyohiko Kagawa</a> <small>(pacifist)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Committee_for_a_World_Constitutional_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="World Committee for a World Constitutional Convention">World Committee for a World Constitutional Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_World_Parliament" title="Provisional World Parliament">Provisional World Parliament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_constitution" title="World constitution">World constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_government" title="World government">World government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_federalism" class="mw-redirect" title="World federalism">World federalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B154-F05-028.1.4">[1]</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B149-F04-022.1.3">[2]</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B149-F04-022.1.8">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Emerging_World_Law.html?id=Qw-IOgAACAAJ">[4]</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:World_Constitutional_Convention_call_signatories" title="Category:World Constitutional Convention call signatories">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q711394#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2554" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000108931051">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/44378083">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/2701/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcgtyJKKP3dj8x8VcpF8C">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/137431198">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50009486">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12373867m">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12373867m">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00452461">Japan</a></span></li><li><span 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